pancidantidaksampelselamaanalisistanahpermukaan.

Thedieoffsiklusuntukmikrobatersebutlpopulation
beganinweek5afterwhichthebioavailablePconcentrationbecameconstantuntiltheendoftheexperiment
(Fig.6).BioavailablePinthecontrolsoils(MNA)remainedlowthroughouttheexperiment(Figs.5and6).
AlthoughNbioavailabilitywasnotmonitoredinthereportedstudy,giventhetypicalmineralizationpatternof
Ninclaysoils,itisnotexpectedtobeconsiderablydifferentfromthePprofile.Despitethefactthatthe
fertilizertreatedsoilshadmorebioavailablePandN,greaterpercentagehydrocarbondegradationwas
observedinthebiosolidsamendedsoilsduringweek1(Figs.1and2).Thisisinagreementwiththemuch
smallerincreaseinmicrobialpopulation(normalizedtoMNA)notedinthefertilizertreatedsoils(124e140%)
incomparisonwiththatinbiosolidstreatedsoils(11384e12340%;Table5).Apparently,nutrient
bioavailabilitywasnottheonlyfactorgoverningTPHdegradation.InaCpoorsoilsuchasTarpleyClay,even
afterdieselcontamination,theC:N:Pratiovariedbetween7:4:1and10:3:1inthefertilizertreatedsoils,which
wasfarfromtheoptimalC:N:Pratioof33:5:1(RiserRoberts,1998).Ontheotherhand,theC:N:Pratiointhe
biosolidstreatedsoilsrangedbetween27:4:1and24:4:1(Table6),whichweremuchclosertotheoptimal
C:N:Pratioforhydrocarbondegradation.ZhouandCrawford(1995)reportedthatexcessN(C:NZ2:1)can
impairbiodegradationduetoammoniatoxicity,althoughitdoesnotcompletelyinhibitbiodegradation.Inthe
fertilizertreatedsoils,thereisapossibilitythatammoniatoxicity(C:Nratioof2:1and3:1),coupledwiththe
lowpH(5.2e5.5)impactedTPHdegradationintheverycriticalfirstweekofincubation.Thetoxiceffectonthe
microbialpopulationgraduallydecreasedwithincreasingincubationtimepossiblybecauseofanincreasein
therateofnitrificationwithincreasedtillageandaeration;NO
3
eN is typically not toxic to microbes. Because the
biosolidsaddedCtothesystem,ithelpedoptimizetheC:N:P
Table6Totalnutrientsincontrol,biosolids,andfertilizeramendedsoils
SoilCarbon(%)Nitrogen(%)Phosphorus(%)C:N:PpH
Control soil 1 1.53G0.12 0.15G0.02 0.03G0.01 56:5:1 7.14G0.16 Lowrate biosolids 3.22G0.11 0.48G0.02 0.12G0.01
27:4:1 6.56G0.03 Highrate biosolids 4.15G0.48 0.66G0.05 0.17G0.02 24:4:1 6.22G0.04 Control soil 2 1.54G0.22
0.15G0.010.03G0.0150:5:17.14G0.09Lowratefertilizer1.49G0.160.48G0.050.15G0.0110:3:15.54G0.03Highrate
fertilizer1.62G0.050.91G0.030.24G0.017:4:15.23G0.00
ratiointheCpoorTarpleyClay,furtheraidedbythebiosolidsslowreleasenatureofbioavailablenutrient
supplementation.Namkoongetal.(2002)alsoidentifiedsuchsynergisticeffectsofbiosolidsadditiononTPH
biodegradation.Theeffectsofchemicaltoxicityinthefertilizeramendedsystemswereimmediateandgradu
allywanedwithincubationtime,therebyresultinginasimilardegradationpatternofresidualTPHinfertilizer
amendedandbiosolidsamendedsoils.
4.Summaryandconclusions
Bioremediationcanbeaviableandeffectiveresponsetosoilcontaminationbypetroleumhydrocarbons.This
investigationcomparedmonitorednaturalattenuationwithtwomethodsofbiostimulation:inorganicfertilizer
amendmentandbiosolidsamendment,attworates,lowandhigh.
Resultsrevealedthatbiodegradationofpetroleumhydrocarbonswasenhancedbytheadditionofbiosolids
(andalsofertilizerstoalesserextent)todieselcontaminatedsoils;thebiosolidstreatedsoilsshowedmarked
decreaseinTPHconcentrationsandmarkedincreaseinmicrobialpopulationduringweek1.After8weeks,the
biosolidsamendedsoilsandthehighratefertilizertreatedsoilsdegradedmorethan96%ofthe
1100
1200
1000
Control1SoilLowRateBiosolidHighRateBiosolid
)
Control2SoilLowRateFertilizerHighRateFertilizer
)gk/
900
gk/g
 1000gm(su
800
r
700
m(suro
800ohpsoh
600
500
hpsohP
600Pelbali
400
a
300
elbaliav
400vaoiB
200
aoiB
200
100
0
0Week0Week1Week3Week5Week8
Week0Week1Week3Week5Week8Time(week)
Time(week)
Fig.5.Bioavailablephosphorusconcentrationsinlowandhighrate
Fig.6.Bioavailablephosphorusconcentrationsin
lowandhighratebiosolidsamendedsoilsincomparisontocontrolsoilswithout
fertilizeramendedsoilsincomparisontocontrol
soilswithoutamendments.
amendments.
194D.Sarkaretal./EnvironmentalPollution136(2005)187e195
originalTPHcontaminationwhereasthecontrolsoils(MNA)degraded94%oftheoriginalTPHcontamina
tion.
Thereactionratescalculatedforeachtreatmentfollowedasimilarpatternwithbiosolidsamendedsoilsand
thehighratefertilizertreatedsoilexperiencingthefastestrateofdegradation.Thelargeincreaseinmicrobial
populationinthebiosolidsamendedsoilssuggeststhatcarbonsupplementationmayenhancedegradationof
petroleumhydrocarbonsinorganicmatterorotherwiseCpoorsoils.TheTPHdegradationrateandtheamount
ofTPHdegradedinthehighratefertilizertreatedsoilwhencomparedtothoseinthelowratefertilizertreated
soil indicate that certain levels of N and P supplementation may be capable of stimulating hydrocarbon
degradationsimilartothatprovidedbysourcesthatcontributeCtothesystem.
TheseresultsrevealthatMNAperformedextremelywellparallelingtheamendedsoilswithonlymodest
differencesinreactionratesandtotaldegradation.Soiltypes(egtexture,composition,microbialpopulation)
differsignificantly,eveningeographicallyconstrainedregions.SomesoilswillbepoorcandidatesforMNA
whileotherswillprovetobeexcellentcandidates.AgreaterunderstandingofthefactorscontrollingMNA
efficienciesmustbeinvestigatedtomaximizeremediationwhilereducingcosts.
195D.Sarkaretal./EnvironmentalPollution136(2005)187e195
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