Basrah University of Oil and Gas

College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Chemical and Petroleum

Refining enginmeering Department

Unit Operation Lap

Experiment Of Extraction

21 / 3 / 2017

Ammar Abdulsalam Razooqe

Introduction
Extraction is the drawing or pulling out of something from
something else. A lawyer extracts the truth from a criminal;
athletes try to extract the last ounce of energy from their
muscles. Chemists extract compounds from solids or liquids
using an aqueous or organic solvent. By far the most universal
and ancient form of extraction is the brewing of tea or the
making of coffee. Every pot of coffee or cup of tea involves
solid/liquid extraction, the extraction of organic compounds
from solid ground beans or leaves using hot water as the liquid.
The lower molecular weight polar molecules such as caffeine
dissolve in the hot water and are removed from the high
molecular weight water-insoluble cellulose, protein, and lipid
materials. Over 200 compounds, some in only trace quantities,
are extracted from the solid into a cup of coffee or tea.
Decaffeinated coffee is also an excellent example of solid/liquid
extraction. Coffee manufacturers extract the caffeine from the
coffee to provide modern society with a decaffeinated version of
an ancient drink. We will be demonstrating this chemical
separation method in lab on a macroscale by extracting caffeine
from tea.
Over the centuries, humans have carried out solid/liquid
extraction by brewing just about every common plant leaf, fruit,
or root. In the process, they have isolated a number of extracts
with pharmacological activity. Many of these compounds were
used for medicinal purposes. For example, Sertuner first
extracted morphine from poppy seeds in 1805. This drug and
several derivatives, including codeine, are used as pain-killers
today. Unfortunately, other derivatives such as heroine, have
become drugs of abuse. Morphine Codeine Heroin

While solid/liquid extraction is the most common technique

used to brew beverages and isolate natural products,
liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method used in the
organic laboratory. Organic reactions often yield a number of
by-products, some inorganic, some organic. Also, since
they do not go to 100% completion, some starting material is
also often present at the end of an organic reaction. The real
work in organic chemistry is not running the reaction, but
rather in what is aptly called the work-up of the reaction
mixture, that is, the separation and purification of the desired
product from the mixture of by-products and residual starting
material. Liquid/ liquid extraction is often used as the initial step
in the work-up of a reaction, before final purification of the
product by recrystallization, distillation or sublimation.
A concrete example will help make sense of this. One of the
synthetic reactions you will be carrying out this semester is a
Grignard reaction involving the addition of phenyl Grignard
reagent to benzophenone to form triphenylmethanol.
Purpose :

1) To purify samples of organic compounds that are solids at

room temperature .
2) To dissociate the impure sample in the minimum amount
of an appropriate hot solvent .
Equipment / Materials:

Electrical source
Pump
compressor
2 tank
25 lit of toluene
0.5 lit of HCl
25 lit of water
Extraction tower
 : Procedure

. provide the tower with the electrical source (1

provide the tower with air source that connected (2

by the air compressor tp provide 1.5 bar pressure
. for controlling also 6bar for pump part

fill the tank D1 with water ( 25 lit ) and the tank (3

. D2 with 5.5 toluene and HCl (5.5 lit )

fill the tower with the solvent by using the pump (4

.G1

set the amount of the materials that entering (5

.the tower

. set the blender speed (6

control the level inside the tower through the (7

. controller LIC

add the materials at the same time (8

 : Discussion

Crystallization, purification, and isolation (may only be

restricted to a solid) are insufficient ways to separate mixtures of
compounds. Extraction is the recovery of a substance from a
mixture by bringing it into contact with a solvent, which
dissolves the desired material. Partitioning is the separation
between two distinct phases (immiscible liquids) and also called
fractional separation.
Like recrystallization and distillation, extraction is a separation
technique frequently employed in the laboratory to isolate one
or more components from a mixture. Unlike recrystallization
and distillation, it does not yield a pure product; thus, the former
techniques may be required to purify a product isolated by
extraction. In the technical sense extraction is based on the
principle of the equilibrium distribution of a substance (solute)
between two immiscible phases, one of which is usually a
solvent. The solvent need not be a pure liquid but may be a
mixture of several solvents or a solution of some chemical
reagent that will react with one or more components of the
mixture being extracted to form a new substance soluble in the
solution. The material being extracted may be a liquid, a solid,
or a mixture of these. Extraction is a very general, highly
versatile technique that is of great value not only in the
laboratory but also in everyday life.
Extraction is a convenient method for separating an organic
substance from a mixture, such as an aqueous reaction mixture
or a steam distillate. The extraction solvent is usually a volatile
organic liquid that can be removed by evaporation after the
desired component has been extracted.
The extraction technique is based on the fact that if a substance
is insoluble to some extent in two immiscible liquids, it can be
transferred from one liquid to the other by shaking it together
with the two liquids. For example, acetanilide is partly soluble
in both water and ethyl ether. If a solution of acetanilide in water
is shaken with a portion of ethyl ether (which is immiscible with
water), some of the acetanilide will be transferred to the ether
layer. The ether layer, being less dense than water, separates out
above the water layer and can be removed and replaced with
another portion of ether. When this in turn is shaken with the
aqueous solution, more acetanilide passes into the new ether
layer. This new layer can be removed and combined with
CHEM 2423 Extraction of Benzoic Acid Dr. Pahlavan 2
the first. By repeating this process enough times,
virtually all of the acetanilide can be transferred
.from the water to the ether