Professional Documents
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A.1 A.3
International System of Units 1767 Chemical Resistance of Materials 1799
International System of Units (Table A.1a) 1768 Chemical Resistance of Materials
Alphabetical List of Units (Symbols of SI units given (Table A.3a) 1800
in parentheses) (Table A.1b) 1769
A.4
A.2 Composition of Metallic and
Engineering Conversion Factors 1777 Other Materials 1806
Conversion Factors (Table A.2a) 1777 Composition of Metallic and Other Materials
Units of Area (Table A.2b) 1788 (Table A.4a) 1806
Units of Density (Table A.2c) 1788
Units of Work, Energy, Heat A.5
(Table A.2d) 1788 Steam and Water Tables 1809
Units of Mass Flow (Table A.2e) 1788
Dry Saturated Steam: Temperature Table
Units of Volume Flow (Table A.2f) 1788
(Table A.5a) 1810
Units of Length (Table A.2g) 1788
Properties of Superheated Steam
Linear Conversion (Table A.2h) 1789
(Table A.5b) 1812
Units of Power (Table A.2i) 1790
Properties of Water at Various Temperatures from 40
Units of Pressure (Table A.2j) 1790
to 540F (4.4 to 282.2C) (Table A.5c) 1816
Pressure Conversion (Table A.2k) 1791
Pressure Head Conversion
(Table A.2l) 1792 A.6
Temperature Conversion (Table A.2m) 1793 Friction Loss in Pipes 1817
Units of Time (Table A.2n) 1793 Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 1 in. Steel Pipe
Units of Velocity (Table A.2o) 1793 (Figure A.6a) 1818
Viscosity Conversion (Table A.2p) 1794 Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 1.5 in. Steel Pipe
Viscosity Conversion Chart (Figure A.6b) 1818
(Table A.2q) 1796 Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 2 in. Steel Pipe
Approximate Viscosity Conversion Chart (Figure A.6c) 1819
(Table A.2r) 1797 Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 3 in. Steel Pipe
Units of Volume (Table A.2s) 1798 (Figure A.6d) 1819
Units of Weight (Table A.2t) 1798 Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 4 in. Steel Pipe
Weight Conversion (Table A.2u) 1798 (Figure A.6e) 1820
1765
2003 by Bla Liptk
1766 Analytical Instrumentation
Friction Loss Modulus for 100 ft of 6 in. Steel Pipe Capacities of Various Cylinders in U.S. Gallons
(Figure A.6f) 1820 (Table A.7c) 1823
A.7
Tank Volumes 1821 A.8
Capacity of Round Tanks (per foot of depth) Directory of Lost Companies 1824
(Table A.7a) 1821 Introduction 1824
Capacity of Partially Filled Horizontal Tanks Alphabetic Listing of Lost Companies
(Table A.7b) 1822 (Table A.8a) 1825
The decimal system of units was conceived in the 16th cen- For example:
tury when there was a great confusion and jumble of units 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 10
-2
1767
2003 by Bla Liptk
1768 A.1 International System of Units
TABLE A.1a
International System of Units
Quantity Unit SI Symbol Formula Quantity Unit SI Symbol Formula
Base Units electromotive force volt V W/A
length meter m energy joule J Nm
mass kilogram kg entropy joule per kelvin J/K
2
time second s force newton N kgm/s
electric current ampere A frequency hertz Hz (cycle)/s
2
thermodynamic kelvin K illuminance lux lx lm/m
temperature luminance candela per cd/m
2
A B
abampere ampere (A) 1.000 000*E+01 bar pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E+05
2 2
abcoulomb coulomb (C) 1.000 000*E+01 barn meter (m ) 1.000 000*E-28
3 3
abfarad farad (F) 1.000 000*E+09 barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal) meter (m ) 1.589 873 E-01
3 3
abhenry henry (H) 1.000 000*E+09 board foot meter (m ) 2.359 737 E-03
b
abmho siemens (S) 1.000 000*E+09 British thermal unit (International Table) joule (J) 1.055 056 E+03
abohm ohm (W) 1.000 000*E+09 British thermal unit (mean) joule (J) 1.055 87 E+03
abvolt volt (V) 1.000 000*E+08 British thermal unit (thermochemical) joule (J) 1.054 350 E+03
a 3 3
acre foot (U.S. survey) meter (m ) 1.233 489 E+03 British thermal unit (39F) joule (J) 1.059 67 E+03
a 2 2
acre (U.S. survey) meter (m ) 4.046 873 E+03 British thermal unit (59F) joule (J) 1.054 80 E+03
ampere hour coulomb (C) 3.600 000*E+03 British thermal unit (60F) joule (J) 1.054 68 E+03
2 2 2
are meter (m ) 1.000 000*E+02 Btu (International Table) ft/h ft F watt per meter-kelvin (W/mK) 1.730 735 E+00
angstrom meter (m) 1.000 000*E-10 (k, thermal conductivity)
2
astronomical unit meter (m) 1.495 979 E+11 Btu (thermochemical) ft/h ft F watt per meter-kelvin (W/m K) 1.729 577 E+00
(k, thermal conductivity)
atmosphere (standard) pascal (Pa) 1.013 250*E+05 2
2 Btu (International Table) in./h ft F watt per meter-kelvin (W/mK) 1.442 279 E-01
atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf/cm ) pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+04
(k, thermal conductivity)
a 2
Since 1893, the U.S. basis of length measurement has been derived from metric standards. Btu (thermochemical) in./h ft F watt per meter-kelvin (W/mK) 1.441 314 E-01
In 1959, a small refinement was made in the definition of the yard to resolve discrepancies (k, thermal conductivity)
both in this country and abroad, which changed its length from 3600 /3937 m to 0.9144 m 2
Btu (International Table) in./s ft F watt per meter-kelvin (W/mK) 5.192 204 E+02
exactly. This resulted in the new value being shorter by two parts in a million. (k, thermal conductivity)
1769
2003 by Bla Liptk
2003 by Bla Liptk
1770
TABLE A.1b Continued
Alphabetical List of Units (Symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
2 2
cal (thermochemical)/cm min watt per meter (W/m ) 6.973 333 E+02
Btu (thermochemical)/ s ft F watt per meter -kelvin 2.042 808 E+04 2
cal (thermochemical)/cm s
2
watt per meter (W/m )
2
4.184 000*E+04
2
(W/m K)
cal (thermochemical)/cm s C watt per meter-kelvin 4.184 000*E+02
Btu (International Table)/lb joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.326 000*E+03 (W/m K)
Btu (thermochemical)/lb joule per kilogram (J/kg) 2.324 444 E+03 carat (metric) kilogram (kg) 2.000 000*E-04
Btu (International Table)/lb F joule per kilogram-kelvin 4.186 800*E+03 centimeter of mercury (0C) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+03
(c, heat capacity) (J/kg K)
centimeter of water (4C) pascal (Pa) 9.806 38 E+01
Btu (thermochemical)/lb F joule per kilogram-kelvin 4.184 000 E+03
centipoise pascal second (Pa s) 1.000 000*E-03
(c, heat capacity) (J/kg K)
2 2
3 3 centistokes meter per second (m /s) 1.000 000*E-06
bushel (U.S.) meter (m ) 3.523 907 E-02
2 2
circular mil meter (m ) 5.067 075 E-10
2 2
C clo kelvin meter per watt (K m /W) 2.003 712 E-01
3 3
caliber (inch) meter (m) 2.540 000*E-02 cup meter (m ) 2.365 882 E-04
calorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+00 curie becquerel (Bq) 3.700 000*E+10
calorie (mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+00
D
calorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184 000*E+00
day (mean solar) second (s) 8.640 000 E+04
calorie (15C) joule (J) 4.185 80 E+00
day (sidereal) second (s) 8.616 409 E+04
calorie (20C) joule (J) 4.181 90 E+00
degree (angle) radian (rad) 1.745 329 E-02
calorie (kilogram, International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+03
degree Celsius Kelvin (K)
calorie (kilogram, mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03
2 2 2
degree centigrade [see footnote c] tK = tC+273.15 erg/(cm s) watt per meter (W/m ) 1.000 000*E-03
degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius tC = (tF-32)/1.8 erg/s watt (W) 1.000 000*E-07
degree Fahrenheit kelvin (K) tK = (tF+459.67)/1.8 erg joule (J) 1.000 000*E-07
degree Rankine kelvin (K) tK = tR/1.8
2 2 F
F h ft /Btu (International Table) kelvin meter per watt 1.761 102 E-01
(R, thermal resistance)
2
(K m /W) faraday (based on carbon-12) coulomb (C) 9.648 70 E+04
2
F h ft /Btu (thermochemical
2
kelvin meter per watt 1.762 280 E-01 faraday (chemical) coulomb (C) 9.649 57 E+04
2
(R, thermal resistance) (K m /W) faraday (physical) coulomb (C) 9.652 19 E+04
denier kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.111 111 E-07 fathom meter (m) 1.828 8 E+00
dyne newton (N) 1.000 000*E-05 fermi (femtometer) meter (m) 1.000 000*E-15
3 3
dyne/cm newton meter (N m) 1.000 000*E-07 fluid ounce (U.S.) meter (m ) 2.957 353 E-05
2
dyne/cm pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E-01 foot meter (m) 3.048 000*E-01
a
foot (U.S. survey) meter (m) 3.048 006 E-01
E
foot of water (39.2F) pascal (Pa) 2.988 98 E+03
electronvolt joule (J) 1.602 19 E-19 2 2 2
ft meter (m ) 9.290 304*E-02
EMU of capacitance farad (F) 1.000 000*E+09 2 2 2
ft /h (thermal diffusivity) meter per second (m /s) 2.580 640*E-05
EMU of current ampere (A) 1.000 000*E+01 2 2 2
ft /s meter per second (m /s) 9.290 304*E-02
EMU of electric potential volt (V) 1.000 000*E-08 3 3 3
ft (volume; section modulus) meter (m ) 2.831 685 E-02
EMU of inductance henry (H) 1.000 000*E-09 3 3 3
ft /min meter per second (m /s) 4.719 474 E-04
EMU of resistance ohm (W) 1.000 000*E-09 3 3 3
ft /s meter per second (m /s) 2.831 685 E-02
ESU of capacitance farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12 4 d 4 4
ft (moment of section) meter (m ) 8.630 975 E-03
ESU of current ampere (A) 3.335 6 E-10
ft/h meter per second (m/s) 8.466 667 E-05
ESU of electric potential volt (V) 2.997 9 E+02
ft/min meter per second (m/s) 5.080 000*E-03
ESU of inductance henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11 ft/s meter per second (m/s) 3.048 000*E-01
1771
2003 by Bla Liptk
2003 by Bla Liptk
1772
TABLE A.1b Continued
Alphabetical List of Units (Symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
gamma tesla (T) 1.000 000*E-09 inch of mercury (60F) pascal (Pa) 3.376 85 E+03
gauss tesla (T) 1.000 000*E-04 inch of water (39.2F) pascal (Pa) 2.490 82 E+03
gilbert ampere (A) 7.957 747 E-01 inch of water (60F) pascal (Pa) 2.488 4 E+02
2 2 2
gill (U.K.)
3
meter (m )
3
1.420 654 E-04 in. meter (m ) 6.451 600*E-04
3 e 3 3
gill (U.S.)
3
meter (m )
3
1.182 941 E-04 in. (volume; section modulus) meter (m ) 1.638 706 E-05
3 3 3
grad degree (angular) 9.000 000*E-01 in. /min meter per second (m /s) 2.731 177 E-07
4 4 4 4
grad radian (rad) 1.570 796 E-02 in. (moment of section) meter (m ) 4.162 314 E-07
grain (1/7000 lb avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 6.479 891*E-05 in./s meter per second (m/s) 2.540 000*E-02
2 2 2
grain (lb avoirdupois/7000)/gal kilogram per meter
3
1.711 806 E-02 in./s meter per second (m/s ) 2.540 000*E-02
3
(U.S. liquid) (kg/m )
K
gram kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E-03
3 3 kayser 1 per meter (1/m) 1.000 000*E+02
g/cm kilogram per meter 1.000 000*E+03
3
(kg/m ) kelvin degree Celsius tC = tK - 273.15
gram-force/cm
2
pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+01 kilocalorie (International Table) joule (J) 4.186 800*E+03
e
The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4*E-05.
kilocalorie (mean) joule (J) 4.190 02 E+03 mile (international) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03
kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184 000*E+03 mile (statute) meter (m) 1.609 3 E+03
a
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/min watt (W) 6.973 333 E+01 mile (U.S. survey) meter (m) 1.609 347 E+03
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/s watt (W) 4.184 000*E+03 mile (international nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03
kilogram-force (kgf) newton (N) 9.806 650*E+00 mile (U.K. nautical) meter (m) 1.853 184*E+03
kgfm newton meter (Nm) 9.806 650*E+00 mile (U.S. nautical) meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03
2 2 2 2
kgfs /m (mass) kilogram (kg) 9.806 650*E+00 mi (international) meter (m ) 2.589 988 E+06
2 2 a 2 2
kgf/cm pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+04 mi (U.S. survey) meter (m ) 2.589 998 E+06
2
kgf/m pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+00 mi/h (international) meter per second (m/s) 4.470 400*E-01
2
kgf/mm pascal (Pa) 9.806 650*E+06 mi/h (international) kilometer per hour (km/h) 1.609 344*E+01
km/h meter per second (m/s) 2.777 778 E-01 mi/min (international) meter per second (m/s) 2.682 240*E+01
kilopond newton (N) 9.806 650*E+00 mi/s (international) meter per second (m/s) 1.609 344*E+03
kWh joule (J) 3.600 000*E+06 millibar pascal (Pa) 1.000 000*E+02
kip (1000 lbf) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03 millimeter of mercury (0C) pascal (Pa) 1.333 22 E+02
2
kip/in (ksi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+06 minute (angle) radian (rad) 2.908 882 E-04
knot (international) meter per second (m/s) 5.144 444 E-01 minute (mean solar) second (s) 6.000 000 E+01
L minute (sidereal) second (s) 5.983 617 E+01
2 2
lambert candela per meter (cd/m ) 1/p *E+04 month (mean calendar) second (s) 2.628 000 E+06
2 2
lambert candela per meter (cd/m ) 3.183 099 E+03
O
2 2
langley joule per meter (J/m ) 4.184 000*E+04 oersted ampere per meter (A/m) 7.957 747 E+01
league meter (m) [see footnote a] ohm centimeter ohm meter (Wm) 1.000 000*E-02
2
light year meter (m) 9.460 55 E+15 ohm circular-mill per foot ohm millimeter per meter 1.662 426 E-03
2
liter
f 3
meter (m )
3
1.000 000*E-03 (Wmm /m)
micron meter (m) 1.000 000*E-06 ounce-force newton (N) 2.780 139 E-01
mil meter (m) 2.540 000*E-05 ozfin. newton meter (Nm) 7.061 552 E-03
f
In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name liter as a special
name for decimeter. Prior to this decision the liter differed slightly (previous value, 1.000028
3
dm ) and in expression of precision volume measurement this fact must be kept in mind.
1773
2003 by Bla Liptk
2003 by Bla Liptk
1774
TABLE A.1b Continued
Alphabetical List of Units (Symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by
lbfft/in. newton meter per meter 5.337 866 E+01 statampere ampere (A) 3.335 640 E-10
(N m/m) statcoulomb coulomb (C) 3.335 640 E-10
lbf in. newton meter (N m) 1.129 848 E-01 statfarad farad (F) 1.112 650 E-12
lbf in./in. newton meter per meter 4.448 222 E+01 stathenry henry (H) 8.987 554 E+11
(N m/m) statmho siemens (S) 1.112 650 E-12
2
lbf s/ft pascal second (Pa s) 4.788 026 E+01 statohm ohm (W) 8.987 665 E+11
2
lbf s/in. pascal second (Pa s) 6.894 757 E+03 statvolt volt (V) 2.997 925 E+02
lbf/ft newton per meter (N/m) 1.459 390 E+01 stere
3
meter (m )
3
1.000 000*E-04
2
lbf/ft pascal (Pa) 4.788 026 E+01 stilb
2
candela per meter (cd/m )
2
1.000 000*E+04
lbf/in. newton per meter (N/m) 1.751 268 E+02 stokes (kinematic viscosity)
2
meter per second (m /s)
2
1.000 000*E-04
2
lbf/in. (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E+03
lbf/lb (thrust/weight [mass] ratio) newton per kilogram 9.806 650 E+00
(N/kg)
Q T
3 3 3 3
quart (U.S. dry) meter (m ) 1.101 221 E-03 tablespoon meter (m ) 1.478 676 E-05
3 3 3 3
quart (U.S. liquid) meter (m ) 9.463 529 E-04 teaspoon meter (m ) 4.928 922 E-06
tex kilogram per meter (kg/m) 1.000 000*E-06
R
therm joule (J) 1.055 056 E+08
rad (radiation dose absorbed) gray (Gy) 1.000 000*E-02
ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E-02
rhe 1 per pascal second 1.000 000*E+01
ton (long, 2240 lb) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03
(1/Pa s)
ton (metric) kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+03
rod meter (m) [see footnote a]
i
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule (J) 4.184 E+09
roentgen coulomb per kilogram 2.58 E-04
(C/kg) ton (refrigeration) watt (W) 3.516 800 E+03
3 3
ton (register) meter (m ) 2.831 685 E+00
slug kilogram (kg) 1.459 390 E+01 ton (short)/h kilogram per second 2.519 958 E-01
slug/fts pascal second (Pas) 4.788 026 E+01 (kg/s)
3
slug/ft kilogram per meter
3 5.155 788 E+02 i
3 Defined (not measured) value.
(kg/m )
h
The exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5*E+00.
1775
2003 by Bla Liptk
2003 by Bla Liptk
1776
TABLE A.1b Continued
Alphabetical List of Units (Symbols of SI units given in parentheses)
To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by