Mixture of paraffinic hydrocarbons, with methane as major constituent

Natural gas exists in nature under pressure in rock reservoirs in the Earths crust. It has been formed by
the degradation of organic matter accumulated in the past millions of years. Two main mechanisms
(biogenic and thermogenic) are responsible for this degradation Natural gas produced from geological
formations comes in a wide array of compositions. The varieties of gas compositions can be broadly
categorized into three distinct groups:

Non associated gas it occurs in conventional gas fields

Associated gas it occurs in conventional oil fields

Unconventional gas it occurs outside of the former two. Most common types of
unconventional gas are:
tight gas - natural gas produced from reservoir rocks with such low permeability that massive
hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce the well at economic rates;
coal bed methane - methane adsorbed into the solid matrix of the coal;
natural gas from geo pressurized aquifers;
gas hydrates methane clathrate is a solid clathrate compound in which a large amount of
methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice;
Composition
Natural gas is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon constituents and exists as
a gas under atmospheric conditions.
Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of methane (CH4), the shortest and lightest
hydrocarbon molecule. It also contains varying amounts of:
Heavier gaseous hydrocarbons: ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal butane (n-C4H10),
iso-butane (i-C4H10), pentanes and even higher molecular weight hydrocarbons.
Acid gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans such as
methanethiol (CH3SH) and ethanethiol (C2H5SH).
Other gases: nitrogen (N2) and helium (He).
Water: water vapor and liquid.
Liquid hydrocarbons: crude oil and/or gas condensates.
Mercury: only trace amounts

General Knowledge

Pakistan Gas Port Consortium Limited deal with LNG

By coming of LNG Gas deficit reduce by 30 %
Elengy Terminal Operate LNG at Port Qasim by Engro, operating about 400-450
MMCFD while having capacity of 600 MMCFD
SSGC work is to upgrade and lying pipeline
2 LNG Terminal will be formed at Gawader while 3 at Karachi by 2018
 Natural Gas was discovered at Sui in 1952, founded 1954 while on 30 March 1989, while
supplied start from 1955. Baluchistan 59% facing gas shortage
In Quetta 1970 Gas supplied start while in 1990 Hub receive Gas
SSGC is integrated gas company engage in business of transmission and distribution
natural gas of both High and Low pressure
SSGC Board comprise of 14 Members
Service with Smile
Managing Director is the head of organization and appointed by Govt

Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to

create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy
They take the shape of their container.
Storage
Low flash point liquid fuels are stored in tanks fitted with roofs which float on the
surface of the liquid.
Liquid fuels which have flash point well above the room temperature are stored in tanks
provided with fixed conical shaped roofs.
LPG
Mainly a mixture of propane and butane.
Mainly used in domestic ovens and for industrial heating as well.
Propane and butane are easily liquefied at room temperature with the application of very
low pressure.
Propane and butane is liquefied, stored and transported in light cylinders.
Generally a mixture of 20% propane and 80% butane is used for filling in gas cylinders.
LPG is prepared from wet natural gas and refinery gases.
Even pure butane and propane are also liquefied and used as fuel.
Uses
High calorific value, sp. Gravity, air requirements. Low flame speed.
It is odorless; hence odorants like sulphides are added to detect its leakage.
Commercial LPG contains 90% propane and 10% butane.
For Industrial Grade. For Domestic Grade
80% butane + 20 % propane 70 propane + 30 butane
C.V = 29275kcal/Nm 3
C.V =25775 kcal/Nm3
Sp. Gravity =1.9 Sp. Gravity = 1.65
Theoretical air requirement=29Nm /Nm LPG 26Nm3/Nm3LPG
3 3

Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent
(oxygen) that produces energy, usually in the form of heat and light.
The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5
seconds after ignition by an open flame. At the flash point, a lower temperature, a
substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire

Calorific value of a fuel is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion at constant
pressure and under "normal" conditions (i.e. to 0oC and under a pressure of 1bar).
 The Higher Calorific Value (or Gross Calorific Value - GCV) suppose that the water of
combustion is entirely condensed and that the heat contained in the water vapor is
recovered.
A liquefied gas is the liquid form of a substance which, at ambient temperature and
at atmospheric pressure, would be a gas.

Mixed refrigerant process whereas with pure refrigerant process (as described above)
a series of separate cycles are involved, with the mixed refrigerant process (usually
methane, ethane, propane and nitrogen), the entire process is achieved in one cycle. The
equipment is less complex than the pure refrigerant cascade process but power
consumption is substantially greater and for this reason its use is not widespread.

Pre-cooled mixed refrigerant process this process is generally known as the MCR
process (Multi-Component Refrigerant) and is a combination of the pure refrigerant cascade
and mixed refrigerant cycles. It is by far the most common process in use today. Fuel for the
plant is provided mainly by flash-off gas from the reliquefaction process but boil-off from
LNG storage tanks can also be used. If necessary, additional fuel may be taken from raw
feed gas or from extracted condensates. Depending upon the characteristics of the LNG to
be produced and the requirements of the trade, some of the extracted NGLs may be re-
injected into the LNG stream.

1.2.2 LPG production

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the general name given for propane, butane and mixtures
of the two. These products can be obtained from the refining of crude oil. When produced in
this way they are usually manufactured in pressurized form. However, the main production
of LPG is found within petroleum producing countries. At these locations, LPG is extracted
from natural gas or crude oil streams coming from underground reservoirs. In the case of a
natural gas well, the raw product consist mainly of methane. However, as shown in Figure
1.2, in this process it is normal for NGLs to be produced and LPG may be extracted from
them as a by-product. A simple flow diagram which illustrates the production of propane and
butane from oil and gas reservoirs is shown in Figure 1.3. In this example the methane and
ethane which have been removed are used by the terminals power station, and the LPGs,
after fractionation and chill-down, are pumped to terminal storage tanks prior to shipment
for export.

The Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)
The liquefied petroleum gases comprise propane, butane and mixtures of the two. Butane
stored in cylinders and thus known as bottled gas, has widespread use as a fuel for heating
and cooking in remote locations. However, it is also an important octane enhancer for motor
gasoline and a key petrochemical feedstock. Propane, too, is utilised as a bottled gas,
especially in cold climates (to which its vapour pressure is more suited). However, LPG is
mainly used in power generation, for industrial purposes such as metal cutting and as a
petrochemical feedstock. About 169 million tonnes of LPG are produced each year
worldwide and, of this, about 43.7 million tonnes are transported by sea.

RELIQUEFACTION AND ENTHALPY

Enthalpy
The enthalpy of a mass of a substance is a measure of its thermodynamic heat (or energy)
content, whether the substance is liquid or vapour or a combination of the two.
Within the Sl system it is measured in kiloJoules per kilogram. Enthalpy (H) is defined as:
H = U + PV M
Where H = enthalpy (kJ/kg) U = internal energy (kJ/kg) P = absolute pressure (kN/m 2) V =
total volume of the system liquid plus vapour (m 3) M = mass in the system (kg)