SUMMER TRAINING

ON
Networking Technologies
And
Its Design and Implementation

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-

Mrs. Sweety Sangwan Name:
Delhi Technical Campus, Class: B.Tech (ECE)
Bahadurgarh
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly

contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking,
behavior, and acts during the course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mrs.Sweety Sangwan, worthy HOD for

providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training at MILESTONE
ACHIEVERS Pvt. ltd.

I am thankful to Mr. TARACHAND for his support, cooperation, and motivation

provided to me during the training for constant inspiration, presence and
blessings.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and
received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.
 DECLARATION

I, ., student of B.Tech(ECE) 7 th Semester, studying at

MDU University ,Delhi technical campus, Bahadurgarh, hereby
declare that the summer training report on Networking
Technologies and Design submitted to MDU, Delhi technical
campus is the original work conducted by me.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the

best of my knowledge.

(Name of the student)

TABLE OF CONTENT

i Acknowledgement

ii Certificate

iii Table of Content

iv. About Milestone Achievers

Project Review

1. NETWORK TOPOLOGY

1. TYPES OF NETWORKS

2. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

3. LAYER-3 DEVICES

4. LAYER-2 DEVICES

5. LAYER-1 (PHYSICAL) DEVICES

6. LAN Solution

7. END-USER DEVICES

8. LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

9. IP ADDRESSING

10. INTRODUCTION TO ROUTER

11. VLANS (Virtual LANs)

Project Work

1. ADDRESSING INFORMATION OF LAYER-3 DEVICES

2. ADDRESSING INFORMATION OF LAYER-2 DEVICES

3. COMPLETE LOGICAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY

4. IP ADDRESSING STRUCTURE

5. IP ADDRESS CLASSES

6. SUBNETTING

7. SWITCHING

8. VIRTUAL LAN

9. SWITCH CONFIGURATION

10. ROUTING

11. ADDRESSING SCHEME

12. INTERNET CONNECTION

13. ISP LEVELS OF SERVICE

 Result and Conclusions

Bibliography

About MILESTONE ACHIEVERS

Among the fastest growing IT education brands in India,
MILESTONE ACHIEVERS offers a complete spectrum of quality
training programs on software, hardware, networking as well as
global certifications in association with leading IT organisations
worldwide.

Empowered with strategic alliances with leading IT organisations

in India and abroad, MILESTONE ACHIEVERS training solutions
cater to diverse consumer profiles including individuals,
enterprises, academic institutions and Government enterprises.

"We shall develop and Impart Industry relevant ICT Education to

meet the requirement of customers,Industry and society by
continually updating technology content and improving our
processes"

Network Design And Implmentation

At
MILESTONE ACHIEVERS
 Project Review

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video

and/or data between users. A network can be defined by its
geographical dimensions and by which the users PC access it.

A network consists of a:
The network operating system (Windows NT/2000TM/Xp) on
the users PC (client) and server.
The cables connecting all network devices (users PC, server,
peripherals, etc.).
All supporting network components (hubs, routers and
switches, etc.).
Computer Network means an interconnected collection of
autonomous computers.

Requirement of Networking
Resource sharing- To make all programs, equipment, and especially
data available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical
location of the resource and the user.

High reliability- As all files could be replicated on two or three

machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to hardware failure),
the other copies could be used.

Scalability- It is the ability to increase system performance gradually

as the workload grows just by adding more processors.
A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium
along widely separated employees.
The use of networks to enhance human-to-human communication will
probably prove more important than technical goals such as improved
reliability.

These are the reasons that forced the inventerors to invent the
networking devices, models and protocols etc.

And the birth of Networking took place in 1844 when for the first time
Samuel Morse send the first telegraph message.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

LOCAL AEA NETWORK (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small

physical area, like a home, office, or small groups of buildings, such as
a school, or an airport. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast
to wide area networks (WANs), include their usually higher data-
transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased
telecommunication lines.

Switched Ethernet is the most common Data Link

Layer implementation on local area networks. At the Network Layer,
the Internet Protocol (i.e. TCP/IP) has become the standard. Smaller
LANs generally consist of one or more switches linked to each other
often at least one is connected to a router, cable modem, or ADSL
modem for Internet access.
Larger LANs are characterized by their use of redundant links with
switches using the spanning tree protocol to prevent loops, their ability
to manage differing traffic types via quality of service (QoS), and to
segregate traffic with VLANs. Larger LANs also contain a wide variety
of network devices such as switches, firewalls, routers, load balancers,
and sensors.[9]
LANs may have connections with other LANs via leased lines, leased
services, or by tunneling across the Internet using virtual private
network technologies. Depending on how the connections are
established and secured in a LAN, and the distance involved, a LAN
may also be classified as METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
In a simple network consisting of a few computers, it is easy to
visualize how all of the various components connect. As networks
grow, it is more difficult to keep track of the location of each
component, and how each is connected to the network. Wired
networks require lots of cabling and network devices to provide
connectivity for all network hosts.
When networks are installed, a physical topology map is created
to record where each host is located and how it is connected to
the network. The physical topology map also shows where the
wiring is installed and the locations of the networking devices that
connect the hosts. Icons are used to represent the actual physical
devices within the topology map. It is very important to maintain
and update physical topology maps to aid future installation and
troubleshooting efforts.

In addition to the physical topology map, it is sometimes

necessary to also have a logical view of the network topology. A
logical topology map groups hosts by how they use the network,
no matter where they are physically located. Host names,
addresses, group information and applications can be recorded on
the logical topology map.

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

EQUIPMENTS
List of all equipments required for setting up the internal network
of the building for visit in MNCs.
EQUIPMENT QTY DESCRIPTION
CISCO 2960 Layer 2 9 24 Fast-Ethernet ports, 2
Switch Gigabit Ethernet ports

CISCO 2960 Gigabit 5 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports

Ethernet Switch
Linksys Wireless 3 4 Ethernet ports, 1 Internet
Integrated Router port

CISCO 2800 Integrated 3 7 Gigabit Ethernet, 2 Serial

Service Router ports /
6 Gigabit Ethernet, 3 Serial
ports

HP Blade Servers 3 1 Fast-Ethernet port

HP Storage Servers 2 For camera monitoring

IBM Desktop Computers 142 1 Fast-Ethernet port

IBM Laptop Computers 32 1 Fast-Ethernet port,

Integrated Wi-Fi

HP IP Printers 5 1 Fast-Ethernet port/ Wireless

Shielded Twisted Pair 2500

Cable (CAT-5)
Unshielded Twisted Pair 4700
Cable (CAT-5)
DESCRIPTION OF DEVICES
LAYER-3 DEVICES
Linksys Wireless Integrated Router

An ISR combines features such as routing and switching

functions, security, voice, LAN and WAN connectivity into
a single device. It is designed for small offices and home-
based users. It consists of one WAN connection (Router
Port) and four 10/100 Mbps switch ports. It provides
services at broadband speeds.
CISCO 2800 Integrated Service Router

An ISR combines features such as routing and switching

functions, security, voice, LAN and WAN connectivity into
a single device. It is designed for enterprise branch
offices. It supports seven to eight 10/100/1000 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet ports and two to three Serial ports. It
provides services at broadband speeds using T1/E1
connectioins.

LAYER-2 DEVICES
CISCO 2960 Gigabit Ethernet Switch

A switch is a device that is able to direct a stream of

messages coming in one port, out of another port based
on the destination MAC address within the frame. It
supports ten Gigabit Ethernet ports. It is generally used
for trunk lines which carry a huge amount of traffic.
CISCO 2960 Layer 2 Switch

This type of switches does not use modules or flash card

slots. Due to this reason, their physical configuration
cannot be changed. It supports twentyfour 10/100 Mbps
Fast-Ethernet ports and two 10/100/1000 Mbps Gigabit
Ethernet ports.
LAYER-1 (PHYSICAL) DEVICES
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable

They are used for high-speed data transmission. The

individual pair of wires are wrapped in a shield and the
entire four pairs are wrapped in another shield. It
supports data transmission at rates as high as 1000 Mbps.
It is generally used for trunk lines.
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

UTP cable is inexpensive, offers a high bandwidth, and is

easy to install. This type of cable is used to connect
workstations, hosts and network devices. It can come
with many different numbers of pairs inside the jacket,
but the most common number of pairs is four. Each pair is
identified by a specific color code. It supports data
transmission speeds of 100 Mbps.

END-USER DEVICES
HP Blade Servers

These servers are high performance computers used in

businesses and other organizations. They provide the
maximum concentration of computing power and stability.
It also contains hot-swappable hard-drives.
HP Storage Servers

These servers are used to store redundant parts of files in

order to prevent them from failing. Servers are usually
kept in secure areas where access is controlled.
IBM Desktop Computers

These are general purpose computers which provide the

basic desktop services to users. It contains of a Fast-
Ethernet port.
IBM Laptop Computers
 These are mobile computers which supports both LAN and
WAN connectivity.
HP IP Printers

These are IP based printers which acts as a host on the

network. It contains either a Fast-Ethernet port or a
Wireless card.
 LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

PROTOTYPE OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The network topology can be broadly categorized into three
network layers: Access, Distribution and Core Layer.
IP ADDRESSING

Every machine on the internet has a unique identifying number, called

an IP
Address. A typical; IP address looks like this:
216.27.61.45

IP ADDRESS is a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal

form, that uniquely identifies an interface of some computer. This 32-
bit number is divided into 4 octets each separated by a decimal. Out
so many values certain values are restricted for use as typical IP
address. For example, the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the
default network and the address 255.255.255.255 is used for
broadcast.
Each IP address is split into 2 sections:

1) Network address
2) Host address

Individual IP address in same network all have a different value in the

host part of address, but they have identical value in network part,
just as in town there are different street address but same ZIP code.
There are five IP classes:
Class A This class is for very large networks, such as a major
international company. IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126
are part of this class. The other three octets are each used to identify
each host.
Net Host or Node
54. 24.54.43

Loopback- The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address.

This means that it is used by the host computer to send a message
back to itself. It is commonly used for troubleshooting and network
testing.
Class B- Class B is used for medium-sized networks. A good example
is a large college campus. IP addresses with a first octet from 128
to191 are part of this class. Class B addresses also include the second
octet as part of the Net identifier. The other two octets are used to
identify each host.
Net Host or Node

145.24 53.198

Class C- Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size

business. IP addresses with a first octet from192 to 223 are part of
this class. Class C addresses also include the second and third octets
as part of Net identifier. The last octet is used to identify each host.
Net Host or Node
196.54.34 86

Class D- It is used for multicast. It has first bit value of 1, second bit
value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 0. The other 28
bits are used to identify the group of computers the multicast
messages is intended for.
Net Host or Node
224
24.54.145

Class E- It is used for experimental purpose only.

Net Host or Node
240.
23.45.105

Private IP

It is not necessary that every time we make a network we are

connected to some ISP (Internet Service Provider). So in that case we
require some private IP also which can be used in indigenous networks
.In each class a range of IP addresses have been defined for this
purpose
CLASS A 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.244
CLASS B 172.16.0.1 to 172.34.255.254
CLASS C 192.168.0.0/16

MASKING

Computers use a mask to define size of network and host part of an

address. Mask is a 32-bit number written in dotted decimal form. It
provides us the network address when we perform a Boolean AND of
mask with the IP address. It also define number of host bits in an
address.

Class Size of Size of Default Mask

of network Host for Each Class
address Part of Part of of Network
address, address,
in bits in bits
8 24 255.0.0.0
A
16 16 255.255.0.0
B
C 24 8 255.255.255.0

SUBNETTING

Basically it is a process of subdividing networks into smaller subnets.

In case we have 2-3 small networks but we cant buy IP address for
each and every network. So here we use the basic concept of
SUBNETTING i.e using one public IP address we will give them IP
address and make them independent networks. For this we take some
bits of host address and use them for network address so we have
different independent networks

Address Format when Subnetting Is Used (class A,B,C resp.):

8 24-x x
Network Subnet Host
16 16-x
x
Network Subnet Host
24 8-x
x
Network Subnet
Host
And due to this mask changes to subnet mask and now the network
address also includes subnet address.

Example

If subnet mask is 255.255.240.0

And an IP address for a computer is given as 142.16.52.4
142.16.0.0 is network address
0.0.48.0 is the subnet address
0.0.4.4 is the host address of the computer

10001110.00010000.00110100.00000100 is ANDed with

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
and output is 10001110.00010000.00110000.00000000
here first two octets represents Network address and third octet
represents subnet address.
It can be compared with a postal address as there is only one ZIP code
(Network address), different streets (Subnet address), and different
house number (Host address).

Why Bother with VLSM Design?

Suppose, you have just been hired by a new company and need to add
on to the existing network. There is no problem with starting over with
a new IP address scheme. Should you use a VLSM classless network or
a classful network?

Lets just say you happen to have plenty of address space because you
are using the Class A 10.0.0.0 private network address in your
corporate environment and cant even come close to imagining that
youd ever run out of IP addresses. Why would you want to bother with
the VLSM design process?

INTRODUCTION TO ROUTER

It is an intelligent device. It works on networks layer. It is used for

internet work communication, packet switching, packet filtering and
path selection. It has no of broadcast and collision domain. By default
router does not broadcast. Router understands different topology and
protocols. It works on full duplex mode.

ROUTER represents a separate network.

The Network layer (also called layer 3) manages device addressing,

tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best
way to move data, which means that the Network layer must transport
traffic between devices that arent locally attached. Routers (layer 3
devices) are specified at the Network layer and provide the routing
services within an internetwork. It happens like this: First, when a
packet is received on a router interface, the destination IP address is
checked. If the packet isnt destined for that particular router, it will
look up the destination network address in the routing table. Once the
router chooses an exit interface, the packet will be sent to that
interface to be framed and sent out on the local network. If the router
cant find an entry for the packets destination network in the routing
table, the router drops the packet. Two types of packets are used at
the Network layer: data and route updates.

Data packets Used to transport user data through the internetwork.

Protocols used to support data traffic are called routed protocols;
examples of routed protocols are IP and IPv6.

Route update packets Used to update neighboring routers about the

networks connected to all routers within the internetwork. Protocols
that send route update packets are called routing protocols; examples
of some common ones are RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF. Route update
packets are used to help build and maintain routing tables on each
router.

Network addresses Protocol-specific network addresses. A router

must maintain a routing table for individual routing protocols because
each routing protocol keeps track of a network with a different
addressing scheme (IP, IPv6, and IPX, for example).

3.2

Interface The exit interface a packet will take when destined for a
specific network.

Metric It is the distance to the remote network. Different routing

protocols use different ways of computing this distance

Routers break up broadcast domains, which mean that by default,

broadcasts arent forwarded. Routers also break up collision domains,
but you can also do that using layer 2 (Data Link layer) switches.
Because each interface in a router represents a separate network, it
must be assigned unique network identification numbers, and each
host on the network connected to that router must use the same
network number.

A router in an internetwork
o Each router interface is a broadcast domain. Routers break up
broadcast domains by default and provide WAN services.

o Routers, by default, will not forward any broadcast or multicast

packets.
1
o Routers use the logical address in a Network layer header to
determine the next hop router to forward the packet to.
1
o Routers can use access lists, created by an administrator, to control
security on the types of packets that are allowed to enter or exit an
interface.
2
o Routers can provide layer 2 bridging functions if needed and can
simultaneously route through the same interface.

o Routers provide connections between virtual LANs (VLANs).

Because by creating contiguous blocks of addresses to specific areas of

your network, you can then easily summarize your network and keep
route updates with a routing protocol to a minimum. Why would
anyone want to advertise hundreds of networks between buildings
when you can just send one summary route between buildings and
achieve the same result? Summarization, also called Supernetting,
provides route updates in the most efficient way possible by
advertising many routes in one advertisement instead of individually.
Some terminologies those are used with Networking models:

Collision Domain- It is the group of PCs in which collision will occur

when two PC will transmit data simultaneously.

Broadcast Domain- It is the group of PCs those will receive same

broadcast message.

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection)-

In this protocol when a PC wants to transmit any packet it sense the
carrier i.e the path ,if no other PC is using the carrier then only it
sends. If two PCs starts sending data simultaneously collision will
occur. Both PCs will wait for some random time and then initiate the
same process.

MAC (Media Access Control) . The IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.5
(Token Ring) are the MAC sub layers of these two LAN data-link
protocols.

Burned-in address: The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor

making
the card. It is usually burned in to a ROM or EEPROM on the LAN card
and begins with a 3-byte organizationally unique identifier (OUI)
assigned by
the IEEE.

Locally administered address: Through configuration, an address

that is used instead of the burned-in address.

Unicast address: Fancy term for a MAC that represents a single LAN
interface.
VLANS (Virtual LANs)

A VLAN permits a group of users to share a common broadcast domain

regardless of their physical location in the internetwork. VLAN improve
performance and security in switched networks.

A Catalyst switch operates in a network like a traditional bridge. Each

VLAN configured on the switch implements address learning,
forwarding/filtering decisions, and loop avoidance mechanisms.

Ports belonging to a VLAN are configured with a membership mode

that determines to which VLAN they belong. Catalyst switches support
two VLAN membership modes: static and dynamic.

The IEEE 802.1Q protocol is used to transport frames for multiple

VLANs between switches and routers, and for defining VLAN
topologies.
WAN (Wide Area Network) and Protocols involved

Below figures shows the different WAN connection types that can be
used to connect distant devices.

WAN connection types

Synchronous serial

Heres a list explaining the different WAN connection types:

Leased lines These are usually referred to as a point-to-point or

dedicated connection. A leased line is a pre-established WAN
communications path that goes from the CPE through the DCE switch,
then over to the CPE of the remote site. The CPE enables DTE
networks to communicate at any time with no cumbersome setup
procedures to muddle through before transmitting data.

When youve got plenty of cash, this is really the way to go because it
uses synchronous serial lines up to 45Mbps. HDLC and PPP
encapsulations are frequently used on leased lines.
Circuit switching When you hear the term circuit switching, think
phone call. The big advantage is costyou only pay for the time you
actually use. No data can transfer before an end-to-end connection is
established. Circuit switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN and is
used for low-bandwidth data transfers.

Packet switching This is a WAN switching method that allows you to

share bandwidth with other companies to save money. Packet
switching can be thought of as a network thats designed to look like a
leased line yet charges you more like circuit switching. But less cost
isnt always bettertheres definitely a downside: If you need to
transfer data constantly, just forget about this option. Instead, get
yourself a leased line. Packet switching will only work for you if your
data transfers are the bursty typenot continuous. Frame Relay and
X.25 are packet-switching technologies with speeds that can range
from 56Kbps up to T3 (45Mbps).

Frame Relay A packet-switched technology that made its debut in the

early 1990s, Frame Relay is a high-performance Data Link and Physical
layer specification. Its pretty much a successor to X.25, except that
much of the technology in X.25 used to compensate for physical errors
(noisy lines) has been eliminated. An upside to Frame Relay is that it
can be more cost effective than point-to-point links, plus it typically
runs at speeds of 64Kbps up to 45Mbps (T3). Another Frame Relay
benefit is that it provides features for dynamic bandwidth allocation
and congestion control.
HDLC High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) was derived from
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), which was created by IBM as a
Data Link connection protocol. HDLC works at the Data Link layer and
creates very little overhead compared to LAPB. It wasnt intended to
encapsulate multiple Network layer protocols across the same linkthe
HDLC header doesnt contain any identification about the type of
protocol being carried inside the HDLC encapsulation. Because of this,
each vendor that uses HDLC has its own way of identifying the
Network layer protocol, meaning each vendors HDLC is proprietary
with regard to its specific equipment.

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a pretty famous, industry-

standard protocol. Because all multiprotocol versions of HDLC are
proprietary, PPP can be used to create point-to-point links between
different vendors equipment. It uses a Network Control Protocol field
in the Data Link header to identify the Network layer protocol and
allows authentication and multi-link connections to be run over
asynchronous and synchronous links.
 Project Work

ADDRESSING INFORMATION OF LAYER-3 DEVICES

ROUTERS
DEVICE INTERFACE IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK
Core Router Serial 7/0 212.212.212 255.255.255.0
.2
Serial 8/0 192.168.10. 255.255.255.2
6 52
Serial 9/0 192.168.10. 255.255.255.2
2 52
Gb E 192.168.8.2 255.255.255.2
0/0.27 40
Gb E 200.200.200 255.255.255.2
0/0.28 .1 48

Lab A Router Serial 8/0 192.168.10. 255.255.255.2

1 52
Gb E 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.2
0/0.15 25 24
Gb E 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.2
0/0.16 77 40
Gb E 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.2
0/0.17 61 40
Gb E 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.2
0/0.18 93 40
Gb E 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.2
0/0.19 09 40
Gb E 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.2
0/0.24 24
Gb E 192.168.2.3 255.255.255.2
0/0.25 3 24
Gb E 192.168.2.6 255.255.255.2
0/0.26 5 40
 Lab B Router Serial 8/0 192.168.10. 255.255.255.2
5 52
Gb E 0/0.9 192.168.2.6 255.255.255.2
5 24
Gb E 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.2
0/0.10 24
Gb E 192.168.2.3 255.255.255.2
0/0.11 3 24
Gb E 192.168.2.9 255.255.255.2
0/0.12 7 24
Gb E 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.2
0/0.13 29 24

Finance Deptt. Internet 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.2

Wireless Router 24
LAN 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0

Seminar Hall-1 Internet 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.2

Wireless Router 24
LAN 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0

Seminar Hall-2 Internet 192.168.2.4 255.255.255.2

Wireless Router 24
LAN 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0

ADDRESSING INFORMATION OF LAYER-2 DEVICES

SWITCHES
DEVICE INTERFAC MODE VLAN ID
E
Server Switch 0/1 Access 28
1/1 Access 28
2/1 Trunk 1-1005
3/1 Access 27

Lab-A Core Switch 0/1 Trunk 1-14,16,20-

 1005
1/1 Trunk 1-15,17,20-
1005
2/1 Trunk 1-14,18-1005
3/1 Trunk 1-1005

Lab-B Core Switch 0/1 Trunk 1-1005

2/1 Trunk 1-14,20-1005

Floor 1 Switch 0/1 Access 24

1/1 Trunk 1-23,26-1005
2/1 Trunk 1-23,25,27-
1005
3/1 Access 24
4/1 Trunk 1-1005

COMPLETE LOGICAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY

IP ADDRESSING

A host needs an IP address to participate on the Internet. The

IP address is a logical network address that identifies a
particular host. It must be properly configured and unique in
order to communicate with other devices on the Internet.
An IP address is assigned to the Network interface connection
for a host. This connection is usually a network interface card
(NIC) installed in the device. Examples of end-user devices
with network interfaces include workstations, servers, network
printers and IP phones. Some servers can have more than one
NIC and each of these has its own IP address. Router
interfaces that provide connections to an IP network will also
have an IP address.
Every packet sent across the Internet has a source and
destination IP address. This information is required by
networking devices to insure the information gets to the
destination and any replies are returned to the source.
 IP ADDRESSING STRUCTURE

An IP address is simply a series of 32 binary bits (ones and

zeros). It is very difficult for humans to read a binary IP
address. For this reason, the 32 bits are grouped into four 8-bit
bytes called octets. An IP address in this format is hard for
humans to read, write and remember. To make the IP address
easier to understand, each octet is presented as its decimal
value, separated by a decimal point or period. This is referred
to as dotted-decimal notation.
The 32-bit IP address is defined with IP version 4 (IPv4) and is
currently the most common form of IP address on the Internet.
There are over 4 billion possible IP addresses using a 32-bit
addressing scheme.
When a host receives an IP address, it looks at all 32 bits as
they are received by the NIC. Humans, on the other hand,
need to convert those 32 bits into their four octet decimal
equivalent. Each octet is made up of 8 bits and each bit has a
value. The four groups of 8 bits have the same set of values.
The rightmost bit in an octet has a value of 1 and the values of
the remaining bits, from right to left, are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
and 128.

IP ADDRESS CLASSES

The IP address and subnet mask work together to determine

which portion of the IP address represents the network address
and which portion represents the host address. The class of an
address can be determined by the value of the first octet.
IP addresses are grouped into 5 classes. Classes A, B and C are
commercial addresses and are assigned to hosts. Class D is
reserved for multicast use and Class E is for experimental use.
Class C addresses have three octets for the network portion
and one for the hosts. The default subnet mask is 24 bits
 (255.255.255.0). Class C addresses are usually assigned to
small networks.
Class B addresses have two octets to represent the network
portion and two for the hosts. The default subnet mask is 16
bits (255.255.0.0). These addresses are typically used for
medium-sized networks.
Class A addresses have only one octet to represent the
network portion and three to represent the hosts. The
default subnet mask is 8 bits (255.0.0.0). These addresses
are typically assigned to large organizations.

In the addressing scheme of HCL CDC, we have used Class-C

addressing scheme. In the Class-C addressing scheme, there
are a total of 256 addresses available. Out of these, 254
addresses are usable. The remaining to addresses are reserved
for network and broadcast address.
IP addresses are of two types: Private addresses and Public
addresses. All hosts that connect directly to the Internet
require a unique public IP address. Because of the finite
number of 32-bit addresses available, there is a risk of running
out of IP addresses. This problem can be resolved by the use of
Private addresses. They allow hosts within an organization to
communicate with one another without the need of a unique
public IP address. Table below shows a list of Private
addresses:

SUBNETTING
The customer network using the single ISR is badly
overloaded. The proposed solution is to add a second
networking device, a larger ISR, and to divide the single
network into two separate networks.
For security purposes, the wireless and wired users need to be
on separate local networks.
In the subnetting scheme for HCL CDC, we utilize the concept
of classless subnetting where we use custom subnets to
differentiate the networks.
Routers distinguish between networks by using the subnet
mask to determine which bits make up the network ID and
which bits make up the host portion of the address. When a
network is partitioned, the router needs a modified or custom
subnet mask to distinguish the subnets from each other. A
default subnet mask and a custom subnet mask differ from
each other as follows: Default subnet masks only change on
octet boundaries. For instance, the default subnet mask for a
Class A network is 255.0.0.0. Custom subnet masks take bits
from the host ID portion of the IP address and add them to the
default subnet mask.

SWITCHING
 A switch is a device that is able to direct a stream of messages
coming in one port, out of another port based on the
destination MAC address within the frame. A switch cannot
route traffic between two different local networks. In the
context of the OSI model, a switch performs the Layer 2,
known as the data-link layer function.
Only one message can be sent through an Ethernet hub at a
time. It is possible for two or more hosts connected to a hub to
attempt to send a message at the same time. If this happens,
the electronic signals that make up the messages collide with
each other at the hub.
A collision causes the messages to become garbled and
unreadable by the hosts. A hub does not decode the
messages; therefore it does not detect that the message is
garbled and repeats it out all the ports. The area of the
network where a host can receive a garbled message resulting
from a collision is known as a collision domain.
A switch is preferred over hubs in the networking model of HCL
CDC because of the large collision domain associated with
hubs. Since a switch uses micro-segmentation, it narrows
down the collision domain. The network of HCL CDC uses 9
CISCO switches, which can result in a huge broadcast domain.
So, to minimize the domain, we have used the concept of
Virtual LAN (VLAN).

VIRTUAL LAN
 A VLAN is a logical broadcast domain that can span multiple
physical LAN segments. It allows an administrator to group
together stations by logical function, by project teams, or by
applications, without regard to physical location of the users.
A VLAN has two major functions:
A VLAN contains broadcasts.
A VLAN groups devices. Devices located on one VLAN are
not visible to devices located on another VLAN.

Configuring a VLAN:
In order to configure VLAN on a switch, connect it with a
terminal device using a console cable.
Enter the privileged mode using the enable command
Switch>enable
Switch#
Enter the configuration mode using the configure terminal
command
Switch# configure terminal
Switch (config) #
Enter the name and VLAN number using the commands
Switch(config)#vlan vlan_number
Switch(config-vlan)#name vlan_name
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Use the following commands to assign individual ports to
VLANs:

Switch(config)#interface fa#/#
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan_number
Switch(config-if)# exit
 Use the following commands to assign a range ports to
VLANs:

Switch(config)#interface range fa#/start_of_range -

end_of_range
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan vlan_number
Switch(config-if)#exit
To disassociate a port from a specific VLAN:
Switch(config)#interface fa#/#
Switch(config-if)#no switchport access vlan vlan_number
A switch port can function in two modes: Access and Trunk
mode.

To switch between the two modes, use the following

command
Switch(config)#interface fa#/#
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode <trunk/access>

A switchport in the trunk mode is used for a switch-switch or

switch-router connection, whereas an access mode is used for
connection to terminal devices.
 SWITCH CONFIGURATION
Core Switches
SWITCH INTERFACE MODE VLAN ID
Server Switch Gb E 0/1,1/1 Access 28
Gb E 2/1 Trunk 1-1005
Gb E 3/1 Access 27

Floor-1 Switch Gb E 0/1,3/1 Trunk 24

1/1 Trunk 1-23,26-1005
2/1 Trunk 1-23,25,27-
1005
4/1 Trunk 1-1005

Lab A Core 0/1 Trunk 1-14,16,20-

Switch 1005
1/1 Trunk 1-15,17,20-
1005
2/1 Trunk 1-14,18-1005
3/1 Trunk 1-1005

Lab B Core 0/1 1-1005

Switch
2/1 1-14,20-1005

Other Switches
SWITCH INTERFACE MODE VLAN ID
Main Deptt. Fa E 0/1-0/6 Access 18
Switch
Fa E 0/7-0/11 Access 19
Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

IT Deptt. Fa E 0/1-0/8 Access 15

Switch
Fa E 0/10- Access 17
0/13
Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005
Java class Fa E 0/1- Access 16
room 2/1,4/1
Switch
3/1 Trunk 1-1005

CCNA class Fa E <all> Access 13

room
Switch
Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

DB Switch Fa E <all> Access 12

Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

OP Switch Fa E <all> Access 9

Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

PC Switch Fa E <all> Access 11

Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

Lab B Main Gb E 0/1 Trunk 1-8,11,14-

Switch 1005
Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-9,14-1005
Gb E 2/1 Trunk 1-8,12,14-
1005
Gb E 3/1 Trunk 1-8,13-1005
Gb E 4/1 Access 10
Gb E 5/1 Trunk 1-1005

D Switch Fa E <all> Access 26

Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005

HD Switch Fa E <all> Access 25

Gb E 1/1 Trunk 1-1005
 ROUTING
Routing is the process of finding a path to the destination host.
A router is a networking device that connects a local network
to other local networks. At the Distribution Layer of the
network, routers direct traffic and perform other functions
critical to efficient network operation. Routers, like switches,
are able to decode and read the messages that are sent to
them. Unlike switches, which only decode (unencapsulate) the
frame containing the MAC address information, routers decode
the packet that is encapsulated within the frame.
Each port, or interface, on a router connects to a different local
network. Every router contains a table of all locally-connected
networks and the interfaces that connect to them. These
routing tables can also contain information about the routes, or
paths, that the router uses to reach other remote networks
that are not locally attached.
When a router receives a frame, it decodes the frame to get to
the packet containing the destination IP address. It matches
the address of the destination to all of the networks that are
contained in the routing table. If the destination network
address is in the table, the router encapsulates the packet in a
new frame in order to send it out. It forwards the new frame
out of the interface associated with the path, to the destination
network. The process of forwarding the packets toward their
destination network is called routing.
Router interfaces do not forward messages that are addressed
to the broadcast MAC address. As a result, local network
broadcasts are not sent across routers to other local networks.
Configuring a ROUTER:
In order to configure a router, the following commands can
be executed.
Enter the privileged mode using the enable command
Router>enable
Router#

Enter the configuration mode using the configure terminal

command
Router# configure terminal
 Router (config) #

The host from the sending VLAN forwards traffic to the router
using the default gateway. The sub-interface for the VLAN
specifies the default gateway for all hosts in that VLAN. The
router locates the destination IP address and does a routing
table lookup.
If the destination VLAN is on the same switch as the source
VLAN, the router forwards the traffic back down to the source
switch using the subinterface parameters of the destination
VLAN ID. This type of configuration is often referred to as a
router-on-a-stick.
If the exit interface of the router is 802.1Q-compatible, the
frame retains its 4-byte VLAN tag. If the outbound interface is
not 802.1Q-compatible, the router strips the tag from the
frame and returns the frame to its original Ethernet format.
To configure inter-VLAN routing, use the following steps:
1. Configure a trunk port on the switch.
Switch(config)#interface fa0/2
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk

2. On the router, configure a FastEthernet interface with no IP

address or subnet mask.
Router(config)#interface fa0/1
Router(config-if)#no ip address
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

3. On the router, configure one subinterface with an IP address

and subnet mask for each VLAN. Each subinterface has an
802.1Q encapsulation.
Router(config)#interface fa0/0.10
Router(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1q 10
Router(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.1
255.255.255.0

4. Use the following commands to verify the inter-VLAN routing

configuration and functionality.
Switch#show trunk
 Router#show ip interfaces
Router#show ip interfaces brief
Router#show ip route

ADDRESSING SCHEME
ROOM IP ADDRESS SUBNET MASK DEFAULT
RANGE GATEWAY
Managers 192.168.2.210 255.255.255.24 192.168.2.20
Office -222 0 9

Human 192.168.2.210 255.255.255.24 192.168.2.20

Resources -222 0 9
Dept
Accounts Dept 192.168.2.194 255.255.255.24 192.168.2.19
-206 0 3

Application 192.168.2.226 255.255.255.22 192.168.2.22

Development -254 4 5

Marketing 192.168.2.162 255.255.255.24 192.168.2.16

Room -174 0 1

Special 192.168.2.178 255.255.255.24 192.168.2.17

Projects Room -190 0 7

Testing & 192.168.2.130 255.255.255.22 192.168.2.12

Simulation -158 4 9
Room

Debugging 192.168.2.98- 255.255.255.22 192.168.2.97

Room 126 4

Optimization 192.168.2.66- 255.255.255.22 192.168.2.65

Room 94 4

Prototype 192.168.2.34- 255.255.255.22 192.168.2.33

Construction 62 4

Conference 192.168.4.2- 255.255.255.19 192.168.4.1

Hall 62 2

Waiting Room 192.168.3.2- 255.255.255.19 192.168.3.1

62 2
Help 192.168.1.34- 255.255.255.24 192.168.1.33
Desk/Custome 62 0
r Care

Documentatio 192.168.1.66- 255.255.255.24 192.168.1.65

n Room 79 0

Cafeteria 192.168.3.0- 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1

254

INTERNET CONNECTION
The Internet is a network of networks that connects users in
every country in the world. There are currently over one billion
Internet users worldwide.
Any home, business or organization that wants to connect to the
Internet must use an Internet Service Provider (ISP). An ISP is a
company that provides the connections and support to access the
Internet. It can also provide additional services such as Email and
web hosting.
ISPs are essential to gaining access to the Internet. No one gets
on the Internet without a host computer, and no one gets on the
Internet without going through an ISP. ISPs range in size from
small to very large and differ in terms of the area they service.
ISPs also differ in the types of connection technologies and
speeds they offer.
ISP LEVELS OF SERVICE
When data is transferred, it is either uploaded or downloaded.
Downloading refers to information coming from the Internet to
your computer, while uploading indicates the reverse path, from
your computer to the Internet. When the download transfer rate
is different from the upload transfer rate, it is called asymmetric.
When the transfer rate is the same in both directions, it is called
symmetric. ISPs can offer both asymmetric and symmetric
services.

The advantage of using a symmetric T1 connection is that it can

carry large amounts of data in both directions at equal rates.
Moreover, it helps when we need to upload large amounts of
traffic such as intensive graphics, multimedia, or video.
 Result and Conclusion

The MILESTONE ACHIEVERS network built up is

installed in the Computer Lab, and is based on the same
networking model created and discussed here in the
project report.
The N/W model is suited for a small business and
work. It is formed by following best practices as
commenced by the CISCO N/W academy.
The model is laid down by the prospect of future
upgrades as required by the enterprise. It adjusts and
accommodates major upgrades without changing the
actual model.
Any additional constraints can be added and the N/W
be redesigned with those constraints functional.

The N/W created gives functioning environment to

the next shown Physical Layout
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:-

Stevens W Richard., TCP/IP Illustrated Volume - I

Pearson Education, Second Edition.
Strebe Mathew, Tata McGraw Hill, Seventh Edition
CCNA: Cisco Certified Networking Associate, Study Guide, Todd
Lemmle

Sites:-

www.about.com

http://Subscript.org/wiki/