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INDEX

Section Title

Page

1.

Introduction..2

2. Responsibilities of Billing

Engineer3

3. Documents to be Maintained by Billing

Engineer.4

4. Mathematical

Formulae..5

5. Cement

Coefficient..11

6. Method of measurements

Earth work and Back

filling.13

Plain cement

concrete15

Reinforced cement

concrete15

Form

works..16

Reinforcement

.20

Masonry

..21

Plastering

21

Paving, Floor finishes, Dado &

Skirting.23

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Whitewashing, Colour washing,

Distempering..24

& Painting works

Demolition & Dismantling

works...24

Antitermite

works..24

Gypsum and False ceiling

works25

7. Running Bills, Prefinal and Final

Bills26

8. NT Items and

Deviations.27

9. QAD

Auditing.28

10. Bill

Certification.29

11.

Reconciliation.30

12.

Invoicing31

13. Billing Mechanism/

Standards32

INTRODUCTION

Measurement of work occupies a very important place in the planning and

execution of any civil engineering project from time of first estimates to final completion and

settlement of payments. Methods followed for the measurement are not uniform, and

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considerable differences exist between various sites. To eliminate ambiguities and

misunderstandings arising out of inadequate information and knowledge of various systems

followed and mainly to train the newly joined Billing Engineers, this billing manual has been

prepared. This is also to facilitate better and easy understanding of measurements and

procedures followed regarding Billing in Sobha Developers Ltd. The mode and method of

Measurements mentioned in this manual is based on Handbook of method of measurement

of Building SP 27 (compiled based on IS 1200). This just gives you the introduction to

quantity taking, procedures for billing and highlighted points from the code. For further

reference the relevant Is codes and subsequent books shall be referred. For effective billing

there should be proper coordination between site and Billing engineer and he/she should be

completely aware of all those happening in site regarding all the changes and happenings.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF BILLING ENGINEER (CIVIL & FINISHES)

Workout the Master Quantities Activity-wise based on the availability of


drawings within 15 days from the receipt of drawings.
Collecting and filing the Client Purchase Orders/BoQs from Contracts
Estimation dept.
Taking the measurements for all the civil and finishes activities executed on
daily/weekly basis.

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Prepare the monthly running bills abstract as per the measurements taken in
comparison with the Client Purchase Orders/BoQs.
Maintain Site instructions/CVIs for all the additional/non-tendered activities
duly signed by the Architect/Client.
Record and show separately all the additional/non-tendered activities in the
bills.
Send the details and actual expenses of additional/non-tendered activities to
Contracts estimation dept and collect the rates for Client bill.
Send the bill copies by 25th of every month to Contracts estimation dept and
collect the invoice.
Submit the bills to Client/Architect by 30th/31st of every month with complete
measurements and get the certification within 21 days.
Reconcile the bill with the Costing report in co-ordination with PQS and send
the signed reconciled report to head office duly authorized by Project Manager.
The reconciliation to be done on monthly basis and any corrections to be
incorporated in next bill or costing report as required.
Submit Monthly Statement to the Contracts estimation dept. regarding Bill
amount Claimed & amount Certified.
Submit the running bills /pre-final bills to QAD dept and get the approval. Any
corrections suggested by them to be incorporated in the same/next bill after
verification with Contracts estimation dept.
Prepare and submit the Pre-final bill to Client within 14 days from Project
completion after getting clearance from QAD.
Prepare and submit the reconciliation statement for Client supply materials to
Contracts Estimation dept on a monthly basis.
Prepare and submit the reconciliation statement for Client supply materials to
Client/Architect after verification from Contracts Estimation dept.
Get the certification for Pre-final bills and send the certified copy to Contracts
Estimation dept.
Collect the amended P.O from Contracts estimation dept and raise the Final bill
as per the amended P.O.
Submit and get the final certification from the Client/Architect for the Final bill.
Verification of the External agencies bills prepared by the Site Engineers and
Supervisors and forwards the same to PQS for further processing.

DOCUMENTS TO BE MAINTAINED BY BILLING ENGINEER

Complete Architectural and Structural Drawings (all the revisions)

BOQ / Letter of Intent /P.O / Amended P.O

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Contract Document and Technical Specifications

Certified RA Bill Copies with measurements, Invoice, Client Certification letter,

Cheque Copies.

Confirmation of Verbal Instruction (CVI) signed by the Client/Architect.

Non-Tendered items Requisition Letter with Client/Architects approval

Client supplies Material Reconciliation Statement.

Soft Copies of all the Documents mentioned above in one Folder in Order.

Details & copies of the External agencies bills

Copy of IS: 1200 (Method of Measurements)

Billing Vs. Costing - Reconciliation Statement

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2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

01. SQUARE
A

A Area = A * A

A Length of one side

02. RECTANGLE

B B Area = L * B

L - Length
B - Breadth

03. CIRCLE

Area = *R*R
2

R- Radius of the Circle

04.EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

h = ( a * 3) /2

A = (a2 * 3) / 4
a a

B - Base of The Triangle


H Height of the Triangle

a
5. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

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Area = c/4*sqrt (4a2 c2)
a a c - Base of The Triangle
a Side of the Triangle

06. PARALLELOGRAM

Area = B * H

B Base length
H perpendicular Ht of Parellogram

07. TRAPEZOID

Area = (A+B)*H
2
A B H- Perpendicular distance btn Parallel sides

08. SECTOR OF CIRCLE

Area = Q**R2
360

Where Q = Angle of the Sector


R = Radius of the Circle

09. AREA OF RHOMBUS:

Area = d1d2
2

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Where d1 and d2 are the diagonals.

10. SEGMENT OF CIRCLE:

Segment of the circle is that part of the circle contained between the arc and
its chord.
Area = 2*L*H Where L- Length of the Arc
3 H - Rise of the arc

11. QUADRILATERALS:

A=0.5*d (p1 + p2)

Where A = area; d = Diagonal; p1 and p2 are the offsets of the Diagonal.

12. REGULAR HEXAGON:

A = (3 a2 3)/2

Where A = area; a = side of the Hexagon

13 REGULAR OCTAGONS:

A = 2 a2 (1+2)

Where A = area; a = side

14 REGULAR DODECAGONS (12 SIDES):

A = 6 a2 (7/4 + 3)

Where A = area; a = side

15 ELLIPSE:

A = ab C=DM

Where A = area; a = semi-major axis; and b= semi- minor axis; C= Circumference;


multiplier. If value of d/D = 0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,and 0.9 then the corresponding
multiplier (M) sill be 2.1010,2.1930,2.3013,2.4221,2.5527,2.6912,2.8361, and 2.9866
respectively. D= a*2 and d=2*b.

11. IRREGULAR SURFACES:

Divide the area or Figure into an even number (n) of parallel strips by means of
(n+1) ordinates, spaced at equal distances, d. Let the ordinates be yi

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A. TRAPEZOIDAL RULE:

Area = d*((y0+yn)/2 + y1 +y2 ++yn-1)

B. DURANDS RULE:

Area = d*[0.4(y0 + yn) + 1.1(y1+yn-1)+y2+y3+. +yn-1]

C. SIMSONS RULE:

Area = d*[( y0 + yn ) +4*(y1 + y3 +..+yn-1) +2*(y2 + y4 + +yn-2)]


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VOLUME:

1.CIRCULAR CONES: A Cone is a solid whose base is a circle and whose convex surface
tapers uniformly to a point called the vertex.

Volume = 1/3 X area of base X Vertical Ht.


Convex Area = X Perimeter of base X Slant Ht.

2.RECTANGULAR SOLIDS:

i) V = abc
ii) V = A1c = A2b = A3a
iii) V = (A1A2A3)
iv) V = 2 (ab + bc+ ca)
v) D = (a2+b2+c2)

Where V= Volume; S = Whole surface; a = length; b- breadth; c = Depth;


A1=Area of base; A2 = area of side; A3 = area of end; d = diagonal.

3.CUBES:
i)
V = a3
ii)
S = 6 a2
iii)
D = a 3
Where V = Volume; S = Whole surface; a = edge; D = Diagonal.

4.CYLINDERS:

i) V = r2 h
ii) S = 2 r (h+r)

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Where V =Volume; S = whole Surface; r= radius of base; h = height.

5.CYLINDRICAL RINGS:

i)
V = 2/4 (R+r) (R- r) 2
ii)
V = 1/32 (C + c) (C c) 2
iii)
S = 2 (R2 r2)
iv)
S = (C2 c2)

Where V = Volume; S= Whole Surface; R= Outer radius; r=inner radius; C= Outer


Circumference; c = Inner circumference.

6.PYRAMIDS AND CONES:

V = 1/3 Ah

Where V = Volume; A = area of base; h= height.

7.REGULAR TETRAHEDRONS:

i)
V = (2*2/3) a3
ii)
S = 4 a2 3
iii)
H = 2a(2/3)

Where V = Volume; S = Whole Surface; 2a= edge; h= height

8.FRUSTRA OF PYRAMIDS, CONES and TRAPEZOIDAL VOLUME:

V= H/3 (A1 + A2 + (A1 + A2)

Where V= Volume; h= height;


A1 and A2 are the ends; P and p are the perimeters of the ends; s = slant height.

9.FRUSTRA OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONES:


i) V= h/3 (R2 + r2 + Rr)
ii) S = 0.5 s (C + c)
iii) S = s (R + r)

Where V = Volume; S = Curved Surface; R and r are the radii of the ends; C and c are the
circumferences of the ends; s = slant height; h= perpendicular height.

10.SPHERES:

i)
V = d3/6
ii)
V = 4/3 r3
iii)
S = d2

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iv)
S = 4 r2

Where V = Volume; S = Surface; d= Diameter; r = radius.

11.SPHERICAL SHELLS:

i) V = /6 (D3 d3)
ii) V = 4/3 (R3 r3)
Where V = Volume; R=Outer radius; r = inner radius; D = Outer diameter;
d= inner diameter;

12.ZONES OF SPHERES:

i) V = h/3 [3(r1 2 + r22)+ h2]


ii) S = dh

Where V = Volume; S = Curved surface; r1 and r2 are the radii of the two ends; h = height;
d = dia of sphere.

13.Square of same area as a circle

Side = diameter X 0.88623

14.Circle of same area as a Square

Diameter = side x 1.12838

15.PARABOLAS AND PARABLOIDS:

Area of space within the parabola = Base x 2/3 perpendicular height

Volume of parabloid (Solid) = r2h

Where r = radius of the base of the parabloid


h = height

CEMENT CO-EFFICIENTS FOR RECONCILIATION & OHP

S/N DESCRIPTION UNIT CO-EFF

CONCRETE

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1 P.C.C.1: 4:8 below foundation/floors CUM 3.30
2 R.C.C. M-25 footing CUM 7.50
RCC M20 for Roof slab/beam, columns, stair
3 CUM 6.80
case
4 DPC 1:3:6 CUM 4.50

MASONRY WORKS
5 SSM for foundation/basement in CM 1:6 CUM 1.60
6 200 mm Solid block in CM 1:6 SQM 0.18
7 100 mm Solid Block in CM 1:6 SQM 0.12
8 150 mm Solid Block in CM 1:6 SQM 0.15
9 230 mm Brick Masonry in CM 1:6 CUM 1.23
10 115 mm Brick Masonry in CM 1:4 SQM 0.14

PLASTERING
11 12 mm Ceiling plastering in CM 1:4 SQM 0.13
12 12 mm Internal wall plastering in CM 1:6 SQM 0.12
13 15 MM Rough plaster in walls IN 1:4 SQM 0.12
14 External plastering SQM 0.20
15 Basement waterproof plastering SQM 0.18
16 Duct Plastering SQM 0.18
Plastering Grooves 19mm width and 15 mm
17 RM 0.05
Deep
18 Drip moulds RM 0.03
19 PVC beading for Grooves above skirting RM 0.05

STAIRCASE WORKS
20 Tread-Multicolour-20mm thk. SQM 0.22
21 Riser-Multicolour-20mm thk. SQM 0.22
22 Tread-Sadharalli -10mm thk. SQM 0.22
23 Riser-Sadharalli -10mm thk. SQM 0.22

FLOORING
24 Screed concrete SQM 0.40
25 Multicolour granite 20 mm SQM 0.22
26 Multicolour granite 10 mm SQM 0.22
27 Sadaralli granite SQM 0.22

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28 Vitrified tile flooring (Labor only) SQM 0.22
29 Cudappa slab flooring SQM 0.22
30 Eurocon Tiles for ramp SQM 0.22
31 Broken tile flooring SQM 0.30
32 Grano Flooring SQM 0.30

WALL TILING
33 Toilets & Pantry SQM 0.22
34 Ceramic tile dadoing (1:4) SQM 0.22
35 Ceramic tile dadoing (1:1) SQM 0.40

36 Multi color Wall Dado 20 mm thick SQM 0.22

37 Jet Black Wall Dado 20mm thick SQM 0.22

38 Door Jambs with Granite SQM 0.22

SKIRTING
39 Granite tile-Multi colour 100 High Rm 0.03
40 Sadharalli granite 100 High Rm 0.03
41 Vitrified tile-glossy(Labor only) 100 High Rm 0.03
42 Cudappah slab skirting 100 High Rm 0.03
43 Cement skirting 100 High Rm 0.03
44 190 mm High Skirting Rm 0.04
45 Clay Tile Skirting works in Terrace Rm 0.10

MISCELLANEOUS
46 Multi colour granite coping 20 mm SQM 0.22
47 Multi colour granite coping 10 mm SQM 0.22
48 Hume Pipe RM 0.60

MODE AND METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS:

EARTHWORK AND BACK FILLING:

1. Block Levels has to be taken at the start of the work. The intervals can be of 3m or

5m.

2. The Uom is in CUM and should be rounded off to nearest two decimals.

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3. For Pit Excavation an offset of 30 cm can be taken on either side of the footing up

to 1.5 m depth and for more than 1.5 m depth it can be taken as 50 to 60 cm.

4. For Pit excavation Depth can be arrived by taking

= Average top level Average Bottom Level

5. For Mass Excavation Earth work quantity can be calculated by using any of the

rules like Trapezoidal or simsons rule etc. Proper CVI (Reasons) has to be

maintained for Mass Excavation

6. For hard rock and soft rock the top levels and bottom levels should be taken with

consultant approval. The Quantity can be arrived with top and bottom levels or the

quantity can be arrived by stacking the Hard rock. The place for stacking should be

selected in accordance with clients approval and must be recored with joint

measurement from client and contractor.

7. Back filling quantity can be arrived using trapezoidal or simsons rule.

8. Final quantity is arrived by deducting the volume of concrete and size stone

masonry below ground level from the total quantity.

9. Earth brought from outside or to be carted away is calculated by

= Total Excavated Quantity - Total Backfilling Quantity.

If Value is - Ve - It is Earth brought from outside

+Ve - It is Earth to be carted away.

10. For Jungle clearance item, the area to be considered is 5m off set all-round the

building and if for road works, 1m offset should be considered on either side.

11. For EX: The below is the block level of area 40 m X 20 m with levels of 5 m interval

with mass excavation to be done for entire area with excavation bottom level as

95.2

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excavation
98 98 98 98 98
.7 .8 .9 .6 .7
5 5 5 5

98 98 98 98 98
.7 .6 .7 .5 .6
8 5 5 8

= 3.545 m

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98 98 98 98 98
.6 .7 .7 .3 .4
5 2 8 5 5

98 98 98 98 98
.5 .7 .8 .5 .5
5 6 0 4 8

98 98 98 98 98

lvl.).
.7 .7 .7 .6 .6
8 8 5 4 0
BlockLevel

98 98 98 98 98
.8 .8 .9 .7 .6
5 0 0 8

98 98 98 98 98
.9 .9 .8 .6 .5
5 2 5 8 4

98 98 98 98 98
.9 .9 .6 .4 .6
8 3 5 5 5

98 98 98 98 98
.9 .9 .7 .3 .2
0 5 5 8 8

The volume can be found by taking average rectangle/square method. The depth of
=(98.75+98.7+98.68+98.85)/4 95.2 (i.e. Avg Top lvl Bottom
Area = 5 X 5 = 25 sqm
Volume of Earth = Area X Depth = 25 X 3.545 = 88.63 cum

Similarly Volume of Earth has to be calculated for Other Square areas and to be
added to get the total quantity. If there is hard rock, it can be stacked separately. The
volume of Hard rock stacked can be found by taking site measurements. For Ex, refer
below sketch as stack measurement.

The Hard rock is stacked in trapezoidal shape generally.

Stacked Quantity = H/3 (A1 + A2 + (A1 + A2)


A1 = Lx B = 10 x 8 = 80 m2
A2 = L1xB1= 6 x 4 = 24 m2

= 2/3x(80+24+(80+24))
= 76.13 cum
The Volume of Hard rock = The volume of stacked quantity Deduction for voids.
Deduction for Voids should be preaccepted and normally stated in percentage of
stacked quantity. From the total Quantity of the mixture the quantity of hard rock
excavated thus arrived at shall be deducted to work out the quantity of the soft,
disintegrated rock excavated.

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE:

1. Quantities should be taken only as per drawings with offset as mentioned in


drawings.

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2. Any variations with respect to drawings should be recorded and CVI should be got
from clients and should be intimated to Estimation Department and Project head
immediately.
3. The variation can be like mass Pcc, Variation in Thickness due to site requirement,
Grade change, laying using pump etc. Variation due to faulty execution cannot be
claimed.
4. Shuttering for edges has to be claimed unless it is mass execution.
5. UOM is usually in cum. For Screed it is in sqm.

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE:

1. The Quantities can be rounded off to the nearest two decimals.


2. Concrete in Structural members, such as columns, Beams and slabs shall each be
measured separately.
3. No Deductions shall be made for the following.

Opening up to 0.1 m2

Volume occupied by reinforcement.

Volume occupied by pipes, conduits, sheathing, etc not exceeding 100 cm 2
each in cross-section.

Moulds, drips moulding, chamfers, splays rounded or covered angles, beds,
grooves and rebates up to 10 cm in girth
4. Footings:
Volume of concrete = L *B *D for Rectangular and Square footing.
For Trapezoidal Footing, Volume of Concrete is calculated in two parts.
Bottom
Rectangular portion is calculated separately and Trapezoidal volume is calculated
separately.

Rectangular Volume = L*B*D


Trapezoidal Volume V= H/3 (A1 + A2 + (A1 + A2)
Total Volume = Rectangular Volume + Trapezoidal Volume

Where V= Volume; h= height;

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A1 and A2 are area at the Top and Bottom
ends.

5. Columns: Columns shall be measured from top of Column base to underside of


first floor slab and subsequently from top of floor slab to underside of floor slab
above. Incase of Columns for flat slabs, flare of column shall be included with
column for Measurement.
6. Beams: Beams shall be measured from face to face of columns and shall include
haunches, if any, between columns and beams. The depth of beams shall be
measured from bottom of slab to bottom of the beam except incase of inverted
beam where it shall be measured from top of slab to top of beam.
7. Pedestals: Pedestals is measured from top of Footing to top/ Bottom of plinth
beam depending on site conditions. If measured up to bottom of Plinth beam then
Ground floor column can be measured from Bottom of plinth beam to underside of
slab. The Height of Pedestal can be arrived from levels of footing and plinth beam.
The Height shall be crosschecked with site also.

FORM WORKS:

1. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m.


2. Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 m2.
3. Formwork shall be measured in sqm as the actual surfaces in contact with the
concrete or any other material requiring formwork.
4. Shuttering For PCC Edges has to be taken unless otherwise it is mass Pcc.
5. Footing:
Footing shuttering = 2(L+B)*D Where L Length, B Breadth, D
Depth.

6. Column shuttering is calculated same as above. But height of column should be


taken from top of column base to underside of floor slab. Pedestal shuttering is also
normally taken in Column shuttering. Circular Columns should be taken separately
i.e. Q= 2 r h/ dh where r- radius and d Diameter, h - Column height.
7. In case of Flat slabs for column-shuttering height of column is taken up to bottom
of column capital and capital shuttering should be taken separately.
8. No Deductions shall be made for opening up to 0.4 m2. No Deduction shall be
made for any opening /cutouts when slip form technique is used.

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9. Formwork to secondary beams shall be measured up to the sides of main beams,
but no deduction shall be made from the formwork of the main beam where the
secondary beam intersects it. Formwork to beam shall be measured up to sides of
column, but no deduction shall be made from the formwork to stanchion or column
casings at intersections of beam.
10. Examples for calculating Footing Concrete & Shuttering: Size of Footing = 4 m x 3m
x 0.8 m with PCC 100 mm thick below with offset of 100 mm all sides.

0.8m 0.9 m

4m

4.2 m
Rectangular Footing

Footing PCC quantity = Lx B x D = 4.2 x 3.2 x 0.1 = 1.34 cum


Footing PCC Shuttering = 2x(L+B) x D = 2x (4.2+3.2) x 0.1 = 1.48 sqm
Footing Concrete Quantity = Lx B x D = 4 x 3 x 0.8 = 9.6 cum
Footing Shuttering Quantity = 2 x (L + B) x D = 2 x (4 + 3) x 0.8 = 11.2 sqm

3m
1.28 m

.8 m

1.0 m

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5m
5.2 m

1m 3m 5.2m 5m

3m
1m
Trapezoidal Footing
PCC concrete and shuttering quantity is calculated similarly as above example.
Concrete quantity for trapezoidal footing = Trapezoidal volume +Rectangular Volume
= d/3 x (A1+A2+(A1+A2))+Lx B x D
A1 = 5 x 5 = 25 m2
A2 = 3 x 3 = 9 m2
Concrete Quantity = 0.8/3 x (25 + 9 + (25+9))+5x5x1 = 10.62+25=35.62 cum
Shuttering Quantity = 2 x (L+B) x D = 2 x (5+5) x 1 = 20 m 2

Example for Beam, column and Slab Concrete & Shuttering:


C1 B1 C1

A A
B1 SLAB 100mm thk 3.6 m B1
4m

5.6 m

20
C1 B1 C1

6m
Slab 100 mm thk

Beam 200 x 600


4.5 m

2.9m 3.0 m
2.4 m

Section AA
C1 Column 200 x 750 mm; B1 Beam 200 x 450 mm
Column Concrete & Shuttering:
Column concrete for C1 = L x B x D = 0.75 x 0.2 x 2.9 = 0.44 cum
For four no = 4 x 0.44 = 1.76 cum
Column shuttering for C1 = 2 x (L + B) x D = 2 x (0.75+0.2) x 2.9 = 5.51 m 2
For Four no = 4 x 5.51 = 22.04 m2

Slab Concrete & Shuttering:


Slab Concrete = L x B x D = 6 x 4 x 0.1 = 2.4 m3
Slab Shuttering = L x B = 5.6 x 3.6 = 20.16 m 2
Beam Concrete:
Beam Concrete in longer span = L x B x D = 4.5 x 0.2 x 0.5 = 0.45 cum
For 2 Beams = 2 x 0.45 = 0.9 cum

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Beam concrete in shorter span = L x B x D = 3.6 x 0.2 x 0.5 = 0.36 cum
For 2 Beams = 2 x 0.36 = 0.72 cum
Total Beam Concrete = 0.72+0.9 = 1.62 cum

Beam Shuttering:
Beam Shuttering in longer span = 2 x L x (D1 + D2) = 2 x 4.5 x (0.6+0.5) = 9.9 m 2
For 2 beams = 2 x 9.9 = 19.8 m2
Beam Shuttering in Shorter span = 2 x L x (D1 + D2) = 2 x 3.6 x (0.6+0.5) = 7.92 m 2
For 2 Beams = 2 x 7.92 = 15.84 m2
Total Beam Shuttering = 19.8 + 15.84 = 35.64 m2

Reinforcement:
1. Reinforcement is measured normally in metric tones-MT. Unit weight of steel is
7850 kg/cum
2. Weight of bars/rm for different dia can be calculated using w= D 2/162 where w-
weight in kg; D-Dia of bar in mm
3. Normally lap of bars is taken as 50 times diameter. When two different dia is lapped
together
the lap length is taken as 50 times of smaller dia.
4. Normally no. of bars in footing mat is calculated by
No of bars in shorter direction =(Length of longer side cover in both ends/
spacing) +1
No of bars in Longer direction =(Length of Shorter side cover in both ends/
spacing) +1
5. Cover of footing is 50 mm, Column is 40 mm, beam is 25 mm and slab is 15mm.It
may vary as per design and site.
6. For Tie Bars in columns and stirrups in beam the hook length is taken as 100mm
normally.
7. Extra rods provided as per site should be claimed with proper back up and site
instruction.
8. Chair rods in footing, slab and spacer bars in Beam should be claimed unless
otherwise it is mentioned in the purchase order.
9. Tie bars and stirrups will not be claimed in beam-column junction unless or
otherwise it is done in site.

Masonry works:

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1. For size stone masonry proper CVI should be maintained at site confirming the
width and depth of courses to be done. Site measurements should be taken and
hand sketches should be made with location, width, Depth and length of the
courses. Appropriate levels can also support it. UOM is in cum.
2. Pcc Below SSM and Damp proof course above SSM should be claimed including
shuttering to the sides in Plain cement concrete Item.
3. Blocks of different sizes and specification should be claimed separately. Actual
Height is taken including concrete packing at the top course.
4. Block work is measured in sqm and 12.5 Blocks is considered for 1 sqm.
5. Openings for windows and Doors and other opening should be deducted. Area for
lintels above doors and windows shall not be deducted.
6. Soling is measured in cum. The depth should be supported with levels. Any
deviations should be recorded and can be claimed if it can be justified.
7. Block work/Brickwork for step works is normally missed out. PCC Below steps and
shuttering for edges also should be taken in to account while billing.
8. Brickwork 115 mm thk is measured in sqm. Normally it is done as skin wall in toilet
in water closet area.
9. Brickwork more than 115 mm thk is measured in cum. If standard bricks are used,
500 nos are required for 1 cum.
10. Cinder filling is measured in cum and is done in sunken and hollow portions like
Stepped/sloped classrooms and toilets.

Plastering works:
1.
Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m.
2.
Areas shall worked out to the nearest 0.1 m2
3.
Preparatory work, such as raking out joints, scarifying and cleaning, shall be
included in the description of item unless otherwise specified.
4.
Plasterwork shall be classified according to the material used and each
classification shall be measured separately.
5.
The following particulars shall be given for each classification.
Mix of mortar;
Number of coats and thickness of each coat;
Nature of surface treatment;
Nature of base;

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Curved work, conical work, spherical work and elliptical work stating the
radius; and
Any special treatment of base.
6.
Plastering on roofs, ceilings and walls shall be measured separately.
7.
Removing plaster by scraping or otherwise shall be measured separately in sqm.
8.
Plastering in Isolated widths or in Widths not forming part of general plastering
work (as in bands, cornices, sunk, panels, etc) and in chamfers, rounded angles
exceeding 80 mm in girth shall be measured as below:
30 cm or below in width/girth, in running meters; and
Width/girth above 30 cm in sqm.
9.
Plastering at a height greater than 10 m above ground / datum level shall be
measured separately in stages of 5 m height except interior plastering incase of
building which shall be measured separately for each storey.
10.
All plastering shall be measured in sqm unless otherwise described
11.
No Deductions shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts, etc, and openings not
exceeding 0.5 m2 each and not exceeding 0.5 m 2 each and no addition shall be
made for reveals, jambs, soffits, etc, of these openings nor for finish to plaster
around ends of joists, beams, posts, etc.
12.
Deductions for openings exceeding 0.5 m2 but not exceeding 3 m2 each shall be
made as follows and no addition shall be made as follows and no addition shall be
made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sill, etc, of these openings:
When both faces of wall are plastered with same plaster, deduction shall be
made fro one face only.
When two faces of wall are plastered with different types of plaster 50%
Deduction shall be made on either side.
When only one face is plastered and the other face is not, full deduction
shall be made from plaster if width of reveal on plastered side is less than
that on unplastered side but if widths of reveal on both sides are equal or
width of reveal on both sides are equal or width of reveal on plastered side
is more, no deduction shall be made.

13.
Incase of openings of area above 3 m 2 each, deduction shall be made for opening
on each face but jambs, soffits and sills shall be measured.
14.
Ceilings shall be measured between walls or partitions and dimensions before
plastering shall be taken. Width covered by cornices or coves, if any shall be
deducted.

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15.
Soffits of stairs shall be measured as plastering on ceilings. Ribs and mouldings on
ceilings shall be measured as for cornices, deduction being made from plastering if
width/girth exceeds 15 cm.
16.
Measurement of wall plastering shall be taken between walls or partitions
(Dimensions before plastering being taken) for length and from top of floor or
skirting to ceiling for height. Depth of cornices or coves, if any, shall be deducted.
When taken from top of skirting, for deduction of doors, height of opening should
be considered subtracting the skirting height.
17.
Plastering on honeycomb work shall be described and measured in sqm on the
basis of overall superficial area without deducting openings.

Paving, Floor Finishes, Dado and Skirting:


1. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m and areas shall be worked out
to nearest 0.01 m2 Except for skirting, which is measured in Rm.
2. Expansion and dummy joints shall be described and measured separately in Rm
stating depth and width of joints. The filler shall be described and included in the
description of item.
3. Curved work, conical work and spherical work shall be measured separately.
4. Insitu finishes shall be classified according to the kind of material (for Example,
granolithic, terrazzo, mosaic, etc) and measured separately. The following
particulars shall be given for each classification:
Composition and mix;
Thickness, which shall be exclusive of keys, grooves and open joints;
Number of coats;
Nature of surface treatment (for example, steel trowelled, wood floated,
polished, sprinkled with carborundum powder, etc);
Nature of base and any special treatment to the same; and
Situations, for example, whether in flooring or in dado/skirting
5. No Deduction shall be made for voids not exceeding 0.2 m2.
6. Work in treads, risers and edges of landings shall be measured in square meters.
Work in landing shall be included in main item.
7. Moulded nosing shall be measured in Rm. Dodos shall be measured in sqm. Skirting
shall be measured in Rm stating height.
8. Granite and tile works should be described in detail like thickness of mortar bed /
cerabond or araldite backing with details like nosing and chamfering and width
incase it is measured in rm.

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White washing, colour washing, Distempering, and painting works etc

1. Method of measurements is same as that of plastering.


2. The Description should be clear like number of basecoats and final coats.
3. Deductions for openings are same as like that of plastering
4. Corrugated surfaces shall be measured flat as fixed and not girthed. Quantities so
measured shall be increased by the following % and resultant shall be included in
general areas:
Corrugated steel sheets - 14 percent
Corrugated asbestos cement sheet - 20 percent
Semi-corrugated asbestos cement sheets - 10 percent
Nainital pattern roofs (Plain sheeting with rolls) - 10 percent
Nainital pattern roofs with corrugated sheets - 25 Percent
5. Area of uneven surfaces be converted into equivalent plain areas as under:
External walls of plain brick work faced with recessed, raised or weather
stuck pointing - 20 percent
Sand faced plaster width up to 4 mm size - 50 percent
Rough cast plaster with stone aggregate up to 10 mm 100 percent
Pebble dash finish 275 percent
6. Rcc jallies up to 50 mm thick, the quantity shall be increased by 50 percent if
painted on one side and 70 percent if painted on both sides; when thicker than 50
mm the quantity shall be based on actual area painted.

Demolition and Dismantling:

1. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m, Areas shall be worked out to
the nearest 0.01 m2 and volume to nearest .01 m3.
2. Works required to be demolished and to be dismantled shall be measured
separately.
3. Distances exceeding 100 m and up to 1 km shall be measured in units of 100 m
and those exceeding 1 km in units of 500 m.

Antitermite Treatment:
1. Antitermite treatment is measured in sqm.
2. Area to be considered is the plinth area of the building.

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Gypsum and false ceiling works:

1. Grid ceiling works is measured in sqm

2. If client supply the material it should be billed separately and our supply is there it

should be billed separately. Wastage should not exceed more than 5%.

3. Materials normally used are Grid tiles 600 x 600(owatiles, aerolite). The materials

used for Grid works are Main Tee, Cross Tee 1.2 m, Cross Tee 0.6 m, J hook, MS

wires, perimeter angles, & Black screw.

4. Gypsum ceiling is measured in sqm. Plain and Decorative ceilings should be billed

separately. The drops for the ceiling should be taken in to account based on the

rate analysis. Normally for Infosys projects the drops are also measured for the

gypsum ceiling quantity.

5. Gypsum partitions are measured in sqm. The width of the partition, Double side

board or single side board, number of boards on either side etc should be clearly

mentioned based on which the rates are decided.

6. Gypsum cladding and Boxing for Beams and columns are measured in sqm.

7. Wastage allowed is only 5%. If wastage increases it has to be supported with proper

backup and workings, so that it can be claimed.

8. Gypsum punning and POP punning is measured in sqm. The method of

measurement followed for plastering and painting is applicable for POP/Gypsum

punning.

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5.RUNNING BILLS & FINAL BILLS
Running Bills:

Running bills are prepared every month based upon the work executed in the site. The
Billing engineer has to take the actual measurement at site and prepare the bill. The
running bills should be raised before 25 th of every month and submitted for certification,
along with the invoice before 28 th of the month. A copy of the running bill has to be
forwarded to estimation department on 25 th of every month. The running bills should be
certified within 28 days from preparation. The Bill submission date varies as per Location
of site and requirement of client.
Running bill abstract shall be divided into three parts
Annexure A: Items as per PO
Annexure B: Items Exceeding PO
Annexure C: Non Tendered Items
In Annexure A, all the items as per the Purchase order / work order should be included
irrespective of whether its executed in the site or not. If an item is not executed then the
quantity and value will be zero.
In Annexure B, only the items, which are exceeding the PO/WO, shall be included. The
items number should be same as that of the PO. The quantities that are exceeding the PO
quantity shall be included in this annexure.
In Annexure C, all non-tendered items are included. The specification and quantity as
executed in the site are shown in this annexure. The estimation department will give the
rate for the non-tendered item. All non-tendered items should be supported by any of the
following.

(a) Site Instruction from Client/architect/consultant


(b) Drawings issued by the architect
(c) Confirmation of Verbal instruction issued by
client/consultant/architect
(d) Minutes of meeting, if the same is discussed & approved in the
meeting

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Pre final
The pre final / final bill should be prepared within 14 days after the handing
over/completion of the project. The final bill should have the following
Reconciliation statement (client supply and company supplied materials)
Certified copy of all running bills
Supporting documents for Non Tendered items
Rates for Non tendered items (Which shall be provided by estimation department)

The copy of the Pre final bill should be given to QAD for final checking. The final bill should
be submitted for certification after QAD auditing.

The Pre final bill should be certified within 56 days from the date of
preparation/submission.

After certification of Pre Final bill, a copy of the bill has to be forwarded to estimation
department for amendment of the PO. The estimation department will take up the PO
amendment.

FINAL BILL:
Final bill shall be raised only after the amendment of PO. The final bill value
should be equal to the Amended PO Value, so that there will be no problem in accounting
the invoice and for closure of the PO.

6. NT ITEMS AND DEVIATIONS FROM PO

The Non Tendered items and deviations will happen in almost all projects. Any item that is
not considered in the estimate is a Non Tendered item. Any which is considered in the
estimate and during the time of execution there is a change in the specification can be
considered as deviation item. For example, in the estimate the following item is considered

(a) Providing and fixing 190mm high skirting in Jet Black Granite flushed to the wall
surface with mortar backing including chamfering the edges for Staircase

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It is decided to use Multi color granite instead of jet-black granite, and then the item will
be a deviation item from the original specification. Although the item is considered in
estimate, the rate for the item varies due to change in specification.

If an entirely new item of work, which is not considered in the estimate, is introduced, the
item is billed in Non Tendered item. In normal case, the specification of non-tendered item
has to be clearly decided and the rate has to be finalized before starting the job. But in
very few exceptional cases, the item can be executed with the written approval of
client/consultant.

7. QAD AUDITING
The quantity audit department will audit the client bills periodically.

Its the responsibility of the billing engineer to give full support to the audit team. Each

item has to be explained properly and any variation informed by the audit team should be

incorporated in the subsequent bills. The audit team will scrutinize the following elements

a. Method of measurement

b. Status of drawing

c. NT items

d. Site Instruction

e. Stages of certification

f. Expenditure Vs Bill - Comparison

g. Missed out / Deviation Items

h. Rates

The billing engineer has to produce the clear facts related to above items. The audit team

will explain the drawbacks, if any, and care should be taken to avoid it.

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8. BILL CERTIFICATION:
This is one of the most important jobs as far as billing engineers are

concerned. Bill prepared has to be properly submitted to the client/consultant with

necessary documents such as invoice, abstract sheet, detailed measurement sheet, site

instruction/CVI, drawings etc. The client/consultant will verify the bill as executed in site

and certify based on actual. The billing engineer has to explain each item properly with the

help of drawings, hand sketch. There should not be any disparity in the bill submitted. Any

correction proposed by the client/consultant has to be done immediately.

Following points has to be noted before submitting the bill

Properly file the abstract, measurement sheet. The original has to be submitted and

the copy to be retained by the billing engineer.

The invoice in the first page followed by bill abstract, copy of PO and measurement

sheet

The measurement sheet should be numbered and the page no has to be indicated

in the remarks column of abstract sheet against the item of work

Relevant drawings/ hand sketches to be filed along with the measurement sheet

Any carry over / back file to be indicated with page numbers

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After the certification of the bills, necessary corrections as mentioned by the

architect/consultant/client to be incorporated in the bill and a copy of the bill duly signed

by the architect/consultant/client to be forwarded to estimation/billing department. The

architect/consultant/client may issue a certificate of payment, which reflects the amount

due to the contractor and taxes to be paid by the client against the work executed.

The billing engineer should take minimum time possible for certification of the bills. The

time allotted for certification of running bills is 28 days and final bill is 56 days.

9.RECONCILIATION

All materials used in the project have to be reconciled and the

reconciliation of client-supplied material has to be attached with the final bill. The

intention of reconciliation is to arrive the percentage of wastages incurred during the

course of the project and comparing with the permissible percentage of wastages. The

reconciliation has to be carried out monthly so that a control on excess wastages of

materials is achieved. The major items, which are to be recon ciliated, are

Civil & Finishes Works

1. Ready mix concrete All Grades

2. Cement

3. Steel

4. Sand

5. Tiles

6. Size Stone

7. Blocks

8. Structural Steel

9. Gypsum Materials

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10. Grid Ceiling materials

11. Granite

The format used for preparing the reconciliation statement is attached.

10.INVOICING
The bill carries details about the specification, Unit of measurement, quantity,
rate and amount. Apart from these there is a tax component, which may not be shown in
the bill abstract. The tax component may be for the entire amount of bill raised or for
certain item of work. While we submit the bill to the client, the tax component has to be
added and we have to raise a claim for the entire amount. The Invoice is the claim put
forward by the contractor for the item of work executed as per the agreement along with
the taxes/duties as applicable.

The accounts department does invoicing in co ordination with billing department.


The invoice will carry following details

Name and Address of the client


Invoice No and Date
Project Name
Running bill No
TIN/CST No and date
PO/WO/LOI No and date
PAN No/ Service tax No and date
Bill Value
Taxes
Total Invoice value
Signature of authorized person

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If the tax component is for the entire bill value then its shown in the invoice itself. If the
tax component is for certain item of work then there should be separate working sheet
attached clearly showing the applicable taxes and the same has to be reflected in the
invoice.

The copy of the bill has to be forwarded to accounts department for invoicing. The
accounts department will provide the appropriate tax percentage/value as per the terms
and conditions in PO/WO/LOI.

ANNEXURE
(1) Format of measurement sheet
(2) Format of bill abstract
(3) Format of reconciliation statement
COST CONTROL CHECK LIST FOR PROJECTS

ACTIVITIES POINTS TO BE NOTED BILLING MECHANISM / STANDARDS


Working space 300mm from Footing face
Natural Ground levels Block leveling before excavation starts
EARTH WORKS
Excavation depth Not more than shown in the Drawings
Location to be agreed with Client to
Stacking excavated earth
avoid any double shifting

Depth of PCC Not more than shown in the Drawings


PCC WORKS Grade of PCC As mentioned in Drawings
Offset of PCC from Footing Not more than shown in the Drawings

Wastages Not more than 3%


REINFORCEMENT Try to use maximum in Lintels / Grade
Cut pieces
slabs

No wastages (0%), ideally there should


Wastages in RMC
be savings of reinforcement volume.
Thickness of Slabs Not more than shown in the Drawings
RCC WORKS Should be cross verified every time for
major concreting with the actual
RMC volume received
quantity of work done to the Theoretical
Quantity

Not less than 4 for ordinary plywood


No of Repetitions
Not less than 8 for film faced plywood
SHUTTERING WORKS Must be worked out at the beginning say
If standard repetitions not
before 30 days from Starting of the
available
Project and informed to Contracts.

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Wastages In Blocks Not more than 5%
No wastages allowed, it must be reused
Mortar wastages
BLOCK WORKS simultaneously
Must be maintained as per proportion by
Mortar mix
Volume batching

Not more than 15mm for internal


plastering
Average Thickness of Plaster
Not more than 25mm for External
plastering
PLASTERING
No wastages allowed, it must be reused
Mortar wastages
simultaneously
Must be maintained as per proportion by
Mortar mix
Volume batching

Tile normal wastages Not more than 6% unless design flooring

Must be worked out in the beginning and


Any Additional wastages documented with the approval from
Architects/Clients/Contracts

TILE FLOORING Not more than as shown in the drawings


for example for 50mm thick floor
Average Mortar bed thickness finishes it must be equal or less than
42mm (50mm-8mm) considering
thickness of tile as 8mm
Must be maintained as per proportion by
Mortar mix
Volume batching

Not more than 10% unless design


Granite normal wastages
flooring
Must be worked out in the beginning and
Any Additional wastages documented with the approval from
Architects/Clients/Contracts

GRANITE FLOORING Not more than as shown in the drawings


for example for 50mm thick floor
Average Mortar bed thickness finishes it must be equal or less than
30mm (50mm-20mm) considering
thickness of Granite as 20mm
Must be maintained as per proportion by
Mortar mix
Volume batching

TILE DADOING Tile normal wastages Not more than 8% unless design
Must be worked out in the beginning and
Any Additional wastages documented with the approval from
Architects/Clients/Contracts
Rough plastering thickness Not more than 15mm
Average Mortar backing Not more than 20mm
thickness

35
Must be maintained as per proportion by
Mortar mix
Volume batching

Gypsum board wastages Not more than 5% unless design


Grid tile wastages Not more than 5% unless design
FALSE CEILING Must be worked out in the beginning and
Any Additional wastages documented with the approval from
Architects/Clients/Contracts

Cement wastages Not more than 3%


GENERAL MATERIALS
Sand wastages Not more than 20%

Location must be studied at the


beginning and Client approval must be
Site infrastructure like Office, taken on a drawing. Any relocation must

PRELIMINARIES go down, stores, lab etc be as per the instructions from


Architects/Clients, which must be
claimed in the bill and get certified.
Material stack yard Same as above
Labour sheds Same as above

Any shifting as per Client/Architect


instructions must be documented with
approx loads before starting the work on
Site instructions, which may be other
TRACTOR LOADS Shifting works
contractors work, demolition works,
office shifting, stack yard shifting etc.
(which are not due to our internal
requirement)

Must be charged to them with some


lumpsum amount fixed at the beginning.
This is only if we are sourcing the supply
WATER & Supplied to Other Client side
(when Client is not supplying the Water
ELECTRICITY Contractors
& electricity free of cost or if he is
supplying and deducting from our bills
based on the consumption)

SCAFFOLDING Provided to Other Client side Must be charged to them with some
Contractors lumpsum amount fixed at the beginning.

36
Provided at a later stage for
Must be recorded and charged to Client
modifications due to Architect /
with Site instructions
Client instructions

It must be done monthly for Cement,


Reconciliation of Major
RECONCILIATION Sand, Aggregates, RMC, Reinforcement,
materials
Granite and Tiles, Gypsum & Grid tiles.

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