Digital Communications Systems

i Noise
in N i
Analog Comm: Goal is to reproduce the
waveform accurately
Figure of Merit: output signal to noise ratio
Digital Communications: Goal is to decide
which waveform was transmitted
accurately
Figure of Merit: Probability of error in making
this decision at the receiver
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
 Introduction
Noise and bandlimited channel corrupts the
waveform and causes bit errors.
errors
How to detect bits from the received signal
with
ith lowest
l t probability
b bilit off error, or Bit Error
E
Rate (BER)?
Assume that the channel introduces no ISI
(distortionless channel) and AWGN

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
 Linear Filtering

x(t)=+/- p(t)+n(t) Linear Network y(t)=+/- po(t)+no(t)

h(t)
X(f) Y(f)
(f)
H(f)

Recall:
y t h t x t Y f H f X f

S y f H f Sx f
2

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Detector

The goal is to maximize 2 po 2 tm

(same as maximizing ) n2
o

+/- po(t)+no(t)
+/- p(t)+n(t) t=tm
h(t) Threshold
H(f) Detector

p(t)+n(t)
(t)+ (t) p(t)+n(t)
p(t) n(t)
po(t)
p(t)
TS 2TS
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
 Signal and Noise Calculation

Signal output:
po t F 1 P H
1
po tm P H e j tm d
2

Output noise power or variance

____
1
S n H d
2
n
2 2

2
no o

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Ratio Calculation

Putting the pieces together gives:

2



jtm
____ P H e d
n
2 2

2 Sn H d
o 2

Simplify
Si lif Using
U i Schwartz
S h IInequality
li (app.
( B)
2
X Y d X d Y
2 2
d

Equality occurs only if Y() = c X*()

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Simplifying the Equation

Apply the Schwartz Inequality:

X H S n Y P e j tm S n

Then:
1 P
2

2
d
2 Sn
Equality occurs if:

H S n c P e j tm Sn c P e j tm S n

P e j tm
H c
S n Sharma
EEEF311 Nitin

 White Noise Channel

For a white noise channel, Sn() = N/2

1 2Ep
P d
2

2

N N

Where Ep is the energ

energy of the ppulse
lse p(t)
(t)
and the filter H() is:
2c
H P e
1
Ep P d
j tm 2

N 2

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Impulse Response of Filter

2c F 2c
h t p t m t H P e j tm

N N

If a symbol lasts for Ts seconds, then there

are 3 cases: (tm< Ts,s tm= Ts,s tm> Ts)
tm< Ts gives a noncausal input response
Tm> Ts ggives a delayy in decidingg what was sent
tm= Ts gives the minimum delay for a decision
plus it is realizable

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Impulse Response of Filter

F
h t cp Ts t H cP e jTs

Thus, p(t) and h(t) have duration Ts.

=>
> p0(t) = p(t)*h(t)
(t)*h(t) has
h duration
d ti 2Ts withith a
peak value at Ts.
p(t) n(t)
p(t)+n(t)
po(t)

2TS
EEEF311 Nitin Sharma
Matched Filter

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma

 Matched Filter

This filter: h(t) = p(Ts-t) is called the

Matched Filter.
For white channel noise, this filter
g amplitude
maximizes the signal p to rms
noise ratio at Ts.
This is equivalent to minimizing the
probability of error

EEEF311 Nitin Sharma