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UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED STATISTICS
MATH283 - MATHEMATICS IIE for Engineers Part 1
WOLLONGONG
Autumn Session Exam 2007

Time Allowed: 3 hours and 15 minutes

Number of Sections: 2

DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. There are two sections. Each section is to be attempted.
2. The solution to each section is to be submitted in its own separate, clearly labelled solution
booklet.
3. This exam paper must be submitted with your solution booklets
4. WORKING (including all necessary reasoning) is to be shown for all solutions.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

1. The two sections are of equal value.
2. Individual parts within a section may not be of equal value.
3. The exam paper is printed on both sides.
4. Two solution booklets are provided.
5. All notation is as used in lectures.
6. A Table of Integrals and a Table of Laplace Transforms are attached.
7. Normal distribution tables and some statistical information are provided.

TEST MATERIALS/AIDS ALLOWED

Non-alphanumeric, non-programmable calculators are permitted.
A one-page, double-sided, A4-size summary sheet is permitted.

EXAM MATERIALS/AIDS TO BE SUPPLIED

None.

Cheating leads to expulsion

. . . /2
 -2-

Section 1 (Use a separate booklet for your answers to Section 1.)

Question 1 (15 marks)

(a) Packets of a certain brand of detergent should contain 1 kg of detergent powder. The
filling machine that is used to fill these packets is known to give fills (in kg) that are
Normally distributed with a mean of 1.05 and a standard deviation of 0.04.
(i) Show that the proportion of packets that have underweight fills (i.e., fills of less than
1.00 kg) is 0.1056. (2 marks)
(ii) If I randomly select four packets from a days production, what is the probability that
exactly one packet has an underweight fill? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the probability that, from these four randomly-chosen packets, I get an
average of at least 1.00 kg of detergent per packet. (3 marks)
(b) The manager of a fleet of taxis wants to decide whether using radial tyres instead of
conventional tyres improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were fitted with radial tyres and
driven over a prescribed test course. Without changing drivers, the same cars were then
fitted with conventional tyres and driven once again over the same test course. The
petrol consumption, in kilometres per litre (where higher readings indicate better fuel
economy), were recorded as follows:

Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Radial Tyres 4.2 4.7 6.6 7.0 6.7 4.5 5.7 6.0 7.4 4.9 6.1 5.2
Conventional Tyres 4.1 4.9 6.2 6.9 6.8 4.4 5.7 5.8 6.9 4.7 6.0 4.9

Assume that the populations of petrol consumptions are Normally distributed. You are
to test whether cars fitted with radial tyres give better fuel economy than those with
conventional tyres.
(i) Would you use a pooled (independent samples) t-test or a paired-samples t-test?
Justify your answer. (2 marks)
(ii) State the null and alternative hypotheses that you would test. Define any symbols
(other than H0 , H1 and standard mathematical symbols) that you use. Explain why
you chose H0 and H1 as you did. (2 marks)
(iii) The data were entered into Excel, and the independent samples and paired-samples t-
tests were both performed. Summaries of the resulting output appear below; numbers
have been rounded to at most three decimal places. In both cases, Radial was input
first, so the test looks at Radial - Conventional.

Paired Samples Indep. Samples

Radial Conv. Radial Conv.
Mean 5.700 5.608 5.700 5.608
Hypothesized Mean Diff. 0 0
Variance 1.253 0.988 1.253 0.988
df 11 22
t Stat 0.974 0.212
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.175 0.417
t Critical one-tail 1.796 1.717
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.351 0.834
t Critical two-tail 2.201 2.074

. . . /3
 -3-

Use the output from the test that you chose in (b)(i) to test at the 5% level of
significance whether using radial tyres instead of conventional tyres improves fuel
economy. State the conclusion that you draw. Justify your answer. (Your answer
must state any numbers from the output that you use to reach your decision.) (2
marks)
(iv) A colleague suggests that it would have been better to have randomly selected six of
the 12 cars. For these six cars, the manager should have fitted the conventional tyres
first, and then the radial tyres. For the other six cars, the radial tyres should have
been fitted first, and then the conventional tyres.
Do you agree with this suggestion? Justify your answer. (2 marks)

Question 2 (15 marks)

A laboratory technician measured the weight of the solids removed from 500 g of a particular
material when it was allowed to dry for a given time. He considered 10 different times, and
observed two different samples of the material at each time. The data obtained were as follows:

Drying time (hours) x 4.4 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 6.9 7.5 7.8
Weight removed (gm) y 13.1 9.0 10.4 13.8 12.7 9.9 13.8 16.4 17.6 18.3
14.2 11.5 11.5 14.8 15.1 12.7 16.5 15.7 16.9 17.2

The data were entered into Excel, and a regression analysis was performed. The output included
the following:

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.80
R Square 0.64
Adjusted R Square 0.61
Standard Error 1.67
Observations 20.00
ANOVA
df SS MS F Signific. F
Regression 1.00 87.90 87.90 31.35 0.00
Residual 18.00 50.47 2.80
Total 19.00 138.37
Coefficients Std. Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%
Intercept 3.13 1.99 1.57 0.13 -1.05 7.30
time 1.84 0.33 5.60 0.00 1.15 2.53

(a) Can you tell from the output if it is reasonable to fit a straight line to these data? If you
answer Yes, use the appropriate part of the output to say if a straight line is appropriate.
If you answer No, explain how you would determine if it is reasonable to fit a straight

. . . /4
 -4-

line. [Note that you do not have to determine if fitting a straight line is reasonable; you
simply have to say how you would determine this.] (3 marks)

In what follows, you may assume that it is reasonable to fit a straight line to these data.

(b) Write down the equation of the line of best fit that expresses Weight (of the solids removed)
(y) in terms of (Drying) Time (x). (1 mark)

(c) Use the line of best fit to predict the Weight of the solids removed from a 500 g sample of
the material when the Drying Time is 6 hours. (2 marks)

(d) Is it reasonable to use this straight line to predict the Weight of the solids removed from
500 g of the material when the Drying Time is 12 hours? Justify your answer. (3 marks)

(e) The model used to explain the variation in the data in a sample of 20 observations is

Yi = 0 + 1 xi + Ei , i = 1, . . . , 24.

(i) Explain what the term Ei represents, and why it is included in the model. (3 marks)

(ii) Use the output from the regression analysis to test H0 : 1 = 2 vs H1 : 1 6= 2 at the
5% level of significance. You must explain how you perform the test. (3 marks)

Question 3 (15 marks)

(a) Six machines, of six different types, are being considered to manufacture rubber seals.
The machines are being compared with respect to the tensile strength of the seals. A
random sample of four seals from each machine is used to test whether the mean tensile
strength varies from machine to machine. The following table gives the tensile-strength
measurements in kilograms per square centimetre 101 :

Machine
1 2 3 4 5 6
17.5 16.4 20.3 14.6 17.5 18.3
16.9 19.2 15.7 16.7 19.2 16.2
15.8 17.7 17.8 20.8 16.5 17.5
18.6 15.4 18.9 18.9 20.5 20.1

(i) State the null and alternative hypotheses that you would test in order to test whether
the mean tensile strength varies from machine to machine. You must define each
statistical symbol (other than H0 and H1 ) that you use. (3 marks)

The data were entered into Excel and an Analysis of Variance was performed. The output

. . . /5
 -5-

follows:
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Machine 1 4.00 68.80 17.2000 1.3667
Machine 2 4.00 68.70 17.1750 2.7092
Machine 3 4.00 72.70 18.1750 3.7692
Machine 4 4.00 71.09 17.7725 7.2877
Machine 5 4.00 73.70 18.4250 3.1558
Machine 6 4.00 72.10 18.0250 2.6625
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 5.3325 5.0000 1.0665 0.3054 0.9032 2.7729

Within Groups 62.8531 18.0000 3.4918
Total 68.1856 23.0000

(ii) Perform a test of H0 vs H1 at the 1% level of significance. State the conclusion that
you draw, and your reason for reaching this conclusion. (2 marks)
(iii) A colleague says that more than one machine of each type should have been used
in the testing process. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. (3
marks)
(iv) What assumption does the Analysis of Variance make about the variances of the six
populations of data from which the samples come? Does this assumption seem valid
here? Justify your answer. (3 marks)

(b) An engineering company has just employed a new chief financial officer (CFO). After
several weeks of examining the companys records, he reports to the general manager that
there is a strong negative correlation between the sales (in dollars) of the companys 14
salespersons and the amount that they claim in travel expenses. The salespersons with
higher sales are claiming less in travel expenses. The CFO had used Excel to analyse
the data, and had obtained a correlation coefficient between sales and travel expenses of
-0.64, with a p-value of less than 0.001. He recommends that the company sacks those
salespeople with high travel expenses.
The factory owner knows that you have done a Statistics course, and asks you for advice.
In not more than 15 lines of writing, say what advice you would give him. (You should
assume that the CFOs statistical results are correct.) (4 marks)

End of Section 1

The data in the Statistics questions come from exercises in Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists,
8th edition, by Walpole, Meyers, Meyers & Ye.

. . . /6
 -6-

Section 2 (Use a separate booklet for your answers to Section 2.)

z 2z
(a) Let z(x, y) = exy cos x2 . Find and .
x yx

Z 2 Z 4
2
(b) Given I = xey dy dx.
0 x2

(i) Sketch the region of integration.

(ii) Reverse the order of integration and then evaluate the resulting integral.

(c) Using special functions, evaluate the following integrals

Z Z /2 Z
u2 4u 5 7
(i) ue du; (ii) cos t sin t dt; (iii) erf(x)(x 1) dx.
2 0 0

(d) (i) Using the table of Laplace transforms to write down the values of the integral
Z Z x
ex sin 2(x u) cos u du dx.
0 0

(ii) Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = t h(t 1) by direct integration.

(e) Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:

1 e3s
(i) ; (ii)
(s 3)2 s(s + 2)

(f) By using Laplace transforms, solve the following integro-differential equation

Z t
0
y + 3y + 2 y(x)dx = (t 2)
0

subject to y(0) = 0.

(g) Find the Fourier series of the function f (x) = x2 where 0 x 2.

Note: All integrals are to be evaluated.

. . . /7
 -7-

TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

x(t) X(s)

1
1
s

n!
tn , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
sn+1

(r + 1)
tr , r > 1
sr+1

1
ebt
s+b

n
sin nt
s2 + n2

s
cos nt
s2 + n2

n
sinh nt
s2 n2

s
cosh nt
s2 n2

2sn
t sin nt
(s2 + n2 )2

s2 n2
t cos nt
(s2 + n2 )2

2n3
sin nt nt cos nt
(s2 + n2 )2

ebt x(t) X(s + b)

eas
h(t a)
s

x(t a)h(t a) eas X(s)

(t a) eas

x0 (t) sX(s) x(0)

. . . /8
 -8-

x00 (t) s2 X(s) sx(0) x0 (0)

Z t
1
x(u)du X(s)
0 s

Z t
f (t u)g(u)du F (s)G(s)
0

d
tf (t) F (s)
ds

*********************************************************************

SPECIAL FUNCTION FORMULAE

Z
The Gamma Function (z) = et tz1 dt.
0
Z 1
The Beta Function B(m, n) = xm1 (1 x)n1 dt, m > 0, n > 0.
0
Z t
2 2
The Error Function erf(t) = eu du.
0
1 ta
(
The Step Function h(t a) = .
0 t<a
Z
Dirac Delta Function (t a) = 0 for all t 6= a and (t a) dt = 1

Z
(t a)f (t) dt = f (a) for a > 0.
0

STATISTICAL INFORMATION
P (A|B) = P (A B)/P (B) for P (B) 6= 0
X Z
E{g(X)} = g(x) fX (x) or g(x) fX (x) dx
all x all x
Var(X) = E(X 2 ) [E(X)]2
 
n x nx
Binomial: fX (x) = p q , x = 0, 1, . . . , n; 0 < p < 1
x
x
Poisson: fX (x) = e , x = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; > 0
x!

. . . /9
 -9-

TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Z
1
[1] xn dx = xn+1 + c, n 6= 1
n+1
Z
dx
[2] = ln |x| + c
x
Z
[3] ex dx = ex + c
Z
[4] sin x dx = cos x + c
Z
[5] cos x dx = sin x + c
Z
[6] tan x dx = ln | sec x| + c
Z
[7] sec2 x dx = tan x + c
Z
[8] cosec2 x dx = cot x + c
Z
[9] sinh x dx = cosh x + c
Z
[10] cosh x dx = sinh x + c
Z
[11] tanh x dx = ln(cosh x) + c
Z  
n 1 n+1 ax + b b
[12] x(ax + b) dx = 2 (ax + b) + c, n 6= 1, 2
a n+2 n+1
x2
Z  
1 1 2 2
[13] dx = 3 (ax + b) 2b(ax + b) + b ln |ax + b| + c
ax + b a 2
x2 b2
Z  
1
[14] dx = 3 ax + b 2b ln |ax + b| + c
(ax + b)2 a ax + b
2 (ax + b)5/2 b(ax + b)3/2
Z  
[15] x ax + b dx = 2 +c
a 5 3
2ax 4b
Z
x
[16] dx = ax + b + c
ax + b 3a2
 ax + b b 
Z  
1 1
[17] dx = ln   + c, b > 0
 
x ax + b b  ax + b + b 
Z
dx x
[18] = sin1 +c
a2 x2 a
Z
dx 1 1 x
 
[19] = tan +c
a2 + x2 a a
Z  
1 1 x + a
[20] dx = ln  +c
a2 x2 2a  x a 

. . . /10
 - 10 -
Z  
1 x 1 x + a
[21] dx = + ln  +c
(a2 x2 )2 2a2 (a2 x2 ) 4a3  x a 
 
1  a + a2 x2 
Z
1
[22] dx = ln  +c
x a2 x2 a  x 
Z
1 1 x
[23] 2 2 3/2
dx = 2 +c
(a x ) a a x2
2

Z 2  a + a2 x2 
 
a x2 p
[24] dx = a2 x2 a ln  +c
 
x  x 
Z
1  p 
[25] dx = ln x + x2 a2  + c
 
2
x a 2
 
1  a + x2 + a2 
Z
1
[26] dx = ln  +c
x x2 + a2 a  x 
Z
1 1 x
[27] 2 2 3/2
dx = 2 +c
(x a ) a x a2
2
Z p
1 p 1  p 
[28] x2 a2 dx = x x2 a2 a2 ln x + x2 a2  + c
 
2 2
 a + x2 + a2 
 
x2 + a2
Z p
[29] dx = x2 + a2 a ln  +c
 
x  x 
Z
1 1
ax ln(b + keax ) + c, ab 6= 0

[30] ax
dx =
b + ke ab
Z
1
[31] eax sin bx dx = 2 eax (a sin bx b cos bx) + c
a + b2
Z
1
[32] eax cos bx dx = 2 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a + b2
n1
Z Z
n 1 n1
[33] sin x dx = cos x sin x+ sinn2 x dx
n n
n1
Z Z
n 1 n1
[34] cos x dx = sin x cos x+ cosn2 x dx
n n
Z Z
n 1 n1
[35] tan x dx = tan x tann2 x dx
n1
secn2 x tan x n 2
Z Z
n
[36] sec x dx = + secn2 x dx
n1 n1
sinm+1 x cosn1 x n1
Z Z
m
[37] n
sin x cos x dx = + sinm x cosn2 x dx
m+n m+n
Z Z
[38] x e dx = x e n xn1 ex dx
n x n x

Z Z
n n
[39] x sin x dx = x cos x + n xn1 cos x dx
Z Z
[40] xn cos x dx = xn sin x n xn1 sin x dx