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77
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>>> =================== RESTART ===================

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, .
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95
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>>> ================= RESTART =================

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97
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15.)
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www.
pygame.org. Pygame 16.
:
skier_down.png skier_right1.png;
skier_crash.png skier_right2.png;
skier_tree.png skier_left1.png;
skier_flag.png skier_left2.png.
\examples\skier ( ) -
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112 10
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10.1. Skier
import pygame, sys, random
skier_images = ["skier_down.png", "skier_right1.png",

"skier_right2.png", "skier_left2.png",
"skier_left1.png"]
class SkierClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
def __init__(self):
pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
self.image = pygame.image.load("skier_down.png")
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
self.rect.center = [320, 100]
self.angle = 0
def turn(self, direction):

self.angle = self.angle + direction
if self.angle < -2: self.angle = -2
if self.angle > 2: self.angle = 2
center = self.rect.center -
self.image = pygame.image.load(skier_images[self.angle]) -

self.rect.center = center
speed = [self.angle, 6 - abs(self.angle) * 2]
return speed
def move(self, speed):

self.rect.centerx = self.rect.centerx + speed[0]
if self.rect.centerx < 20: self.rect.centerx = 20
if self.rect.centerx > 620: self.rect.centerx = 620
class ObstacleClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
def __init__(self, image_file, location, type):
self.image_file = image_file
self.image = pygame.image.load(image_file)
self.rect.center = location
self.type = type
self.passed = False
113
def update(self):
global speed
self.rect.centery -= speed[1]
if self.rect.centery < -32: ,
self.kill()
def create_map():
global obstacles
locations = []
for i in range(10):
row = random.randint(0, 9)
col = random.randint(0, 9)

location = [col * 64 + 20, row * 64 + 20 + 640]
if not (location in locations):
locations.append(location)
type = random.choice(["tree", "flag"])
if type == "tree": img = "skier_tree.png"
elif type == "flag": img = "skier_flag.png"
obstacle = ObstacleClass(img, location, type)
obstacles.add(obstacle)
def animate():
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
obstacles.draw(screen)
screen.blit(skier.image, skier.rect)
screen.blit(score_text, [10, 10])
pygame.display.flip()
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640,640])
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
skier = SkierClass()
speed = [0, 6]
obstacles = pygame.sprite.Group()
map_position = 0
points = 0
create_map()
font = pygame.font.Font(None, 50)
running = True
while running: 30
clock.tick(30)
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:

running = False
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
114 10
speed = skier.turn(-1)

elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:

speed = skier.turn(1)
skier.move(speed)

map_position += speed[1]
if map_position >=640:
create_map()

map_position = 0
hit = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(skier, obstacles, False)

if hit:
if hit[0].type == "tree" and not hit[0].passed:
points = points - 100
skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_crash.png")
animate()
pygame.time.delay(1000) -
-
skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_down.png")
skier.angle = 0
speed = [0, 6]
hit[0].passed = True
elif hit[0].type == "flag" and not hit[0].passed:
points += 10
hit[0].kill()
obstacles.update()
score_text = font.render("Score: " +str(points), 1, (0, 0, 0))
animate()
pygame.quit()
\examples\skier.
, . -
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if guess < secret:
print " , !" if
print " , !" elif
tries = tries + 1
while, - -
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8? , , :
multiplier = 5
for i in range (1, 11):
print i, "x", multiplier, "=", i * multiplier
, .
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.
116 11
(
) , .
. -
11.1.
11.1.
for multiplier in range (5, 8):

print i, "x", multiplier, "=", i * multiplier
5,
print 6, 7
, print
for.
5, 6 7 1 10:
>>> ==================== RESTART ===================

>>>
1 x 5 = 5
2 x 5 = 10
3 x 5 = 15
4 x 5 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
6 x 5 = 30
7 x 5 = 35
8 x 5 = 40
9 x 5 = 45
10 x 5 = 50
1 x 6 = 6
2 x 6 = 12
3 x 6 = 18
4 x 6 = 24
5 x 6 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
7 x 6 = 42
8 x 6 = 48
9 x 6 = 54
10 x 6 = 60
1 x 7 = 7
2 x 7 = 14
3 x 7 = 21
4 x 7 = 28
5 x 7 = 35
117
6 x 7 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
8 x 7 = 56
9 x 7 = 63
10 x 7 = 70
,
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range() for
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for i in range(1, numStars):

print '*',
>>> ====================== RESTART ======================
>>>
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118 11
for range.
, , 1:
numStars = int(raw_input (" ? "))

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print '*', 5 , 5
, , .
( 8.) ,
. :
numStars = int(raw_input (" ? "))

for i in range(0, numStars):
print '*',
>>> ====================== RESTART =====================
>>>
? 5
* * * * *

.
, range() -
. (11.2).
11.2.
numLines = int(raw_input (' ? '))
numStars = int(raw_input (' ? '))
for line in range(0, numLines):
for star in range(0, numStars):
print '*',
print
, , .
:
>>> ============================ RESTART ============================

>>>
? 3
? 5
*****
*****
*****
119
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numLines numStars. :
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print . - -
print .
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11.3.
numBlocks = int(raw_input (' ? '))
numLines = int(raw_input (' ? '))
numStars = int(raw_input (' ? '))
for block in range(0, numBlocks):
for line in range(0, numLines):
for star in range(0, numStars):
print '*',
print
print
>>> ======================= RESTART =======================

>>>
? 3
? 4
? 8
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
120 11

11.4 11.3.
11.4.
numBlocks = int(raw_input(' ? '))
for block in range(1, numBlocks + 1):
for line in range(1, block * 2 ): ,
for star in range(1, (block + line) * 2):
print '*',
print
print
>>> ======================= RESTART =======================

>>>
? 3
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
11.4
. ,
,
.
.
,
, 11.5.
11.5.
numBlocks = int(raw_input(' ? '))
for block in range(1, numBlocks + 1):
121
print ' = ', block

for line in range(1, block * 2 ):
for star in range(1, (block + line) * 2):
print '*',
print ' = ', line, ' = ', star
print
>>> ======================= RESTART =======================

>>>
? 3
= 1
* * * = 1 = 3
= 2
* * * * * = 1 = 5
* * * * * * * = 2 = 7
* * * * * * * * * = 3 = 9
= 3
* * * * * * * = 1 = 7
* * * * * * * * * = 2 = 9
* * * * * * * * * * * = 3 = 11
* * * * * * * * * * * * * = 4 = 13
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * = 5 = 15
, -
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122 11

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:
5, 8, 14;
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5, 8, 14;
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8, 5, 14;
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123
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11.6 IDLE- hotdog1.py.
11.6. -
print "\t \t \t\t\t"
count = 1
for dog in [0, 1]:
for bun in [0, 1]:
for ketchup in [0, 1]:
for mustard in [0, 1]:
for onion in [0, 1]:
print "#", count, "\t",
print dog, "\t", bun, "\t", ketchup, "\t",
print mustard, "\t", onion
count = count + 1
, ?
:
(dog) ;
(bun) .
, 2 2 = 4 ;
(ketchup)
. , 2 2 2 = 8 .
. . ( onion)
2 2 2 2 2 = 32 . . ,
32 . 11.6,
:
124 11
>>> =========================== RESTART ===========================

>>>

# 1 0 0 0 0 0
# 2 0 0 0 0 1
# 3 0 0 0 1 0
# 4 0 0 0 1 1
# 5 0 0 1 0 0
# 6 0 0 1 0 1
# 7 0 0 1 1 0
# 8 0 0 1 1 1
# 9 0 1 0 0 0
# 10 0 1 0 0 1
# 11 0 1 0 1 0
# 12 0 1 0 1 1
# 13 0 1 1 0 0
# 14 0 1 1 0 1
# 15 0 1 1 1 0
# 16 0 1 1 1 1
# 17 1 0 0 0 0
# 18 1 0 0 0 1
# 19 1 0 0 1 0
# 20 1 0 0 1 1
# 21 1 0 1 0 0
# 22 1 0 1 0 1
# 23 1 0 1 1 0
# 24 1 0 1 1 1
# 25 1 1 0 0 0
# 26 1 1 0 0 1
# 27 1 1 0 1 0
# 28 1 1 0 1 1
# 29 1 1 1 0 0
# 30 1 1 1 0 1
# 31 1 1 1 1 0
# 32 1 1 1 1 1
dog, bun,
ketchup, mustard onion.
11.6 . -
\t. ,
, 21.
count . , -,
, 27. ,
. (- , -
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!.
125

- !
,
. (, -
, ,
!) -
Python, 3.
, .
. -
. ,
:
dog_cal = 140
bun_cal = 120
mus_cal = 20
ket_cal = 80
onion_cal = 40
. , -
0 1 .
:
tot_cal = (dog * dog_cal) + (bun * bun_cal) + \

(mustard * mus_cal) + (ketchup * ket_cal) + \
(onion * onion_cal)
,
, . ,
.

- (11.7).
11.7. -
dog_cal = 140
bun_cal = 120

ket_cal = 80 -
mus_cal = 20
onion_cal = 40
126 11
print "\t \t \t\t\t \t"

count = 1
for dog in [0, 1]: dog

for bun in [0, 1]:
for ketchup in [0, 1]:
for mustard in [0, 1]:

for onion in [0, 1]:

total_cal = (bun * bun_cal)+(dog * dog_cal) + \
(ketchup * ket_cal)+(mustard * mus_cal) + \
(onion * onion_cal)
print "#", count, "\t",
print dog, "\t", bun, "\t", ketchup, "\t",
print mustard, "\t", onion,
print "\t", total_cal
count = count + 1

(\)
? ,
, Python:
. , .
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
, :
tot_cal = ((dog * dog_cal) + (bun * bun_cal) +
(mustard * mus_cal) + (ketchup * ket_cal) +
(onion * onion_cal))
IDLE 11.7. :
>>> =========================== RESTART ===========================

>>>

# 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
# 2 0 0 0 0 1 40
# 3 0 0 0 1 0 20
# 4 0 0 0 1 1 60
# 5 0 0 1 0 0 80
# 6 0 0 1 0 1 120
# 7 0 0 1 1 0 100
127
# 8 0 0 1 1 1 140
# 9 0 1 0 0 0 120
# 10 0 1 0 0 1 160
# 11 0 1 0 1 0 140
# 12 0 1 0 1 1 180
# 13 0 1 1 0 0 200
# 14 0 1 1 0 1 240
# 15 0 1 1 1 0 220
# 16 0 1 1 1 1 260
# 17 1 0 0 0 0 140
# 18 1 0 0 0 1 180
# 19 1 0 0 1 0 160
# 20 1 0 0 1 1 200
# 21 1 0 1 0 0 220
# 22 1 0 1 0 1 260
# 23 1 0 1 1 0 240
# 24 1 0 1 1 1 280
# 25 1 1 0 0 0 260
# 26 1 1 0 0 1 300
# 27 1 1 0 1 0 280
# 28 1 1 0 1 1 320
# 29 1 1 1 0 0 340
# 30 1 1 1 0 1 380
# 31 1 1 1 1 0 360
# 32 1 1 1 1 1 400
,
!
, .
Python !

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128 11
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for i in range(5):
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print '*',
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for i in range (10, 0, -1):
print i
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family = ['', '', '', '']
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luckyNumbers = [2, 7, 14, 26, 30]

130 12
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['']
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['', '']
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my_list = [5, 10, 23.76, '', myTeacher, 7, another_list]
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>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

132 12

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:
>>> print letters[0]

a

d

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>>> print letters[1:4]
['b', 'c', 'd']
range() for, -
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b
>>> print letters[1:2]
['b']
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134 12
, :
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<type 'str'>
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<type 'list'>
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['a', 'b']
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['c', 'd', 'e']
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:
>>> print letters[:]

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
135
, , ? ,
letters[:] . ,
- , .
>>> print letters

['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
>>> letters[2] = 'z'
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'z', 'd', 'e']
.
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:
letters[5] = 'f'
. ( , .)
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, :
>>> letters[2] = 'c'

>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

, append().
. : append(), extend() insert().
append() .
extend() .
insert() , -
. .
append()
append() . :
>>> letters.append('n')
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'n']
136 12
>>> letters.append('g')
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'n', 'g']
, . ,
append() . ,
. .
extend()
extend() :
>>> letters.extend(['p', 'q', 'r'])

>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'n', 'g', 'p', 'q', 'r']
, extend() .
, extend ,
.
, extend(),
.
insert()
insert() .
:
>>> letters.insert(2, 'z')

>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'z', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'n', 'g', 'p', 'q', 'r']
z 2.
( ). c,
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append() extend()
append() extend() , -
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extend():
137
>>> letters = ['a','b','c','d','e']

>>> letters.extend(['f', 'g', 'h'])
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h']
append():
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> letters.append(['f', 'g', 'h'])
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', ['f', 'g', 'h']]
? , append()
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.
insert() append() ,
, append()
.

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remove(), del pop().
remove()
remove() :
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> letters.remove('c')
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'd', 'e']
, . ,
. -
:
>>> letters.remove('f')
File "<pyshell#32>", line 1, in <module>
138 12
letters.remove('f')
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
? .
.
del
del . :
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> del letters[3]
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'e']
( 3), d.
pop()
pop() .
:
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> lastLetter = letters.pop()
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> print lastLetter
e
pop() :
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> second = letters.pop(1)
>>> print second
b
>>> print letters
['a', 'c', 'd', 'e']
( 1), b.
second letters.
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, .
139

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in
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if 'a' in letters:
print " 'a' letters"
else:
print " 'a' letters "
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True, a, False .

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-
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and, or not. 7.
>>> 'a' in letters

True
>>> 's' in letters
False
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in remove() ,
, :
if 'a' in letters:
letters.remove('a')
, .
140 12

index():
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> print letters.index('d')
3
, d 3,
. remove(), index(),
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in:
if 'd' in letters:
print letters.index('d')

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>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

>>> for letter in letters:
print letter
a
b
c
d
e
letter. (
looper, i, j k.)
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letter .

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141
insert(), append(), remove() pop().

, . ,
.
sort():
>>> letters = ['d', 'a', 'e', 'c', 'b']

>>> print letters
['d', 'a', 'e', 'c', 'b']
>>> letters.sort()
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
sort() , -
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:
>>> print letters.sort()
. :
>>> letters.sort()
>>> print letters

.
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>>> letters = ['d', 'a', 'e', 'c', 'b']

>>> letters.sort()
>>> print letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
>>> letters.reverse()
>>> print letters
['e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']
reverse(),
.
142 12
sort() ,
( ):
>>> letters = ['d', 'a', 'e', 'c', 'b']

>>> letters.sort (reverse = True)
>>> print letters
['e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']
, reverse, , , -
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:
>>> original_list = ['', '', '', '']

>>> new_list = original_list[:]
>>> new_list.sort()
>>> print original_list
['', '', '', '']
>>> print new_list
['', '', '', '']
, ,

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143
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new_list original_list
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original = [5,2,3,1,4] original 5,2,3,1,4
new = original original

5,2,3,1,4
new
new.sort() original
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new
new,
original, new original .
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new = original original

5,2,3,1,4
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5,2,3,1,4
new 6,7,8,9,10
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= original. ,
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. :
new = original[:] new 5,2,3,1,4

144 12
. new. -
.
sorted()
-
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sorted(). :
>>> original = [5, 2, 3, 1, 4]

>>> newer = sorted(original)
>>> print original
[5, 2, 3, 1, 4]
>>> print newer
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
sorted() .

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145
myTeacher ( ) ( ):
myTeacher Mr. Wilson
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myFriends Curtis Karla Jenn Kim Shaun
(
, , ):
classMarks Math Science Reading Spelling
Joe 55 63 77 81
Tom 65 61 67 72
Beth 97 95 92 88
? ,
. :
>>> joeMarks = [55, 63, 77, 81]

>>> tomMarks = [65, 61, 67, 72]
>>> bethMarks = [97, 95, 92, 88]
>>> mathMarks = [55, 65, 97]

>>> scienceMarks = [63, 61, 95]
>>> readingMarks = [77, 67, 92]
>>> spellingMarks = [81, 72, 88]
, ?
,
:
>>> classMarks = [joeMarks, tomMarks, bethMarks]

>>> print classMarks
[[55, 63, 77, 81], [65, 61, 67, 72], [97, 95, 92, 88]]
146 12

(data structure) -
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. ,
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. classMarks
.
, classMarks
joeMarks, tomMarks bethMarks. :
>>> classMarks = [ [55,63,77,81], [65,61,67,72], [97,95,92,88] ]

>>> print classMarks
[[55, 63, 77, 81], [65, 61, 67, 72], [97, 95, 92, 88]]
. classMarks
, . -
in:
>>> for studentMarks in classMarks:

print studentMarks
[55, 63, 77, 81]
[65, 61, 67, 72]
[97, 95, 92, 88]
classMarks. -
studentMarks.
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147
>>> print classMarks[0]

[55, 63, 77, 81]
classMarks[0] Joe.
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Joe ( ) 2. ,
, :
>>> print classMarks[0][2]

77
- classMarks Math Science Reading Spelling

classMarks ( - Joe 55 63 77 81
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148 12
classMarks:
classMarks [0] [1] [2] [3]
classMarks[0] 55 63 77 81
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Python, . -
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1234
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>>> phoneNumbers = {}
149
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>>> phoneNumbers[""] = "555-1234"
, :
>>> print phoneNumbers

{'': '555-1234'}
, .
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).
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>>> phoneNumbers = {"": "555-1234"}
.
append(), . -
:
>>> phoneNumbers[""] = "555-6789"

>>> phoneNumbers[""] = "444-4321"
>>> phoneNumbers[""] = "867-5309"

{'': '444-4321', '': '555-1234', '': '555-6789', '':
'867-5309'}
, , , .
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>>> print phoneNumbers[""]

'555-6789'
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150 12
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>>> print myList[3]

'eggs'
>>> print myDictionary[""]
'555-1234'
, Python ,
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keys() :
>>> phoneNumbers.keys()
['', '', '', '']
, values() :
>>> phoneNumbers.values()
['444-4321', '555-1234', '555-6789', '867-5309']
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151
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>>> for key in sorted(phoneNumbers.keys()):

print key, phoneNumbers[key]
444-4321
867-5309
555-1234
555-6789
sorted(),
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>>> for value in sorted(phoneNumbers.values()):

for key in phoneNumbers.keys():
if phoneNumbers[key] == value:
print key, phoneNumbers[key]
152 12
444-4321
555-1234
555-6789
867-5309

, , .
.
del:
>>> del phoneNumbers[""]
{'': '444-4321', '': '555-6789', '': '867-5309'}
( ) clear():
>>> phoneNumbers.clear()
{}
-
in:
>>> phoneNumbers = {'': '444-4321',
'': '555-6789', '': '867-5309'}
>>> "" in phoneNumbers
True
>>> "" in phoneNumbers
False
Python-. ,
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153
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13.1.
def printMyAddress():
print "Warren Sande"
print "123 Main Street" ()
print "Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"
print "K2M 2E9"
print
printMyAddress() ()
156 13
1 def.
, () :
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print "123 Main Street"
2 3 print "Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"
print "K2M 2E9"
print
4
1 printMyAddress()
print "Done the function"
.
1. . .
2. .
3. .
4.
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157

. ,
, .
, .
- , . 13.1
, . :
>>> =================== RESTART ===================

>>>
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
K2M 2E9
>>>
-
:
print "123 Main Street"
print "K2M 2E9"
print
13.1 ?
, ,
, . ,
:
printMyAddress()
printMyAddress()
printMyAddress()
printMyAddress()
printMyAddress()

Warren Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
158 13

K2M 2E9
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
,
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159
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, . 13.2
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myName.
myName
. .
13.2 myName "Carter Sande".
13.2.
def printMyAddress(myName): myName
print myName
print "123 Main Street" "Carter
print "Ottawa, Ontario, Canada" Sande"
,
print "K2M 2E9" myName
print
printMyAddress("Carter Sande") "Carter Sande"
13.2 , :
>>> ===================== RESTART =====================

>>>
Carter Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
, -
. :
160 13
printMyAddress("Carter Sande")
printMyAddress("Warren Sande")
printMyAddress("Kyra Sande")
printMyAddress("Patricia Sande")
.
, :
>>> ========================== RESTART ==========================

>>>
Carter Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Warren Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Kyra Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9
Patricia Sande
123 Main Street
K2M 2E9

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161

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162 13
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:
(13.3).
13.3.
def printMyAddress(someName, houseNum):
print someName
print houseNum,
print "Main Street"
print "K2M 2E9"
print
printMyAddress("Carter Sande", "45")

,
printMyAddress("Jack Black", "64")
printMyAddress("Tom Green", "22")
printMyAddress("Todd White", "36")
( ) , ,
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163
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return. ,
, :
def calculateTax(price, tax_rate):

taxTotal = price + (price * tax_rate)
return taxTotal
taxTotal ,
. ? -
. :
totalPrice = calculateTax(7.99, 0.06)
calculateTax 8.4694, -
totalPrice.
, -
. ( ),
, :
164 13
>>> print calculateTax(7.99, 0.06)

8.4694
>>> total = calculateTax(7.99, 0.06) + calculateTax(6.59, 0.08)
, :
>>> calculateTax(7.49, 0.07)
,
.
. 13.4 -
calculateTax().
, .
. ,
, (=) .
, calculateTax().
13.4. ,
total = price + (price * tax_rate)
return total

my_price = float(raw_input (" : "))

totalPrice
totalPrice = calculateTax(my_price, 0.06)
print " = ", my_price, " = ", totalPrice
, 13.4. ,
, 0.06 ( 6%- ),
. , -
, ,
, .

, , -
, totalPrice, , total.
. , 2
YourTeacher = MyTeacher?
calculateTax totalPrice total
, . -
165
. MyTeacher
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Python ,
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Python u rTea
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13.4 price total .
, price, total tax_rate
calculateTax(). .
, price, total tax_rate calculateTax().
. 13.4 ,
price .
13.5.
def calculateTax(price, tax_rate): ,
return total
my_price = float(raw_input (" : ")) ,

print price

File "C:/.../Listing_13-5.py", line 9, in <module>
print price
NameError: name 'price' is not defined
166 13
: price
calculateTax(). . -
, ,
.

price, my_price totalPrice
13.5 , . -
. -
13.5, my_price totalPrice
, ,
.
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.
13.5
, , . -
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13.6 my_price
calculateTax(). , .
13.6.
print my_price
return total my_price

? ! ?
, , , Python

. . -
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167
:
print my_price
:
your_price = my_price
,
my_price. - ,
Python . :
my_price = my_price + 10
my_price , -
Python .
13.6 my_price,
. 13.7 , -
()
. .
13.7.
def calculateTax(price, tax_rate): my_price

my_price = 10000 my_price
print "my_price ( ) = ", my_price

my_price
return total

-
totalPrice = calculateTax(my_price, 0.06) my_price
print "my_price ( ) = ", my_price
13.7 :
>>> ========================== RESTART ==========================

>>>
: 7.99 my_price
my_price ( ) = 10000

= 7.99 = 8.4694 my_price
my_price ( ) = 7.99
168 13
, my_price -
. -, calculateTax(),
10000. -, , -
, 7.99.

, -
Python -
. ,
.
, -
. ?
Python global, -
. :
def calculateTax(price, tax_rate): Python,

global my_price my_price
global Python
my_price, my_price.
, .

,
class Ball:

def __init__(self, color, size, direction):
self.color = color
self.size = size
self.direction = direction .
def bounce(self): Python
if self.direction == "down":
self.direction = "up" ,
myBall = Ball("red", "small", "down")
print "I just created a ball."
global. -
print "My ball is", myBall.size
print "My ball is", myBall.color
-
print "My ball's direction is ", myBall.direction
print "Now I'm going to bounce the ball" .
print
myBall.bounce()
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169

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CCCC A RRRRR TTTTTTT EEEEEE RRRRR

C C A A R R T E R R
C A A R R T EEEE R R
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C C A A R R T E R R
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170 13
3. my_price 13.7 , -
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Python , , , -
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ball.color
ball.size
ball.weight
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:
ball.kick()
ball.throw()
ball.inflate()
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173
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:
print ball.size
ball.color = 'green'
, :
myColor = ball.color
, :
myBall.color = yourBall.color
?
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. ? ,
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, , -
.
= +
, (,
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, .
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. , -
Python, :
. .(). . -
.
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174 14

Python
? , .
?
,

,
. -
. , -
.
, ,
. .
. , -

.
Python , ,
(class).

. (instance) .
. 14.1
Ball.
14.1. Ball
class Ball:
Python,
def bounce(self):
if self.direction == "":

self.direction = ""
14.1 bounce(),
. ?
.
.
. .

, . .
.
175
Ball:
myBall = Ball()
, :
myBall.direction = ""
myBall.color = ""
myBall.size = ""
.
.
bounce() . :
myBall.bounce()
, print,
, (14.2).
14.2. Ball
class Ball:
,
def bounce(self): ,
self.direction = ""

myBall = Ball()
myBall.direction = ""

myBall.color = ""
myBall.size = ""
print " ."

print " ", myBall.size
print " ", myBall.color

print " ", myBall.direction
print " "
print
myBall.bounce()
14.2:
176 14
>>> ========================== RESTART ==========================

>>>
.

bounce()
, bounce() (direction)
, , , .

size, color direction -
. .
.
.

(initializing) -
. -
,
, .
__init__(),
.
__init__() ,
(14.3).
14.3. __init__()
class Ball:
self.color = color
self.size = size __init__(),
self.direction = direction
init
def bounce(self):
self.direction = ""
177
myBall = Ball("", "", "")

print " ."

print " ", myBall.size
__init__()
print " ", myBall.color
print " "
print
myBall.bounce()

14.3, - print myBall
, :
14.2. - <__main__.Ball instance at 0x00BB83A0>
14.3
__init__().
,
__str__()
, . -
,

. ,
print myBall

__str__() .
Python
, ,
__xxxx__() Python!
. ,
! ,
Python . , -
Python, .
__init__(),
. .
, ,
.
__str__() Python,
print .
:
( __main__
);
(Ball);
, (0x00BB83A0).
178 14
>>> print myBall

, !
- , ,
__str__(), .
14.4.
14.4. __str__()

class Ball:
self.color = color
self.size = size
self.direction = direction
__str__()
def __str__(self):
msg = ", " + self.size + " " + self.color + " !"
return msg
myBall = Ball("", "", "")
print myBall
14.4:
>>> ================= RESTART =================

>>>
, !
, <__main__.Ball instance at 0x00BB83A0>.

.
self
self,
. :
def bounce(self):
179
? , ,
? , -
:
cartersBall = Ball("", "", "")

warrensBall = Ball("", "", "")
warrensBall.bounce(),
, .
cartersBall warrensBall ? self
, .
(instance reference).
! warrensBall.bounce() -
, self. ,
? , Python
.
, .
:
Ball.bounce(warrensBall) self P
ython

bounce(), -
.
-

. .
-
, ,

Python .

warrensBall.bounce().

-
11 , - ,

. -
-
,
, -

. .

- . (
.) - .
:
cooked_level , , .
03 , 3 -
180 14
, 5 , 8 ! -
- ;
cooked_string , ;
condiments -, , ..
:
cook() , ;
add_condiment() - ;
__init__() ,
;
__str__()
.
.
__init__(), -, -
:
class HotDog:
def __init__(self):
self.cooked_level = 0
self.cooked_string = ""
self.condiments = []
. :
def cook(self, time):
self.cooked_level = self.cooked_level + time -

if self.cooked_level > 8:
elif self.cooked_level > 5:
self.cooked_string = " "

else:
.
- :
myDog = HotDog()
print myDog.cooked_level
print myDog.cooked_string
print myDog.condiments
181
(14.5).
14.5. -
class HotDog:
def __init__(self):
self.cooked_level = self.cooked_level + time
else:
myDog = HotDog()
print myDog.condiments
nt >>
rint > r i nt >
pri
>Hell
>>Hel
# p
o if #
>>Hel
# p
l o if
#!/bin/env p
self.count=#!/bin/env py a text d
xt file, a ding a header
lo if
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tten=1 thon # ate
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and
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ter import
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tim
.
e, string # If
d reset the line coun
Ball HotDog, ,

no
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ume
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.
a ge i f l
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g
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t en(
oun ypri s
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ys.ar
me'sys.exit( the pa
0)class # Increment
14.5 , :
>>> cooked_level
0
cooked_string
[] condiments
182 14
, , cooked_level , cooked_string
"", condiments .
, cook(). 14.5
:
print " -"

myDog.cook(4) 4
. :
>>>
0

[]
-
4

, cook() . cooked_level 0 4,
( "" " ").
. .
__str__(), -
. 14.6.
14.6. HotDog cook(), add_condiments() __str__()

class HotDog:
def __init__(self):

def __str__(self):
msg = ""
if len(self.condiments) > 0:
msg = msg + " "
for i in self.condiments:
__str__()
msg = msg+i+", "
msg = msg.strip(", ")
msg = self.cooked_string + " " + msg + "."
return msg
183

self.cooked_level=self.cooked_level+time

else:
def addCondiment(self, condiment):
self.condiments.append(condiment) add_condiments()
myDog = HotDog()
print myDog
print " 4 ..."
myDog.cook(4)
print myDog
,
print " 3 ..."
myDog.cook(3)
print myDog
print " , 10 ?"
myDog.cook(10)
print myDog
print " - "
myDog.addCondiment("")
myDog.addCondiment("")
print myDog
, .
14.5. ,
, \examples . -
, , . :
>>> =============================== RESTART ==============================

>>>
.
4 ...
.
3 ...
.
, 10 ?
.
-
.
184 14
.
-
-
. ,
,
!

, , -
() .
, :
myDog.cooked_level = 5
, :
myDog.cook(5)
(cooked_level = 0),
. cooked_level 5.
? ?
, :

: cooked_level
cooked_string.
, , ;
, -
, :
cooked_level = cooked_level - 2
. -
! , .
, cooked_level .

, -
, -
(data hiding). Python
, .
185
, , .
__init__().
__str__(),
.

, , -
: (polymorphism) (inheritance).
. , .

, ( )
. -
, .
, ,
. :
class Triangle:
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
Triangle
self.height = height ()
def getArea(self):
area = self.width * self.height / 2.0
return area

class Square:
def __init__(self, size): getArea()
self.size = size Square
()
def getArea(self):
area = self.size * self.size
return area
Triangle, Square getArea(). ,

:
>>> myTriangle = Triangle(4, 5)

>>> mySquare = Square(7)
getArea()
:
186 14
>>> myTriangle.getArea()
10.0
>>> mySquare.getArea()
49
getArea(),
-. .

. , ,
.
-
. , -
,
, .

() () () () (-) ()
, , , -
. , , .
, ,
, , . GameObject.
, name (), , ,
, pickUp() ( ).
.
. Coin
GameObject. GameObject,
name pickUp(). Coin
187
value ( ) spend() (
).
:
class GameObject:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
GameObject
def pickUp(self, player):
# ,
#
Coin GameObject
class Coin(GameObject):
def __init__(self, value): __init__()
GameObject.__init__(self, "")
self.value = value GameObject

def spend(self, buyer, seller):

# , spend()
# Coin
#

.
, . , -
. ,
. ,
.
(code stubs).
- .

,
!
.
, , , -
, .
Python pass,
, . -
:
188 14
class Game_object:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def pickUp(self):
pass
# ,
#
class Coin(Game_object):
def __init__(self, value):
pass
GameObject.__init__(self, "coin")
self.value = value
def spend(self, buyer, seller):

pass
# ,
#
#
,
. . -
,
, .

:
;
;
;
;
__init__() __str__();
;
;
.

1. ?
2. ?
189
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
1. BankAccount .
(), ( )
( ).
, .
2. InterestAccount .
BankAccount ( -
).
. , addInterest()
.
15
, .
, , . ,
Pygame .

(module) , , - -
.
, -
(modular).
LEGO.

.
Python .
.
, .
, ,
.

,
, ,
? ?
:
, ;
.
, -
;
191
.
-
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13, , ,
. . -

. ,
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. Python-, , , -
15.1. IDLE- my_module.py.
15.1.
# "my_module.py"
#
def c_to_f(celsius):
fahrenheit = celsius * 9.0 / 5 + 32
return fahrenheit
! ! c_to_f(),
.
my_module.py .

,
Python, . -
192 15
Python import.
:
import my_module
,
.
c_to_f().
( ).
,
, import. -
15.2 my_module.py.
15.2.
import my_module my_module
c_to_f()
celsius = float(raw_input (" : "))
fahrenheit = c_to_f(celsius)
print " ", fahrenheit, " "
IDLE- .
modular.py , , .
, my_module.py.
? :
>>> ========================= RESTART =========================

>>>
: 34

File "C:/MyPythonPrograms/modular.py", line 4, in <module>
NameError: name 'c_to_f' is not defined
! ? ,
c_to_f() . , my_module, -
.
, Python ,
. , ,
:
193
fahrenheit = my_module.c_to_f(celsius)
, c_to_f() my_module.
, .

, -
(namespaces). - :
, >>> from time import sleep

,
>>> from pygame import display
.

? from

,
, - .
. ,
,
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, .

!
194 15
, , , -
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195
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Python.
: , ,
.
, .
, .
. -, :
import StephenLeacock
196 15
StephenLeacock -
. , ,
, . -
:
call_to_office(StephenLeacock.Fred)
-
(StephenLeacock), (Fred). -
.
, :
(my_module) (c_to_f).
from
-, :
from StephenLeacock import Fred
, Fred StephenLeacock
, :
call_to_office(Fred)
Fred , -
StephenLeacock Fred.
-
Fred StephenLeacock.
:
from StephenLeacock import *
(*) . .
,
, .
!
, . !
, . -
, .
197

, . ,
? !
Python , -
, ,
( ) . , Python
, .
Python- (Python Standard Library).
?
, Python , -
. Python-
. ,
.
, ( print, for if-else) -
Python,
Python.
( ,
) , .
! , -
, , .
.
.
Tim e
time -
. , -
. (
.)
...
sleep() time.
.
,
sleep(). .
sleep() 15.3.
, , , .
198 15
15.3.
import time
print "",
time.sleep(2)
print "",
time.sleep(2)
print "",
time.sleep(2)
print "?"
time. sleep().
, time,
. , , sleep(),
time.sleep(). :
import time
sleep(5)
, sleep() . -
:
NameError: name 'sleep' is not defined
, :
from time import sleep
Python (
, ) sleep time
.
sleep() time. :
from time import sleep

print ', 5 ...'
sleep(5)
print ' '
-
( ),
, , (*) -
:
from time import *

199
.
, time, .
, .
, 8 (.8.6)?
, time.sleep(1).

random .
. random :
>>> import random

>>> print random.randint(0, 100)
4
>>> print random.randint(0, 100)
72
random.randint()
. 0 100, -
0 100. random.randint() 1
.
random.random().
, -
0 1:
>>> print random.random()

0.270985467261
>>> print random.random()
0.569236541309
0 10 10:
>>> print random.random() * 10

3.61204895736
>>> print random.random() * 10
8.10985427783

:
;
;
200 15
;
;
-
;
.
, Python-.

1. ?
2. ?
3. Python-?
4. , __________.
5. time, -
( , )?
1. , -
, 13. ,
.
2. 15.2 , c_to_f() -
. ,
:
3. ,
1 20 .
4. , 30 3-
.
16
: ,
, , , , , . ,
!
Python.
,
. -
.
Pygame
( ) - .
,
, . -
Python-, Pygame.
Pygame ,
.
. Pygame -
, .
, .
www.pygame.org.
Pygame
, .
, (16.1).
202 16
16.1. Pygame-
import pygame
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640, 480])
. ? -
( ), .
, . ?
, Pygame .
, . Py
game (event loop), ,
- , ,
. Pygame- -
. ,
.
while. -
, . Pygame- , ,
,
(Windows) (Mac OS).
Linux ,
GUI- . , Linux, ,
, , .
16.2 Pygame-,
.
16.2. Pygame-
import pygame
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640, 480])
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
, Pygame-, -
, .
203
while?
Pygame-. 18, Pygame-
.

, Pygame-, , ,
. [640, 480] 16.2
: 640 480 . -
. , ,
16.3.
16.3.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255,255,255])
pygame.draw.circle(screen, [255,0,0],[100,100], 30, 0)

running = True
!
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
204 16
flip
Pygame- ( -
screen, 3 16.3)
. ,
.
-
,
.
pygame.display.flip().
, , , -
( , ).
.
, . . -
, .

16.3 :
, pygame.draw.circle() .
:
( ,
3 screen);
. ( , -
[255, 0, 0]);
205
( [100, 100],
100 100 );
(
30 );
( width = 0, , ).
.

picture element
. .
,
.
, .

,
.

?
, !
. -
768 ,
1024. , -
1024 768.
, .
Pygame
, :
? Pygame (surface) , .
(display surface) , .
16.3 screen. Pygame-
, -
. , -
( ).
, .
, (double-buffered).

206 16
. , ,
, .
Pygame
Pygame ,
. RGB. R,
G B (red), (green) (blue) .
, , , -
: , .
. , -
0 255. , -
0 255. 0, ,
, . 255,
, . [255, 0,
0] . -
[0, 255, 0], [0, 0, 255].
, [150, 150, 150], . ,
.

Pygame , -
, [R, G, B]. 600
. , -
, colordict.py
.
,
:
from pygame.color import THECOLORS
(
):
pygame.draw.circle(screen, THECOLORS["red"],[100,100], 30, 0)
, -
, , colormixer.py,
207
\examples. -
, .

255? 0 255 256
(, ).
? 200, 300
500?
,
8 .
. , ,
(byte),
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,
.
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.
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(2 ).
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(, ),
8 , 24 .
24- . 24 ,
8 .

,
. : x
( ), y ( ). -
Pygame [0, 0], .
[320, 240] ,
.
.

x, y.
208 16
640 480.
, [320, 240].
320 240 .
.
16.4.
16.4.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
pygame.draw.circle(screen, [255,0,0],[320,240], 30, 0)

running = True [100, 100] [320, 240]
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
[320, 240]. -
16.3 .

draw Pygame
. .
, .
Pygame rect ( rectangle
), . -
, :
Rect(left, top, width, height)

209
. :
my_rect = Rect(250, 150, 300, 200)
,
250, 150. -
300, 200.
.
5 16.4 , :
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], [250, 150, 300, 200], 0)

( )

(
) Rect Pygame.
:
my_list = [250, 150, 300, 200]
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], my_list, 0)
:
my_rect = pygame.Rect(250, 150, 300, 200)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,0,0], my_rect, 0)
. ,
, :
150
250 200
300
, pygame.draw.rect -
. , rect .
pygame.draw.circle
, .
210 16
count , and reset the line # Paginate a t

page count nv python
#! bin/e ex
file, addin
g a header and footer im
the por
t
t
/
ime, string # If
s, t
t
# Incremen
no
sy
a rg
Rect(left, top,
uments were
width, height) ,
=0def
Rect: ven
tten
wr i gi
, pr
: top, left, bottom, right; i
r_
tter:self.heade
nt
: topleft, bottomleft, topright, bottomright;
a helpful me
: midtop, midleft, midbottom, midright;
: center, centerx, centery;
rma
sa
s
>> tni
: size, width, height.
ge
if le
rp
lleH>
rFo
n(sys.arg o if #
v)!=2: print 'Usa

inte >> > tn
. ,
e+1Pr
olleH
irp
if #
>> tni
,
age=self.pag
rp
lleH>
o if #
ge:
,
pyp
elf.p
ri
nt
. fil
;s
ena
me '
1
t= n sys.
cou the line count et ex
self.header_written=1 ; self. lass # Increment the page count, and res
it(0)c

, ,
. ,
.
.
2
2:
, .
.
?
?
16.5. 16.4
.
16.5. draw.rect
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
for i in range (100):
211
width = random.randint(0, 250)

height = random.randint(0, 100)
top = random.randint(0, 400)
left = random.randint(0, 500)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], [left, top, width, height], 1)
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
, . :
, ? 100
. ,
, 16.6.
16.6.
from pygame.color import THECOLORS
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
212 16

width = random.randint(0, 250); height = random.randint(0, 100)
top = random.randint(0, 400); left = random.randint(0, 500)
color_name = random.choice(THECOLORS.keys())
color = THECOLORS[color_name]
line_width = random.randint(1, 3)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, color, [left, top, width, height], line_width)
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
.
, ,
, !

, , .
, .
-

.
-

, , !
.
,
.
,
.
, .

, Pygame-.
pygame.draw.sinewave() ,
. , ,
213
.
16.7 .
16.7.
import pygame, sys

import math , sin()
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255]) x = 0
639
for x in range(0, 640):
y = int(math.sin(x/640.0 * 4 * math.pi) * 200 + 240)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0],[x, y, 1, 1], 1)
y
running = True
while running:

running = False
pygame.quit()
1
1. , 1, 0.
, -
, .
214 16

, , , -
.
,
( ). , ,
.
, . Pygame ,
, , .
pygame.draw.lines() :
surface, ;
color;
closed , .
, False;
list;
width.
pygame.draw.lines() :
pygame.draw.lines(screen, [0,0,0],False, plotPoints, 1)
for ,
draw.lines(). draw.
lines() for. 16.8.
16.8.
import pygame, sys
import math
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255]) y
plotPoints = []
for x in range(0, 640):
y = int(math.sin(x/640.0 * 4 * math.pi) * 200 + 240)

plotPoints.append([x, y])

pygame.draw.lines(screen, [0,0,0],False, plotPoints, 1)
running = True
while running:
draw.lines()
running = False
pygame.quit()
215
, .
, 2:

, , ?
Pygame.
16.9 draw.lines() -
. , , .
! \examples
, . ,
216 16
, dots
\examples .
16.9. ,
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
dots = [[221, 432], [225, 331], [133, 342], [141, 310],

[51, 230], [74, 217], [58, 153], [114, 164],
[123, 135], [176, 190], [159, 77], [193, 93],
[230, 28], [267, 93], [301, 77], [284, 190],
[327, 135], [336, 164], [402, 153], [386, 217],
[409, 230], [319, 310], [327, 342], [233, 331],
[237, 432]]
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
pygame.draw.lines(screen, [255,0,0],True, dots, 2)
running = True
while running:

for event in pygame.event.get(): closed = True
running = False
pygame.quit()

.
, . -
, Surface.
set_at(), .
, :
screen.set_at([x, y], [0, 0, 0])
( 8 -
16.7), ,
. Surface.get_at()
. :
pixel_color = screen.get_at([320, 240])
screen .
217
, -
. ,
. , ,
. -
Pygame image.
: ,
,
,

,
.
be ac h_
images, \examples. - ba ll.p ng

beach_ball.png. - ww w. ma nn ing .co m/ bo
ok s/
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iti on .
c:\Program Files\helloworld\
examples\images\beach_ball.png.
beach_ball.png ,
. Python
. beach_ball.png
, 16.10 .
16.10. Pygame-
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
my_ball = pygame.image.load("beach_ball.png")
screen.blit(my_ball, [50, 50])
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
Pygame-
:
218 16
16.10 5 6. -
16.316.9. draw ,
.
5 pygame.image.load()

my_ball.
. ( .)

! , .

screen. ( 3.) 6
my_ball screen. -
display.flip()
.
, . ! 6 16.10
: screen.blit(). blit?

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(
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(blit) ( ,
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, , - .
219
Pygame . -
my_ball screen.
6 16.10
(50, 50). , 50
50 . surface -
rect .
50 ,
50 .
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( )
. .
. .
, , 100 .
- ( ) , -
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100. ,
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16.10 16.11. (
8, 9 10 while.)
16.11.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
my_ball = pygame.image.load('beach_ball.png')
screen.blit(my_ball,[50, 50])
pygame.time.delay(2000)
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
220 16
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2. .
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16.12. .
221
16.12.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])

screen.blit(my_ball, [150, 50])
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
10, .
90 90 ,
. 16.12 ,
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222 16
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16.13.
16.13.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
x = 50 xy
( )
y = 50
screen.blit(my_ball,[x, y]) for
for looper in range (1, 100): time.delay
pygame.time.delay(20) 2000 20
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255,255,255], [x, y, 90, 90], 0)
x = x + 5
screen.blit(my_ball, [x, y])
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
,
.

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) , , .
for 10 16.13 :
for looper in range (1, 200):

223
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while, , , , -
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5,
speed,
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10.
16.14.
16.14.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
224 16
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])

x = 50
y = 50
x_speed = 10
running = True
speed
while running:

for event in pygame.event.get(): while
running = False
x = x + x_speed
if x > screen.get_width() - 90 or x < 0:
x_speed = - x_speed
pygame.quit() ,
19 20. 19 (if x > screen.

get_width() - 90 or x < 0:) , , -
20
(x_speed = - x_speed).
, .

,
.
.
16.15.
16.15.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
x = 50
y = 50
225
x_speed = 10
y_speed = 10
y (
running = True )
while running:
running = False
x = x + x_speed
y = y + y_speed y (
if x > screen.get_width() - 90 or x < 0: )
x_speed = - x_speed
if y > screen.get_height() - 90 or y < 0:
y_speed = -y_speed

pygame.quit()
9 (y_speed = 10), 18 (y = y +
y_speed), 21 (if y > screen.get_height() - 90 or y < 0:) 22 (y_speed = -y_speed).
, !
:
(x_speed y_speed).
, -
;
. 16.15 20. -
, .
0.02.
. , .
,
.

.
. ,
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.
16.6.
226 16
16.16.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
x = 50
y = 50
x_speed = 5
running = True
while running:
running = False
x = x + x_speed
if x > screen.get_width():
x = 0
pygame.quit()
17 (if x > screen.get_width():) 18 (x = 0) -

,
.
, , , -
[0, 50]. .
18 (x = 0) x = -90 , .

! ! :
Pygame;
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227

1. RGB- [255, 255, 255]?
2. RGB- [0, 255, 0]?
3. Pygame- ?
4. Pygame- , ?
5. ?
6. Pygame- [0, 0]?
7. Pygame- 600 400-
[50, 200]?
A D
B 400
C E F
600
8. [300, 50]?
9. Pygame- (
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10.
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1. . Pygame -
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Pygame www.
pygame.org/docs/ref/draw.html. , -
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Pygame), . pygame_draw.html.
, Python (
6). ,
IDLE :
>>> import pygame
>>> help()
help> pygame.draw
228 16
.
2. .
\examples\images, -
. .
3. 16.15 16.16 x_speed
y_speed, .
4. 16.15,
, .
5. 16.516.9 ( , -
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while. .
while , :
17

Pygame .
(sprites),
. , , -
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Sprite Pygame
, www.pygame.org/docs/tut/
SpriteIntro.html:

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230 17
, Pygame.
, , -
, Pygame .
.
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, Pygame- sprite.
?
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. :
image ;
rect , .
, Pygame-
( ) .
Sprite
sprite Pygame Sprite. (,
?)
. pygame.sprite.Sprite -
. MyBallClass. :
class MyBallClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
def __init__(self, image_file, location):
,

self.rect.left, self.rect.top = location
. loca-
tion [x, y], .
, (x y) -
. left top ,
.
, MyBallClass, . (,
,
.)
Pygame-. , -
231
, .
:
img_file = "beach_ball.png"
balls = []
for row in range (0, 3):
for column in range (0, 3):
location = [column * 180 + 10, row * 180 + 10]
ball = MyBallClass(img_file, location)
balls.append(ball)
, . (
? .)
for ball in balls:

screen.blit(ball.image, ball.rect)
17.1.
17.1.
import sys, pygame
def __init__(self, image_file, location):
self.image = pygame.image.load(image_file) ball
size = width, height = 640, 480

screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
balls = []
ball = MyBallClass(img_file, location)
balls.append(ball)
for ball in balls:

232 17
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
Pygame- :
.
10 11,
Pygame-? :

, ,
width height, .
, size, -
, width height. ,
, Python
.
233
, Python -.
, ( -
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. 10 -
, .
move()
MyBallClass,
. move() :
def move(self): -

self.rect = self.rect.move(self.speed) ,
if self.rect.left < 0 or self.rect.right > width: -
x
self.speed[0] = -self.speed[0]
-

if self.rect.top < 0 or self.rect.bottom > height: ,
y
(, )
move(). speed, ,
( ) . -
, speed
x y. ,
, .
MyBallClass, speed -
move():
def __init__(self, image_file, location, speed): speed
,
self.speed = speed speed
def move(self):
self.rect = self.rect.move(self.speed)
if self.rect.left < 0 or self.rect.right > width:

if self.rect.top < 0 or self.rect.bottom > height:
234 17
, 2 (def __init__(self, image_file, loca-

tion, speed):). , 7 (self.speed = speed)
move() 9 15.

:
speed = [2, 2]
ball = MyBallClass(img_file, location, speed)
, (
), , -
. random.choice():
from random import *

speed = [choice([-2, 2]), choice([-2, 2])]
2 2.
17.2.
17.2.
import sys, pygame
def __init__(self, image_file, location, speed):
self.speed = speed

def move(self):


screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
235

balls = []


balls.append(ball)

running = True
while running:
running = False
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
for ball in balls:
ball.move()
pygame.quit()
. 32 (balls.
append(ball)) .
.
( )
.
, , ,
. ,
, !
!

. , ,
.
, -
, ,
. Pygame
. Pygame
(collision detection).
236 17
Pygame -
. ,
- -
- , .

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. -
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.
,
, ,
.
( ).
. ,
. ,
, Pygame- group.
, ,
( 17.2) animate().
.
(17.3).
17.3.

import sys, pygame
self.speed = speed

def move(self):
237
def animate(group):
screen.fill([255,255,255])
for ball in group:
group.remove(ball)
if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(ball, group, False):
ball.speed[0] = -ball.speed[0]
ball.speed[1] = -ball.speed[1] animate()

group.add(ball)
ball.move()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
group = pygame.sprite.Group()

group.add(ball)

running = True
while running:
running = False
animate(group) animate(),
pygame.quit()
. Pygame-
sprite spritecollide(), -
.
.
1. .
2. , .
3. .
for 21 29 (
animate()). spritecollide()
238 17
, .
, .
, .
? :
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.
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animate(). ,
, ,
,

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, .. ,
2 5,

20 50.
.
, 28 (ball.move())
:
def animate(group):
screen.fill([255,255,255])
for ball in group:
ball.move()
for ball in group:
group.remove(ball)

if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(ball, group, False):

group.add(ball)
, , .
, , ( time.de-
lay()), , , ..
239

, , -
. , spritecollide() -
, rect, .

. :
img_file = "b_ball_rect.png"
(
),
. spritecollide() ,
.
, . -
.
, :

240 17
. (
.) -
.
, Pygame,
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time.de-
00:00:00:12
lay(). ,
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25 25.
, 15.
while, time.delay()
. , time.delay(20)
20. 20 + 15 = 35,
1000. 35, 1000
35, 28.57. ,
29 . (frame),
, ,
(frame rate) (frames per second).
29 , 29/.
, -
. . ,
( -
241
), . ,
, .
15 10 20.
. , Pygame- time
Clock.
pygame.time.Clock()
pygame.time.Clock()
.
, :
! !..

Clock. -
:
,
, :
clock.tick(60)
clock.tick() .
, , . , -
, 60 . ,

. 60 , 1000 / 60= 16.66
( 17). 17, -
, clock ,
.
, -
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. ,
90 , -
10 .
Pygame- -
20 30 . -
, ,
, 20 30 .
242 17
.
clock.tick(30).

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fps(). , 30 ,
( ,
).
, clock.tick ( 200/).

clock.get_fps(). ( .)

, . , -
, , ,
, ,
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, , clock.tick(30), -
30 . clock.get_fps(), -
, 20 , ,
, .
, -
, .
( ) speed, . ,
speed.
? -
. 10,
30 , 20
, :
object_speed = current_speed * (desired fps / actual fps)

object_speed = 10 * (30 / 20)
object_speed = 15
, , 10, -
15.
17.4 ,
Clock get_fps().
243
17.4. Clock get_fps()

import sys, pygame
self.speed = speed
ball
def move(self):
time.delay()
def animate(group):
screen.fill([255,255,255])
for ball in group:
ball.move()
for ball in group:
group.remove(ball)
if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(ball, group, False): animate
group.add(ball)

screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
img_file = "beach_ball.png" Clock
group = pygame.sprite.Group()
group.add(ball) #
244 17
running = True while

while running:

running = False
frame_rate = clock.get_fps()
print "frame rate = ", frame_rate
animate(group) (
clock.tick(30) )
pygame.quit() clock.tick
Pygame . -
, Pygame , -
( )
.

:
Pygame-
;
;
;
pygame.clock .

1. ?
2.
?
3. .
4. .
5. pygame.clock ,
pygame.time.delay()?
6. ?
, , -
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!
18
.
raw_input() EasyGui
( 6). , ,
Pygame-, .

(events). , Pygame-
. ,
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Enter.
? , , : , .
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;
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Windows (
GUI-). ,
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246 18

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. (event loop).
Pygame-, ,
while. , , .
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GUI- ,
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mouseMove, mouseClick.
- .
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247
keyDown.
, mouseMove.
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Pygame, ,
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. 20 PyQ.
Pygame-. , (
)
. , , ,
, .

. ,
. Pygame-
KEYDOWN. 16.15, -
, .
, :
;
clock.tick() time.delay().
, -
__init__() move().
while clock.tick(30).
18.1.
18.1.
Clock.tick()
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
background = pygame.Surface(screen.get_size())
background.fill([255, 255, 255])
class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
def __init__(self, image_file, speed, location):
Ball
self.image = pygame.image.load(image_file) move()
self.speed = speed
248 18
def move(self):
if self.rect.left <= screen.get_rect().left or \
Ball
self.rect.right >= screen.get_rect().right:
self.speed[0] = - self.speed[0] move()
newpos = self.rect.move(self.speed)
self.rect = newpos
my_ball = Ball('beach_ball.png', [10,0], [20, 20])

running = True

while running: ,
running = False
clock.tick(30)
screen.blit(background, (0, 0))
my_ball.move()

screen.blit(my_ball.image, my_ball.rect)
pygame.quit()
, - -
. , , ,
: , ,
, .
. -
screen.fill() background
.
screen. ,
.

,
, . Pygame
. pygame.event.
Pygame- ( while). , -
QUIT:
while running:
running = False
249
pygame.event.get() . for -
, QUIT,
running False. while
. , ,
Pygame-.
.
, KEYDOWN.
:
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN
if , elif,
7:
while running:

running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: ,
# -
- , ?
, ,
. :
while True:

for event in pygame.event.get(): 10
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
10
if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
my_ball.rect.top = my_ball.rect.top - 10
elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
my_ball.rect.top = my_ball.rect.top + 10
K_UP K_DOWN Pygame .

, 18.2.
18.2. ,
import pygame, sys

pygame.init()
250 18

Ball
self.speed = speed
move()
def move(self):
self.speed[0] = - self.speed[0]
self.rect = newpos

running = True
while running:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:

if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
my_ball.rect.top = my_ball.rect.top - 10
elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
my_ball.rect.top = my_ball.rect.top + 10
clock.tick(30)
my_ball.move()

pygame.quit()
18.2 . -
?

, ,
. ,
251
, .
KEYDOWN,
Pygame- KEYDOWN.
(key repeat). ,
.
( ). :
delay = 100
interval = 50
pygame.key.set_repeat(delay, interval)
delay Pygame,
, interval ,
KEYDOWN.
18.2 ( pygame.init, -
while) , .

, KEYDOWN -
K_UP K_DOWN. ?
? , .
Pygame.
Pygame:
www.pygame.org/docs/ref/event.html
:
www.pygame.org/docs/ref/key.html
, :
QUIT;
KEYDOWN;
KEYUP;
MOUSEMOTION;
MOUSEBUTTONUP;
MOUSEBUTTONDOWN.
Pygame . ,
K_UP K_DOWN. ,
K_, , :
252 18
K_a, K_b .. ( );
K_SPACE;
K_ESCAPE
..

,
- . ,
. ,
. -
.
:
MOUSEBUTTONUP;
MOUSEBUTTONDOWN;
MOUSEMOTION.
Pygame-.
rect.center. -
.
while , , ,
:
while running:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
my_ball.rect.center = event.pos
, . -
18.2 . event.pos
( x y) . .
, ,
MOUSEMOVE.
rect.center .
.
- ,
Pygame-, .
253
,
. (dragging).
( MOUSEDRAG) ,
, .
? -
.
MOUSEBUTTONDOWN, MOUSEBUTTONUP.
.
; held_down. :
held_down = False
while running:
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
,
held_down = True
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
held_down = False
if held_down:
my_ball.rect.center = event.pos
( ) -
elif. while -
18.2. , , .
-

-
!
, , -
! , ,
, .
, .
.

, .
,
254 18
.
,
.

.
Pygame- .
, .
? -
(user event).
Pygame . ,
0, , .
, MOUSEBUTTONDOWN KEYDOWN, .
Pygame , .
, ,
. .
Pygame set_timer():
pygame.time.set_timer(EVENT_NUMBER, interval)
EVENT_NUMBER , interval ( ), -
.
EVENT_NUMBER?
, Pygame - .
Pygame- .
:
>>> import pygame

>>> pygame.USEREVENT
24
, Pygame 0 23, ,
24. , 24 -
. ? Pygame-:
>>> pygame.NUMEVENTS
32
NUMEVENTS , Pygame-
32 ( 0 31). 24 , 32. -
:
255
pygame.time.set_timer(24, 1000)
- USEREVENT ,
. :
pygame.time.set_timer(pygame.USEREVENT, 1000)
USER-
EVENT+ 1 .. 1000 1000,
. , .
.
, .
,
, . -
18.2 18.3.
18.3.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
self.rect = self.image.get_rect() Ball
self.speed = speed
def move(self):
self.speed[0] = - self.speed[0]
self.rect = newpos

Ball
pygame.time.set_timer(pygame.USEREVENT, 1000)
direction = 1 :
running = True 1000 = 1
256 18
while running:

running = False
elif event.type == pygame.USEREVENT:
my_ball.rect.centery = my_ball.rect.centery + (30*direction)
if my_ball.rect.top <= 0 or \
my_ball.rect.bottom >= screen.get_rect().bottom:
direction = -direction
clock.tick(30)

my_ball.move()
pygame.quit()
, \ .
, . (
\, .)
18.3, ,
( ), 30
. .

Pong ,
.
, !
.
,
.
:
:
Pong,
-!
257
PyPong
, ,
, , Pong.
. :
, ;
, ;
;
;
.
.

, , Pong
. - .
.
.
, , -
-!
, , -
.
Ball __init__() move():
self.speed = speed

def move(self):

if self.rect.top <= 0 :
258 18
, , ,
:
myBall = MyBallClass('wackyball.bmp', ball_speed, [50, 50])
, ,
. , :
ballGroup = pygame.sprite.Group(myBall)
, Pong , -
. , .
:
class MyPaddleClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
def __init__(self, location):
image_surface = pygame.surface.Surface([100, 20])
image_surface.fill([0,0,0])
self.image = image_surface.convert()

paddle = MyPaddleClass([270, 400])
, , -
. image,
Surface.convert().
.
. , x (
) .
. -
, move() .

, .
MOUSEMOTION, Pygame-
. Pygame- ,
. ,
.
259

paddle.rect.centerx = event.pos[0]
event.pos [x, y] . , -
event.pos[0] x .
, , , -
, .
.
.
y ( , ,
).
:
if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(paddle, ballGroup, False):

myBall.speed[1] = -myBall.speed[1]
. ,
, Pong. 18.4.
18.4. PyPong
import pygame, sys
from pygame.locals import *
self.speed = speed
def move(self):
if self.rect.left < 0 or self.rect.right > screen.get_width():
self.speed[0] = -self.speed[0] (

)
260 18
def __init__(self, location = [0,0]):

pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640,480]) -
Pygame-
ball_speed = [10, 5] ,
myBall = MyBallClass('wackyball.bmp', ball_speed, [50, 50]) ,
running = True
while
while running:
clock.tick(30)
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
if event.type == QUIT:
running = False
,

myBall.move()
screen.blit(myBall.image, myBall.rect)
screen.blit(paddle.image, paddle.rect)
pygame.quit()

:
261
, , -
Pygame. - ,
.
, , .

:
. -

. .
.
Pygame font. -
:
font, Pygame- ;
, font,
;
.
-
(
int string).
-
18.4 (render) -
-
( paddle = MyPaddle-
.
Class([270, 400]))
:
score_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 50) font

score_surf = score_font.render(str(score), 1, (0, 0, 0))
score_pos = [10, 10] -
score_surf
None Pygame-,
. None Pygame-
, .
:

screen.blit(score_surf, score_pos)
.
262 18
, ,

score. ( .)
NameError! , font:
score = 0
...

move(),
. :
score = score + 1

File "C:...", line 59, in <module>
myBall.move()
File "C:\...", line 24, in move
score = score + 1
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'score'
referenced before assignment
! .
15? .
score, move() -
Ball. score, .
.
move() :
def move(self):
global score
score_font (,
) score_surf (, ),
move(). :
263
def move(self):
global score, score_font, score_surf
! ,
. .

.
. ,
lives 3:
lives = 3
, -
lives , :
if myBall.rect.top >= screen.get_rect().bottom:

lives = lives - 1
myBall.rect.topleft = [50, 50]
while. , myBall.rect -
get_rect() screen
:
myBall , rect;
screen , , rect . -
, , get_rect().
, ,
.

-
. .
.
. ,
for :
for i in range (lives):

width = screen.get_rect().width
screen.blit(myBall.image, [width - 40 * i, 20])
264 18
while
( screen.blit(score_text, textpos)).

, ,
. font,
, ( -
) .
, , -
. done,
. ( while):

lives = lives - 1
if lives == 0:
final_text1 = " "
final_text2 = " : " + str(score)
ft1_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 70)
ft1_surf = ft1_font.render(final_text1, 1, (0, 0, 0)) -

ft2_surf = ft2_font.render(final_text2, 1, (0, 0, 0))
screen.blit(ft1_surf, [screen.get_width()/2 - \
ft1_surf.get_width()/2, 100])
done = True
else: # 2
myBall.rect.topleft = [(screen.get_rect().width) - 40*lives, 20]
PyPong 18.5.
18.5. PyPong
import pygame, sys


self.speed = speed
265
def move(self):

global score, score_surf, score_font
score = score + 1
pygame.init()

myBall = MyBallClass('wackyball.bmp', [10,5], [50, 50])
lives = 3
score = 0
score_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 50)
score_pos = [10, 10]
done = False
( while)
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)

screen.fill([255, 255, 255]) ,
running = False

myBall.move()
266 18
if not done:
screen.blit(score_surf, score_pos)

width = screen.get_width()

lives = lives - 1
if lives == 0:
final_text1 = " "

final_text2 = " : " + str(score)

done = True
else:

pygame.time.delay(2000) 2-
pygame.quit()
18.5
:
, -
,
75 ( ).
-
. ,
-
.

Pygame
PyPong -
.
267

:
;
Pygame;
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pygame.font ( Pygame-
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!

1. ?
2. , ?
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4. MOUSEMOVE ,
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5. Pygame- (
)?
6. Pygame- ?
7. Pygame-?
8. Pygame-?
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2. (. 18.4 18.5),
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random() 15, ,
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19
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, PyPong.
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. -,
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269
. -, .
-, MP3 .
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, . -
.

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Wav- .wav, hello.wav;
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Vorbis-, ogg- .ogg, yourSong.ogg.
wav- mp3-. \sounds,
HelloWorld. , -
Windows c:\Program Files\HelloWorld\examples\sounds.
.
, . Python
, :
sound_file = "my_sound.wav"
, -
:
sound_file = "c:\Program Files\HelloWorld\sounds\my_sound.wav"
,
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270 19
pygame.mixer
pygame.mixer. ,
? .
pygame.mixer .
Pygame- :
pygame.mixer.init()
, Pygame,
:
import pygame
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
.
. -, . , ,
wav-. pygame.mixer
Sound:
splat = pygame.mixer.Sound("splat.wav")
splat.play()
-, . mp3-, wma-
ogg-. Pygame- mixer
music. :
pygame.mixer.music.load("bg_music.mp3")
pygame.mixer.music.play()
( ) .
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while,
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! Pygame- . ,
mixer -
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,
. ,
271
mixer . ,
19.1.
19.1. Pygame-
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init() Pygame mixer
Pygame-
pygame.time.delay(1000) ,
mixer
splat.play()

running = True
while running:
Pygame-
running = False
pygame.quit()
, , .
mixer.music .
19.1 (19.2).
19.2.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
running = True
while running:
running = False
pygame.quit()
272 19
, .
, , . -
. ,
.

. Windows
.
. , -
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.
splat,
splat.set_volume().
0 1,
0.5 50%, .
. ,
!. ,
. 30%,
50%. 19.3.
273
19.3.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
pygame.mixer.music.set_volume(0.30)
splat.set_volume(0.50)
splat.play()

running = True
while running:
running = False ! -
pygame.quit() ?

, . .
, , ?
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. ,
, -

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.

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274 19
get_busy(). -
, True, False.
,
, (19.4).
19.4.
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init()
running = True
while running:
for event in pygame.event.get(): ,
running = False
if not pygame.mixer.music.get_busy():
splat.play()
running = False
pygame.quit()
, ,
.

, , ,
. music .
:
pygame.mixer.music.play(3)
.
275
, -

1: -
Pygame-
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pygame.mixer.music.play(-1) me.mixer.
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PyPong
, , ,
PyPong. .
, -
.
18.5?

. ,
pygame.mixer.init()
:
hit = pygame.mixer.Sound("hit_paddle.wav")
hit.set_volume(0.4)

hit.play()
PyPong 18.5. ,
hit_paddle.wav .
.
276 19

, hit,
. :
;
, ;
;
;
.
. -
pygame.mixer.
init(), while:
hit_wall = pygame.mixer.Sound("hit_wall.wav")
hit_wall.set_volume(0.4)
get_point = pygame.mixer.Sound("get_point.wav")
get_point.set_volume(0.2)
new_life = pygame.mixer.Sound("new_life.wav")
new_life.set_volume(0.5)
bye = pygame.mixer.Sound("game_over.wav")
bye.set_volume(0.6)
. -
.
. \examples\sounds .
277
play(). hit_wall
. -
move() , x- (
). 18.5 14:
, .
:

hit_wall.play()
get_point. move()
. -
. .
:
points = points + 1
score_text = font.render(str(points), 1, (0, 0, 0))
get_point.play()
, .
,
.
while, 63 18.5
(if myBall.rect.top >= screen.get_rect().bottom:).
:

splat.play()
#
lives = lives - 1
. -
18.5, else.
:
278 19
else:
new_life.play()
( ) -
(1000), ,
. , .
,
. 65 18.5 (if lives == 0:).
bye:
if lives == 0:
bye.play()
, .

! . bye
!
splat while, -
, Pygame-.
, -
.

done, . -
:

if not done:
splat.play()
lives = lives - 1
if lives == 0:
if not done:
bye.play()
.
279
-

-.

. done
, -

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?
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move(), , while.
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done hit_wall,
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.
PyPong
, .
, . -
, 1:
pygame.mixer.music.play(-1)
while.
. ,
. fadeout() pygame.mixer.
music. . ,
:
280 19
pygame.mixer.music.fadeout(2000)
2000 2 . ,
done = True. (, .)
, .
, !
, 19.5. ,
wackyball.bmp, , .
19.5. PyPong
import pygame, sys
def __init__(self, image_file, speed, location = [0,0]):
self.speed = speed
def move(self):
global points, score_text
if self.rect.top < screen.get_height():
hit_wall.play()

points = points + 1
get_point.play()
(
class MyPaddleClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite): )
pygame.init()
pygame.mixer.init() Pygame-
281
pygame.mixer.music.play(-1)
hit = pygame.mixer.Sound("hit_paddle.wav")
hit.set_volume(0.4)
new_life = pygame.mixer.Sound("new_life.wav")

new_life.set_volume(0.5)
hit_wall = pygame.mixer.Sound("hit_wall.wav")
hit_wall.set_volume(0.4)
,

get_point = pygame.mixer.Sound("get_point.wav")
get_point.set_volume(0.2)
bye = pygame.mixer.Sound("game_over.wav")
bye.set_volume(0.6)
myBall = MyBallClass('wackyball.bmp', [12,6], [50, 50])
lives = 3
points = 0

textpos = [10, 10]
done = False
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
running = False


hit.play()
myBall.move()
if not done:
282 19
screen.blit(score_text, textpos)
width = screen.get_width()

if not done:
splat.play() ,

lives = lives - 1
if lives <= 0:
if not done:

bye.play()
final_text1 = " "
final_text2 = " : " + str(points)
ft1_surf = font.render(final_text1, 1, (0, 0, 0))
ft2_surf = font.render(final_text2, 1, (0, 0, 0))


done = True
pygame.mixer.music.fadeout(2000)
else:
new_life.play()
pygame.quit()
! ( 100 , .)
, .
, -
. , ,
.
\examples .
283

: , , -
(GUI).

:
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1. , .
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3. Pygame-?
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5. , ?
1.
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. -
\examples\sounds ( ):
Ahoy.wav;
TooLow.wav;
TooHigh.wav;
WhatsYerGuess.wav;
AvastGotIt.wav;
NoMore.wav.
? , ,
Sound Recorder, Windows.
audacity.sourceforge.net/ Audacity
( ).
20
GUI-
6 -
(GUI), EasyGui.
. GUI-
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PyQt,
.
PyQt GUI-.
.
PyQt
, PyQt. -
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www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/download.
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Qt-
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286 20
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,
GUI -
(widgets). ,
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GUI- 287

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. ,
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geometry,
X, Y, Width Height.
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Im a Button! ( !). ,

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. PyQt GUI-
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. MyFirstGui. , -
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MyFirstGui.ui.
, . ,
Python-, Save ().
, IDLE.
, :
288 20
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<ui version="4.0">
<class>MainWindow</class>
<widget class="QMainWindow" name="MainWindow">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>576</width>
<height>425</height> ()
</rect>
</property>
<property name="windowTitle">
<string>MainWindow</string>
</property>
<widget class="QWidget" name="centralwidget">
<widget class="QPushButton" name="pushButton">
<rect>
<x>60</x>
<y>70</y>
<width>121</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="toolTip">
<string/>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>I'm a Button!</string>
</property>
</widget>
</widget>
<widget class="QMenuBar" name="menubar">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>576</width>
<height>21</height>
</rect>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QStatusBar" name="statusbar"/>
</widget>
GUI- 289
<resources/>
<connections/>
</ui>
, , -
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, 20.1.
20.1.
PyQt-
import sys
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui, uic PyQt

form_class = uic.loadUiType("MyFirstGui.ui")[0]

UI-
class MyWindowClass(QtGui.QMainWindow, form_class):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QtGui.QMainWindow.__init__(self, parent)
self.setupUi(self)
PyQt-,
app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
myWindow = MyWindowClass()
myWindow.show()

app.exec_() GUI-
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.
290 20
, Python, PyQt-
UI- . , -
,
[0],
uic.lo class.
adUiType()

- PyQt- ,
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base_class.

MyWindowClass ( 6),
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IDLE- SPE- MyFirstGui.py:
MyFirstGui.py;
UI- MyFirstGui.ui.
,
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IDLE. ,
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. 20.2 20.1
10 17.
20.2. 20.1
import sys
from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui, uic
form_class = uic.loadUiType("MyFirstGui.ui")[0]


self.setupUi(self)
self.pushButton.clicked.connect(self.button_clicked)
def button_clicked(self):

x = self.pushButton.x()
GUI- 291
y = self.pushButton.y()
x += 50
y += 50
self.pushButton.move(x, y) ,

myWindow.show()
app.exec_()
, def
class , . ,
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.

Pygame-, , -
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e count, and reset the li

nt the pag ne count n=1 ; self.count=#!
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#!/bin/env pyth
on #

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292 20
,
. 20.2 10:
self.pushButton.clicked.connect(self.button_clicked)
(self.pushButton.clicked) -
(self.button_clicked). button_clicked -
12. , (clicked),
(pressed) (released).
self
button_clicked() self. -
14 , self -
.
, , .
self . , -
, , ;
, .

, - ? PyQt
. , self ,
pushButton, , self.
pushButton.
20.2
. geometry,
x, y, width height. .
-, setGeometry(), .
-, move(),
width height ( -
20.2). x , -
y . ,
[0, 0] ( Pygame).
, ,
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) . ,
( ,
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GUI- 293
, Pygame-,
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PyQt.
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GUI-
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PyQt.
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. -, 22 PyQt GUI-
. PyQt
.
TempGUI
3 -
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, ,
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PyQt -
.
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GUI- , :
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294 20
, , Qt-
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( ). , Main Window ( )
Create ().
:
Line Edit ( ), Spin
Box ( ). Label
() Push Button ( ).
,
. GUI.
1. Push Button ,
. :
, -
geometry (
MyFirstGui);
objectName btnFtoC;
text <<< Fahrenheit to Celsius;
font size 12. -
, font,
Font (), , , ,
.
2. Push Button, -
, :
objectName btnCtoF;
text Celsius to Fahrenheit >>>;
12.
GUI- 295
3. Line Edit , -
objectName editCel.
4. Spin Box ,
objectName spinFahr.
5. Label Line Edit:
text Celsius;
10.
6. Label, Spin Box:
text Fahrenheit;
10.
, GUI (, , -
) , .
tempconv.ui, Qt- FileSave As ( ).
, Python-.
IDLE PyQt- ( -
):
import sys
form_class = uic.loadUiType("tempconv.ui")[0]

self.setupUi(self)
myWindow.show()
app.exec_()

,
. , :
fahr = cel 9.0 / 5 + 32.
Line Edit, -
editCel, Spin Box
296 20
spinFahr.
Celsius to Fahrenheit >>>, -
.
clicked :
self.btn_CtoF.clicked.connect(self.btn_CtoF_clicked)
__init__() MyWindow,
.
. Celsius (-
), Line Edit editCel,
self.editCel.text(). ,
:
cel = float(self.editCel.text())
fahr = cel * 9.0 / 5 + 32
Fahrenheit ( ), -
Spin Box spinFahr. :
.
int. -
value, :
self.spinFahr.setValue(int(fahr))
0.5, int(), -
, ,
. , :
def btn_CtoF_clicked(self):
fahr = cel * 9.0 / 5 + 32
self.spinFahr.setValue(int(fahr + 0.5))
myWindow.show()
Fahrenheit
app.exec_()
GUI- 297

( )
. :
cel = (fahr 32) * 5.0 / 9.
<<< Fahrenheit to Celsius. -
__init__() .
self.btn_FtoC.clicked.connect(self.btn_FtoC_clicked)
fahr = self.spinFahr.value()
,
. :
cel = (fahr - 32) * 5.0 / 9
Celsius:
self.editCel.setText(str(cel))
, 20.3.
20.3.
import sys
UI-
form_class = uic.loadUiType("tempconv.ui")[0]

self.setupUi(self)
cel = float(self.editCel.text()) Celsius to
fahr = cel * 9 / 5.0 + 32 Fahrenheit
def btn_FtoC_clicked(self):
fahr = self.spinFahr.value() Fahrenheit to Celsius
298 20
cel = (fahr - 32) * 5 / 9.0

self.editCel.setText(str(cel)) Fahrenheit to Celsius
myWindow = MyWindowClass(None)
myWindow.show()
app.exec_()
TempGui.py. , -
.

, ,
; -
, .
, .
, 21 -
, .
btn_FtoC_clicked :
cel_text = '%.2f' % cel

self.editCel.setText(cel_text)
,

!
, .
Celsius 50,
58 -
-
. ?
- ?

0!

!

GUI- 299

,
. .
, -
.
btn_CtoF_clicked 20.3 :
print 'cel = ', cel, ' fahr = ', fahr
Celsius to Fahrenheit >>> IDLE-

cel fahr.
cel , . :
>>> ============================ RESTART ============================

>>>
cel = 50.0 fahr = 122.0
cel = 0.0 fahr = 32.0
cel = -10.0 fahr = 14.0
cel = -50.0 fahr = -58.0
, fahr .
Fahrenheit 0 ( 99, !)?
Qt- spinFahr,
.
. minimum maximum ( )?
? , ?
?
GUI- , -
.
. ,
.
?
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.
. , -
, , ,
.
300 20
, -
. FileExit
(), .
, ,

...
.

PyQt -
. , -
, Type Here ( ).
. -
File (),
. Type Here, File
Enter. File ,
.

File Exit (). Type Here File Exit
Enter.
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Here File Convert (),
C to F F to C.
.
GUI- 301
,
,
:
File Convert Exit, C to F F to C.

PyQt QAction. ,
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tempconv_menu.ui. M
ac
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menubar
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.

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Python
. , - -
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Fi le .
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, action_CtoF.
btn_CtoF_clicked. -
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self.action_CtoF.triggered.connect(self.btn_CtoF_clicked)
F to C.
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Exit
, :
def menuExit_selected(self):
self.close(
302 20
UI- ( ), -
tempconv_menu.ui.
20.4.
20.4.

import sys UI-
form_class = uic.loadUiType("tempconv_menu.ui")[0]

def __init__(self, parent=None): Convert
self.setupUi(self)
self.action_CtoF.triggered.connect(self.btn_CtoF_clicked)
self.action_FtoC.triggered.connect(self.btn_FtoC_clicked)
fahr = cel * 9 / 5.0 + 32 Exit

def btn_FtoC_clicked(self):
fahr = self.spinFahr.value()
cel = (fahr - 32) * 5 / 9.0
self.editCel.setText(str(cel))
self.close() Exit
myWindow = MyWindowClass(None)
myWindow.show()
app.exec_()
GUI- 303

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309

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310 21
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>>> ====================== RESTART ======================

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Number Square Cube
1 1 1
2 4 8
3 9 27
4 16 64
5 25 125
6 36 216
7 49 343
8 64 512
9 81 729
10 100 1000

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\
311

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name = ' '

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13 .
312 21
average = 75.6
print ' %f .' % average
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75.600000 .
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12.35
print .
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313
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314 21
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12.67
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12.345600
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12.35
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12.34560000
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+12.345600
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-98.76
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12.35
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1.234560e+01
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1.235e+01
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1.23456000e+01
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1.234560E+01
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316 21
%g. , E ,
:
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12.3
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4.56712e+08
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science)
print ,
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12.35
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12.35
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318 21
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format(math, science)
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['Sam','Brad','Alex','Cameron','Toby','Gwen','Jenn','Connor']
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Sam
Brad
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Cameron
Toby
Gwen
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Connor
320 21
,
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'Toby,', :
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>>> print parts
['Sam,Brad,Alex,Cameron', 'Gwen,Jenn,Connor']
>>> for part in parts:
print part
Sam,Brad,Alex,Cameron
Gwen,Jenn,Connor
: ,
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:
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>>> long_string
' '
321
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join().
, ''.join().
, ,
join() Python. -:
>>> long_string = ' '.join(word_list)

>>> long_string
' '
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>>> name = "Frankenstein"

>>> name.startswith('F')
True
>>> name.startswith("Frank")
True
>>> name.startswith("Flop")
False
322 21
Frankenstein F,
True. Frankenstein Frank,
True. Flop
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startswith()
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>>> if name.startswith("Frank"):
print " ?"
endswith(), -
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:
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>>> name.endswith('n')
True
>>> name.endswith('stein')
True
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False
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print " 'Maple'."
in , -
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position = addr1.index('Maple')
print " 'Maple' ", position
, :
'Maple' 4
Maple 4 "657 Maple Lane". ,

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4.
324 21
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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strip(). ,
:
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'Warren San'
de. ,
:
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>>> short_name
'Bart Simpson'
strip(), .
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>>>> short_name = name.strip()
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325

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hello
upper():
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HELLO
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326 21
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330 22
Music. New
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:
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5. Really old music my_song.mp3.
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image_file = "c:/program files/HelloWorld/examples/beachball.png"
, .
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331
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txt, - \t. , 21 -
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beachball.png Examples.
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332 22

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Windows Explorer
:
, Python- (-
.py)
( .wav).
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e:/programs,
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333
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open() :
my_file = open('my_filename.txt','r')
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( Linux, MacOSX).
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notes = open('notes.txt', 'r')
some_crazy_stuff = open("notes.txt", 'r')

, .
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'r':
my_file = open('notes.txt', 'r')

334 22
,
. ( , , , ?)
Python
. readlines():
lines = my_file.readlines()
, .
, notes.txt :
Wash the car ( )

Make my bed ( )
Collect allowance ( )
, , -
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.
Python-
22.1.
22.1.
lines = my_file.readlines()
print lines
(
):
>>>======================= RESTART =========================

>>>
['Wash the car\n', 'Make my bed\n', 'Collect allowance']
lines.
. \n
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22.1 . ,
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my_file.close()
335
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readlines() , .
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first_line = my_file.readline()
. -
readline() Python
. ,
. -
22.2.
22.2. readline()
second_line = my_file.readline()
print " = ", first_line
print " = ", second_line
my_file.close()
>>>================== RESTART ====================

>>>
=
=
336 22
readline() ,
. readline() .

readline()
, seek():
second_line = my_file.readline()
my_file.seek(0)
first_line_again = my_file.readline()
seek() Python -
. . 0
.

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RIFF WAVEfmt "V "V datap

zvvy{|
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mWLISjzrvytv~}yrifjt}mSCFZlrty
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337
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my_file = open('new_notes.txt', 'r')
338 22
'w':
my_file = open('new_notes.txt', 'w')
'a':
my_file = open('notes.txt', 'a')

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todo_list.write('\n ')
todo_list.close()
, ,
. close() -
. , ,
.
22.3 notes.txt (
) , .
.

. ,
. 22.4
.
22.4.
new_file = open("my_new_notes.txt", 'w')
new_file.write(" \n")
new_file.write(" \n")
new_file.write(" ")
new_file.close()
, ? , -
22.4. my_new_notes.txt.
, :

340 22
.
,
, , . ,
.
( ). ,
,
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:
.
22.5.
22.5.
the_file = open('notes.txt', 'w')
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the_file.write(" ")
the_file.close()
notes.txt . :
notes.txt .
22.5 .
print
write().
print. ,
:
my_file = open("new_file.txt", 'w')

print >> my_file, ", !"
my_file.close()
341
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pickle

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.
pickle.
. . -
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,
. !
, :
my_list = ['Fred', 73, 'Hello there', 81.9876e-13]
pickle
:
import pickle
, -, ,
dump(). . ,
342 22
, . dump() -
, , :
pickle_file = open('my_pickled_list.pkl', 'w')
'w', -
. .
.pkl ( pickle).
(
) :
pickle.dump(my_list, pickle_file)
, 20.6.
20.6. pickle
import pickle
my_list = ['Fred', 73, 'Hello there', 81.9876e-13]
pickle_file = open('my_pickled_list.pkl', 'w')
pickle_file.close()
. ?
. -
. Python
,
.
load().
, .
. 22.6
my_pickled_list.pkl.
22.7 , .
22.7. load()
import pickle
pickle_file = open('my_pickled_list.pkl', 'r')
recovered_list = pickle.load(pickle_file)
pickle_file.close()
print recovered_list
343
['Fred', 73, 'Hello there', 8.1987599999999997e-012]
, ! .
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.

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344 22
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f = open("words.txt", 'r')
self.lines = f.readlines()
for line in self.lines:
line.strip()
f.close()
words.txt , -
readlines().
random.choice():
self.currentword = random.choice(self.lines)
345

. :
def wrong(self):
self.pieces_shown += 1
for i in range(self.pieces_shown):
self.pieces[i].setHidden(False)
if self.pieces_shown == len(self.pieces):
message = "You lose. The word was " + self.currentword
QtGui.QMessageBox.warning(self,"Hangman",message)
self.new_game()
self.pieces_shown
. ,
.

.
, .
, lever, e,
.
. -, find_letters()
. -
e lever [1, 3],
1 3. (, 0.) :
def find_letters(letter, a_string):

locations = []
start = 0
while a_string.find(letter, start, len(a_string)) != -1:
location = a_string.find(letter, start, len(a_string))

start = location + 1
return locations
replace_letters() find_letters()
.
----- -e-e-. , ,
.
:
346 22
def replace_letters(string, locations, letter):

new_string = ''
for i in range (0, len(string)):
if i in locations:
new_string = new_string + letter
else:
new_string = new_string + string[i]
return new_string
, , -
find_letters() replace_letters():
if len(guess) == 1: ,

if guess in self.currentword:
locations = find_letters(guess, self.currentword)
? self.word.setText(replace_letters(str(self.word.text()),
locations,guess))
if str(self.word.text()) == self.currentword:

self.win()
else: ,
(
self.wrong() )
95 , , -
(. 22.8 ). -
, \Examples\
Hangman. . hangman.py,
hangman.ui words.txt. Mac,
hangman.ui QtDesigner nativeMenuBar menubar.
22.8. hangman.py
import sys
import random
form_class = uic.loadUiType("hangman.ui")[0]
def find_letters(letter, a_string):

locations = []
start = 0
while a_string.find(letter, start, len(a_string)) != -1:
location = a_string.find(letter, start, len(a_string))
start = location + 1
return locations
347
def replace_letters(string, locations, letter):

new_string = ''
for i in range (0, len(string)):

if i in locations: ,
new_string = new_string + letter
else:
new_string = new_string + string[i]
return new_string
def dashes(word):
letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
new_string = ''

for i in word:
if i in letters:
new_string += "-"
else:
new_string += i
return new_string

class MyWidget(QtGui.QMainWindow, form_class):
self.setupUi(self)
self.btn_guess.clicked.connect(self.btn_guess_clicked)
self.pieces = [self.head, self.body, self.leftarm, self.leftleg,
self.rightarm, self.rightleg]
self.gallows = [self.line1, self.line2, self.line3, self.line4]
self.pieces_shown = 0
self.currentword = ""
f=open("words.txt", 'r')
self.lines = f.readlines()

f.close()
self.new_game()

def new_game(self):
self.guesses.setText("")
self.currentword = random.choice(self.lines)
self.currentword = self.currentword.strip()
for i in self.pieces:
i.setFrameShadow(QtGui.QFrame.Plain)
i.setHidden(True)
,
for i in self.gallows:
i.setFrameShadow(QtGui.QFrame.Plain)
self.word.setText(dashes(self.currentword))
self.pieces_shown = 0
348 22
def btn_guess_clicked(self):
guess = str(self.guessBox.text())
if str(self.guesses.text()) != "":
self.guesses.setText(str(self.guesses.text())+", "+guess)
else:
self.guesses.setText(guess)
if len(guess) == 1:

if guess in self.currentword:
locations = find_letters(guess, self.currentword)
self.word.setText(replace_letters(str(self.word.text()),
locations,guess))
if str(self.word.text()) == self.currentword:
self.win()
else:
self.wrong()
else:
if guess == self.currentword:
self.win()
else:
self.wrong()
self.guessBox.setText("")
def win(self):
QtGui.QMessageBox.information(self,"Hangman","You win!")
self.new_game()

def wrong(self):
self.pieces_shown += 1
for i in range(self.pieces_shown):
self.pieces[i].setHidden(False)
if self.pieces_shown == len(self.pieces):
message = "You lost. The word was " + self.currentword

QtGui.QMessageBox.warning(self,"Hangman", message)
self.new_game()

self.close()
myapp = MyWidget(None)
myapp.show()
app.exec_()
.
, .
349
dashes() . -
, . , , doesnt
- - - - - ' -.
. GUI-
Qt-.
. , .ui
.
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- , !
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pickle ,
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1. , Python , -
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2. ?
3. ?
4. , ?
5. , ?
6. , -?
7. , ?
8. pickle Python- ?
350 22
9. pickle
Python-?
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352 23
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100 ! , .
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50%. .
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random. -,
randint(), .
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6), :
import random
die_1 = random.randint(1, 6)
1 6, -
, .
-,
choice(). :
import random
sides = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
die_1 = random.choice(sides)
353
, .
choice() .
1 6.

, ?
:
two_dice = random.randint(2, 12)
, 2 12, ?
, . 2 12, ,
1 6.
, .
? . .
. ,
, .
(23.1).
23.1. 1000
import random

13
0 12
totals = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(1000):
dice_total = random.randint(2, 12)
totals[dice_total] += 1

print "", i, "", totals[i], ""
0 12, ,
0 1 .
, . 7,
totals[7]. totals[2]
, totals[3] , ..
, :
2 95
3 81
4 85
5 86
354 23
6 100
7 85
8 94
9 98
10 93
11 84
12 99
, 80 100.
, ,
, . -
. 10000 100000.
(23.2).
23.2. 1000
import random
totals = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(1000):
dice_total = die_1 + die_2
totals[dice_total] += 1

print "", i, "", totals[i], ""
23.2, :
2 22
3 61
4 93
5 111
6 141
7 163
8 134
9 117
10 74
11 62
12 22
,
. 6 7.
355
, .
, :
11- , % 6- , %
2 9,1 2,8
3 9,1 5,6
4 9,1 8,3
5 9,1 11,1
6 9,1 13,9
7 9,1 16,7
8 9,1 13,9
9 9,1 11,1
10 9,1 8,3
11 9,1 5,6
12 9,1 2,8
? ,
. , ,
.
. :
1 + 1 = 2 1 + 2 = 3 1 + 3 = 4 1 + 4 = 5 1 + 5 = 6 1 + 6 = 7
2 + 1 = 3 2 + 2 = 4 2 + 3 = 5 2 + 4 = 6 2 + 5 = 7 2 + 6 = 8
3 + 1 = 4 3 + 2 = 5 3 + 3 = 6 3 + 4 = 7 3 + 5 = 8 3 + 6 = 9
4 + 1 = 5 4 + 2 = 6 4 + 3 = 7 4 + 4 = 8 4 + 5 = 9 4 + 6 = 10
5 + 1 = 6 5 + 2 = 7 5 + 3 = 8 5 + 4 = 9 5 + 5 = 10 5 + 6 = 11
6 + 1 = 7 6 + 2 = 8 6 + 3 = 9 6 + 4 = 10 6 + 5 = 11 6 + 6 = 12
356 23
36 . ,
:
2 1 .
3 2 .
4 3 .
5 4 .
6 5 .
7 6 .
8 5 .
9 4 .
10 3 .
11 2 .
12 1 .
, 7 , 2. 7
, 1+6, 2+5, 3+4, 4+3, 5+2 6+1. 2 -
1+1. , 7
, 2.
.
-
, -
. , 1000
. !

, -
.

.

? ,
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, ?
, ,
, .
1000000!
.
, 5, ,
12, 720. 12 (-
, ), 8640.
357
115 ( 4).
. ( , ,
.)
, 10
. , (counter).
. ,
heads_in_row; 10 ,
ten_heads_in_row. .
heads_in_row 1.
heads_in_row 0.
heads_in_row 10,
ten_heads_in_row 1, heads_in_row 0
.

10 .
23.3.
23.3. 10
coin = ["Heads", "Tails"]
heads_in_row = 0
ten_heads_in_row = 0

if choice(coin) == "Heads":
heads_in_row += 1
else:
10 ,
heads_in_row = 0
if heads_in_row == 10:
ten_heads_in_row += 1
heads_in_row = 0
print " 10 ", ten_heads_in_row, "."
10 510 .
, 500.
, 500,
2000 (1000000 / 500 = 2000).
358 23

, ,
. , , .
.
, ,
( ) .
. , (
). .
, 1/52,
2%. , 52, -
. (
), 1/26, 4%. ,
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1/1, 100%. ,
.
, , ,
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52 random.choice()
. remove().

!
,
.
, .
random.choice()
.
, . -
.
: ! -
,
, .
card
, . -
? ? ? ?
?
359
:
(suit) (diamonds), (hearts), (clubs) (spades);
(rank) (ace), 2, 3, 10, (jack), (queen), (king).
(value) ( 2 10) -
, , , , 10,
1, 11 .

1 11 8 8
2 2 9 9
3 3 10 10
4 4 10
5 5 10
6 6 10
7 7
. -
, , .
:
card.suit
card.rank
card.value
suit_id rank_id:
suit_id 1 4, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
.
rank_id 1 13, :
1 ;
2 2;
3 3;

10 10;
11 ;
12 ;
13 .
, 52
for. ( 1 13),
( 1 4). __init__() card suit_id
rank_id , , .
.
360 23
card .
4H 4 of Hearts (4 ),
JD Jack of Diamonds ( ). -
short_name long_name
. (23.4).
23.4. Card
class Card:
def __init__(self, suit_id, rank_id):
self.rank_id = rank_id
self.suit_id = suit_id
if self.rank_id == 1:
self.rank = "Ace"
self.value = 1
elif self.rank_id == 11:
self.rank = "Jack"
self.value = 10
self.rank = "Queen" rank value
self.value = 10
self.rank = "King"
self.value = 10
elif 2 <= self.rank_id <= 10:
self.rank = str(self.rank_id)
self.value = self.rank_id
else:
self.rank = "RankError"
self.value = -1
if self.suit_id == 1:
self.suit = "Diamonds"
elif self.suit_id == 2:
self.suit = "Hearts"

suit
self.suit = "Spades"
self.suit = "Clubs"
else:
self.suit = "SuitError"
self.short_name = self.rank[0] + self.suit[0]
if self.rank == '10':
self.short_name = self.rank + self.suit[0]
self.long_name = self.rank + " of " + self.suit
361
, rank_id suit_id -
int.
7 of SuitError,
RankError of Clubs.
, short_name, -
(6 Jack) (Diamonds). (King of
Hearts) short_name KH. (6 of Spades)
6S.
23.4 ,
Card. ,
. cards.py.
!
Card 52,
5 . , , -
23.5.
23.5.
import random
from cards import Card
cards
deck = []
for suit_id in range(1, 5):

for rank_id in range(1, 14):
deck.append(Card(suit_id, rank_id)) for
hand = []
for cards in range(0, 5):

a = random.choice(deck)
hand.append(a)
deck.remove(a)
print
for card in hand:
print card.short_name, '=' ,card.long_name, " Value:", card.value
, -
(13 4 = 52).
. .
23.5, :
362 23
7D = 7 of Diamonds Value: 7
9H = 9 of Hearts Value: 9
KH = King of Hearts Value: 10
6S = 6 of Spades Value: 6
KC = King of Clubs Value: 10
.
, .
, . -
!
, .

, -
.

.
.
, .
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.
. . -
, .
, :
1. , , :
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.
2. , , -
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3. , .
4. , . -
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50 ;
10 ;
363
;
1 .
5. , ,
.
.
6. .
, .
card. , -
8 50,
8. , __init__ Card,
, cards.
, .
:
deck = []
for suit in range(1, 5):
for rank in range(1, 14):
new_card = Card(suit, rank)
if new_card.rank == 8:
new_card.value = 50
deck.append(new_card)
, -
. 50.
. :
;
(
);
, :
;
;
,
, .
( -
);
( );
;
.
364 23
. -
, .
, .

, ,
.
, .
23.6.
23.6.
init_cards()
while not game_done:
blocked = 0
player_turn() (p_hand)
if len(p_hand) == 0: , ,
game_done = True
print
print " !"
if not game_done:
computer_turn() (c_hand)
, ,
if len(c_hand) == 0:

game_done = True
print
print " !" ,
if blocked >= 2:
game_done = True
print " . ."
. , -

. blocked , -
. blocked = 2,
.
23.6 , ,
. .
.
.
while:
365
done = False
p_total = c_total = 0
while not done:
[play a game... see listing 23.6]
play_again = raw_input(" (Y/N)? ")
if play_again.lower().startswith('y'):
done = False
else:
done = True
. , , .
int >>
; self.page=self.page+ lf.header_written=0def #
pr
t=1
>Hell
.coun er:se
p ri n t
1Print
elf
o if #
er For att In
>>>H
f#
the page count

ello i
ent
prin
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t >>>
if #
cre
itten=1 ; s
m
Hello
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et the li
r_wr
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Pa g
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in
t ex
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ile,

pyprint ename'sys.ex
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fil
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foot
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en
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n(sys.argv)!=2: print 'U e giv
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t a helpful message if

, , -
.
. ,
(.23.5).
. ,
Card. , :
hand.remove(chosen_card)
up_card = chosen_card
366 23

. .
. , , ,
.
,
. active_suit:
active_suit = card.suit
,
.

, .
-
. GUI-
, .
, , -
, ,
.
, ,
. :
: 4S, 7D, KC, 10D, QS : 6C

? "Draw", : KC
KC ( )
8S (8 )
: 4S, 7D, 10D, QS : 8S :

? "Draw", : 10D
10D (10 )
QD ( )
: 4S, 7D QS : QD
? "Draw", : 7D
7D (7 )
9D (9 )
367
: 4S, QS : 9D
? "Draw", : QM
. : QD
. : QS
. ,
, 8
: Draw
3C

: 4S, QS, 3C : 9D
? "Draw", : Draw
8C
2D
: 4S, QS, 3C, 8C : 2D

? "Draw", : 8C
8C (8 )
: 4S, QS, 3C : S

: 4S, QS, 3C : 8C :
? "Draw", : QS
QS ( )
.
.
.
, , , . , , , QS
Draw, . -
.
( 21).

, ,
. :
print "\n : ",

for card in p_hand:
print card.short_name,
print " : ", up_card.short_name
368 23
.
(23.7).
23.7.
print "\n : ",
for card in p_hand:
if up_card.rank == '8':
print" ", active_suit
23.6, 23.7 . -
. ( ), :
: 4S, QS, 3C : 8C : Spades
,
:
Your hand: 4 of Spades, Queen of Spades, 3 of Clubs

: 8 of Clubs : Spades

, , .
:
;
.
. ,
.
? (
?)
?

? ( -
-

?)
-,
. , ,

369
. , -
,
.
, (23.8).
23.8.
print " ? ",
response = raw_input (" 'Draw', : " )
valid_play = False ,
while not valid_play:
selected_card = None
while selected_card == None:
if response.lower() == 'draw':
valid_play = True
if len(deck) > 0: draw
card = random.choice(deck)

draw, p_hand.append(card)
deck.remove(card)
print " ", card.short_name

else:

print " " ,
blocked += 1 -
return -

else: -
for card in p_hand:
if response.upper() == card.short_name:
selected_card = card
if selected_card == None:
response = raw_input(" . :")

if selected_card.rank == '8':
valid_play = True
,
is_eight = True
elif selected_card.suit == active_suit:
valid_play = True
elif selected_card.rank == up_card.rank: ,
valid_play = True

if not valid_play:
response = raw_input(" . : ")
( , , .)
370 23
.
, ,
.
,
:
p_hand.remove(selected_card)
up_card = selected_card
active_suit = up_card.suit
print " ", selected_card.short_name
. player_
turn() ,
get_new_suit(). 23.9.
23.9.
def get_new_suit(): ,
global active_suit
got_suit = False
while not got_suit:
suit = raw_input(" : ")
if suit.lower() == 'd':
active_suit = "Diamonds"
got_suit = True
elif suit.lower() == 's':
active_suit = "Spades"
got_suit = True
elif suit.lower() == 'h':
active_suit = "Hearts"
got_suit = True
elif suit.lower() == 'c':
active_suit = "Clubs"
got_suit = True
else:
print " . . ",
print " ", active_suit
, .
.
371

, , -
. ,
. , :
( );
;
.
,
. , .
, . ,

, .
, .
,
,
.
. ,
, , .
, ,
23.10.
23.10.
def computer_turn():
global c_hand, deck, up_card, active_suit, blocked
options = []
for card in c_hand:
if card.rank == '8':
c_hand.remove(card)
up_card = card
print " ", card.short_name
# : [diamonds, hearts, spades, clubs]
suit_totals = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for suit in range(1, 5):
for card in c_hand: -
,
if card.suit_id == suit: ,
suit_totals[suit-1] += 1 -
long_suit = 0 , -

for i in range (4):
372 23
if suit_totals[i] > long_suit:

long_suit = i
if long_suit == 0: active_suit = "Diamonds" ,
if long_suit == 1: active_suit = "Hearts"
if long_suit == 2: active_suit = "Spades" ,

if long_suit == 3: active_suit = "Clubs"
return
else:
if card.suit == active_suit:
options.append(card)
elif card.rank == up_card.rank: ,

options.append(card)
if len(options) > 0:
best_play = options[0]
for card in options:
if card.value > best_play.value: ( )
best_play = card
c_hand.remove(best_play)
up_card = best_play
active_suit = up_card.suit
print " ", best_play.short_name
else:
if len(deck) >0:
next_card = random.choice(deck)
,
c_hand.append(next_card)
deck.remove(next_card)
print " "
else:
print " " ,
blocked += 1
print " %i" % (len(c_hand))
, . , -
, ,
.
, , .
, .
, -
. :
373
def player_turn():
global deck, p_hand, blocked, up_card, active_suit
valid_play = False
is_eight = False
print "\n : ",
for card in p_hand:
if up_card.rank == '8':
print " ? ",
response = raw_input(" 'Draw', : ")

. ,
,
. , . -
, 23.11.
23.11.
done = False
p_total = c_total = 0
while not done:
game_done = False
blocked = 0
init_cards()
while not game_done:
player_turn()
if len(p_hand) == 0:
game_done = True
print
print " !"
#
p_points = 0
for card in c_hand: -
p_points += card.value
p_total += p_points
print " %i " % p_points

374 23
if not game_done:

computer_turn()
if len(c_hand) == 0:
game_done = True
print

print " !"
#
c_points = 0 -
for card in p_hand: -
c_points += card.value
c_total += c_points
print " %i " % c_points
if blocked >= 2:
game_done = True
print " . ."
player_points = 0
for card in c_hand:
p_points += card.value ,

p_total += p_points
c_points = 0
for card in p_hand:
c_points += card.value
c_total += c_points
print " %i " % p_points
print " %i " % c_points
play_again = raw_input(" (Y/N)? ")
if play_again.lower().startswith('y'):
done = False

print "\n %i " % p_total
print " %i .\n" % c_total
else:
done = True
print "\n :"
print ": %i : %i" % (p_total, c_total)
init_cards(), , ,
5 .
23.11 , , ,
. ,
.
( 200 ),
\Examples www.manning.com/books/
hello-world-second-edition. IDLE.
375

:
() ;
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random ;
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1. , . .
2. , 2 12
, , ,
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3. Python ?
4. ?
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6. ?
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24

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-
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, -?
377
, -
.
:
, ( -
) ;
;
;
, ,
.
.
.
. -
Lunar Lander ( ).

-
. ,

, .
.

(fuel). ,
. -
,
(velocity), (acceleration),
(height) (thrust).

,
.
.
,
.
.
, .
, .
378 24

-
: velocity speed. .
, speed,
velocity.
,
, -
,
velocity.
. -
, -
.
, , .
, ,
.
,
.
:
, ;
( );
, . , -
;
.
, ;
. ,
.
Pygame
Pygame. -
Pygame-.
, , ,
.
,
.
( ),
. draw.
379
rect() . , PyPong,
pygame.font.
:
Pygame-, -
;
;
, , ;
;
;
( -
);
, , -
, ,
Pygame-;
.
Lunar Lander 24.1. Listing_24-1.
py \Examples\LunarLander www.manning.com/books/hello-world-
second-edition. (
). , -
. ,
,
(, , ,
). , , !
24.1. Lunar Lander

import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen.fill([0, 0, 0])
ship = pygame.image.load('lunarlander.png')
moon = pygame.image.load('moonsurface.png')
ground = 540
start = 90
ship_mass = 5000.0
fuel = 5000.0
velocity = -100.0 y = 540
gravity = 10
380 24
height = 2000
thrust = 0
delta_v = 0
y_pos = 90
held_down = False
class ThrottleClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
Sprite

self.rect.left, self.rect.centery = location
def calculate_velocity(): Pygame-

global thrust, fuel, velocity, delta_v, height, y_pos
delta_t = 1/fps
thrust = (500 - myThrottle.rect.centery) * 5.0
fuel -= thrust /(10 * fps) y
if fuel < 0: fuel = 0.0
- if fuel < 0.1: thrust = 0.0
delta_v = delta_t * (-gravity + 200 * thrust / (ship_mass + fuel))
- velocity = velocity + delta_v
, ,
delta_h = velocity * delta_t

height = height + delta_h
y_pos = ground - (height * (ground - start) / 2000) - 90
def display_stats(): -
v_str = "velocity: %i m/s" % velocity
Pygame-
h_str = "height: %.1f" % height y
t_str = "thrust: %i" % thrust
a_str = "acceleration: %.1f" % (delta_v * fps)
f_str = "fuel: %i" % fuel
v_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 26)
v_surf = v_font.render(v_str, 1, (255, 255, 255)) -
screen.blit(v_surf, [10, 50])

a_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 26)
a_surf = a_font.render(a_str, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(a_surf, [10, 100])
h_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 26)
h_surf = h_font.render(h_str, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(h_surf, [10, 150])
t_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 26)
t_surf = t_font.render(t_str, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(t_surf, [10, 200])
381
f_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 26) -

f_surf = f_font.render(f_str, 1, (255, 255, 255)) -

screen.blit(f_surf, [60, 300])
def display_flames():

flame_size = thrust / 15
for i in range (2):
startx = 252 - 10 + i * 19
starty = y_pos + 83
pygame.draw.polygon(screen, [255, 109, 14], [(startx, starty),
(startx + 4, starty + flame_size),
(startx + 8, starty)], 0)

def display_final():
final1 = " "
final2 = " %.1f /" % velocity
if velocity > -5:
final3 = " !"
final4 = " , NASA !"
elif velocity > -15:
final3 = "! , ."
final4 = " ."
else:
final3 = "! 30 ."
final4 = " ?"
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0, 0, 0], [5, 5, 350, 280],0)
f1_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 70)
f1_surf = f1_font.render(final1, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(f1_surf, [20, 50])
myThrottle = ThrottleClass([15, 500])

running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)

fps = clock.get_fps() Pygame-
if fps < 1: fps = 30
382 24
if height > 0.01:

calculate_velocity()
screen.fill([0, 0, 0])
display_stats()
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0, 0, 255], [80, 350, 24, 100], 2)
fuelbar = 96 * fuel / 5000
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,255,0],
[84,448-fuelbar,18, fuelbar], 0)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [255, 0, 0],

[25, 300, 10, 200],0)
screen.blit(moon, [0, 500, 400, 100])
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [60, 60, 60],

[220, 535, 70, 5],0)
screen.blit(myThrottle.image, myThrottle.rect)
display_flames()
screen.blit(ship, [230, y_pos, 50, 90])
instruct1 = " , "
instruct2 = " : < 15 / : < 5 /"
inst1_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 24)
inst1_surf = inst1_font.render(instruct1, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(inst1_surf, [50, 550])
inst2_font = pygame.font.Font(None, 24)
inst2_surf = inst1_font.render(instruct2, 1, (255, 255, 255))
screen.blit(inst2_surf, [20, 575])

else: .
display_final()
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
held_down = True

elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
held_down = False
if held_down:
myThrottle.rect.centery = event.pos[1]
if myThrottle.rect.centery < 300:

myThrottle.rect.centery = 300
if myThrottle.rect.centery > 500:
myThrottle.rect.centery = 500
pygame.quit()
. , !
, ,
383
, .
, , .
. -
.
, .

. -
, ,
, .
, , -
. , ,
.
, .
, .
:
8 time.sleep() ;
Pygame- time.delay clock.tick
.
get_fps() , -
( ).
, , -
. ,
. -
, . ,
, .
, .
,
, -
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,
-
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, -
Python - (timestamp).
.
.
384 24

Python-,
, date-
time. , -
, , .
(delta),
-
.

date- . -
.
time. (, -
.) datetime
, , , , .
( ):
>>> import datetime

>>> when = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 24, 10, 45, 56)

, :
>>> print when

2012-10-24 10:45:56
datetime when, .
datetime -
( ): , , , , , .
, .
Python:
>>> when = datetime.datetime(hour=10, year=2012, minute=45, month=10,

second=56, day=24)
datetime .
, ( , ).
. :
>>> print when.year

2012
>>> print when.day
24
datetime
>>> print when.ctime()
Wed Oct 24 10:45:56 2012
385
datetime .
, date, , -
. , ,
time, , . :
>>> today = datetime.date(2012, 10, 24)

>>> some_time = datetime.time(10, 45, 56)
>>> print today
2012-10-24
>>> print some_time
10:45:56
datetime, ,
:
>>> today = datetime.date(month=10, day=24, year=2012)

>>> some_time = datetime.time(second=56, hour=10, minute=45)
datetime date time:
>>> today = when.date()

>>> some_time = when.time()
date time datetime -

combine() datetime datetime:
>>> when = datetime.datetime.combine(today, some_time)
, datetime ,
,
.

,
. , ,
, , .
, .
timedelta datetime. ,
, . timedelta
.
386 24
timedelta :
>>> import datetime

>>> yesterday = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 23)

>>> tomorrow = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 25)
>>> difference = tomorrow - yesterday
>>> print difference
2 days, 0:00:00 2
>>> print type(difference)
timedelta
<type 'datetime.timedelta'>
, datetime
datetime, timedelta.
Python .

, . (date,
time, datetime timedelta) .
, .
now(), -
:
>>> print datetime.datetime.now()

2012-10-24 21:25:44.343000
, ,
:
44.343000
,
( ).
, !
, ,
, :
44 343000.
. , time
some_time .
:
seconds_float = some_time.second + some_time.microsecond / float(1000000)

387
float() , -
, .
now() timedelta -
. -
24.2
, .
, ,
. .
24.2.
import time, datetime, random
time
sleep()
messages = [
" , .",
" , .",
" , .",
" , .",
" , , .",
" .",
" , , , .",
", ."
] time
sleep()
print " . . ."

time.sleep(2)
print "\n..."
time.sleep(1)

print "\n..."
time.sleep(1)
print "\n:"
message = random.choice(messages)
print "\n " + message
start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
typing = raw_input('>')
end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
diff = end_time - start_time
typing_time = diff.seconds + diff.microseconds / float(1000000)
cps = len(message) / typing_time
wpm = cps * 60 / 5.0 , 1 = 5
388 24
print "\n %i %.1f ." % (len(message),

typing_time)
print " %.2f , %.1f " %(cps, wpm)

if typing == message:

print " ."
else:
print " ."
timedelta, .
datetime, , , , , -
, ( ), timedelta ,
.
, . -
, .

, -
( ),
. , now() -
,
:
2 , 7 , 23 .
, , , -
.
. ,
, -
. , , , !
, ,
.
, .
. :
timeFile.write ("2012-10-24 14:23:37")
split(),
, , , ,
, , .
389
pickle, 22.
, .
datetime, pickle
.
,
. :
. , ,
, os (
). isfile();
, ,
( );
;
,
, , .
24.3. ,
.
24.3. pickle
import datetime, pickle
datetime, pickle os
import os

first_time = True

if os.path.isfile("last_run.pkl"): ( )
pickle_file = open("last_run.pkl", 'r')
last_time = pickle.load(pickle_file)
pickle_file.close() datetime
print " ", last_time
first_time = False ( )

pickle_file = open("last_run.pkl", 'w')
pickle.dump(datetime.datetime.now(), pickle_file)
pickle_file.close() datetime,
if first_time:
print " ."
.
.
390 24

Virtual Pet ( ), -
.
( ). Neopets
Webkinz, .
. ,
, , .. -
, .
, -
. ,
, -
.
.
.
:
(feed), (walk), (play)
(doctor).
:
(hunger), (happiness) (health).
, -
. .
, .
- , ,
.
, happiness .
, health.
happiness, health.
391
happiness.
health , .
:
;
, ;
;
;
;
.
. , .
GUI
PyQt
GUI-. (
), ,
,
, .
Virtual Pet (
). ?
Qt-
MainWindow .
windowTitle
Virtual Pet ( ).

PyQt-, Toolbar (
). , , ,
.
392 24
, -

Add Toolbar ( ).

.

minimumSize. -
100, 50.

() Qt-
Action Editor ( )
.
New
(). -
.
Text (), Qt-
. -
,
(), . -
Choose File ( ) ,
.
OK, .
. .
. Qt- -
.
Progress Bar ( ).
Push Button ( ),
, ,
, .
Label ().
GUI- Qt- -
( examples) .
.
:
393
60 , .
5 , ,
5;
48 , 12 .
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);
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1 2;
1 ;
7, 1 2;
8, 1 ;
4 ;
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Pygame-. PyQt -
. , .
.
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-.
GUI- :
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(0.5), 5.
.
(, ..)
. .
394 24
.
.

. try-except.
, ,
. .
try-except .
, .
, . ,
.
. try-except .
:
try:
file = open("somefile.txt", "r")
except:
print " . ?"
, ( ),
try. .
except . try , -
except, , .
:
try:
( ...)
except:

try-except Python -
(error handling).
, - , -
. ,
,
Virtual Pet.
, 24.4.
. ( -
), \Examples\VirtualPet.
395
www.manning.com/books/hello-world-second-edition.
PyQt -
. , .
24.4. VirtualPet.py
import sys, pickle,datetime
formclass, baseclass = uic.loadUiType("mainwindow.ui")
class MyForm(baseclass, formclass):

self.setupUi(self)
self.doctor = False
self.walking = False
self.sleeping = False
self.playing = False

self.eating = False
self.time_cycle = 0
self.hunger = 0
self.happiness = 8
self.health = 8
self.forceAwake = False
self.sleepImages = ["sleep1.gif","sleep2.gif","sleep3.gif",

"sleep4.gif"]

self.eatImages = ["eat1.gif", "eat2.gif"]
self.walkImages = ["walk1.gif", "walk2.gif", "walk3.gif",
"walk4.gif"]
self.playImages = ["play1.gif", "play2.gif"]
self.doctorImages = ["doc1.gif", "doc2.gif"]
self.nothingImages = ["pet1.gif", "pet2.gif", "pet3.gif"]
self.imageList = self.nothingImages
self.imageIndex = 0
-

-
-
self.actionStop.triggered.connect(self.stop_Click)
self.actionFeed.triggered.connect(self.feed_Click)

self.actionWalk.triggered.connect(self.walk_Click)
self.actionPlay.triggered.connect(self.play_Click)
self.actionDoctor.triggered.connect(self.doctor_Click)
self.myTimer1 = QtCore.QTimer(self)

self.myTimer1.start(500)
self.myTimer1.timeout.connect(self.animation_timer)
self.myTimer2 = QtCore.QTimer(self)
396 24
self.myTimer2.start(5000)
self.myTimer2.timeout.connect(self.tick_timer)
filehandle = True
try:
file = open("savedata_vp.pkl", "r")
except:
filehandle = False
if filehandle:
save_list = pickle.load(file)
file.close() ,
else:
save_list = [8, 8, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), 0]
self.happiness = save_list[0]

self.health = save_list[1]
self.hunger = save_list[2] ,
timestamp_then = save_list[3] ,
self.time_cycle = save_list[4]

difference = datetime.datetime.now() - timestamp_then

ticks = difference.seconds / 50
for i in range(0, ticks): ,
self.time_cycle += 1
if self.time_cycle == 60:
,
self.time_cycle = 0
if self.time_cycle <= 48:

if self.hunger < 8:
self.hunger += 1
else:
self.sleeping = True
if self.hunger < 8 and self.time_cycle % 3 == 0:
self.hunger += 1
if self.hunger == 7 and (self.time_cycle % 2 ==0) \
and self.health > 0:
self.health -= 1
if self.hunger == 8 and self.health > 0:
self.health -=1
if self.sleeping:
self.imageList = self.sleepImages
else:

def sleep_test(self):
if self.sleeping:
result = (QtGui.QMessageBox.warning(self, 'WARNING',
"Are you sure you want to wake your pet up? He'll be unhappy about it",
397
QtGui.QMessageBox.Yes | QtGui.QMessageBox.No,
QtGui.QMessageBox.No))
,
if result == QtGui.QMessageBox.Yes:
self.happiness -= 4
self.forceAwake = True
return True
else:
return False ,
else:
return True
def doctor_Click(self):
if self.sleep_test():
self.imageList = self.doctorImages
self.doctor = True
doctor
self.eating = False
def feed_Click(self):
self.imageList = self.eatImages
feed
self.eating = True
self.doctor = False
def play_Click(self):
self.imageList = self.playImages
self.playing = True play
self.eating = False
self.doctor = False
def walk_Click(self):
self.imageList = self.walkImages
self.walking = True
walk
self.eating = False
self.doctor = False
398 24
def stop_Click(self):
if not self.sleeping:

self.walking = False stop
self.eating = False
self.doctor = False
def animation_timer(self):
if self.sleeping and not self.forceAwake:
self.imageList = self.sleepImages ( 0.5 )
self.imageIndex += 1
if self.imageIndex >= len(self.imageList):
self.imageIndex = 0
icon = QtGui.QIcon()
-
current_image = self.imageList[self.imageIndex] -
icon.addPixmap(QtGui.QPixmap(current_image),
QtGui.QIcon.Disabled, QtGui.QIcon.Off)
self.petPic.setIcon(icon) ()
self.progressBar_1.setProperty("value", (8-self.hunger)*(100/8.0))
self.progressBar_2.setProperty("value", self.happiness*(100/8.0))
self.progressBar_3.setProperty("value", self.health*(100/8.0))

def tick_timer(self):
self.time_cycle += 1
if self.time_cycle == 60: 5-
self.time_cycle = 0
if self.time_cycle <= 48 or self.forceAwake:
self.sleeping = False ,
else:
self.sleeping = True
if self.time_cycle == 0:
self.forceAwake = False
if self.doctor:
self.health += 1
self.hunger += 1
elif self.walking and (self.time_cycle % 2 == 0):
self.happiness += 1
self.health += 1
self.hunger += 1
elif self.playing:

self.happiness += 1
self.hunger += 1
elif self.eating:
self.hunger -= 2
elif self.sleeping:
399
if self.time_cycle % 3 == 0:
self.hunger += 1
else:
self.hunger += 1
if self.time_cycle % 2 == 0:
self.happiness -= 1
if self.hunger > 8: self.hunger = 8
if self.hunger < 0: self.hunger = 0
if self.hunger == 7 and (self.time_cycle % 2 ==0) : ,
self.health -= 1

if self.hunger == 8:
self.health -=1
if self.health > 8: self.health = 8
if self.health < 0: self.health = 0
if self.happiness > 8: self.happiness = 8
if self.happiness < 0: self.happiness = 0
self.progressBar_1.setProperty("value", (8-self.hunger)*(100/8.0))
self.progressBar_2.setProperty("value", self.happiness*(100/8.0))
self.progressBar_3.setProperty("value", self.health*(100/8.0))
def closeEvent(self, event):

file = open("savedata_vp.pkl", "w")
save_list = [self.happiness, self.health, self.hunger, \
datetime.datetime.now(), self.time_cycle]
pickle.dump(save_list, file)
event.accept()


self.close()

myapp = MyForm()
myapp.show()
app.exec_()
sleep_test() -
PyQt. ,
,
. -
24.4. -
( ) -
:
, , .
PyQt.
400 24
-
. , -
,
, , , .
,
.
,
.

:
;
, ;
;
;
(try-except);
.

1. .
2. ,
.
3.
?
1. Lunar Lander .
, +100/,
:
. !
2. Lunar Lander
.
3. GUI- Virtual Pet Pause (),
, , .
.
(: c ,
.)
25
.
Skier ()? 10 (
!), . , , -
. ,
, -
, .
Python, , , -
, Skier. .
. , , ,
.
. ( ).
: ,
( )
( ).
, :
skier_images = ["skier_down.png",
"skier_right1.png", "skier_right2.png",
"skier_left2.png", "skier_left1.png"]
, .
angle.
2 +2:
2 ;
1 ;
0 ;
+1 ;
+2 .
2 25
( , .)
angle . ,

.
skier_images[0] :
skier_images[1] :
skier_images[2] :
. , 12, , -
, ?
:
skier_images[-1]
( skier_images[4]):
skier_images[-2]
( skier_images[3]):
, :
angle = +2 ( ) = skier_images[2];
angle = +1 ( ) = skier_images[1];
angle = 0 ( ) = skier_images[0];
angle = 1 ( ) = skier_images[-1] (
skier_images[4]);
angle = 2 ( ) = skier_images[-2] (
skier_images[3]).
, Pygame- Sprite. -
100 ,
, x= 320,
640. , [320,
100]. :
def __init__(self):
. 3
self.angle = 0
, angle,
.
x y. (
x-). y- (
). ,
. :
abs angle.
(+ ). , -
. .
, :

center = self.rect.center
self.image = pygame.image.load(skier_images[self.angle])
return speed
. -
, :

-
. ,
, . 25.1.
4 25
25.1.
skier_images = ["skier_down.png", -
-
"skier_right1.png", "skier_right2.png", -
def __init__(self):
self.angle = 0

if self.angle > 2: self.angle = 2 +/2
return speed

def animate():
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
pygame.init()
speed = [0, 6]
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)
for event in pygame.event.get(): Pygame-
if event.type == pygame.QUIT: running = False
. 5
Pygame-


skier.move(speed)
animate()

pygame.quit()
25.1, -
( ),
.
,
.

.
.
640 640 .

, 10 10. 100, -
64 64.
, , ,
.

.
ObstacleClass. , Sprite
Pygame:
self.type = type
self.passed = False
6 25

.
10 10 ,
640640 . 10 ( )
100 . .
2 8, 7 3
, 10.
. .
, -
. .
locations, . -
, :
def create_map():
global obstacles 10
locations = []
for i in range(10):
(x, y)
location = [col * 64 + 32, row * 64 + 32 + 640]
type = random.choice(["tree", "flag"]) ,


640,
, ! ,
.

y?
,
. -
.
640 (
) y .

. -
y . , -
. update(),
ObstacleClass:
. 7
def update(self):
global speed
speed .
, x- y-,
[1].
.
? map_position,
. :
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)

if map_position >= 640:

create_map() ,
map_position = 0
, ,
animate(). -
, 25.2.
25.2.
self.image = pygame.image.load(image_file) ,
self.rect.center = location (
self.type = type )
self.passed = False
def update(self):
global speed
8 25
def create_map():
640 x 640
10
-
global obstacles

locations = []
for i in range(10):
location = [col * 64 + 32, row * 64 + 32 + 640]

def animate():
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
pygame.init()
speed = [0, 6]
map_position = 0
create_map()
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)


create_map()
map_position = 0

obstacles.update()
animate()

pygame.quit()
. 9
25.2,
:

,

?
, -
.

, y
-
. , -
. -
.
, .
update()
.
. Pygame kill().
update():
def update(self): ,
global speed

if self.rect.centery < -32:
self.kill()
.
SkierClass ObstacleClass.
animate() , .
.
,
.
, 25.3 25.1 25.2.
10 25
25.3.
skier_images = ["skier_down.png", "skier_right1.png", "skier_right2.png",

def __init__(self):
self.angle = 0

return speed

self.type = type
self.passed = False
def update(self):
global speed
if self.rect.centery < -32:
self.kill()
. 11
def create_map():
global obstacles
locations = []
for i in range(10):
location = [col * 64 + 32, row * 64 + 32 + 640]
def animate():
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
pygame.init()
points = 0

speed = [0, 6]

create_map()
map_position = 0
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(30)

skier.move(speed)
12 25

create_map()
map_position = 0
obstacles.update()
animate()
pygame.quit()
25.3,
.
-, , .
.
:
, ;
.
16. 25.3
,
spritecollide() .
:

, 100:
10 , .
:
hit = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(skier, obstacles, False)

if hit:
if hit[0].type == "tree" and not hit[0].passed:
points = points - 100

skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_crash.png")
animate() -
skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_down.png")
skier.angle = 0
speed = [0, 6] ,
hit[0].passed = True
elif hit[0].type == "flag" and not hit[0].passed:

points += 10
hit[0].kill()
. 13
hit , .
, ,
. ,
hit[0].
passed , . ,
, .
. . -
font, Pygame- Font:
font ,
:
score_text = font.render("Score: " +str(points), 1, (0, 0, 0))
animate() :
screen.blit(score_text, [10, 10])
. , 10 -
10.1. .
.

:
Skier;
.
1. Skier, . :
;
;
, .
2. SkiFree, Skier,
.
- ,
.
, .
26

. ,
(Artificial Intelligence, AI). -
, 1980 Pac-Man,
, ,
, .
Python Battle
, , Python
Battle ( ). .
, .
. , , . ,
.
: .
, , , -
, . , ,
Python Battle Python.
, ,
Python Battle .
AI-: CircleAI , Ran-
domAI , NullAI
. , .
Python Battle
.
1. , AI- ,
PythonBattle.py.
2. PythonBattle.py.
15
3. :
Enter red AI:
AI-. .py . ,
CircleAI.py, circleai.
4. AI-.
5. , !
6. Pygame-.

, .
,
. -

:
;
;
;
;
;
.
, . 10
.
, CircleAI RandomAI,
? , , ,
( ). 1000
, -
.

CircleAI RandomAI.
, . .
1. , .
2. , .
3. .
16 26
, CircleAI .
, .
. ( better_than_circleai.py)
:
class AI:
def __init__(self):
pass
def turn(self):
pass
, . __init__() -
AI. turn()
. AI,
Python Battle , .
. :
self.robot.lookInFront();
self.robot.turnRight();
self.robot.turnLeft();
self.robot.goForth();
self.robot.attack().
self.robot.xx(), self
, , . AI
. ,
.
turn(). pass :
self.robot.goForth()
, , .
. , -
. self.robot.lookInFront().
, ,
"bot". turn() :
if self.robot.lookInFront() == "bot":
self.robot.attack()
else:
17
, . -
. self.robot.
lookInFront() "wall". turn()
self.robot.attack() else :
elif self.robot.lookInFront() == "wall":

self.robot.turnRight()
! ,
, ,
.. -
. . ,
, 180. AI
() .
__init__() :
self.currentlyDoing = "forward"
.
"turnRight", ,
. turn()
26.1.
26.1.
class AI:
def __init__(self):
def turn(self):
self.robot.attack()
elif self.robot.lookInFront() == "wall":
self.currentlyDoing = "turnRight"
elif self.currentlyDoing == "turnRight":
else:
, , -
. ,
CircleAI.
18 26

CircleAI.
- .
, . .
, .
, .
:
self.robot.goBack() ;
self.robot.checkSpace(space)
;
self.robot.checkSpace((3,3)) , (3,3).
, "blank".
"bot" ( ), "me" (
) "wall" ( );
self.robot.locateEnemy()
;
self.robot.position ;
self.robot.rotation ;
self.robot.calculateCoordinates(direction, distance, position) -
.
Python Battle.

Python Battle (1,1) (10,10). -
, Pygame.
.
self.robot.position.
0 3, 0 (), 1 -
(), 2 (), 3 ().
. , -
, . .
self.robot.rotation.
calculateCoordinates()
calculateCoordinates() : distance (), di-
rection () position ( ).
19
distance position direction.

, calculateCoordinates(2,3,(5,5)) ,
(3 )
(5, 5). . :
1) ;
2) .
:
class AI:
def __init__(self):
pass
def turn(self):
self.robot.attack()
: .
. turn() :
else:
self.goTowards(self.robot.locateEnemy()[0])
self.goTowards() AI -
. self.robot.locateEnemy() -
. , self.goTowards().
def goTowards(self,enemyLocation):
myLocation = self.robot.position
delta = (enemyLocation[0]-myLocation[0],
enemyLocation[1]-myLocation[1])
.
, , :
if abs(delta[0]) > abs(delta[1]):

if delta[0] < 0:

targetOrientation = 3
else:
else:
if delta[1] < 0:
else:
20 26
. -
, :
if self.robot.rotation == targetOrientation:
, . -
, :
else:
leftTurnsNeeded = (self.robot.rotation - targetOrientation) % 4
. -
, :
if leftTurnsNeeded <= 2:
self.robot.turnLeft()
else:
26.2.
26.2.
class AI:
def __init__(self):
pass
def turn(self):
self.robot.attack()
else:
self.goTowards(self.robot.locateEnemy()[0])
def goTowards(self,enemyLocation):
myLocation = self.robot.position
delta = (enemyLocation[0]-myLocation[0],
enemyLocation[1]-myLocation[1])
if abs(delta[0]) > abs(delta[1]):
if delta[0] < 0:
else:
else:
if delta[1] < 0:
else:
21
if self.robot.rotation == targetOrientation:
else:
leftTurnsNeeded = (self.robot.rotation - targetOrientation) % 4
if leftTurnsNeeded <= 2:
else:
CircleAI. , -
, !
morecomplicatedai.py Python Battle:
>>>
AI: circleai
AI: morecomplicatedai
.
.
.
10!
?!
CircleAI

!
, CircleAI -
. CircleAI ,
.
,
22 26
. ,
. -
, .
, CircleAI .
, ,
CircleAI. , ,
CircleAI. -
, !

:
, -
;
Python
Battle.
,
CircleAI.

,
. , ,
,
.

1
1. Windows IDLE ,
Python2.7, IDLE (Python GUI). MacOSX
IDLE Dock, . -
IDLE.app Python2.7,
Applications. Linux
, Applications Programs.
, Linux IDLE,
Python vi emacs.
2. print ( IDLE-) -
.
3. Python * ().
4. IDLE :
>>> ======================= RESTART =======================
5. .

1. :
>>> print 7 * 24 * 60
(7 , 24 , 60 ). 10080.
2. (, )
:
print " ."
print " 1 1970."
print " ."

1. Python , .
2
2. , ? -
, . :
myAge = 10
24
, :
myAge = 11
, myAge, myAge
: 10 11. 10 11, :
: .
3. TEACHER TEACHEr ,
.
4. Python 'Blah' "Blah" . ,
Python . -
, .
5. Python '4' 4 . (
), . -
.
6. : 2Teacher. Python .
7. "10" , .

1. :
>>> temperature = 25
>>> print temperature
25
2. :
>>> temperature = 40
40
:
>>> temperature = temperature + 15
40
3. :
>>> firstName = "Fred"
>>> print firstName
Fred
4. , , :
>>> DaysPerWeek = 7
>>> HoursPerDay = 24
>>> MinutesPerHour = 60
>>> print DaysPerWeek * HoursPerDay * MinutesPerHour
10080
5. , 26- , :
>>> HoursPerDay = 26
>>> print DaysPerWeek * HoursPerDay * MinutesPerHour
10920
25

3
1. Python * ().
2. Python : 8 / 3 = 2. 8 3 , Python2
. (, Python3 -
2.66666666667, Python2 .)
3. %. 8 % 3.
4. 8 / 3 ,
: 8.0 / 3 8 / 3.0. (, Python3
.)
5. Python 6 * 6 * 6 * 6 : 6 ** 4.
6. 17000000 : 1.7e7.
7. 4.56e-5 0.0000456 -
.

1. , .
1) , :
>>> print 35.27 * 1.15 / 3
>>> 13.5201666667
, $13.52.
2) :
length = 16.7
width = 12.5
Perimeter = 2 * length + 2 * width
Area = length * width
print ' = ', length, ' = ', width
print " = ", Area
print " = ", Perimeter
:
= 16.7 = 12.5
= 208.75
= 58.4
2. :
fahrenheit = 75
celsius = 5.0/9 * (fahrenheit - 32)
print "Fahrenheit = ", fahrenheit, "Celsius =", celsius
3. :
distance = 200
speed = 80.0
time = distance / speed
print " =", time
(, , , -
.)
26

4
1. int() (
).
2. ?
cel = float(5 / 9 * (fahr - 32))
cel = 5 / 9 * float(fahr - 32)
, :
>>> fahr = 75
>>> cel = float(5 / 9 * (fahr - 32))
>>> print cel
0.0
? , .
:
75 - 32 = 43
:
5 / 9 = 0
, 5 / 9. 5 9
, Python .
1, 0. :
0 * 43 = 0
:
float(0) = 0.0
float() 0!
.
3. int(), , ,
, 0.5. ( ):
>>> a = 13.2
>>> roundoff = int(a + 0.5)
>>> roundoff
13
>>> b = 13.7
>>> roundoff = int(b + 0.5)
>>> b
14
13.5, int() 14 13.

13.5 , int() ,
14, 14.

1. float():
>>> a = float('12.34')
>>> print a
12.34
27
, , ? :
>>> type(a)
<type 'float'>
2. int() :
>>> print int(56.78)
56
.
3. int() :
>>> a = int('75')
>>> print a
75
>>> type(a)
<type 'int'>

5
1. :
12 answer,
raw_input() .
:
print " : ",
print type(answer)
>>> ============== RESTART ==============
>>>
: 12
<type 'str'>
>>>
, raw_input() .
, Python 3 raw_input() input().
2. raw_input() , -
, :
answer = raw_input(" : ")
3. raw_input() ,
int() raw_input() .
:
something = raw_input()
answer = int()
:
answer = int(raw_input())
4. , int()
float().
28

1. :
>>> first = ''
>>> last = ''
>>> print first + last

! . :
>>> first = ' '
:
>>> print first + ' ' + last

:
>>> first = ''
>>> last = ''
>>> print first, last

2. :
first = raw_input(' : ')
last = raw_input(' : ')
print ',', first, last, ' ?'
3. :
length = float(raw_input (' : '))
width = float(raw_input (' : '))
area = length * width
print '', area, ' .'
4. #C:
length = float(raw_input (' : '))
width = float(raw_input (' : '))
cost_per_metre = float(raw_input (' : '))
area_cm = length * width
area_metre = area_cm / 10000.0
total_cost = area_metre * cost_per_metre
print ' ', area_cm, ' .'
print '', area_metre, ' .'
print ' ', total_cost
5. :
kop50 = int(raw_input(" 50 ? "))
total = 0.50 * kop50 + 0.10 * kop10 + 0.05 * kop5 + 0.01 * kop1
print " : ", total

6 1. EasyGui msgbox(), :
easygui.msgbox(" !")
29
2. EasyGui enterbox.
3. enterbox ( )
. integerbox.
4. enterbox, -
float().
5. , , . -
, , . ,
, , ,
, . .

1. , EasyGui:
# tempgui1.py
# EasyGui-
#
import easygui
easygui.msgbox(' ')
temperature = easygui.enterbox(' :')
Fahr = float(temperature)
Cel = (Fahr - 32) * 5.0 / 9
easygui.msgbox(' ' + str(Cel) + ' .')
2. , , -
. .
\n. 21, :
# address.py
#
import easygui
name = easygui.enterbox(" ?")

addr = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
house = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
flat = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
city = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
country = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
code = easygui.enterbox(" ?")
whole_addr = code + ", " + country + ", " + city + "\n"

+ addr + ", " + house + ", " + flat + "\n" + name
easygui.msgbox(whole_addr, " :")

7
1. , :
20
my_number 20, if true,
( ).
2. ,
20
30
my_number 20, if false,

if . else.
3. , 30, 40, :
if number > 30 and number <= 40:
print ' 30 40'
:
if 30 < number <= 40:
print " 30 40"
4. Q :
if answer == 'Q' or answer == 'q':
print " 'Q' "
, ,
, Q. :
, .

1. :
#
# 10% $10, 20% $10
item_price = float(raw_input (' : '))
if item_price <= 10.0:
discount = item_price * 0.10
else:
discount = item_price * 0.20
final_price = item_price - discount
print ' ', discount, ' ', final_price
( )
.
2. :
#
# 10 12
gender = raw_input(" ? ('m' or 'f') ")
if gender == 'f':
age = int(raw_input(' ? '))
if age >= 10 and age <= 12:
print ' '
else:
print ' .'
else:
print ' .'
3. :
# , .
# 200
tank_size = int(raw_input(' ( )? '))
full = int(raw_input (' ?'))
mileage = int(raw_input (' ( )? '))
range = tank_size * (full / 100.0) * mileage
print ' ', range, '.'
print ' 200 .'
31
if range <= 200:

print ' !'
else:
print ' .'
5 , :
range = tank_size * (full / 100.0) * mileage
:
range = (tank_size - 5) * (full / 100.0) * mileage
4.
password = "bigsecret"
guess = raw_input(" : ")
if guess == password:
print " . !"
#
else:
print " . !"

8
1. .
2. : i = 1, i = 3, i = 5.
3. range(1, 8) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
4. range(8) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].
5. range(2, 9, 2) [2, 4, 6, 8].
6. range (10, 0, -2) [10, 8, 6, 4, 2].
7.
continue.
8. while , false.

1. , for
:
# 10
number = int(raw_input(' ? '))
print ' :'
print number, 'x', i, '=', number * i
2. while:
# ( while)
print ' :'
i = 1
while i <= 10:
print number, '', i, '=', number * i
i = i + 1
3. :
#
#
32

limit = int(raw_input(' ? '))
print ' :'
for i in range(1, limit + 1):
print number, '', i, '=', number * i
, for range() , -
. 11.

9
, :
# tempconv1.py
# ,
Fahr = 75
Cel = (Fahr - 32) * 5.0 / 9 # ,
print "Fahrenheit = ", Fahr, "Celsius = ", Cel

10
, .

11
1. Python range():
for i in range(numberOfLoops)
:
for i in range(1, someNumber)
2. , :
for i in range(5):
for j in range(8):
print "",
print
( ),
( ).
3. 15 .
4. :
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
5. 2**4, 2*2*2*2, .
16 .

1. , , -
:
# ,
import time
33
start = int(raw_input(" : ? ", ))

for i in range (start, 0, -1):
print i
time.sleep(1)
print "!"
2. :
# ,
#
import time
start = int(raw_input(" : ? ", ))
for i in range (start, 0, -1):
print i,
for star in range(i):
print '*',
print
time.sleep(1)
print "!"

12
1. append(), insert() extend().
2. remove() pop() del.
3. :
new_list = my_list[:]
: new_list.sort();
sorted(): new_list = sorted(my_list).
4. in.
5. index().
6. .
7. :
:
>>> my_list = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c'], ['red', 'green', 'blue']]
append():
>>> my_list = []
>>> my_list.append([1, 2, 3])
>>> my_list.append(['a', 'b', 'c'])
>>> my_list.append(['red', 'green', 'blue'])
>>> print my_list
[[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c'], ['red', 'green', 'blue']]
:
>>> list1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> list3 = ['red', 'green', 'blue']
>>> my_list = [list1, list2, list3]
>>> print my_list
[[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c'], ['red', 'green', 'blue']]
8. :
my_list = [[1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c'], ['red', 'green', 'blue']]
my_color = my_list[2][1]
34
'green'.
9. .
10.
:
phone_numbers['John'] = '555-1234'
11.
:
print phone_numbers['John']

1. , , :
nameList = []
print " 5 ( Enter):"
for i in range(5):
name = raw_input()
nameList.append(name)
print " :", nameList
2. , :
nameList = []
for i in range(5):
name = raw_input()

print " :", sorted(nameList)
3. , :
nameList = []
for i in range(5):
name = raw_input()
print " :", nameList[2]
4. , :
nameList = []
for i in range(5):
name = raw_input()

print " ? (1-5):",
replace = int(raw_input())
new = raw_input(" : ")
nameList[replace - 1] = new
5. , :
35
user_dictionary = {}
while 1:
command = raw_input("'a' ,
'l' ,
'q' ")
if command == "a":
word = raw_input(" : ")
definition = raw_input(" : ")
user_dictionary[word] = definition
print " !"
elif command == "l":

word = raw_input(" : ")
if word in user_dictionary.keys():
print user_dictionary[word]
else:
print " ."
elif command == 'q':

break

13
1. def.
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. return.
6. .

1. print:
def printMyNameBig():
print " CCCC A RRRRR TTTTTTT EEEEEE RRRRR "
print " C C A A R R T E R R "
print "C A A R R T EEEE R R "
print "C AAAAAAA RRRRR T E RRRRR "
print " C C A A R R T E R R "
print " CCCC A A R R T EEEEEE R R"
:
for i in range(5):
printMyNameBig()
2. , :
#
def printAddr(name, num, street, city, prov, pcode, country):
print name
print num,
print street
print city,
if prov !="":
print ", "+prov
36
else:
print ""
print pcode
print country
print
#
printAddr("Sam", "45", "Main St.", "Ottawa", "ON", "K2M 2E9", "Canada")
printAddr("Jian", "64", "2nd Ave.", "Hong Kong", "", "235643", "China")
3. , .
4. :
def addUpChange(kop50, kop10, kop5, kop1):
total = 0.50 * kop50 + 0.10 * kop10 + 0.05 * kop5 + 0.01 * kop1
return total
:
kop50 = int(raw_input(" 50 : "))
total = addUpChange(kop50, kop10, kop5, kop1)
print " : ", total

14
1. class.
2. .
.
3. , .
.
4. , , . , -
.
5. self .
6. ,
. ,
.
7. -
. ( , ) -
,
.

1. :
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, acct_number, acct_name):
self.acct_number = acct_number
self.acct_name = acct_name
self.balance = 0.0
def displayBalance(self):
print " :", self.balance
37
def deposit(self, amount):

self.balance = self.balance + amount
print " ", amount
def withdraw(self, amount):

if self.balance >= amount:
self.balance = self.balance - amount
print " ", amount
else:
print " ", amount
print " . ."
, , :
myAccount = BankAccount(234567, "Warren Sande")
print " :", myAccount.acct_name
print " :", myAccount.acct_number
myAccount.displayBalance()
myAccount.deposit(34.52)
myAccount.withdraw(12.25)
myAccount.withdraw(30.18)
2. BankAccount
:
add interest:
class InterestAccount(BankAccount):
def __init__(self, acct_number, acct_name, rate):
BankAccount.__init__(self, acct_number, acct_name)
self.rate = rate
def addInterest (self):

interest = self.balance * self.rate
print " ,", self.rate * 100, ""
self.deposit (interest)
:
myAccount = InterestAccount(234567, "Warren Sande", 0.11)
print " :", myAccount.acct_name
print " :", myAccount.acct_number
myAccount.displayBalance()
myAccount.deposit(34.52)
myAccount.addInterest()

15
1. , :
;
, ;
, , ;
(), .
2. Python .
3. import.
4. .
38
5. time :
import time
:
from time import *

1. , ,
, , bigname.py. :
import bigname
bigname.printMyNameBig()
:
from bigname import *
printMyNameBig()
2. c_to_f() :
from my_module import c_to_f
:
from my_module import *
3. 1 20:
import random
for i in range(5):
print random.randint(1, 20)
4. , 30 3 :
import random, time
for i in range(10):
print random.random()
time.sleep(3)

16
1. RGB- [255, 255, 255] .
2. RGB- [0, 255, 0] .
3. Pygame- pygame.draw.rect().
4. , , pygame.
draw.lines().
5. (pixel) picture element
( ).
6. Pygame- [0, 0] .
7. [50, 200] B.
8. [300, 50] D.
9. blit() Pygame- .
10.
:
;
.
39

1. , , TIO_CH16_1.py
\answers :
import pygame, sys
pygame.init()
screen=pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
screen.fill((250, 120, 0))
pygame.draw.arc(screen, (255, 255, 0), pygame.rect.Rect(43, 368, 277,
235), -6.25, 0, 15)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (255, 0, 0), pygame.rect.Rect(334, 191, 190,
290))
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (128, 64, 0), pygame.rect.Rect(391, 349, 76,
132))
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 255, 0), (268, 259), (438, 84), 25)
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 255, 0), (578, 259), (438, 84), 25)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 0), (452, 409), 11, 2)
pygame.draw.polygon(screen, (0, 0, 255), [(39, 39), (44, 136), (59,
136), (60, 102), (92, 102), (94, 131), (107, 141), (111, 50),
(97, 50), (93, 86), (60, 82), (58, 38)], 5)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 255), pygame.rect.Rect(143, 90, 23, 63),
5)
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), (153, 60), 15, 5)
running = True
while running:
clock.tick(60)
running = False
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN and event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
running = False
pygame.quit()
2. ,
:
3. 16.16 :
x_speed = 10
y_speed = 10
:
x_speed = 20
y_speed = 8
4. , 16.16 :
:
, . -
, y.
40
5. 16.6 display.flip while -

:
pygame.init()
screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
width = random.randint(0, 250)
height = random.randint(0, 100)
top = random.randint(0, 400)
left = random.randint(0, 500)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, [0,0,0], [left, top, width, height], 1)
, -
.
, .

17
1.
, .
2.
. -
. ,
.
3. Python-,
Pygame-.
4. ( )
, pygame.time.Clock, .
, ( ) .
5. ,
. .
6. pygame.time.Clock.
get_fps().

18
1. .
2. , , .
3. Pygame KEYDOWN.
4. pos .
5. pygame.
USEREVENT.
6. pygame.time.set_timer().
7. Pygame- font.
8. Pygame-:
font;
, ;
( ) .
41

1. ?
, y-
( , ).
. ( )
, , .. -
, (
y-). ,
, ! ,
, . .
, , ,
.
2. TIO_CH18_2.py
.

19
1. : Wave (.wav), MP3 (.mp3), Ogg Vorbis (.ogg) Windows
Media Audio (.wma).
2. pygame.mixer.
3. Pygame-
set_volume().
4. pygame.mixer.music.set_
volume().
5. pygame.mixer.music.fadeout(). -
( ), . ,
pygame.mixer.music.fadeout(2000) 2 .

TIO_CH19_1.py .

20
1. GUI- , .
2. , ( Alt) , -
.
3. Qt- .ui.
4. , GUI PyQt, , ,
, , , , , ,
, . Widget Box Qt-.
5. , .
6. & () Qt- .
7. Qt- .

1. , Qt-,
TIO_CH20_1.py TIO_CH20_1.ui.
2. Qt-
minimum maximum. minimum 1000,
maximum - , 1000000.
42
21
1. print , :
print " ",
print " ?"
2. , print:
print "Hello"
print
print
print
print "World"
\n:
print "Hello\n\n\nWorld"
3. \t.
4. %e
%E:
>>> number = 12.3456
>>> print '%e' % number
1.234560e+001

1. :
name = raw_input(" ? ")
age = int(raw_input(" ? "))
color = raw_input(" ? ")
print " ", name,

print "", age, ",",
print " ", color
2. :
for looper in range(1, 11):
print looper, "\ttimes 8 =\t", looper * 8
\t times =.
3. , 8:
fraction = i / 8.0
print str(i) + '/8 = %.3f' % fraction
, print str(i) + '/8 =, . , %.3f' %fraction,

.
22
1. Python , , .
2. Python open().
3. ( ).
Python.
.
43
4. .
5. , , , .
6. , , , .
7. , ,
seek() 0:
myFile.seek(0)
8. Python- pickle pickle.
dump(), :
pickle.dump(myObject, "my_pickle_file.pkl")
9. pickle.load(),
:
myObject = pickle.load("my_pickle_file.pkl")

1. , :
import random
noun_file = open("nouns.txt", 'r')

nouns = noun_file.readline()
noun_list = nouns.split(',')
noun_file.close()
adj_file = open("adjectives.txt", 'r')

adjectives = adj_file.readline()
adj_list = adjectives.split(',')
adj_file.close()
verb_file = open("verbs.txt", 'r')

verbs = verb_file.readline()
verb_list = verbs.split(',')
verb_file.close()
adverb_file = open("adverbs.txt", 'r')

adverbs = adverb_file.readline()
adverb_list = adverbs.split(',')
adverb_file.close()
noun = random.choice(noun_list)
adj = random.choice(adj_list)
verb = random.choice(verb_list)
adverb = random.choice(adverb_list)
print "The", adj, noun, verb, adverb + '.'
, .
2. , :
name = raw_input(" : ")
age = raw_input(" : ")
color = raw_input(" : ")
food = raw_input(" : ")
44
my_data = open("my_data_file.txt", 'w')

my_data.write(name + "\n")
my_data.write(age + "\n")
my_data.write(color + "\n")
my_data.write(food)
my_data.close()
3. , pickle:
import pickle
name = raw_input(" : ")
age = raw_input(" : ")
color = raw_input(" : ")
food = raw_input(" : ")
my_list = [name, age, color, food]
pickle_file = open("my_pickle_file.pkl", 'w')

pickle_file.close()

23
1. , . -
( , )
( ).
2. ,
2 12 .
( )
.
3. :
import random
sides = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
die_1 = random.choice(sides)
:
import random
4. .
5. .
( ).
6. remove(), : deck.remove()
hand.remove().

, .

24
1. :
( );
( );
45
( , -
);
( ,
), , ;
( , ),
, .
2. , . , -
,
.
3.
timedelta.
www.manning.com/books/hello-world-second-edition:
1. TIO_CH24_1.py Lunar Lander .
2. TIO_CH24_2.py Lunar Lander .
3. TIO_CH24_3.py GUI- Virtual Pet Pause.

26
, CircleAI:
class AI:
def __init__(self):
self.isFirstTurn = True
def turn(self):
if self.isFirstTurn:
self.isFirstTurn = False
elif self.robot.lookInFront() == "bot":
self.robot.attack()
else:
self.robot.doNothing()
, CircleAI , , .
CircleAI,
. , , ,
, .

У. Сэнд, К. Сэнд - Hello World! Занимательное программирование - 2016 PDF

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32.973.

12+ ( 29 2010 . 436-).

Manning Publications , 192102, -,

>>> print "Hello"

Python Windows, Mac OS X Linux. ,

IDLE (Integrated DeveLopment Environment ) -

print "Hello World!"

>>> pront "Hello World!"

>>> print 5+3

>>> print 5*3

>>> print 2345*6789

>>> print 1234567898765432123456789

>>> print "cat" + "dog"

>>> print "Hello " * 20

Python Shell (, IDLE) -

print "Hello, and welcome to Python!"

print "Bye for now!".

print "Hello, and welcome to Python!"

>>> ============================ RESTART ============================

unt, and reset

print " ", secret

>>> ======================= RESTART =======================

Python Shell ( IDLE -

>>> Teacher = "Mr. Morton"

>>> print "53 + 28"

> > >H

d foote mport sys

sys.argv)!=2: print 'Usa

First Second. 5 First, -

>>> Third = First + Second

>>> MyTeacher = "Mrs. Goodyear"

>>> teacher = "Mr. Morton"

>>> print "cat" + "dog"

>>> Teacher = 'Mr. Smith'

>>> Score = Score + 1

x1796vc47blahblah = 'Mr. Morton'

>>> print 6/2

>>> print 3/2

>>> print 3.0 / 2

>>> print 3 ** 5.5

>>> print 7.0 / 2

>>> print 9938712345656.34 * 4823459023067.456

type() a type 'str', ,

>>> print float('fred')

cel = 5.0 / 9 * (fahr - 32)

cel = float(5) / 9 * (fahr - 32)

cel = 5 / float(9) * (fahr - 32)

cel = 5 / 9 * float(fahr - 32)

print " : "

print " : ",

someName = raw_input (" : ")

print "", celsius, " "

st been written, don'telf.header_wri

response = raw_input(" : ")

ort sys, time, string

footer imp ere giv

count, and reset

LF, Mac OS X CR.

>>> import easygui

>>> easygui.msgbox("Hello There!")

'OK' Python EasyGui ,

0.8 0.4, 0.5 0.25. easygui.py.

It is a number from 1 to 99. I'll give you 6 tries.""")