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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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Chapter1:FundamentalsofFluidMechanics

1. If the specific weight of a liquid is 8 kN/ m3, what is its mass density?

(Ans: 815.5 kg/m3)

Solution:

Data given:

Specific weight of a liquid, 8 / 8000 /

From the definition of specific weight, we have,

Therefore,

8000
815.5
9.81

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2. If specific gravity of a liquid is 0.8, make calculations for its mass

density, specific volume, and specific weight.

(Ans: 800 kg/m3; 1.25 X 10-3; 7848 N/m3)

Solution:

Data given:
Specific gravity of a liquid, S=0.8
From the definition of specific gravity, we have,

Therefore,

0.8 9810 7848

But,

Therefore, mass density of liquid is given by,


7848
800
9.81
From the definition of specific volume, we have,
1 1
800

1.25 10

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3. Calculate the specific weight, specific mass, and specific gravity of a

liquid having a volume as 4 m3 and weighing 30 kN.

(Ans: 7500 N/m3; 764.53 kg/m3; 0.76)

Solution:

Data given:

Volume of liquid, V=4 m3; weight of liquid, W= 30 kN = 30000 N

From the definition of specific weight, we have,

30000
7500
4

To find mass density:

Using the relation,

7500
764.53
9.81

To find specific gravity:

Using the relation,

7500
0.76
9810

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4. One liter of petrol weighs 7.02 N. Calculate the specific weight, density,

specific volume and relative density.

(Ans: 7.02 kN/m3; 716 kg/m3; 1.395 X 10-3 m3/kg; 0.716)

Solution:
Data given:
Weight, W=7.02 N; volume, V= 1 L= 0.001 m3
To find specific weight:
7.02
0.001

7020 7.02

To find mass density:


7020
9.81

716

To find specific volume:


1 1
716

1.395 10

To find relative density:


7020
0.716
9810

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5. Air is kept at a pressure of 200kPa and a temperature of 300C in a 500L

container. What is the mass of the air?

(Ans: 1.15 kg)

Solution:

Using the relation,

200000
287 30 273

2.3

Therefore, mass of air is given by,


2.3 0.5
Or,
1.15

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6. Calculate the gas constant and density of certain gas weighing 14.7 N/m3

at 300C and at an absolute pressure of 196.2 kN/m2

(Ans: 430 J/kg-K)

Solution:

Using relation,

14.7

14.7
1.5
9.81
196.2 1000
1.5 273 30

430

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7. Carbon tetrachloride at 200C has a viscosity of 0.000967 N.s/m2. What

shear stress is required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 5000 s-1?

(Ans: 4.84 Pa)

Solution:

Data given:

Viscosity of carbon tetra chloride, = 0.000967 N.s /m2; shear strain, du/dy

= 5000 s-1

Using the relation,

0.000967 5000

4.84

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8. A plate 0.5 mm distant from a fixed plate moves at 0.25 m/s and

requires a force per unit area of 2.0 Pa to maintain this speed.

Determine the viscosity of the fluid between the plates.

(Ans: 0.00400 Ns/m2)

Solution:

Data given:

Distance between the two plates, =0.5 mm = 0.0005 m; velocity of the

plate = 0.25 m/s; force per unit area or stress = 2.0 Pa

Using the relation,

0.25
2.0
0.0005
.
0.00400

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9. Two horizontal flat plates are placed 0.15mm apart and the space

between them is filled with an oil of viscosity 1poise. The upper plate of

area 1.5m2 is required to move with a speed of 0.5m/sec relative to the

lower plate. Determine the necessary force and power required to

maintain this speed. (Ans: 500 N: 0.25 kW)

Solution:
Distance between two plates = 0.15 mm
Area of the plate =1.5 m2
Viscosity of the oil = 1 Poise= 0.1 N.s/m2
Velocity of the upper plate, u= 0.5 m/s
Using the relation,

0.5
0.1 333.33 /
0.15 10
Shear force is given by,

333.33 1.5 500


Power required is given by,

500 0.5 0.25

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10. The velocity distribution over a plate is given by, , where, u

is the velocity in meters per second at a distance y meter above the


plate. Determine the shear stress at y=0 and y=0.2m. Take
. .
(Ans: 0.63 N/m2; 0.294 N/m2)
Solution:

Velocity distribution is given as,


3
4
Therefore,
3
2
4
At, y=0;
3
4
At y=0.2 m;
3
2 0.2 0.35
4
Using the relation,

0.84

At y=0;
3
0.84 0.63
4
At y=0.2 m;

0.84 0.35 0.294

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11. The specific gravity of water at 200C is 0.998 and its viscosity is

0.001008 N.s/m2. Find its kinematic viscosity.

(Ans: 1.009 X 10-6 m2/s)

Solution:

Data given:

Specific gravity of water, S=0.998; viscosity, =0.001008 N.s/m2

Using the relation,

0.998
9810

Therefore,

9790.38 /

Mass density is given by,

9790.38
998
9.81

0.001008
1.009 10
998

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12. A piston of 69 mm diameter rotates concentrically inside a cylinder


70mm diameter. Both the piston and the cylinder are 80mm long. Find
the tangential velocity of the piston if the space between the cylinder
and the piston is filled with oil of viscosity 0.235 N.s/m2 and the torque
of 1.345 N-m is applied. (Ans: 4.87 m/s)
Solution:

Velocitygradient

Cylinder
70mm 69mm Piston

If is the tangential velocity of the piston, then,


0
0.235 470 /
0.0005

0.069 0.080 0.017


0.069
1.345 470 0.017
2
4.87

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13. An increase in pressure of a liquid from 7.5MPa to 15MPa results into

0.2 % decrease in its volume. Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity

and coefficient of compressibility of a liquid.

(Ans: 3.75 X 109 N/m2; 0.267 X 10-9 m2/N)

Solution:

Using the relation,

7.5 10
0.002

3.75 10

1 1
3.75 10

0.267 10

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14. A 20 mm wide gap between two vertical plane surfaces is filled with an
oil of specific gravity 0.85 and dynamic viscosity 2.5 N s/m2. A metal
plate 1.25m x 1.25m x 0.2cm thick and weighing 30 N is placed midway
in the gap. Find the force if the plate is to be lifted up with a constant
velocity of 0.12 m/sec. (Ans: 134.17 N)

Solution:

Plate1.25mX1.25mX0.2cm

0.9 0.9

30

20

Here,

From equilibrium of forces in the vertical directions, insists,

0.12
30 2.0 1.25 1.25 2.5
0.009

134.17

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15. A square plate of size 1m x 1m and weighing 392.4N slides down an


inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.2m/s as shown in the figure
below. The inclined plane is laid on a slope of 5 vertical to 12 horizontal
and has an oil film of 1mm thickness. Calculate the dynamic viscosity
of oil.
(Ans: 0.755 Ns/m2)

5 1mm
12
u=0.2m/s

Weight=392.4N

Solution:
Inclination of the inclined plane is given by,
5
tan
12
22.62
2
Area of the plate, A= 1 m ; Weight of the plate, W= 392.4 N; Velocity of the
plate, u= 0.2 m/s; Thickness of the film, t= 1 mm = 1 X 10-3 m
Here,
sin 22.62
392.4 0.385 150.92
1
Using the relation,

150.92
0.755 . /
0.2
1 10

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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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16. A liquid has a viscosity of 0.005 N.s/m2 and density of 850 kg/m3.

Calculate the kinematic viscosity. (Ans: 5.882 X 10-6 m2/s)

Solution:

Using the relation for kinematic viscosity,

0.005
5.882 10
850

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17. Calculate the work done in blowing a soap bubble of diameter 12 cm.

assume the surface tension of soap solution=0.04 N/m.

(Ans: 36.2 X 10-4 N.m)

Solution:

The soap bubble has two interfaces,

12
0.040 4 10 2
2

36.2 10 .

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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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18. Neglecting the weight of the wire, what force is required to lift a thin

wire ring 40mm in diameter from a water surface at 200C?

(Ans: 0.0183N)

Solution:

Two surfaces at the ring resist the lifting force, by assuming d<<D, we can

write,

40
2 0.0728
1000

0.0183

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19. What is the pressure within a 1mm diameter spherical droplet of water

relative to the atmospheric pressure outside? Assume for pure water

to be 0.073 N/m. (Ans: 292 N/m2)

Solution:

Using the relation,

4 0.073
292
0.001

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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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20. A capillary tube having an inside diameter 5mm is dipped in water at

200C. Determine the height of water which will rise in the tube. Take

=0.075 N/m and =600. (Ans: 3.06 mm)

Solution:

Using the relation,

2 cos

2 0.075 cos 60
3.06
5
1000 9.81
2 1000

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21. Find the capillary rise in a 3mm glass tube when immersed vertically in

water. Assume =0.071 N/m.

(Ans: 9.69 mm)

Solution:

Using the relation,

2 cos

2 0.071 cos 0
3
1000 9.81
2 1000

9.69

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22. Distilled water at 100C stands in a glass tube of 8mm diameter at a

height of 25mm. what is the true static height?

(Ans: 21.2 mm)

Solution:

Using the relation,

2 cos

2 0.0742 cos 0
1000 9.81 0.004

0.0038 3.8

Therefore, true static height is, 25- 3.8=21.2 mm Ans

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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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23. At 300C what diameter glass tube is necessary to keep the capillary

height change of water less than 1mm?

(Ans: 29.2 mm)

Solution:

Using the relation,

2 cos

1 2 0.0172 cos 0
1000 9.81 996

0.0146 14.6

Therefore,

Diameter is,

2 2 14.6 29.2

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Ojha, Berndtsson & Chandramouli Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1/e

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24. Derive an expression for pressure difference across a spherical droplet.

Using the result, find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 50mm

diameter when the inside pressure is 1.96 N/m2 above atmosphere.

(Ans: 0.01225 N/m)

Solution:

For the derivation, please see the section pressure inside a water droplet.

Using the relation for pressure inside the soap bubble,

8
1.96
50
1000

0.01225

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