B8ZS

Common in North America

Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution
Based on bipolar-AMI
If octet of all zeros, 00000000 replaced by
000VB0VB where B means conforming to
Bipolar rule and V means violating the rule.
i.e, if last voltage pulse preceding was
positive encode as 000+-0-+, while if last voltage
pulse preceding was negative encode as 000-+0+-
Causes two violations of AMI code, unlikely to
occur as a result of noise.

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
 HDB (High-Density Bipolar) coding
Common in Europe and Japan
HDBN format, where N can take values 1,2,3,
Based on bipolar-AMI
N+1 consecutive zeros replaced by special N+1 bit
sequence.
HDB3: String of four zeros replaced by 000V or B00V.
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
 Scrambling
Use scrambling to replace sequences that would
produce constant voltage
Filling sequence
Must produce enough transitions to sync
Must be recognized by receiver and replace with original
Same length as original
No dc component
No long sequences of zero level line signal
No reduction in data rate
Error detection capability
Privacy of data

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
 A Scrambler

T=S (D3T D5T)

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
 Descrambler

R=T (D3T D5T)

Consider
S= 101010100000111
with periodic pattern
101010.. and long string
of 0s.
Scrambled bits stream
T= 101110001101001.

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
 Eye Diagram

EEE F311 Communication Systems GR I Semester 2015-16

Consider the Binary Signals and the corresponding Oscilloscope patterns:

The oscilloscope pattern looks like a human eye.

We can also apply a time sweep that lasts m symbol intervals.
Midpoint of the eye represents the best sampling instant of each pulse.

ISI reduces the eye opening.

Eye diagram can be used to determine the optimum settings of the equaliser
(to obtain maximum vertical and horizontal eye opening).
Reading an eye diagram.
Eye diagrams of a polar signaling
system using a raised cosine pulse with
roll-off factor 0.5
 M-ary Communication
Multi-amplitude Signalling
Rate of information can be increased by
increasing M.
An M-ary symbol transmits log M bits.
Bandwidth is independent of M.
For same noise immunity, transmitted
power increases with M.

Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems Lathi Copyright 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
4-Ary PAM signaling:
(a) four RZ symbols;
(b) baseband transmission;
(c) the 4-ary RZ eye diagram.
Eye diagrams of a 4-ary PAM signaling
system using a raised-cosine pulse with roll-
off factor 0.5:
(a) over two symbol periods 2Tb with time
offset Tb/2;
(b) without time offset.