Your Lecturer : PN.

NUR SHAFIEZA AZIZAN

Office : BKBA 3.14
Email : shafieza163@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Phone : 04-3822575 / 013-4405310

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

At the end of the course, students should be able to :-

acquire concept in
acquire concept in calculation of
basic hydrology. population for water
demand.

acquire basic acquire the

knowledge on concepts in
sources and conventional waste
treatment of potable water treatment
water supply. method.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 ASSESSMENT:
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT 40%
Test (1) : 30%
Site visit / Assignment : 10%

FINAL EXAMINATION 60%

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TOTAL 100%
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Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
 CHAPTER 1
BASIC HYDROLOGY
Introduction to Hydrology
Hydrological Cycle
Catchment & Water Budget
Global Water Budget
Applications of Hydrology

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

At the end of lesson students should be able to :-

Describe and Explain

the hydrologic cycle
and its component

State and apply the

water budget equation

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Introduction to Hydrology

The study of water in all its forms (rain,

snow and water on the earths surface),
and from its origins to all its destinations
on the earth.
The science that encompasses the
occurrence, distribution, movement and
properties of the waters of the earth and
their relationship with the environment
within each phase of the hydrologic cycle.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Introduction to Hydrology

Hydrology is used to find out maximum probable

flood at proposed sites e.g. Dams.
The variation of water production from
catchments can be calculated and described by
hydrology.
Engineering hydrology enables us to find out the
relationship between a catchments surface water
and groundwater resources.
It helps us to know the required reservoir capacity
to assure adequate water for irrigation or
municipal water supply in droughts condition.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Introduction to Hydrology

HYDROLOGY

SURFACE WATER
HYDROLOGY GROUNDWATER
HYDROLOGY
(area between
(subsurface
the atmosphere and
portion of the earth)
the surface of the earth)

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
 Hydrological Cycle

is a conceptual model that

describes the storage and
movement of water between the
biosphere, atmosphere,
lithosphere, and the hydrosphere.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Hydrological Cycle

Water from the earths soil,

plants, and water bodies
turns into water vapor
through the process of
evaporation. This invisible
vapor, travels up into the
atmosphere and
condenses, forming
clouds, and called
condensation. The vapors
in the clouds condense
more and more until they
form water droplets.
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continue
Hydrological Cycle

The water droplet until it is

too heavy to stay in the
sky any longer. The water
falls to the earth far below
as precipitation (rain, hail,
sleet, and snow). When the
water reaches the earths
surface, some of it will flow
along the surface of the
earth as runoff while the
rest of it soaks into the soil
called recharge.

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continue
Hydrological Cycle

The water goes down

through the soil until it
becomes groundwater
and is stored in the aquifer
below. The groundwater
slowly moves through the
spaces and cracks
between the soil particles
on its journey to lower
elevations. This movement
is called groundwater
flow.

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continue
Hydrological Cycle

The groundwater comes to

a discharge area where it
enters a lake or stream.
There, the water will once
again be evaporated and
begin the cycle again.

In the water cycle, water is

constantly on the move.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
 Hydrological Cycle

EVAPO-
PRECIPITATION EVAPORATION INFILTRATION
TRANSPIRATION

GROUNDWATER SURFACE
TRANSPIRATION CONDENSATION
FLOW RUNOFF

STREAM FLOW BASE FLOW

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
so much water has condensed that the
PRECIPITATION cloud cannot hold it any longer and it
falls to Earth.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
when oceans, rivers, lakes and streams
EVAPORATION heat up and the water turns into vapor
or steam and goes back into the
atmosphere.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
EVAPO- the sum of evaporation and plant
TRANSPIRATION
transpiration from the Earth's land
(ET)
surface to atmosphere.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
water on the ground surface enters the
INFILTRATION soil.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
Transpiration is when water travels
TRANSPIRATION through a plant. The water moves up
the plant from the roots to the
underneath of the leaves.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
water vapor in the air cools, changes
CONDENSATION back into liquid and combines with
miniscule dust, salt or smoke particles
to form cloud droplets.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
GROUNDWATER the movement of water that travels and seeps through soil
FLOW and rock underground.
Its flow rate is much slower than that of surface water.

Groundwater seepage into a stream channel is called

BASE FLOW
baseflow.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
is the water flow that occurs when soil
SURFACE
RUNOFF is infiltrated to full capacity and excess
water from rain, melt water, or other
sources flows over the land.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the
STREAM FLOW flow of water in streams, rivers, and
other channels.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Hydrological Cycle
Groundwater seepage into a stream
BASE FLOW channel.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Catchment & Water Budget

A water budget is the scientific method

for measuring the amount of water
entering, stored within, and leaving a
watershed, and it is also called a
hydrologic budget or a water balance.

Catchment area is portion of the

earths surface that collects runoff
(excess) and concentrates it at the
furthest downstream point, known
as catchment outlet.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Catchment & Water Budget

Terms watershed and basin used to refer catchment. Also called

as drainage basin or drainage area.
A watershed can vary in size, they can represent the area
draining to a small stream to the entire are draining to an
ocean.
Watershed refers to small catchment stream watershed
Basin used for larger catchment river basin
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
 Catchment & Water Budget
The difference between the inflow, I and the outflow, O of a
catchment to the rate of change of storage, S within the
catchment for a specified period of time, t will form the basic of
water budget.

Change in mass storage = Mass inflow - mass outflow

If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage and storage volume
are same;
Vi Vo = S
Where,
Vi = inflow volume of water into the catchment area during the time period
Vo = outflow volume of water into the catchment area during the time period
S = change in the storage of the water volume over and under the
catchment area during the time period

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Catchment & Water Budget
The water budget can also The water budget can also
be written in terms of be written in terms of
surface water as: groundwater as:

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Catchment & Water Budget
If there is no change in storage in a given time span, then

Where;
L is the losses or hydrological abstractions which equal to the
sum of evaporation, transpiration and infiltration.
P is precipitation.

Water budget equation are expressed in units of water depth,

meaning a water volume uniformly distributed over the
catchment area.
Ration (portion) of runoff and precipitation (rainfall) is called runoff
coefficient;

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Catchment & Water Budget

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Catchment & Water Budget

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continue
Catchment & Water Budget
6.075x10 m

6.075 19.04x10 m

19.04

2.08

2.08 0.046m

0.046
100.046m
Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM
Catchment & Water Budget

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Catchment & Water Budget

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Catchment & Water Budget

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

Catchment & Water Budget

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Catchment & Water Budget
Data Characteristics Units of Measurement

Precipitation Depth cm or mm
Intensity cm/hr or mm/hr
Duration hr (hour)
Evaporation Rate cm /day, cm/month or
cm/year

Infiltration Rate cm/hr

Depth cm or mm
Runoff Discharge m/s
Volume hectare-cm or m

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Global Water Budget
Global Water Budget:
the balance of the volume of water
coming and going between the oceans,
atmosphere, and continental
landmasses.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM

 Applications of Hydrology

Determining the water balance of a region.

Determining the agricultural water balance.
Designing irrigation schemes and managing
agricultural productivity.
Providing drinking water.
Designing dams for water supply or
hydroelectric power generation.

Nur Shafieza Azizan,UiTM