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Conversational

Finnish
SUOMEA KESKUSTELLEN

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INTRODUCTION

Conversational Finnish is the work of the FSI School of Language Studies Finnish teaching
staff, under the direction of H. David Argoff.

The work of the many staff members was coordinated by Aili Rytknen-Bell, who also compiled
the major part of the text material, including the structural notes. The staff
contributed to the text material and provided welcome criticism at various stages of the
wri ting process.

Special contributions were made in the following areas: Kaija Juusela did sorne of the
illustrations and compiled most of the practice in pronunciation drills. Seija
Level-Johnson edited the glossary and provided valuable advice on the classification of
derivations. Lea Christiansen edited the structural notes. Heini Parko typed the text
onto the word-processing system. Pirjo Gezari helped with the Ulustrations and sang the
national anthem on the tape. Marjukka Scheinin wrote the area studies readings. And last
but not least, Kaija Wilson did the English translations and typed and corrected the earlier
drafts. We also wish to thank the several generations of Finnish students for bearing with us
during the development and field testing of this text and for giving us their much-appreciated
suggestions and advice.

Tapes were voiced by Aili Rytknen-Bel!, Lea Christiansen, Harry von Fieandt, Juha-Pekka
Rentto, and Kaija Wilson. The tapes were produced with the technical assistance of Mark
Macklow of the FSI Language Laboratory, under the direction of Jose Ramirez.

Anne Meagher, from the FSI Audio-Visual Facility, provided some of the illustrationsand
designed the cover. The manuscript was edited by Hedy A. st. Denis. Arrangements for final
publication were made by Ronald A. C. Goodison.

Ambassador Raymond C. Ewing


Dean, School of Language Studies
Foreign Service Institute
U.S. Department of State

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 1 present tense of 'olla' - "to be" 32


To the student xi J -ko/-k questions 33
How to USe the text xii K How to answer -ko/-k (yes and no)
questions 34
Notes on pronunciation P 1-16 L How to form questions 34
M word order 35
Vowe1s p-1 N Emphatic suffix -han/-hn 35
Diphthongs P-2
Consonants p-3 Getting to know the place UNIT II 1-50
G10tta1 stop p-5
A1phabet P-6 Hearing it 1 3
Vowe1 harmony p-7 Hearing it II 9
stress P-8 Hearing it 111 15
Intonation P-8 Comprehension exercises 22
sy11ab1e division P-9 Function practices 25
Consonant gradation P-9 Reading 26
Persona1 forms of some verbs structural notes 27
with regu1ar consonant gradation P-16 A Demonstrative pronouns in the singular 27
B Interrogative pronouns in the singular 27
PHASE 1 UNITS I-IV C How to express the definite "the,"
and indefinite "a,an," "there is,"
Getting to know you UNIT 1 1-35 "there is not" 28
----------------------------------------------- D Nominative singular basic form 29
Hearing it 1 4 E Nominative plural 30
Hearing it II 10 F Genitive (possessive) singular
comprehension exercises 21 -n - "of, 's" 30
Function practices 23 G Cases indicating 10cation 32
Reading 24 H Inessive -ssa/-ss - "in 33
structura1 notes 25 1 Elative -sta/-st - "out of, from" 34
A Personai pronouns 25 J Illative -(h)Vn - "into 35
B Present tense affirmative 26 K Adessive -11a/-11 - "on" 36
C Case endings 27 L Ablative -lta/-lt - "from on" 36
D persona1 pronouns in allative 28 M Allative -lIe - "onto" 37
E How to express "to have" 29 N Some common, extended and sometimes
F Possessive pronouns 30 unpredictable uses of locatives 37
G Possessive suffixes 30 o which case to use and when 39
H Present tense negative 32 P stern with the possessive suffix 42
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Q Adverbs of place 44 B past tense affirmative 20
R Numerals 47 C Changes in the stern before the past
S Imperative of second person p1ural tense marker -i 21
and poli te form 50 D Past tense negative 24
E past active partieiple 25
what would you like? UNIT III 1-38 F present perfeet tense
have done something- 26
Hearing i t I 3 G Past perfect tense
Hearing it II 9 -had done something- 27
Comprehension exercises 16 H Imperative of seeond person singular 28
Function practiees 17 'sin'
Reading 19 I Negative imperative of second person 29
structural notes 20 J Third infinitive 29
A Partitive singular -a/-, -ta/-t - K Time expressions answering the question
some, part of- 20 'milloin/koska' - -when- 31
B predicate noun and adjective
in the singular - after 'on' 22 PHASE II UNITS V-XIV
C predieate noun and adjective
in the singular - after 'ei ole' 23 Scenes 1-4 UNIT V 1-36
D Accusative 24
E Direct objeet 25 Entering the country 3
F 'Hik' and singular demonstrative At the hotel 5
pronouns 27 Making a telephone call 7
G First infinitive (basic form) of verbs 29 At the restaurant 9
fl How to find the stern of a verb in order Comprehension exereises 14
to conjugate i t 31 Function practices 16
I Adjecti ves with nouns 34 Reading 17
J Nominals ending in -i 35 structural notes 20
K Nominals ending in -si 36 A 'Tytyy/pit/tulee'-
L Nominals ending in _el 37 -must, have to- 20
B Time expressions - how to express -for-21
Small talk UNIT IV 1-32 C Words ending in -as/-s, -is 23
D Nouns ending in -in 24
Hearing i t I 3 E Nouns ending in -us/-ys, -uus/-yys,
Hearing i t II 9 -os/-s 25
Comprehension exercises 15 F Present active conditional 26
Function practices 18 G Adverbs 29
Reading 19 H Indefinite pronouns 'joku, jokin' -
structural notes 20 -some, somebody, something- 30
A Nominals ending in -nen 20
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1 'Mikn, ei mikn' - 8 plural forms of interrogative
-anything, nothing- 32 pronouns -'kuka, mik' - -who, what,
'Kukaan, ei kukaan' which w 21
-anybody, nobody- 32 C Plural forms of longer words 22
'Koskaan, ei koskaan' - -ever, never- 32 D Essive -na/-n - Maa, in the
J Particles -kin, -kaa~/-kn - capacity of, in the state of being X- 25
-also, even,- -not either, not even- 35 E Abeasive -tta/-tt - -without W 26
F 'Kukin' - -each- 27
Scenes 5-6 UNIT VI 1-32 G Past passive tense 28
H How to form the past passive
A beauty salon and a barbershop 3 participle 29
ordering a taxi 5 1 Some additional interrogative and
At stockmann's department store 7 indefinite pronouns 29
Comprehension exercises 17
Function practices 18 scenes 13-16 UNIT VIII 1-28
Reading 19
structural notes 20 At the bank 3
A Present passive voice 20 sending a telegram 5
8 Plural of nominals 22 on a trip to the countryside 7
C Genitive plural 25 In the sauna 9
D Predicate noun and adjective Comprehension exercises 18
1n the plural 26 Function practices 20
E Translative -ksi/-kse- 26 Reading 22
F Some additional indefinite pronouns 28 structura1 notes 23
G HOW to express -there are- 31 A Past active conditional -
H some derivational notes 32 -would have- 23
8 Tenses and conditional forms of
Scenes 9-12 UNIT VII 1-30 'tytyy/pit/tulee' - wmust,
have to, would have to W 24
In the bus 3 C comparative of adjectives 25
At the market 5 D 'Yht kuin' - was as w 27
At the gas station 9 E Comparative of adverbs 28
At the post office 11 F Some idioms 28
Comprehension exercises lB
Funct10n practices 19 Scenes 17-19 UNIT IX 1-32
Reading 20
Structural notes 21 Renting an apartment 3
A plural forms of demonstrative Evening out, date 7
pronouns - 'tm, tuo, se' - At the travel agency 9
-this, that, it- 21 Comprehension exercises 16
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Function practices 19 C Present active participle
Reading 20 as an adjective 25
structural notes 23 D past active participle
A present passive perfect tense 23 as an adjective 26
B past passive perfect tense 23 E past passive participle
C Superlative of adjectives 24 as an adjective 27
D Super1ative of adverbs 26
E prepositions 27 Geography UNIT XII 1-22
F Postpositions 28
G Adjectives ending in -ton/-tn, Geography 3
-rnaton/-mtn - --less, un-/in-- 31 City picture 9
Cornprehension exercises 12
Scenes 20-22 UNIT x 1-24 Reading 15
Function practices 16
Physical fitness 3 structural notes 17
Medicine 5 A -Ernbedded sentences- -
Kinship 9 'lauseenvastikkeet ' 17
Cornprehension exercises 15 B 'Agenttipartisiippi' - ernbedded
Function practices 17 sentence 17
Reading 19 C present passive participle 19
structural notes 20 D 'Ett ' -clause as an object in the
A Fourth infinitive 20 active voice - ernbedded sentence 20
B Present passive conditional - E 'Ett'-clause' as a subject -
-would be done- 22 embedded sentence 21
C HOW to forrn the passive stern 22 F Instructive -(i)n -by, with- etc. 22
D past passive conditional -
-would have been done- 23 Ho1idays and church UNIT XIII 1-24
E Re1ative pronoun 'joka' -
-who/that/which- 24 Ho1idays 3
Church 7
Weather UNIT XI 1-28 cornprehension exercises 15
Reading 17
Weather in summer 3 Function practices 18
weather in winter 7 structura1 notes 19
Cornprehension exercises 16 A First.infinitive -kse- (longer form)
Reading 21 - -in order to- 20
Function practices 22 B second infinitive inessive
structura1 notes 23 -e-ssa/-ss 20
A Ordina1 numbers 23 C second infinitive instructive
B Participles as adjectives 25 -e-n - -by doing sornething- 21
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D -while--clause - embedded sentence 21
E -After--clause - embedded sentence 23 Appendix II 1-10

Finnish society UNIT XIV 1-31 Shoct review of infinitives


and par ticip1es II-1
Education 3 when to use infinitives II-2
Government 5 When to use pacticip1es II-4
Law and justice 7 'Agenttipartisiippi' II-7
social security 9 Embedded sentences II-8
National anthem 13 ---------------------------~--------------------
Reading 20 Appendix 1II 1-4
Comprehension exercises 21
Function practices 24 chart of nominal dec1ensions 111-1
structural notes 25 Conjugational types of Verbs III-2
A present active potential 25 when to use the various cases 111-3
B Present passive potential 26 Nominal declensions (sample) 111-4
C Past active potential 27
D Past passive potential 27 Appendix IV 1-4
E Review of passive tenses 28
F Comitative -ne - -with- 29 Which stern to use with nominals IV-1
G Imperative - first person plural - Which stern to use with verbs lV-2
-let's- 30
H Irnperative - third person singu1ar - Appendix V 1-4
-let him/her do X, may he/she do X- 30
1 Imperative - third person plural - Most comrnon Finnish abbceviations V-l
-let them do X, may they do X- 31
J Imperative passive - -let X be done, Appendix VI 1-32
may X be done- 31
Texts for the taped cornprehension
APPENDICES I-VII exercises VI-l

Appendix I 1-16 Appendix VII 1-4


_________________________________ L _

How Finnish forms words 1-1 Index of structura1 notes VII-1


Nouns formed through derivation 1-3
Adjectives formed through ~erivation 1-8 GLOSSARY
Verbs formed through derivation 1-10
Adverbia1 derivatives 1-13 To the student 9 i-vii
Partic1es 1-15 Word list G 1-158

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following publishers and authors have generously given permission to reprint illustrations:
from Lukion idinkieli 1, WSOY, pp. IV-14, V-8, VI-12, VII-4; from APU pp. IV-8, V-18,
VII-17 (adapted) by Olavi Hurmerinta; pp. 1-29, IV-19, VII-8, VII-15, X-8 by Hannu Marttinen;
from Helsingin Sanomat, pp. IV-15, IV-16, App. VI-9 ~ 1980 by Kari; pp. 11-19, 11-20
(adapted) by Tarmo Koivisto; pp. VIII-22, X-IO ~ 1980 by Camille Mickwitz; Let's Have a Sauna,
Sauna-Seura, Inc. pp. VIII-II, VIII-12 ~ by Henrik Tikkanen; from Valitut Palat the text on
p. XI-21 ~ 1978.

The sources of the following illustrations are: Elv kielt 1, 2, Kirjayhtym, pp. 1-18,
1-25, 11-23, 11-25, V-31, VIII-21, VIII-25 by Anssi Asunta; p. XIII-12 by Eeva Mehto;
p. VIII-IO (adapted) in Ilta-Sanomat; pp. VIII-15, VIII-16 (adapted) in Tieliikennekirja;
pp. 11-12, IV-19 in Finnish Basic Course, Monterey, CA, Army Language School, 1956 & 1957.

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TO THE STUDENT

AS you move through this textbook, you will find it is built around principles which
emphasize the development of basic communicative skills. The speech samples in this text
reflect the language as it is spoken in practical, everyday social situations. The objective
of each section is to introduce and to expand your ability to use the principal features of
the Finnish language to satisfy your social and professional needs in the host country. The
structure is introduced in large chunks for overview, and smaller pieces are practiced
cyclically to give you flexible control of the structure with review and reinforcement built
in.

The aim and purpose of your textbook, Conversational Finnish, is to serve as a basic course.
with this book you are expected to develop the skills needed for fluent workable proficiency
in Finnish. This translates to aleveI of 2 to 2+ on the Interagency Language
Roundtable (ILR) scale and -advanced- proficiency on the ACTFL scale~ This book is designed
for the first six months of an intensive ten-month course in US government language schools.

This book is also suitable for self-study. To facilitate its use for independent study,
English translations, tapes, and answer keys are provided for practically alI the Finnish
text. The textbook is accompanied by tapes, a dictionary, and a workbook (with tapes).
Conversational Finnish is organized into 14 topical units with structural notes in the end of
each unit. The first four units should be studied in sequence as a block but after Unit V
they can be studied individually in any sequence.

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HOW TO USE THE TEXT
Task consideration

Each day or unit should begin with your own dialogs. Think about how you would approach a Finn in
a particular situation such as, for example, -Getting to know you.- How would the encounter g07
what would you want to say7 What do you think the Finn would say7 How would you answer7 Use
your instructor as an informant and ask him/her: -How do you say X in Finnish?- Your teacher
will help you to say what ~ want in Finnish.

Hearing it

You will begin the units by listening to the taped dialogs. First try to understand as much as
you can. Then listen again and get used to the stress, rhythm and intonation of Finnish and learn
to associate the sound with the spelling. AlI the dialogs are taped both in standard Finnish and
in more frequently spoken, colloquial Finnish. usethe tapes for independent study to work upon
your comprehension of both standard and colloquial Finnish, pronunciation, and repetition.

Dialogs

Each unit has a collection of independent sequences (speech samples), which are divided into three
columns: standard Finnish, colloquial Finnish, and English translation. Although standard
Finnish is usually the language of the media, colloquial Finnish is very widely used in
conversation. You are expected to comprehend, remember, and reproduce standard Finnish dialogs
with oral facility. Beginning language students are only required to listen to the colloquial
Finnish dialogs. Later on the colloquial speech will be used actively in oral communication.

After hearing it, start sequence 1 on page 1-6. Your teacher will be your model now, and you
should try to imitate him/her. After yQu have learned sequence 1, your instructor will help you
with the details of pronunciation.

The expansions of the dialogs on the opposite page serve several purposes. They amplify the
original dialog through substitutions and variations, which offer practice at various stylistic
levels utilizing the basic expressions of the model dialogs. The expansions provide structured
and semi-structured practice together with the workbook. Function practices at the end of each
unit involve role play and give ample opportunity for unstructured practice.

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Word block

To provide extra vocabulary for substitutions, you can utilize the word block at the beginning of
each unit. Each word in the block ia followed by a number, which indicates the inflectional type
of nouna (CNO) and the conjugational type of verbs (CTV) (see Appendix 111).

uae the tables in Appendix 111 t~ learn to use the words in their various forms. It is important
to know which type of word you are using to get the inflected forms correct in speech.

Pronunciation

Notes on pronunciation with some exercises are at the beginning of the text, but more amplified
exercises are in the workbook. The pronunciation exercises should be done for the first time in
the classroom with the instructor soon after the first dialogs have been introduced. Afterwards
they can be worked on independently in the lab or at home. During the first two weeks, special
attention should be paid to pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation. After that, particular
points of pronunciation can be taken up individually.

Comprehension exercises

You will find additional listening material in each unit which includes real life information
(telephone services, weather reports, travel advisory reports, etc.) and overheard conversations
in different situations with accompanying tasks for students. You are expected to utilize both
your knowledge of Finnish and any other -real world- knowledge to get the gist of what the
situation is and what is being said. some exercises involve recalling and explaining in your own
words what the overheard conversation was about.

5tructural notes

structural notes are presented at the end of each unit. They are meant to be studied within that
unit together with the corresponding exerciaes in the workbook. The structural points are
inevitably introduced in a somewhat arbitrary order because the texts represent language in its
fullest from the very baginning. cross-references are provided, however, BO that atructural
points can be explained in any 'order depending on individual needa and desirea.
They are marked with unit numbers I-XIV and letters A-Z for the order that they appear in each
unit.

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Exercises

Each unit of text has a corresponding unit in the workbook. Therefore, there are no
cross-references. you will find the exercises for a structuralpoint explained in a certain unit
of text in the unit of same number in the workbook. We recommend that you do the exercises
outside the classroom or at home. Also, special exercises have been devised for practicing
consonant gradation (see the workbook).

Glossary

The glossary includes alI the words in the texts except those introduced in the comprehension
exercises. The words are listed in their inflected forms as they occur in the text. In addition
to providing help with the vocabulary, this type of giossary familiarizes you with the structure
of Finnish and helps you to find the dictionary forms of words, which are not always easily
determined from the inflected form.

Graded area-related reading

Graded reading with its own glossary is found in the Workbook. There are many ways of working
with this material, including skimming, scanning, translating, summarizing, grammar and vocabulary
building, etc. Your teacher will be your best guide to exploiting the readings to your own best
advantage.

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NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION

!Io-ao l I Finnish has eight vowel sounds and fourteen consonant sounds.

Most sounds in Finnish may be either short or long. The long sound has the same general quality as the
short one; it is only prolonged 2 to 3 times the length of the short ones. It is very important to
distinguish clearly between long and short sounds because the difference affects the meaning of the
word,as you will see in the following examples. In writing, the long sounds are indicated by writing
the letters twice. Listen to the tape and follow the text~

VOWELS

Short sound Long sound

GJ like i in kit sika


pig
siika
whitefish

~ like e in met ero


difference
Bero
a man's name

0 like a in hat ht
need, distress
ht
--
ta evict, turn out

0 like i in kit
but with rounded lips
r,lPp1.
wrinkle
ruppy
drink
(like French u, German ii)

0 like e in met
but with rounded lips
keitti
kitchen
keittin
into the kitchen
(like French eu, German )

~ like u in p.!!.t uni


sleep, dream
uuni
oven

~ like a in wash sano


say
sanoo
he/she says

GJ like
like
u
a
in
in
n.!;!t (when short)
father (when long)
sata
hundred
sataa
it rains p-l

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Diphthongs

Each vowel in a diphthong is pronounced as if they were both single vowels.

Diphthongs ending in -i

B nainen
woman B uida
to swim ~ piv
day

0 neiti
Miss 0 ml!.
he sold ~ si
he ate

B poika
boy

Diphthongs ending in -u

El hauska
niee G hiukan
a litt1e

B seutu
region B rouva
Mrs.

Diphthongs ending in -y

k!x.tt 121t
to use to find

Others

mies Suomi I.
man Finland night

Note: JO words Iike 'kauhea the final -e-a is not a diphthong but a vowel eombination
caused by the historieal disappearance of a consonant.

P-2

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CONSONANTS

Unaspirated consonants Short sound Long sound

0 like p 1n aS,Eect ta.E. aa


he meets
tappaa
he kills
Compare a.EE.eal to slo.e, ,eail

~ like t 1n mus!y mato


worrn
matto
carpet
Compare detail to rat tail

0 like k 1n dus~y

Compare
kuka
who
blacking to
kukka
flower
blac~ ~ing

1n order to learn to pronounce the unaspirated consonants p, t, k say aloud the English words
below with and without s-. The sound of p, t, k imrnediately after s- in English is the
unaspirated Finnish sound. Ready? Begin:

spin (s)pin pino stick (s)tick tikki skit (s)kit kitti


spit (s)pit pito stock (s)tock tokko ski (s)ki kiinni
spUl (s)pill pilli stern (s)tem temppu skUl (s)kUl kilU

Other consonants Short sound Long sound

0 like d in bad dollari


dollar
no long sound

GJ like m in Tanuny kumi


rubber
kummi
godparent
Cornpare systematic to syste~ ~ap

0 like n in banana kana


hen
kanna
carry
Compare men to men nodded p-3

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Short sound Long sound

like 1 in fala ala alla


area under
Compare hilly to hill-like

like r in brr (as hera herra


said when one is cold) whey Mr., gentleman
Compare b,E.idge to brr

like s in fussy kisat kissat


games cats
Compare publi~ity to thi~ ~ity

like h 1n home .hopea no long sound


silver

like v in oven ovi no long sound


door

like j in ~es jos no long sound


if

There are two consonant sounds which do not have a aymbol of their own 1n writing:

El as 1n banker Helsinki
kenk-
ahoe
no long sound

] as in si~ing no short aound Helsi.!!.2iss


ke.!!2,as

The short sound -nk- onlf occurs when -n- ia before -k-. The long ~ound 1s written
-ng- but i9 actually pronounced as ln s1.!!2,ing-

P-4

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Borrowed consonants

The following consonants may occur in words borrowed reeently into Finnish from other languages:

b like b in banana banaani


f like b in film filmi
9 like 9 in .9.0lf j,ramma
sh like s in shoek shakki

The foreign letters e, q, w, x, and z are included in the Finnish alphabet and pronounced
in the following way:

c like s/k
q like k
w like v
x like ka
z like ta

Consonant elusters

Eaeh consonant in a consonant eluster is pronouneed in the same way as it would be in isolation.

GLOTTAL STOP

In the speeeh of most Finnish speakers there is a so-ealled glottal stop, e.g., the sudden c105ing and
release of the voeal ehords. The glottal stop, whieh has no symbol in writing, occurs before initial
vowels and in eertain words after the final vowel, especially -e. When a consonant f0110ws, the
glottal stop sounds like doubling of the consonant.

Writing Pronounced with a glottal stop

en ole iloinen en ole' iloinen I'm not happy

tervetuloa tervettuloa welcome

ole hyv ole'!!!!'yv p1ease

sinne kuuluu hyv sinnekkuuluu hyv everything is fine there P-5

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THE FINNISH ALPHABET WITH PRONUNCIATION

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a aa j jii t tee

(b bee) k koo u uu

(c see) 1 l/e1; ll/ell v vee

d dee m m/em; mm/emm (w kaksinkertainen vee/kaksois-vee)

e ee n n/en; nn/enn (x ks/eks; ks/eks)

(f f/ef; ff/eff) 0 00 y yy

9 gee P pee (z tset/tseta)

h hoo (q kuu) (~ ruotsalainen 00 - Swedish 0)

i ii r r/er/rr/err

s s/es; ss/ess -

Note: The letters in parentheses occur only in words of c1ear1y foreign origin, e.g.,foreign names
and recent 10an words.

EXERCISES

1. Listen to the Finnish alphabet and say one 1etter at a time.

2. Now say each letter one at a time and then listen to it on the tape.

3. Spe11 the fol1owing Finnish and Swedish place names: Jyvskyl, Lappeenranta, Lauttasaari,
Kauniainen, Loviisa, Raahe, 80rg&, Hang, bo, land.

4. Spe1l your name and those of your teacher and fe110w students.

p-6

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VOWEL HARHONY

There are three groups of vowels:


Neutral

-lla -ll
-saa -ss
-lta -lt
Noun + back vowel -a 0 - Noun + front vowel
ending -vat -vt ending
-ko -k
-ta u -t
-na -n

The vowels in endings that are attached to Finnish words must follow the front/back distinction of
vowela in the stern. This phenomenon is called vowel harmony.

categories of vowel harmony

a word containing on1y front vowe1(s) and /or neutra1 vowel(s) must have front vowel endings
-, -6, -y (+) -e, -1 + -ll etc.

a word containing any back vowel(s) (even back vowels plus neutral vowels) must have back
vowel endings
-a, -0, -u + -11a etc.
Note: a word containing only neutral vowels most often has front vowel endings
-e, -1 + -11 etc.

piv-ll during the day illa-lla in the evening


lhetyst-ss in the embassy talo-ssa in the house
kysy- to ask tutustu-a to get acquainted
he ky-vt they visit he usko-vat they believe
tekee-k does he/she do tapaa-ko does (he) meet
mies-t man nais-ta woman

in compound words only the last word of the compound shows vowel harmony

syyskuu-ssa september i l tapiv-ll afternoon p-1


(syys+kuu) (ilta+piv)

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STRESS

Primary stress: in these examples the stress mark (') follows the stressed syllable.

always on the first syllable

a'-jaa to drive ta'-los-sa in the house kau'-he-a awful

on the first syllable even in loan-words and names borrowed from other
languages which may have the original stress on some other syllable

ba'-naa-ni banana to'-maat-ti tomato

Secondary, weaker stress (-)

in multisyllable words, including compound words, weaker stress usually on the 3rd, 5th, and
7th, etc. syllables

a'-me-rik--ka-lai--nen American kir'-ja-hyl--ly bookshelf

the stress on the first syllable of the second element in a compound word slightly
stronger than the secondary stress in a multisyllable word

il'-ma-voi--mat (ilmatvoimat) airforce


Yh'-dys-val--lat (Yhdys-tvallat) United states

INTONATION

Intonation in Finnish may sound very monotonic to you. There are very few ups and downs. The pitch
contour is generally descending. IMPORTANT: QUESTIONS ARE NEVER EXPRESSED BY INTONATION~

P-B

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SYLLABLE DIVISION

There may be one, and only one, eonsonant at the beginning of a syllable:

hyv hy-v good


miss mis-s where
ilta il-ta evening
kanssa kans-sa with
porkkana pork-ka-na earrot

Some syllables begin with vowels:


apua a-pu-a help
otan o-tan 1 take

Long vowels and diphthongs always belong to one syllable:

kiitos kii-tos thank you


hyv. hy-v good
piv pi-v day
huomenta huo-men-ta morning
myhss my-hs-s late

CONSONANT GRADATION

Consonant gradation is fundamental to Finnish phonology. Consonants may be said to have Wstrong
grade W or Wweak grade w It aetually eomes about because of a historieal evolution which is still in
progress. Beeause of that we find a great many seeming irregularities in the way words ehange when
they enter into grammatical use. You don't need to. learn how and why this happened yet. For now we
will simply introduce the subjeet to get you familiar with the sounds and rhythm of Finnish words as
they change under different grammatieal eonditions. We will return to this subjeet frequently
throughout the course. This seetion, however, ean continue to serVe as a quick referenee for you.

The underlined words here appear to have a different stern to whieh endings are attaehed.

Tm on mukava luokka. This is a niee elassroom.


Olemme luoka-ssa. We are in a elass.

P-9

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Ku~i on pydll. The cup is on the table.
Pidn tst kUEi-sta. 1 like this cup.

Kartta on seinll. The map is on the wall.


Suomi on karta-Ila. Finland is on the map.

Hn on komentaja Jo~i. He is Commander Joki.


Komentaja Joe-Ila on perhe. Commander Joki hae a family.

Tuolla on poi~a. There's a boy.


Po~-lla on sanomalehti. The boy has a newspaper.

Kyl~ on valmis. The bath is ready.


Haluan kyl~-n. 1 want a bath.

Osoitteeni on Puistokatu. My address is Puistokatu.


Asumme puistokadu-Ila. We live on Puistokatu.

Examine the underlined words in the examples above. You will notice that alI of them, in the
uninflected forms, contain either a p, t or k. The double and single consonants seem to alternate
with each other. This type of alternation is called consonant gradation.

The consonants involved are p, t, k

For now, let's not concern ourselves with the details of Finnish grammar. lt is enough at this stage
to say that there are certain significant endings which are added toFinnish words. ln nouns,
adjectives, and pronouns these endings are referred to as cases (see structural notes l-C). We
generally refer to these cases by their standard grammatical names. The examples of consonant
gradation which follow use these case names, but it ie not necessary to explain these any further at
this time.

P-IO

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How to determine when the double and single consonants are to be used

Examine the words below. The second syllable of the words in the leftmost column, ends in a vwel and
is called open. These words have either kk, pp, or tt or k, p, t which is called the strong
grade. In the remaining three columns, because of a grammatical change, the syllables end in a
consonant and are called closed. Notice how kk has changed to single k: pp to single p:
tt to single t; single k has disappeared (zero : 0) or has become v or jJ single p has
chaoged to vJ single t to d. These forms are called the weak grade. This is illustrated in
the qUick reference table in the center of the page below.

nominative inessive elative adessive

luok-ka luo-kaS-SA luo-kaS-TA luo-kaL-La


kup-pi kU-EtS-SA kU-EiS-TA ku-.eIL - LA
kart-ta kar-taS-SA kar-taS-TA kar-taL-LA
jo-~i jo.:.eS-SA jo.:.eS-TA jo.:.eL-LA
su-ku sU-VUS-SA sU-VUS-TA SU-VUL-LA
kyl-.ey kyi:.Y,Ys-s kyl=!YS-TK kyl=.!YL-L
ka-tu ka-duS-SA ka-dus-TA ka-duL-LA

(syllables are separated by -, endings capitalized, and the change in the stern underlined.)

Rule of consonant gradation: strong weak


The strong grade is used in the kk -r--
beginning of an open syllable: pp p
the weak grade io the beginning tt t
of a closed syllable (see P-9 for k 6,v,j*
syllable division). p V
t d
nk ng
mp mm
lt 11
nt nn
rt rr

Note: Consonant's grade is affected by the change in the following syllable irrespective of its
place in the word.
tut-tu tu-tum-maS-SA
--- P-ll
* In two very common wordswhen -k- disappears after -i-, i changes to j;
poi~a - polan, ai~a - ajan.
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Imagine the open syllable as an unguarded, vu1nerab1e place that needs strong, doub1e protection
at the front: luok-ka. - class

STRONG GRADE

LUO
The c10sed sy11able has a guard at the back door, an ext~a consonant -t, and thus it doesn't need
doub1e protection at the front: 1uo-kat - classes

WEAK GRADE

When to expect the strong and weak grades

1. open sy11ab1e strong grade


endings with one vowe1: -a/- or 3rd person singular vowel ending in verbs
endings which forffi an independent sy11ab1e by thernselves
nominative ko-ko
partitive -a/- ko-koA
essive -na/-n ko-ko-NA
i11ative -Vn ko-koON (see P-14)

3rd person singular vowel tun-teE


3rd person plura1 -vat/-vt tun-te-VAT

(Syllables are separated, endings capitalized, and the strong grade in the stern underlrned.)

Note: This does not app1y to nouns ending in -e or a consonant, or to verbs ending in
-t-a/-t- which fo11ow consonant gradation in a slight1y different way (see P-14l.

P-12

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2. closed syllable weak grade
the endings with one consonant -n, ;"t
the endings with two consonants + a vowel: -ssa, -sta, -lla, -lIe, -mme, -nne, etc.

nominative ko-ko (open syllable)


genitive -n kooN
nominative plo -t kooT
inessive -ssa/-ss kooS-SA
elative -sta/-st kooS-TA
adessive -l1a/-ll kOOL-LA
ablative -lta/-lt kooL-TA
allative -lIe kooL-LE

1st person singular -n tun-neN


2nd person singular -t tun-neT
1st person plural -mme tun-neM-ME
2nd person plural -tte tun-neT-TE

(Syllables are separated, endings capitalized, and the change in the stern underlined.)

Variations and exceptions

consonant gradation may occur in alI words which have p, t, k whether they are nouns, adjectives,
numerals, or verbs. There are some exceptions:

strong Weak 1. -s in combination with p, t, k no consonant gradation


kk k
pp p mak-saa to pay hup-su crazy
tt t mak-san I pay hup-sut the crazy ones
k jf,v,j vitsi joke vitsit jokes

p v 2. two different consonants of p, t, k together - no consonant


t d gradation
nk ng mat-ka trip tut-ka radar
mp mm mat-kal-la on the trip tut-kas-sa in the radar
lt 11
nt nn 3. a few recent 10an words and personai names
rt rr au-to car Ou-ti
au-tos-sa in the car ou-tin Outi's P-13

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4. some forms which look like exceptions:

a) the illative case

Menen pank-kiin. I go into the bank.


Menen kaup-paan. I go into the store.

Why a strong grade in a closed syllable? It's a historical relic. You don't really need. to know this,
exeept for the fact that it explains some of the other appearances of the illative. Compare
the illative forrns above with the illative forms in the following one-syllable words:

Menen ty-hn. 1 go to work.


Jrvi meni j-hn. The lake froze over.(lit., the lake went into iee).

The original ending of the illative eonsisted of -h + vowel + -n, as in the following forms
which are still used in sorne dialects and poetry:

pank-ki-hin into the bank


kaup-pa-han into the store

The long vowel in the illative case is the result of the historical disappearance of the -h between
the vowels, but the regular strong grade is preserved.

b) words ending in -e

Osoi-te' on Puistokatu. The address is Puistokatu.


Haluan osoit-teen. 1 want the address.

Originally words ending in -e ended in a eonsonant, most of~en in -k, 'osoitek', which
explains the weak grade in the otherwise open syllable. The apostrophe after the final -e in the
current form of these words, 'osoite' is not marked in standard Finnish, but is used here to indicate
the consonant that historieally ended the word (see P-5 for glottal stop). These words
behave as if the final consonant were still there.

nominative genitive

osoi-te(k) osoit-te(h)en
osoite osoitteen

P-14

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Historical note: The long vowel in 'osoitteen' ts a later developrnent, and the strong grade ts a
reIie from the tirne when -h or sorne other eonsonant began the last syllable. The forrn
'osoittehen', however, ean still be found iri diaIeets and poetry.

e) words ending in a eonsonant follow the same pattern as words ending in -e:

nominative genitive partitive illative

ty-tr tyt-t-ren ty-tr-t tyt-t-reen


ri-kas rik-kaan ri-kas-ta rik-kaa-seen

d) the so-ealled -t-a/-t- verbs (see '18 in the eTY, Appendix III) behave in an
exeeptional way and will be pointed out separateIy in diseussions of various verb forms

the I infinitive has the weak grade, like -v- in the exarnple 'ta~ata'
personal forms have the strong grade, Itke -p- in 'taEaan', even
though their endings ~lose the syllable and would norrnally eall for the weak grade

p v tavata tapaa-n I rneet


to rneet tapaa-t you rneet
hn tapaa he/she meets
tapaa-rnme we rneet
tapaa-tte you rneet
he tapaa-vat they meet

kk k hukat-a hukkaa-n I lose


to Iose

k ~ maat-a makaa-n I lie


to He

tt t sotat-a sottaa-t you srnear


to srnear

lt 11 vallat-a valtaa-tte you oeeupy


to oecupy

P-15

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pp p vi,2at-a vi~a..;,.a (he/she) borrows
to borrow money

mp mm ka.!!!!!!.at-a ka.!!!2aa-n 1 cornb


to comb

t d haudat-a hautaa-mme we bury


to bury

rt rr kerrat-a kertaa-mme we review


to review

nk ng siMot-a sinkoa-a (he/she) hurla


to hurl

PBRSONAL FORMS OF SOMB VERBS WITH RBGULAR CONSONANT GRADATION

nt - nn nt - nn k - ff k - , k - j t- d t - d

tuntea antaa alkaa lukea sulkea tiet lhte


to know to give to begin to read to shut to know to leave

Singular
1 (min) tunnen annan alan luen suljen tiedn lhden
you (sin) tunnet annat alat luet suljet tiedt lhdet
he/she hn tuntee antaa alkaa lukee sulkee tiet lhtee

Plural
. we (me) tunnemme annamme alamme luemme suljemme tiedmme lh,g,emme
you (te) tu.m!.ette annatte alat te luette sUljette tiedtte lhdette
they he tu,!!!evat a.!!!avat alkavat lukevat sul.!evat tietvt lhtevt

P-16

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UNIT 1

GETTING TO KNOW YOU TUTUSTUMINEN

Greetings when meeting Tervehdykset tavattaessa

Answer
How do you do? Hyv piv. piv.
Good morning. Hyv huomenta. Huomenta.
Good afternoon. Huomenta. Nkemiin. Hyv piv. pi v.
Good evening. Hyv iltaa. Iltaa.
Hello: Terve: Tervet
HU Moit Hoit
Weleome~ Thanks: Tervetuloa: Kiitos.
Pleased to meet you. Hauska tutustua. Hauska tutustua.
(lit., niee to get aequainted)
HoW are you? Fine, thanks. Mit kuuluu? Kiitos hyv.
How are you feeling? Kuinka voitte? Kiitos hyvin.
Fine, thanks.
piv. Nkemiin.

Greetings when departing Rrottaessa

Answer
Good night: Hyv yt: Hyv yt:
Good eveningt Hyv yt: Nkemiin.
Goodbye: Bye: Hyvsti: Hyvsti:
So longt Nkemiin. Nkemiin.
See you later Nkemiin .
Have fun~ Pitk hauskaat
Have a niee weekend: Hyv viikonloppua:
Thanks, same to you. Kiitos, sit samaa.
Bye: Iltaa. Hyv yt. Hei sitten: No hei:
Byet(on the phone) Kuulemiin. Kuulemiin.

1-1 yksi
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Other courtesy forms Muita kohteliaisuusmuotoja
Please. Olkaa hyv/ole hyv.
Exeuse me~ Sorry~ Anteeksi.
1 am sorry. Olen pahoillani.
Never mind. Ei se mitn.
Thank you. Kiitos/kiitti. (eolloq.)
You are welcome. Olkaa hyv/ole hyv.
Don't mention it. Ei kest.
Sorry, 1 didn't hear. Anteeksi, en kuullut.
Ta your health: Maljanne: Terveydeksi:
Cheers~ Skool~ Kippis USkooH
Toast to you: Kippis! Maljanne! (high style)
Toast to Finland~ Malja Suomelle~ (high style)
Thanks for your latest hospitality. Kiitos viimeisest.

Nouns Substantiiveja
address osoite (5) fall syksy (15) mUitary foreea armeija (4)
alr foree ilmavoimat (3) family perhe (5) Miss ne.iti (6)
America Amerikka (4) father is (2) Mr. herra (1)
apartment huoneisto (5) field, line ala (1) Mrs. rouva (2)
army maavoimat (3) af work
attaehe avustaja (3) Ftnland Suomi (8) n;lorning aamu(15), huomen (15)
birthday syntympiv (2) friend, ystv (3) motel motelli (7)
brother veli acquaintance tuttava (3)
eaptain kapteeni (7) mother iti (6)
eaptain (navy) kommodori (6)
ehild lapsi (12) girl tytt (15) name nimi (8)
eolonel eversti (6)
eommander komentaja (3) home koti (6) navy laivasto (16),
eourse kurssi (6) hotel hotelli (7) meri voimat (3)
elass luokka (2) house talo (1) night y (17)
daughter tytr (29) housewife kotirouva (2) profession ammatti (7), virka (1)
day piv (2) man (male) mies (35) residenee asunto (16)
department osasto (16) husband (my) mieheni road tie (17)
diplomat diplomaatti (6) lawyer tuomari (7) seasons vuodenajat (l)pl.
director johtaja (3) M.A. maisteri (7) self itse (6)
doetor (title) tohtori (7) major majuri (7) 8ign merkki (6)
embassy lhetyst (15) mUitary sotilas- san, bay poika (2)
evening Uta (1) attache asiamies (35) spring kevt (36)

1-2 kaksi *veli, veljen, velje, veljeen

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street katu (15) university yliopisto (16) woman nainen (25)
studen-t opiskeli ja (4), USA Yhdysvallat (1), work, job ty (17)
oppilas (30) USA year vuosi_ (9)
summer kes (2) wife vaimo (15)
teacher opettaja (3) winter talvi (8)

Verbs Verbej
be, stay olla (13) get, may saada (9) live, reside asua (8)
be able voida (9), jaksaa(l) get acquainted tutustua (8) meet tavata (18)
believe uskoa (8) have on thrive viihty (8)
do, make tehd (12) know, be familiar tuntea (5)
with

Adjectives Adjektiiveja
Amerlcan amedkkalainen (25) fun hauska (I) own oma ( 2)
bad, sad ikv ( 3) good hyv ( 2) Russian venlinen ( 25 )
better parempi ( 14) healthy terve (5) spec.ial erikoinen (25)
English englantilainen ( 25) married naimisissa (adv. ) Swedish ruotsalainen(25)
Finnish suomalainen (25) new uusi (10) unmarried naimaton (24)
French ranskalainen (25 ) ntce mukava ( 3)

Adverbs and other particles Adverbeja ja muita apusanoja

also mys how miten, kuinka soon pian


and ja lndeed toki today tnn
day after ylihuomenna no ei we11, very hyvin
tomorrow no more ei en with kanssa
fortunately onneksi on1y vain yes kyll, joo
(colloq. )
hopefully toivottavasti yesterday eilen

Pronouns Pronomineja

1 min
you te (Te), sln
he/she hn
it se
we me
they he, ne
what mik, mit
who kuka
1-3 kolme
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HEARING IT

~
1
000
1 1
Dialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish side and follow 1n English. Do this at least three
times.
1. Hyv huomenta, herra Saari. 1. Good morning, Mr. Saari.
2. Huomenta, rouva Virtanen. 2. Morning, Mrs. Virtanen.
3. Mit kuuluu? 3. How are you?
4. Kiitos hyv, ent teille? 4. Fine, thanks, and you?
5. Kiitos hyv vain. 5. Just fine, thanks.
6. Saanko esitell, tuomari Tammi, 6. May. 1 intr9duce Attorney Tammi,
uusi oppilas, maisteri Virtanen, a new student. Mrs. Virtanen,
suomen opettaja. the Finnish teacher.
7. Hyv piv. Hauska tutustua. 7. How do you do? Nice to meet you.
8. Tss on vaimoni Minna. . 8. Here is my wife, Minna.
9. piv. Tervetuloa: 9. Hello. Welcome:
10. Anteeksi, mik olikaan nimenne? 10. Excuse me, what was the name again?
11. Tammi. 11. Tammi.
12. Miten se kirjoitetaan? 12. How is it spelled?
13. Tam~i kahdella m:ll. 13. 'Tammi' with two m's.
Siis T-A-M-M-I. So (that's) T-A-M-M-I.
14. Anteeksi, en kuullut. 14. Sorry, 1 didn't hear.
15. T-A-M-M-I. 15. T-A-M-M-I.
16. Olkaa hyv ja istukaa. 16. Please, sit down.
17. Kiitos. 17. Thank you.
18. Mit vaimollenne kuuluu? 18. How is your wife?
19. Kiitos kysymst, hnelle 19. Thanks for asking,
kuuluu hyv. she is fine.
20. Ent mit washingtoniin kuuluu? 20. And how are things in Washington?
21. Kiitos, sinne kuuluu hyv. 21. Thanks, everything is fine there.

Dialog A. CONNECTING SOUND AND WRITING. Play the taped dialog and follow the Finnish text.
Do this at least three times.

1-4 nelj

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Dia109 B. Look at the Finnish text on p. 1-4. Listen to taped dia10g B and stop for 5 or 10
seconds after each sentence. Mark down in which order you hear the Finnish sentences.
Check your answers 8gainst the key.

Dia10g C. Look at the English text on p. 1-4. Listen to scramb1ed dia10g C, stopping for 5 or 10
seconds after eaeh sentenee. Mark down in whieh order you hear the Finnish sentenees,
but this time mark the English. This gives you praetiee in eomprehension. Check your
answers against the key. .

Dia10g D. Listen to dia10g D and fi11 in the b1anks in the text, stopping for 30 seeonds after
eaeh sentenee.

1. Good morning Saari.


2. Good morning Virtanen.
3. May 1 introduee Finnish
4. How do you do?
5. Here is a Mrs. Tammi.
6. Please
7. what was the name again?
8. Excuse me
9. How i s ?
10. Thanks She is fine.

KBY B. 2 1 3 5 8 9 16 17 18 4 5 20 21
C. 1 2 6 9 8 7 10 12 14 18 19 16 17
D. 1. attorney 2. Mr. 3. my wife, teaeher 4. niee to meet you 5. new
Finnish student 6. we1eome, sit down 7. thanks, excuse me 8. 1 didn't hear
9. your wife 10. for asking, just
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1-5 viisi
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GETT1NG TO KNOW YOU
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

Yleiskieli Puhekieli Englanti


Standard Finnish Colloquial Finnish English

Voices A, B, C.

Ensimminen jakso Sequence l


A. Hyv huomenta, herra Saari. Huomenta A. Good morning, Mr. Saari.

B. Huomenta, rouva Virtanen. Huomenta B. (Good) morning, Mrs. Virtanen.

A. Mit kuuluu? No, mits kuuluu? A. How are you?

B. Kiitos hyv, ent teille? Kiitos hyv, ents B. Fine, thanks, and you?
teille?

A. Kiitos, hyv vain. Kiitos hyv vaan. A. Just fine, thanks.

Toinen jakso Sequence 2


B. Saanko esitell, tuomari Tammi, Saanks m esitell, B. May 1 introduce Attorney Tammi,
uusi oppilas, maisteri Virtanen, uus oppilas
suomen opettaja. ................... a neW student. Mrs. Virtanen,
the Finnish teacher

A. Hyv piv. Hauska tutustua. piv A. Hello. Nice to meet you. (lit.,
to get acquainted)

c. Tss on vaimoni Minna. Tsson mun vaimo C. Here is my wife, Minna.

A. piv. Tervetuloa. piv. Tervetuloo. A. Hello. Welcome.

1-6 kuusi

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Act out sequenee 1 on the previous page, substituting tor the underlined words with those given
in the list.

piv kapteeni Kokkonen


majuri Joki
Hyv iltaa neiti Jrvinen
johtaja saari
yt tohtori Tikkanen
eversti Seppl

Act out these scenes and make up new ones using these models.
sAANKO E.SITHL'A' .'
PERI-\EEoNi, VAiMONI MAIJA
SAI5IN\<O ESITHLi\' JA LAl'5f:MME. PEKKA JA
TUTTAVA Nl. LiiSA. JA T'A'sS'A' oN
SAANKO
E'5ITEL\.'A' iT5E.Ni. TUOMARI \/IRTANl:N t(All&, PE.KAN
NiMENI ON NEI TI J 'A' f{ '/1 NEN Y5T 'A' V'A'.
MATTI SAARI.

~
May 1 introduee myselt? May 1 introduee my friend, May 1 introduce my family?
My name is Matti Saari. Attorney Virtanen. My wife, Maija, and our children,
Niee ta meet you. Miss Jrvinen. Pekka and Liisa. And this is
1 1 m Lea Tikka. Niee to meet you. Kalle, Pekka's friend.

Act out leave-taking, using this model.

Nkemiin, rouva Virtanen. Good bye, Mrs. Virtanen.


Oli hauska tavata. It was niee meeting you.
Nkemiin, komentaja Lehto. SO long, Commander Lehto.

1-7 seitsemn
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GETT1NG TO KNOW YOU
Practice these sentences. Then act them out and substitute for the underlined words.

Voices A, B, C.

Kolmas jakso sequence 3


A. Anteeksi, mik olikaan nimenne? Anteeks, mik teidn nimi A. Excuse me, what was the name
olikaan? again?

c. Tammi. . c. Tammi.
A. Miten se kirjoitetaan? kirjotetaan? A. How is it spelled? (lit., written)

c. 'Tammi ' kahdella m:ll. kahella c. Tammi I with two mls


.
I

Siis T-A-M-M-I. so (that's) T-A-M-M-I.

A. Anteeksi, en kuullut. Anteeks, m en kuulIu. A. sorry, 1 didn't hear.

c. T A M M 1. . c. T A M M 1.

Neljs jakso sequence 4


A. Olkaa hyv ja istukaa. . A. Please sit down.

B. Kiitos. Kiitti. B. Thank you.

Viides jakso sequence 5


A. Mit vaimollenne kuuluu? Mits teidn vaimolle A. HOW is your wife?
kuuluu?

B. Kiitos kysymst, hnelle sille kuuluu B. Thanks for asking,


kuuluu hyv. hyv. she's fine.

Kuudes jakso sequence 6


A. Ent mit Washingtoniin kuuluu? Ents washingtoniin? A. And how are things in washington?

B. Kiitos, sinne kuuluu hyv. Kiitos, hyvhn sinne. B. Thanks, everything is fine there.

1-8 kahdeksan

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Act out sequence 4 by substituting for the underlined word with these expressions.

kyk sisn.
olkaa hyv ja kyk istumaan. Please,
{ kyk peremmlle.

Make up yout own questions and answersi using the given variations.
teille
mlehellenne ~i~~~~:
Mit { lapsillenne
Matilie
kuuluu? Kiitos, heille
hnelle
{
kuuluu hyv.

are yoU? I 'm fine.


is your husband? he i8 fine.
How { are your children? Thanks, { they are fine.
is Matti? he 1s fine.

~
Suomeen in Finland?

~
Mit Helsinkiin kuuluu? How are things ln Helsinki?
kotiin at home?
suomen luokkaan in Finnish class?

Sinne kuuluu hyv. Everything is fine there.

ei mitn erikoista. nothing special.


Mit kuuluu? Kiitos, siinhn se menee. How are yoU?* Thanks, it's going alI right.
{ ei kovin hyv. { not too goode

Miten menee? Kiitos, hyvin. How is it going? Very well, thanks.


Kuinka hurisee? Kiitos, siinhn se menee. Not bad, thanks.

Miten opiskelu sujuu? Kii tos, hyvin. How are your studies going? Fine, thanks.
Miten bisnes sujuu? Kii tos , hyv in. How is your business going? Fine, thanks.

* lit., What is heard?, the equivalent of How are you?, What's happening?, What's up?,
or How are things?
1-9 yhdeksn
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HBARING IT II

Ilo~ol IDialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the pinnish side and follow in English. Repeat at least twice.

1. Onko teill perhett? 1. 00 you have a family?


2. On, meill on kaksi lasta. 2. Yes, we have two children.
3. Miss lapsenne nyt ovat? 3. Where are your children now?
4. He ovat kotona itins kanssa. 4. They're at home with their mother.
5. Miten tyttrenne voi? 5. How's your daughter?
6. Kiitos, hn voi hyvin, mutta 6~ She is well,"thanks, but our son
poikamme ei voi hyvin tnn. is not well today.
7. sep ikv, toivottavasti hn 7. That's too bad. Hopefully, he will
voi pian paremmin. be better soon.
8. Toivotaan niin. 8. Let's hope sol
9. Mist pin Amerikkaa te olette 9. What part of America do you come from?
kotoisin?
10. Kansasista, mutta asun nyt tll. 10. From Kansas, but I live here now.
Ent te? How about yoU?
11. Min olen syntynyt Suomessa. 11. I was born in Finland.
12. Asutteko viel hotellissa? 12. Are you still living in ahotel?
13. Emme toki en. Onneksi meill 13. Oh, not any more. Fortunately,
on nyt oma talo. we now have our own house.
14. Miss se on? 14. Where is it?
15. Se on Puistokadulla. Tss on 15. It's on Puistokatu. Here is
osoitteeni, Puistokatu 29. my address, 29 puistokatu.
16. Miten te viihdytte Suomessa? 16. How are you enjoying yourself in F~nland?
17. Kiitos, viihdymme hyvin tll. 17. Thanks, we are enjoying it very much.
18. Tehn olette armeijassa, eik niin? 18. You are in the military, aren't yoU?
19. Niin, ilmavoimissa. Ent mill 19. Yes, in the air force. And what's
alalla te olette? your field?
20. Olen ulkoministeriss. 20. I'm at the State oepartment.
21. Tunnetteko Bob Wilsonin? 21. 00 you know Bob Wilson?
Hn on tyss siell. He works there.
22. Tunnen, mutta hn on eri 22. Yes, I do, but he works in a
osastolla. Muuten tnn on different department. By the way,
Bobin syntympiv. it's Bob's birthday today.
23. Ensimminen syyskuutako? 23. The first of September?
24. Niin. 24. Yes.

I-I0 kymmenen

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25. Asiasta toiseen, uskotteko 25. To change the subject, do you believe
horoskooppiin? in horoscopes7
26. Uskon, olen Kala. Mik teidn 26. 1 do, 1'm Pisces. What's your si9n7
horoskooppimerkkinnne on7
27. Olen Neitsyt, mutta en usko 27. 1'm Virgo. But 1 don't believe in
horoskooppiin. Minusta se on horoscopes. 1 think it's nonsense.
humpuukia.

Dialog A. CONNECT1NG SOUND AND WRIT1NG. Play the taped dialog three times and follow the Finnish text.

Dialog B. Look at the Finnish text on p. 1-10. Play scrambled dialog B, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds
after each sentence. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences. Check
your answer against the key.

Dialog C. Look at the English text. Play scrambled dialog C, stopping after each sentence for
5 or 10 seconds. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences, but this time
mark the English. This gives YQU practice in comprehension. Check your work against
the key.

Dialog D. Listen to dialog D, stopping for 30 seconds after each sentence and fi11 in the blanks.

1. Where are . now?


2. They are at home .
3 H ow i s you r . ?
4. Thanks, fine but does not feel very well.
5. What part of do you come from?
6. From but 1 live now in
7. Where do you ?
8 ?
9 is in the mi1itary, isn't he?
10. No, he isn't. He works at the
11. By the way, today it is birthday.
12. ............. af Septembe r?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 5 67 8 3 4 12 13 18 19 21 22 25 27
C. 12 15 1 2 9 10 11 3 4 18 19 20 5 6 7 8 25 26 27 a
D. 1. your sons 2. our daughter 3. husband 4. our daughter 5. Finland
6. Helsinki, Kuopio 7. work 8. in the air force 9. Saari 10. Department of state
11. my son's 12. third

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GETTING TO KNOW YOU
Practice these sequences. Then act them out and substitute for the underlined words.

Voices A, B.

Seitsems jakso Sequence 7


A. Onko teill perhett] Onks teill perhett] A. Do you have a family]

B. On, meill on kaksi lasta. Joo, meillon kakslasta. B. Yes, we have two children.

A. Miss lapsenne nyt ovat] Miss teidn lapset nyt on? A. Where are your children now?

B. He ovat kotona itins kanssa. Ne on B. They're at home with their


mother.

Kahdeksas jakso Sequence 8


A. Miten tyttrenne voi] Miten teidn tytr jaksaa] A. How is your daughter?

B. Kiitos, hn voi hyvin, mutta Kiitos, se voi hyvin, mutta B. She is well, thanks, but our
poikamme ei voi hyvin tnn. meidn poika ei 00 kunnossa. son is not well today.

A. Sep ikv. Toivottavasti hn No, sehn ikv. A. That's too bad. Hopefully
voi pian paremmin. Toivottavasti se voi he will be better saan.

B. Toivotaan niin. ........................... B. Let's hope so

Cultural note: 1n Finnish you often say 'kiitos kysymst,' meaning -thanks for asking, when
someone asks the routine greeting questions.

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Act out sequence 7. Use these useful phrases when needed.

Oletteko naimisissa? Are you married? Olen/En ole. Yes/No.

En ole naimisissa. 1 ' m not married.


Olen naimaton. 1 ' m unmarried.
Olen poikamies. 1 ' m a bachelor.
Olen eronnut. 1 ' m divorced.
Olen naimisissa. 1 ' m married.

Onko teill perhett? Do you have a family? on/Ei ole. Yes/No.

Onko teill lapsia? Do you have children? Meill on yksi lapsi. We have one child.
Meill on kaksi lasta. We have two children.

Use these variations of sequence 8 as you exchange courtesies.

KUINKA pOIKA .... NE. JAKSAA?


KIITOS, E.I KOVIN HYVIN.
SE.P'A' IK'A'V}\':A,',

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kolmetoista
GETT1NG TO KNOW YOU
Practice the following sequences. Then act them out, sUbstituting for the underlined words.

Voices A, B.

Yhdekss jakso sequence 9


A. Mist pin Amerikkaa te olette ................. te ootte A. What part of America do you
kotoisin? kotosin? come from? (lit., are you from)

B. Kansasista, mutta asun nyt M oon Kansasista, mut m B. From Kansas, but 1 live here
tll. Ent te? asun........... Ents te? now. How about you?
A. Min olen syntynyt Suomessa. M oon syntyny A. 1 was born in Finland.

Kymmenes jakso sequence 10


A. Asutteko viel hotellissa? Asutteks te A. Are you still living in ahotel?

B. Emme toki en. Onneksi meill Ei me en. Onneks meillon B. Oh, not any more. Fortunately,
on nyt oma talo. nyt oma talo. we now have our own house.

A. Miss se on? .......................... A. Where is it?

B. Se on puistokadulla. Tss on Tss on mun B. 1t's on Puistokatu. Here is


osoitteeni, puistokatu 29. osate my address, 29 Puistokatu.
(kaksikymmentyhdeksn) (kakskytyheksn)

A. Miten te viihdytte Suomessa? Mites te A. How are you enjoying yourself


in Finland?
B. Kiitos, viihdymmehyvin tll. me viihytn B. Thanks, we're enjoying it
very much.

1-14 neljtoista

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Act out aequencea 9 and 10. Give information about where you come from and aak your fe110w atudents
and teacher about the aarne.

Mist te olette kotoisin? Where are you from?


Mist te olette syntyisin? suomesta. Where are you from? From Finland.
Mist pin te olette? Whereabouts are you from?

Miss olette syntynyt? Suomessa. Where were you born? 1n Finland.

Amerikassa, America.
Olen syntynyt Suomessa. 1 was born in Finland.
{ { New York.
New Yorkissa.

KERROSTALO
U[JD
DD[]
[][lU RIVITALO
PIENTALO A B
mmm 00

Miss te asutte? Washingtonissa. where do you live? 1n Washington.

Mik osoitteenne on? What i8 your address?


Mik teidn osoite on? What i8 your address?
Mik puhelinnumeronne on? What is your telephone number?

talo. house.
Meill on nyt oma asunto. We now have our own place to I i ve.
{ huoneisto. { apartment.

Osoitteemme on Tlnkatu 15 B 18. Our address is 15 B 18 Tl street.

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GETTING TO KNOW YOU
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

Voices A, B.

Yhdestoista jakso sequence 11


A. Tehn olette armeijassa, eik niin? ........ ootte . A. You are in the military,
eiks niin? aren't yoU?

B. Niin, ilmavoimissa. Joo, .........."..... B. Yes, in the air force.


Ent mill alalla te olette? Ents ootte? And what's your field?

A. Olen ulkoministeriss. M oon . A. m at the state


1'
Department.

Kahdestoista jakso Sequence 12


B. Tunnetteko Bob Wilsonin? Tunnetteks te B. Do you know Bob Wilson?
Hn on tyss siell. Se on He works there.

A. Tunnen, mutta hn on eri osastolla. Joo, m tunnen, mut se on A. Yes, 1 do, but he works
Muuten, tnn on Bobin eri osastolla in a different department.
syntympiv. synttrit. By the way, it's Bob's
birthday today.
B. Ensimminen syyskuutako? ......................... B. The first of September?

A. Niin. Joo. A. Yes.

Kolmastoista jakso Sequence 13


A. Asiasta toiseen, uskotteko uskotteks te A. To change the sUbject, do
horoskooppiin? you believe in horoscopes?

B. Uskon. Olen Kala. Joo. M Don Kala. B. 1 do. 1 ' m Pisces.


Mik teidn horoskooppi- Miks teidn horoskooppi- What's your sign?
merkkinne on? merkki on?

A. Olen Neitsyt. Mutta en M oon Neitsyt. Mut m A. 1 ' m Virgo. But 1 don't
usko horoskooppiin. en usko believe in horoscopes.
Minusta se on humpuukia. Musta 1 think it's nonsense.

See p. 1-19 for dates and signs.


1-16 kuusitoista

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Use sequences 11 and 12 as a model. Substitute personai information and ask questions of your
fellow students.

yliopistossa, Niin.

~
Yhdysval.tain suurlhetystss, Kyll.
Tehn olette Amerikan suurlhetystss, eik niin? Joo.
merivoimissa, En ole, olen yliopistossa.
maavoimissa, En, olen ilmavoimissa.

at the university Yes, 1 am/do.

~
at the U.8. embassy Yes, 1 am/do.
You are/work at the American embassy arenlt/don't you? Yes, 1 amldo.
in the navy No, 1 donlt, 1 work at the
in the army university.
No, 1 1 m not, 1 1 m in the air
force.

Find out and provide information about a third person, using both affirmative and negative questions
and statements.

Mik herra Smith on ammatiltaan? What is Mr. smith by profession?


Miss virassa herra Smith on? What does Mr. Smith do?
Mit herra Smith tekee?

lhetystvirkailija. embassy off icia1.


Hn on amerikkalainen sotilasasiamies. He is an American military attache.
{ diplomaatti. { diplomat.

Hn on Amerikan suurlhettils. He is the American ambassador.


Kuka amerikkalainen diplomaatti on? Who is the American diplomat?
Hn on herra Smith. He is Mr. Smith.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tnn } Today }
Huomenna on Maijan syntympiv. Tomorrow is Maijals birthday.
ylihuomenna Day after tomorrow

Eilen oli Maijan syntympiv. Yesterday was Maijals birthday.

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VUODENAJAT JA KUUKAUDBT SEASONS AND HONTHS
TALVI
winter

KBVXT
spring

SYKSY
fall/autumn

RESX
summer

1-18 kahdeksantoista

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\
Read with the help of the glossary.
VESIHIES Aquarlus
tammik. 20 - helmik. 18
KAURIS Caprfeorn keksdls, romanttinen,
jouluk. 22 - tammik. 19 hillitty
vilk~s, huolellinen,
krsiYll i nen
II inventive, romantie,
self -controlled
KALAT Plsces
helmlk. 19 - maa1isk. 20
JOUSIHIES Sagittarlus idealistinen, taiteellinen,
lively, careful, patient antellas
marrask. 22 - jouluk. 21
viisas, eloisa, epitseks ldealistle, artlstle, generous

wise, vibrant, unseiflsh

OINAS Ari es
maa1isk. 21 - huhtik. 19
Scorpio Itseninen, huoleton, herkk
Independent, caretree, sensitive

V...... KA
Li bra
syysk. 23 - lokak. 23
lahjakas, sstvinen,
HIiRKIi Taurus
talented, thrltty, tactful
huhtik. 20 - toukok. 20
peloton, ystvllinen, pttvinen
fear1ess, kind, determined .

~EITSYT Vi rgo
KAKSOSET Geminl
elok. 23 - syysk. 22 toukok. 21 - kesk. 21
ylpe, kytnnllinen,
lyks, levoton, monipuolinen
aHiivlnen
intelllgent, restless, versatile
proud, practical, active
LEIJONA Leo I(RAPU Caneer
helnk. 23 - elok. 22 kesk. 22 - heink. 22
rohkea, ahkera, tunteellinen, kunnianhimoinen,
lmmlnsydmlnen lojaali
brave, industrious, sentimental, ambitious, loyal
warm-hearted

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T_1Q .... h A _ I __ ! ..' __
Perusluvut Cardinal numbers Jrjestysluvut Ordinal numbers
nolla 0
yksi 1 ensimminen, eka first
kaksi 2 toinen second
kolme 3 kolmas third
nelj 4 neljs fourth
viisi 5 viides fifth
kuusi 6 kuudes sixth
seitsemn 7 seitsems seventh
kahdeksan 8 kahdeksas eighth
yhdeksn 9 yhdekss ninth
kymmenen 10 kymmenes tenth
yksitoista 11 yhdestoista eleventh
kaksitoista 12 kahdestoista jne. twelfth, and so forth

Viikonpi vt nays of the week

maanantai Monday tnn today


tiistai Tuesday huomenna tomorrow
keskiviikko Wednesday ylihuomenna day after tomorrow
torstai Thursday eilen yesterday
perjantai Friday toissapivn day hefore yesterday
lauantai saturday
s!Jnnuntai Sunday

Talk about the days of the week, using your own variations.

Tnn on maanantai. Today is Monday.


Mik piv on huomenna? What day i8 tomorrow?
Huomenna on tiistai. Tomorrow is Tuesday.
Mik piv oli eilen? What day was yesterday?

1-20 kaksikymment

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES. Listen to the tape and circle the correct expressions.

A B A/B
1. 1. good morning goodevening 2. 1. I am doctor/attorney Virtanen.
2. acquaintance friend 2. I have a wife and two/three kids.
3. student teacher
-----
3. My child is/the children are at home.
4. to meet to get acquainted 4. My wife Maija is at work/at home.
5. good night good evening 5. My daughter's/my son's name is ...

KEY 1. lB 2B 3A 4B 5A
2. lB 2A 3B 4B 58

Listen to the tape and fill in the missing words.

3. Attorney Jack smith is a . Finnish student. He is an American


His is Mary Smith. They . a son and a daughter.
The children are in New York. Mr. smith's son today.
Hopefully .. sQon.

4. Mrs. Maija Virtanen is a Her husband is Virtanen.


They two children, a son Kalle and a daughter Liisa. Mrs. Virtanen
is today. Also, Mr. Virtanen That's

After completing these two exercises, compare your answers with the Finnish text in App. VI.

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kaksikymmentyksi
Listen to the following short extracts of conversation on the tape and take notes under these
headings. Then discuss your notes with the other members of your group.

5. Person Profession Where from Family

6. Person Profession Family My family

7. people Their jobs Family Phone numbers

1-22 kaksikymmentkaksi

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FUNCTION PRACTICES. Use these situations as a basis for free conversation.

1. Greetings
- greet your fe110w student B and introduce yourself
B expresses his/her p1easure in meeting you
greet your fe110w student B in the morning and introduce your wife/husband/friend
B expresses his/her pleasure in meeting hirn/her
B apologizes for not hearing the name
after you repeat the name, B asks how it is spelled
spel1 your name in Finnish
welcome someone to the class/Helsinki/Finland

2. Responses
- express sadness about someone's not feeling well
- express hope for someone getting better/well
- express thanks
- express pleasure at meeting someone

3. Where from
- tell where you are from
ask where B is from
find out where B is from, where she/he lives and what she/he does for living
find out where each student is from, where they live and what they do

4. Occupation
- ask if a certain person is working
B answers in the negative
find out who each student, diplomat, teacher, etc., is
find out what each person (identified by name) is doing

s. Birthdays
- find out if B believes in astrology, what his/her sign is, and when his/her birthday is

6. Your teacher is Finnish. Ask hirn/her alI the questions you have 1earned.
greet the teacher
ask how the teacher is
ask if the teacher has a family
ask how the family is
ask how the teacher's wife/husband/son/daughter feels
ask how things are at home/in Helsinki/in Washington, etc.
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READING
Translate this with the help of the glossary.

Terve Bill. Oletko tavannut ystvni Maijan?


En valitettavasti, mutta haluaisin tutustua hneen.
Voisin esitell hnet nyt sinulle. Kuule, Maija.
Tss on Bill, josta olen puhunut niin paljon.
Ahaa, kiva tavata. Nyt uskon horoskooppiin.
Sen mukaan minun piti tnn tutustua komeaan mieheen.

- Sano piv, Pekka:


- Anna ktt, Musti:

Write your own biography, using the vocabulary learned so far.

Look up your birthday and Zodiac sign on p. 1-19.


Write down this information, share it with your fellow students, and ask them for the same.

syntympivni on My birthday i8

Horoskooppimerkkini on My sign 1a

Olen 1 am

ANY QUESTION8 80 FAR1

Read the following structural notes and see how many of your questions they answer.
For structura1 exercises on these points, see the Workbook, unit 1 pp. 1-20.

1-24 kaksikymmentnelj

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UNIT 1
STRUCTURAL NOTES

I-A PERSONAL PRONOUNS


How to form

1st person singular min I


2nd person singular sin you
3rd person singular hn he/she
se it
1st person p1ura1 me we
2nd person plural te, Te. you
3rd person plural he they (people only)
ne they

When to use

1. 3rd person pronouns

there is no distinction by sex; 'hn' and 'se' can refer either to men or women
'hn' and 'he' refer exclusive1y to humans
'se' and 'ne' refer to non-humans, i.e., to animals, things, and ideas
in eolloquial speech, 'se' and 'ne' ean be used to refer to peop1e as we11

2. 2nd person pronouns

fo11ow the general European practice in whieh:


'Te,' the polite form, i8 used in most formal situations, with a person you don't know we11,
with a person of higher status, with an older person, ete.
use the appropriate plura1 verb form even with 'Te'
'sin' is used with friends~ ehildren, and in some informa1 situations
it may be insu1ting to use 'sin' to a person you don't know wel1, unless you have come
to a mutual agreement about it. For further diseussion on this, see unit IV, "sma11 ta1k"

3. eolloquia11y, 'm' and Is' are used for fami1iar "1" and "you"

* The capita1 1etter i8 used here for distinetion, but both the regular 2nd person plura1
and the po1ite form are written 'te' except in polite eorrespondenee.
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1-25
I-B PRESENT TENSE APPIRMATIVE

Singular 1. (min) asu-n 1 reside


2. (sin) asu-t you reside
3. hn asu-u he/she resides
Plural 1. (me) asu-mme we reside
2. (te) asu-tte you reside
3. he asu-vat they reside

now to forrn: Each forrn consists of two elernents, stern and personai ending.

1. stern:
ia the elernent common to alI six forrns: asu-
ia norrnally found by rernoving the ending -n of the 1st person singular, which
is the second forrn in your chart of the Conjugational Types of Verbs (CTV see App. 111)
2. Personai ending:
is different for every person
Singular l.-n
2. -t
3. -V the last vowel of the stern doubled: 'hn usko-o' -he/she believes-
-no ending is added if the stern ends in two vowels: 'hn voi' -he/she can-

P1ura1 1. -mme
2. -tte
3. -vat/-vt (depending on vowel harmony, see P-7 for notes on
pronunciation)

since the endings are different for every person, the personai pronouns for the 1st and 2nd
person can be left out altogether, unless there is a special ernphasis
the 3rd person pronoun cannot be left out

When to use

1. no distinction between habitual and ongoing action

Min istun nojatuolissa. 1 (usually) sit in the arrnchair/I arn sitting in the arrnchair.

2. no distinction between the future and present tense

Min asun Washingtonissa. 1 live/1 arn living/I will live in Washington.


1-26

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1-C CASE ENDINGS

1n Finnish, the nominals, (nouns, pronouns, numerals, and adjectives), appear in different forms,
called cases, according to their function in the sentence. These cases have particular sounds
associated with them, and these sounds are added onto the stern of the basic word. The basic word is
in the nominative case, which is the form you find in the dictionary. The stern of the nominal, to
which the case endings are'added, varies somewhat from the dictionary forms. Further discussion of
this is on page P-9 (notes onpronunciation), in the section on consonant gradation. For now, it is
sufficient to work with the conceptual meaning of the most comrnon cases. The process of changing case
endings on a nominal is called declining. so the nominative case is the undeelined case, which
appears in the dictionaries and word lists ofeach unit in this book.

1t may be helpful to realize that there is something like a core meaning for each case and several
extended meanings. The meaning of a case i8 reflected in the kind of question it answers, as
indicated by the question pronouns 'kuka' "who" and 'mik' "what." The case of the noun or
pronoun in your answer should match the case of the interrogative pronoun. (see I-J, 1-K, and I-L for
"yes/no" '-ko/-k' questions)

There are two basic groups of eases:

local inessive, elative, illative, adessive, ablative, allative


non-Ioeal nominative, genitive, accusative, partitive and some others
that refer to the qualities of the nominal itself

When to use

The subject of the sentence--the actor or even simply the name of something--is generally in the
nominative: "l broke it." The genitive indicates possession: "the boy's book." The accusative
indicates that the nominal is the objeet or recipient of the aetion of the verb:
"1 broke it." The partitive indicates many things, but its core meaning is a reference to only
a part of the objeet or objeets, not alI of those bjects in the world: "some apple/some apples."

These cases will be explained in much more detail as you progress through the book using
them.

We will begin using the local cases first in their basie and extended meanings (see II-G for
further explanations). The local cases generally correspond to prepositions in English, and their
meanings are similar to the variety of meanings of the equivalent prepositions in English.

1-27
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As an example, we will deal first with the allative case. Its basic meaning is -in the direction of
something which is a surface, not an enclosure,- or -towards the surface of something.- The extended
meaning refers to -the recipient of something,- as in -Igave it to him.- This usage is called -dative- in
most European languages.

I-D PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ALLATlVE

Mit sinulle kuuluu? How are you? (HL, what to you is heard?)
Minulle kuuluu hyv. 1 ' m fine.
Tm on hnelle. This is for him/her.

Standard ColIoquial
min 1 minu-Ile mu-lle to me
sin you sinu-He su-lle to you
hn he/she hne-lIe to hirn/her
me we mei-He to US
te you tei-He to you
he they hei-He to them

How to form

the stern of the pronouna i6 the part before the allative case ending -lIe
the stern is the same for alI cases except, partitive and accusative (see 1-F, 111-A, 11I-D)

When to use: more in section II-M

1. in the most common greeting

Mit teille/sinulle kuuluu? HoW are you?

2. in answering the question 'kenelle' -to whom-

Kenelle tm on? who i6 this for?


Tm on teille. This is for you.

Note: The colloquial forma are very widely used (see the Workbook, unit 1).

1-28

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I-E' HOW TO EXPRESS -to have-

Affirmative

standard
minu-Ila
sinu-Ila
hne-ll
Liisa-Ua
:~=~~: !
CoUoquial

on auto ~o~a~:ve
he/she has
Liisa has
! a ear
mei-ll }
tei-11
hei-U
on auto
we }
you
they
have a car

How to form: -lla/-Il + on + nom.

attach -lla/-1l ending to the stern of the subject of the English sentenee
the verb 'olla' -ta be- is always 1n the 3rd person singular forrn 'on'
what i8 possessed i8 in the basie form, nominative

minu-lla
sinu-l1a
hne-ll
l ei ole auto-a
1 don't
you don't
he/she doesn't
l Negative

have a ear
rnei-ll}
tei-ll
hei-ll
ei ole auto-a
we don't}
you don't have car
they don't
Liisa-lla Liisa doesn' t

How ta form: -1la/-ll + ei ole + part.

attaeh -lla/-ll to the stern of the subjeet


the verb forrn i8 'ei ole'
what is not possessed is 1n the partitive ease (see III-A for further inforrnation)

ouestion

hne-ll Does he hne-ll Doesn't he


sinu-lla DO you sinu-lla Don't you
on-ko tei-ll auto? Do you have Ei-k tei-ll ole Don't you have
hei-ll Do they a carl hei-ll autoa? Don't they a carl
Liisa-lla Does Liisa Liisa-lla Doesn' t Liisa

1-29
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Dow to forrn
Affirrnative: onko + -lla/-Il + norn.
add the question particle -ko/-k to the verb in the 3rd person sg. = 'on-koi
(see I-J)
attach -lla/-Il to the stern of the subject
what is possessed is in the norninative, basic forrn

Negative: eik + -lla/-Il + ole + part.


start with 'ei-k'
attach -lla/-Il to the stern of the subject
the verb forrn is 'ole'
what is not possessed is in the partitive case

When to use: in answer to the question who has 1 (the stern for 'kuka' who is 'kene-')
Kene-ll on auto1 Who has a car1

I-F POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

standard CoUoquial
rninu-n rnu-n rnine
sinu-n su-n yours
Kirja on hne-n se-n The book ia his/hers
rneid-n oura
teid-n yours
heid-n theirs

Dow to forrn: rnore in VI-B

add the sg. genitive ending -n to the stern 'rninu-' (see II-F for genitive)
for plural pronouns the stern is different (see VI-B)

When to use: in answer to the question 'kenen' whose

I-G POSSESSIVE SUPPIXES

(minun) } -ni (meidn) } -rnme our }


(sinun) rny
your } car (teidn) auto -nne
auto -si your car
(hnen) -nsa/ns, -Vn (= vowel + -nl his/her (heidn) -nsa their

Dow to forrn: for the stern used with the possessive SUffi~, see Ii-p.
1-30

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When ta use

1. the possessive suffixes are used alone without the pronouns:


generally in formal Finnish, unless there is a special emphasis on the possessor

Miss lapsenne nyt ovat? Where are your children now?


Miss teidn-rapse~ nyt ovat? Where are your children now?

if they refer to the subject of the sentence


Min asun talossani. I live in ~ house.

in informal Finnish, the word 'oma' -own- is often added


Min asun omassa talossani. I live in my own house.

in the 3rd person, you may leave out the possessive pronoun only when it refers
to the subject of the sentence

talossansa. in his own house.


talossaan. in his house.
Pekka asuu Matin talossa. Peter is I i ving in Matti's house.
hnen talossaan. in his (Matti's) house.
hnen talossansa. in his (Matti's) house.

2. the possessive pronoun can be used without the suffix:


with a plural possessive pronoun that deals with family relationships,
or with a familiar place, and does not indicate ownership

meidn koulu our school


teidn is your father
heidn luokka their class

in informal Finnish

Onko teidn vaimo kotirouva? Is your wife a housewife?


Miss teidn lapset nyt on? Where are your children now?

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1-31
I-H PRESENT TENSE NEGATIVE

Singular (min) e-n asu 1 don't reside (live)


(sin) e-t asu you don't reside
hn ei asu he/she doesn't reside

Plural (me) e-mme asu we don't reside


(te) e-tte asu you don't reside
he ei-vt asu they don't reside

How to form

the word corresponding to the English -not- is 'ei'


'ei' is used like a verb and takes the personai endings according to the subject:
'en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivt'

'en, et, ei,' etc., precede the main verb (in English -not- usually comes after the verb)
the main verb is in a special form obtained by dropping the 1st person singular, present
tense affirmative ending -n

min asu-n 1 reside


min en asu 1 don't reside

I-I PRESENT TENSE OF 'olla' -to be-

Af f i rma ti ve Negative
Standard colloquial Standard Colloquial

min ole-n m oon 1 am min e-n ole m en 00 1 am not


sin ole-t s oot you are sin e-t ole s et 00 you are not
hn on s~ on he/she is hn ei ole se ei 00 he/she is not
me ole-mme me ollaan we are me e-mme ole me ei olla we are not
te ole-tte te ootte you are te e-tte ole te ette 00 you are not
he o-vat ne on they are he ei-vt ole ne ei 00 ther are not

Note: The colloquial forms are very widely used (see the .Workbook unit 1).

1-32

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Affirmati ve question Negative question
Standard Colloquial Standard Colloquial

ole-n-ko (min) oonks m? am I? e-n-k (min) ole enks m oo? am 1 not?


ole-t-ko (sin) ooks/oots? are yoU? e-t-k (sin) ole eks/ets oo? are you not?
on-ko hn onkse? is he/she ei-k hn ole eikse oo? is he/she not?
on-ko se onkse? is it? ei-k se ole eikse oo? is it not?
ole-mme-ko (me) ollaanks me? are we? e-mme-k (me) ole eiks me olla? are we not?
ole-tte-ko (te) ootteks te? are yoU? e-tte-k (te) ole etteks te oo? are you not?
o-vat-ko he/ne onks ne? are they? ei-vtk he/ne ole eiks ne oo? are they not?

Note: Colloquial forms are very widely used (see the Workbook unit 1).

I-J -ko/-k QUESTIONS

Haluaisitte-ko istua? Would you like to sit?


Ette-k haluaisi istua? Wouldn't you like to sit?

Tulee-ko Pekka kouluun? Is Pekka coming to school?


Ei-k Pekka tule kouluun? Isn't Pekka coming to school?

Menemme-k kotiin? Are we going home?


Emme-k mene kotiin? Aren't we going home?

Dow to form

1. word order in an affirmative -ko/-k question

verb + personai ending + -ko/-k + subject

ole + -tte + -ko te = oletteko te? are yoU?


asu + -t + -ko sin asutko sin? do you live?

2. word order in a negative -ko/-k question


negation verb + personai ending + -k + subject +. main verb (in the negative form)

e- + -tte +-k te ole = ettek te ole? are you not?


e- + -t +-k sin asu '" etk sin asu? don' t you live?

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1-33
1-K HOW TO ANSWER -ko/-k (yes and no) QUEST10NS

Onko teill perhett? Do you have a family?


On, meill on kaksi lasta. Yes, we have two children.
Ei ole. No, we don't.

Uskotteko horoskooppiin? Do you believe in horoscopes?


(Kyll) uskon. 1 do.
En (usko). No, 1 don't.

Vielk he asuvat hotellissa? DO they still live in ahotel?


Viel. Yes (they do).
Eivt en. Not any more.

the most common way is to repeat or negate the 'questioned word ' without the -ko/-k ending
for emphasis, you may use 'kyll' in an affirmative answer
'kyll' and 'joo' (colloq.) can be used in alI above examples, but the usage is
less common
'ei' with a personai ending with/without the main verb is used in a negative answer

1-L DOW TO FORK QUEST10NS

1. You may begin a phrase with an interrogative word.

Mik olikaan nimenne? What was the name again?


Miss teidn lapsenne ovat? Where are your children?
Miten se kirjoitetaan? How is it spelled (lit., written)?
Kuka suomen opettaja on? Who is the Finnish teacher?

2. When you form questions without an interrogative word, add the lnterrogative suffix -ko/-k.

Onko vaimonne kotirouva? 1s your wife a housewife?


Asutteko viel hotellissa? Are you still living in ahotel?

3. Generally, add -ko/-k to the first word of the question: .

Asutteko viel hotellissa? Are you still living in ahotel?


Vielk te asutte hotellissa? Are you still living in ahotel?

1-34

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I-H WORO OROER

Generally speaking, word order is less fixed than in English due to the faet that the ease
endings immediately tell whether the word is used as subjeet, objeet, or has some other grammatieal
funetion in the sentence. You'll find more information on word order in II-C.

Direct word order: subjeet, verb, objeet

statements He ovat kotona. They are at home.


Asun nyt tll. 1 live here now.

questions with question Mist te olette kotoisin? Where are you from?
words Miss se on? Where is it?
Miten tyttrenne voi? How is your daughter?

-ko/-k questions Vielk te asutte hotellissa? Do you still live in ahotel?


not beginning with a verb

Indirect or invetted word order: verb, subjeet

-ko/-k questions Asutteko te hotellissa? 00 you live in ahotel?


beginning with a verb Tunnetteko Bob Wilsonin? Do you know Bob Wilson?'

I-N EHPHATIC SUFFIX -han/-hn

Tehn olette armelJassa, eik niin? You're in the military, aren't you?
Kiitos, siinhn se menee. Not so bd, thanks. (lit., thahks, it goes alI right)
Olethan~ Yes you are~

When to use

ean be added to any word, in a sentence for emphasis


softens eommands and adds an informal tone to the eonversation

1-35
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UNIT II

Ilo K:J 0 II GETTI NG TO KNOW THE PLACE MISS MIKIN ON

Nouns SUbstantHveja

answer vastaus (32) ladies' room naistenhuone (5) quarter neljnnes (32)
bank pankki (6) lamp lamppu (15) question kysymys (32)
bathroom kylpyhuone (5) lesson tunti(6),luku (15) recess vli tunti (6)
blackboard taulu (15) lobby eteisaula (1) restaurant ravintola (4)
book kirja (1) lunch hour ruokatunti (6) room huone (5)
bus bussi (6) magazine kuvalehti (8) schedule lukujrjesty.s (32)
calendar kalenteri (7) map kartta (1) school koulu (15)
chair tuoli (6) men's room miestenhuone (5) semester lukukausi(lO)
city, town kaupunki (7) minute minuutti (6) side puoli (9)
clock, watch kello (15) month kuukausi (10) table pyt (2)
coffee kahvi (6) newspaper sanomalehti (8) tape nauha (1)
corridor kytv (3) office toimisto (15) tape recorder nauhuri (7)
cupboard kaappi (6) paper lehti(8), paperi(6) telephone puhelin (23)
day and night vuorokausi(lO) pause tauko (15) phone book puhelinluettelo (15)
direction suunta (3) pen kyn (2), mustekyn time aika, kerta (1)
door ovi (a) pencil kyn, lyijykyn timetable aikataulu (15)
elevator hissi (6) phone booth puhelinkioski(6) view nkala (1)
errand asia (4) periodical aikakauslehti(8) wall sein (2)
flag lippu (15) picture kuva (2) WC vessa (1)
floor lattia (4) place paikka (1) week viikko (15)
floor, layer kerros (32) poster juliste (5) window ikkuna (1)
flower kukka (2) post office posti (6)
help apu (15) public phone yleispuhelin
hour tunti (6)

Verbs Verbej
advise neuvoa (8) end loppua (8) intr. leave lhte (4) intr.
answer vastata (18) give antaa (1) like, be fond of pit (2)
begin alkaa (1) go menn (13) listen kuunnella (14)
can voida (9) know tiet (3) look like nytt (2)
come tulla (13) last kest (2)

II-l

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need tarvita (19) seem (fee!) tuntua (8) turn knty (8) intr.
open avata (18 smell tuoksua (8) intr. understand ymmrt (3)
phone soittaa (2) stand seisoa (8) visit kyd (11)
put panna (13) start alkaa (1) wait odottaa (2)
read lukea (4) study opiskella (14) walk kvell (14)
repeat toistaa (2) take ottaa (2) want haluta (17)
say sanoa (8) taste maistua (8) intr.

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

accurate tarkka (1) long pitk (2) sure varma (1)


beautiful kaunis (30) longest pisin (26) weak heikko (15)
big, large suuri (9) nearest lhin (26) what kind of minklainen (25)
black musta (2) old vanha (1) what mink-
blue sininen (25) red punainen (25) nationali ty maalainen (25)
brown ruskea (20) eight oikea (20) white valkoinen (25)
fine hieno (15) short lyhyt (37) yellow keltainen (25)
green vihre (20) small pieni (9) yesterday ei linen (25)
left vasen (26) strong vahva (1)

Adverbs and other particles Adverbeja ja muita apusanoja

about, roughly noin if jos exactly tasan


after jlkeen late myhss so that joten
again uudelleen, taas later myhemmin sometimes joskus
ahead edell, eteen- left (on the) vasemmalla still viel
pin near lhell straight suoraan
as kuten now nyt (over) there tuolla
earlier aikaisemmin only vain, vasta there siell
even vaikka, edes quiet hiljaa (right) there tuossa, siin
far away kaukana seldom harvoin together yhdess
half puoli slow jljess tomorrow huomenna
here tll, tss sharp tasan to the right oikealle

Pronouns Pronomineja

self itse that tuo this tm

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11-2
HEARING IT 1

Dialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish side and follow in English. Do this at least
three times.

1. Tm on mukava luokka. 1. This is a niee elassroom.


2. Niin minustakin. Tlt on 2. 1 think so, too. There's a beautiful
kaunis nkala. view from here.
3. Niin on. Tm on seitsems kerros. 3. Yes, it iso This ia the seventh floor.
4. Tiedn sen. Odotin hissi 4. 1 know. 1 WaS waiting for the elevator
kymmenen minuuttia. for ten minutes.
5. Mik tuo on? 5. What's that?
6. Se on Helsingin kartta. 6. It's a map of Helsinki.
7. Onko tll mys Helsingin 7. Is there also a Helsinki
puhelinluettelo? telephone book here?
8. On, tuolla hyllyll on uusi 8. Yes, over there on the shelf
Helsingin puhelinluettelo. is a new Helsinki phone book.
9. Ent mik lehti tm on? 9. And what newspaper 1a this?
10. Se on suomalainen sanomalehti, 10. It's a Finnish newspaper,
Helsingin Sanomat. the Helsingin Sanomat.
11. Onko mys Ilta-Sanomat tll? 11. Ia the Ilta-Sanomat also here?
12. On, se on tuossa pydll, 12. Yes,it's right there on the table.
ja tss on Suomen Kuvalehti. And right here is the Suomen Kuvalehti.
13. Mit kello nyt on? Minun kelloni 13. what's the time now? My wateh
seisoo. has stopped.
14. Viisi yli yksi. 14. Five past one.
15. Voi, minun piti soittaa kotiin 15. Oh, 1 was supposed to call home
yhdelt. at one.
16. Ai, mutta kelloni onkin edell. 16. Oh, but my watch is fast.
Se on vasta viitt vaille yksi. It's only five to one.
17. Oletteko varma? 17. Are you sure?
18. Olen, teill on viel aikaa. 18. Yes, you atill have time.
19. Luojan kiitos, sitten en ole my- 19. Thank heavens, then I'm not late.
hss. Vaimoni ei pitisi siit. My wife wouldn't like it.
20. Muuten minulla on kysymys. 20. By the way, 1 have a question.
Mihin aikaan koulu alkaa? At what time does school start?
21. Se alkaa yhdekslt ja loppuu 21. It begins at nine and ends usually
yleens neljlt. Tnn on vain at four. Today is only half a day.
puoli piv.

11-3

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Dia10g A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING
P1ay the taped dia10g A and fo11ow the Finnish text. Do this at least three times.

Dia10g B. Look at the Finnish text. P1ay seramb1ed dia10g B, stopping for 5 or 10 seeonds
after eaeh sentenee. Mark down in whieh order you heard the Finnish sentenees.
Cheek your answers against the key.

Dia10g C. Look at the Eng1ish text. P1ay seramb1ed dia10g C, stopping for 5 or 10 seeonds
after eaeh sentenee. Mark down in whieh order you heard the Finnish sentenees, but
this time mark the Eng1ish. This gives you praetiee in eomprehension. Cheek your
answers against the key.

Dia10g D. Listen to tape D and write the missing word(s) in the blanks. Then eheek your work
against the key.

1. This is a niee
2. what is ?
3. 1 waited for for 10 minutes.
4. There is a on the shelf over there.
5. What' s now?
6. My watch .......................
7. It's a Finnish .........................
8. It I S a Finnis,h .
9. It's right ther~
10. Five ............................... one.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 1 3 4 5 10 11 12 20 21 13 14 16 19
C. 13 14 15 16 19 1 2 3 17 4 5 6 11 12 20 21
D. 1.sehool 2. this 3. my wife 4. the Helsinki phone book 5. the time
6. is fast 7. newspaper 8 . elassroom 9. on the table 10. past

11-4
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GETTING TO KNOW THE PLACE
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, sUbstituting for the underlined words.

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Tm on mukava luokka. T on A. This is a nice classroom.

B. Niin minustakin. Tlt on Joo, niin mustakin B. 1 think so, too.(lit., so from
kaunis nkala. . me). There's a beautiful view
from here.

A. Niin on. Tm on seitsems Joo, t on seittems A. Yes, it iso This is the seventh
kerros. . f loor."

B. Tiedn sen. Odotin hissi M tiedn. M ootin B. 1 know. I was waiting for the
kymmenen minuuttia. . elevator for ten minutes.

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. Mik tuo on? Mik toi on? A. what's that?

B. Se on Helsingin kartta. Se on Hesan kartta. B. It's a map of Helsinki.

A. Onko tll mys Helsingin Onks tll Hesan A. Is there also a Helsinki
puhelinluettelo? . phone book here?

B. On, tuolla hyllyll on Joo, tuolla B. Yes, over there on the shelf
Helsingin puhelinluettelo. Hesan is a Helsinki phone book.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Ent mik lehti tm on? t . A. And what newspaper is this7

B. Se on suomalainen sanomalehti,
Helsingin Sanomat.

Hesari.
. B. It's a Finnish newspaper,
the Helsingin Sanomat.

A. Onko mys Ilta-Sanomat tll? Onks mys Iltis A. IS the Ilta-Sanomat also here7

B. On, se on tuossa pydll. Joo, se on tossa B. Yes, it's right there on the
Ja tss on Suomen Kuvalehti. pydll. Ja tsson table. And right here is
the Suomen Kuvalehti.
II-5

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tm tuo

Ask for and provide information about the pictures and your classroom by substituting with the
words below.

tuo suomeksi? that Finnish?


Mik tm on englanniksi? What is this in English? Se on kyn. It is a pen/pencil.

Minklainen/millainen se on? what is it like? Se on hyv. It is goode


Minkmaalainen hn on7 What nationality is he? Hn on-SUmalainen. He/she ia Finnish.
T F
1. kyn
2. kuppi
3. lasi
II
17 4. kirja
12
19 5. Suomen lippu
6. lehti
14 II 7. pyt
[J...
t(imlA ta. iS . ~
-
8. tuoli
9. kirjahylly
10. Suomen kartta
.

0
tuo tuo~sa ~
11. taulu
12 kello
13. lamppu
14. kalenteri
24 15. juliste
16. ovi
17. sein
3E}
23
DY/ldI/IWJ!Jf{J1J 'tJ ~e)2 18. katto
19. ikkuna

~
/ 20. kukka
22 21. lattia
22. matto
23. kaappi
24. Hosted
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GETTING TO KNOW THE PLACB
practice the se sentences and then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

4. jakso Sequence 4
A. Mit kello nyt on?
Minun kelloni seisoo.
..................
Mun kello seisoo.
A. What's the time (lit., the clock)
now. My watch has stopped.

B. Viisi yli yksi. Viis yli yks. B. Five past one.

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Voi, minun piti soittaa kotiin Voi, mun A. Oh, I was supposed to call home
yhdelt. yhelt. at one.

B. Ai, mutta kelloni onkin edell. Ai, mut mun kello. B. Oh, but my watch is fast.
Se on vasta viitt vaille yksi. yks. Itls only five to one

A. Oletteko varma? Ootteks te varma? A. Are you sure?

B. Olen, teill on viel aikaa. Joo, teillon B. Yes, you still have time.

A. Luojan kiitos, sitten en ole sit m en 00 A. Thank heavens, then 1 1 m not late
myhss. Vaimoni ei pitisi Mun vaimo My wife wouldnlt like it
siit. ei pits

6. jakso Sequence 6
B. Muuten, minulla on kysymys. Muuten, mullon B. By the way, I have a question.
Mihin aikaan koulu alkaa? Mihis At what time does school
begin?

A. Se alkaa yhdekslt ja loppuu yhekslt A. It begins at nine and ends usually


yleens neljlt. Tnn on
vain puoli piv.
..................
vain puol
at four. Today is only half a day

II-7

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Ask for and provide information about the time, according to your watch.

Mit kello on? What time i8 it? Translate this TV-program


paljonko kello on? What is the time? with the help of the glossary.
Anteeksi, tiedttek, EXCU8e me, do you know
mit kello on? what time it is?

------------------------------------------------------------------------~
Kello on kaksi. It's {two o'clock. 11.00 PIKKU KAKKONEN
{ puoli kolme. half past two. (J HelIdn ....lllUUde'

II'18'U
neljnnest a quarter
Kello on
1
viitttoista
(varttia) .
yli/vaille kolme. It's
lfifteen
a quarter
past/of
three.
18.30 UUTISET

*
IlUO KITARAN MESTAREITA
John W1nlams SfJIllaA modernia IIlla-
rlllTltJsllklda. UU91n1a.

s{~~~e
19.05 LAATIKKO
kymmenen KanadalalllGO anlmaaUoelokuva.
Kello on viisi yli nelj. It' past four. 19.15 KIEUTELEVlSIO
{ kaksikymment twenty S'Rrt. Uuslnlana. IAhelellAIiA eng-
lannin peruskurssi aikuisille. Osa
1/111: Are You Engaged1 TlIOIanlo
kymment ten -Ruotsin R.do Ja Klellenopelu9. Op-
plklrja Slart 3.
Kello on viitt vailla/vaille viisi. It' s five of five. 19.30 TLT IKUISUUTEEN (MTV)
{ kahtakymment { twenty
20.30 UUTISET JA SAA
20.50 URHEILUAREENA
21.00 AJANKOHTAINEN KAKKONEN
KomlllGOnBja. krtUIkk/A Ja keskusle-
edell. fast. kJa viIkon aiheiSIa.
Kello on oikeassa.
{ jljess.
The clock is { right.
slow.
*
21.30-21.45 KIELlTELEVl910
Bong. Alin. Uuslnlana IAheletlAvA
vllhleelllnen opelusohjelrna!IBrj;I,
Jossa e9llellAAn perinleIslA englan-
nlnldellslA lauluja Ia laulelmla. Osa
Vuorokausi (vrk) on 24 tuntia. 'Vuorokausi' i8 24 hours. 2: Frankle and Johnny (Amertcan).
Tuotanto BBC. ~Irja Songs AI-
'19.

II-8
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HEARING IT II

Dialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish text and follow the English. DO this at least
three times.

1. Miss puhelin on? Voinko soittaa 1. Where's the phone? Can 1 call
tlt? from here?
2. Totta kai. Puhelin on toimistossa. 2. Of course. The telephone is in the office.
Menk tuohon suuntaan ja kntyk Go in that direction and turn right.
oikealle.
3. Ent miss miestenhuone on? 3. And where's the men's room?
4. Se on tuolla suoraan edesspin 4. It's over there, straight ahead
vasemmalla. on the left.
5. Minulla on asiaa postiin. Miss 5. 1 have something to do at the Post Office.
posti on? Where's the Post affice?
6. Se on tuolla kadun toisella puolella. 6. It's over there on the other side
of the street.
7. Onko se lhell? 7. Is it near?
8. Ei se kovin kaukana ole. 8. It's not very far.
9. Tarvitsetteko mitn postista? 9. DO you need anything from the Post Office?
10. Kiitos, en tll kertaa. Kyn siell 10. NO, thanks, not this time. 1'11 go there
itse yhdelt. myself at one.

11. Kuinka pitk kurssi teill on? 11. How long is your course?
12. Se kest neljkymmentnelj 12. It lasts 44 weeks.
viikkoa.
13. Kauanko olette ollut koulussa? 13. How long have you been in school?
14. Olen opiskellut tll vasta 14. 1 have studied here for only a month.
kuukauden.
15. Ent mit pidtte koulusta? 15. And how do you like school?
16. Minusta se on mukava. 16. I think it's fun.
17. Niin minustakin. 17. So do 1.
18. No, mihin aikaan tulette kotiin 18. well, what time do you get home in the
illalla? evening?
19. Joskus kuudelta ja joskus 19. Sometimes at six and sometimes
aikaisemmin. earlier.
20. Minusta se tuntuu pitklt 20. That seems like a long work day to me.
typivlt.
21. No, sit se kyll on~ 21. Well, it certainlY is that~

II-9

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Dialog A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING
P1ay taped dia10g A again and f0110w the Finnish text. Do this at least three times.

Dia10g B. Look at the Finnish text. P1ay scrambled dialog B, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds
after each sentence. Hark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences. Check
your anBwer against the key.

Dia10g C. Look at the Eng1ish text. P1ay scramb1ed dia10g C, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds
after each sentence. Hark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences, but this
time mark the Eng1ish. Check your answers against the key.

Dia10g D. Listen to tape D and write the missing word(s) in the b1anks. Then check your work
against the key.

1. Where's the . .
2. 1t I S
3. 1 s i t ......................
4. It's Dot very
5. And how do you like
6. That seems to me like a workday
7. What time do you get to
8. Sometimes at , sometimes ear1ier
9. Where's the
10. It's oVer there on the

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 11 12 15 16 1 2 5 6 3 4 7 8 13 14 18 19
C. 5 4 1 6 7 8 3 7 8 4 13 14 11 12 15 16 18 19 20 17
D. 1. men's room 2. over there on the other side of the street 3. far
4. near 5. the course 6. long 7. the school 8. nine 9. phone 10. left

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II-la
GETT1NG TO KNOW THE PLACE
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

1. jakso Sequence 7
A. Miss puhelin on?
Voinko soittaa tlt?

Voinks m
.

A. Where's the phone?
Can 1 call from here?

B. Totta kai. Puhelin on toimis- Joo, totta kai B. Of course. The telephone is
tossa. Menk tuohon suuntaan Menk tohon suuntaan in the office. Go in that
ja kntyk oikealle. oikeelle. direction and turn right

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Ent miss miestenhuone on? A. And where is the menls room?

B. Se on tuolla suoraan edesspin . B. Itls OVer there, straight


vasemmalla. ahead on the left.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Minulla on asiaa postiin. Mulla on A. 1 have some things to do
Miss posti on? . at the post office. Wherels
the post office?
B. Se on tuolla kadun toisella
puolella.
.
.
B. Itls over there on the other
side of the street.

A. Onko se lhell? Onks se A. Is it near?

B. Ei se kovin kaukana ole. 00. B. Itls not very far.

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Tarvitsetteko mitn postista? Tarttetteks te A. Do you need anything from
the post office?

B. Kiitos, en tll kertaa. Kiitos, ei tll kertaa. B. Thanks, not this time.
Kyn siell itse yhdelt. M kyn ite yhelt. 1 1 11 go there myself at one.

II-ll

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Use these variations in sequence 7.

YleiSPuhelin on? PUblie phone?


Miss puhelinkoppi on? Where's the phone booth?
{ puhelinkioski on? { phone booth?

kytvss. in the hallway.


Se on ala-aulassa. It's in the lobby.
{ tss kerroksessa. {
on this floor.

Saanko kytt puhelinta? May I use the phone?

Voiko tlt soittaa? Can one make a phone call from here?

Act out sequence 8, substituting with these words.

' ladies I room?

~
naistenhuone
miestenhuone menls room?
Miss vessa/veesee on? Where's the { toilet/WC ?
kylpyhuone bathroom?

Use these variations in sequence 9.

Anteeksi, voitteko sanoa, Exeuse me, ean you tell me


miss lhin pankki on? where the nearest bank is?

Anteeksi, voisitteko neuvoa tien pankkiin? Excuse me, eould you tell me the way to the bank?

miss posti on? where is the Post Office? .


Anteeksi, miss tll on hyv ravintola? Exeuse me, where is there a good restaurant
around here?

1 onko tll lhell hyv ravintolaa?


onko tll lhell pankkia? 1
is there a good restaurant near here?
is there a bank near here?

NAISILLE MIEHILLE

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I!-12
GETTING TO KNOW THE PLACE
Practice these sequences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Kuinka pitk kurssi teill Miten pitk kurssi A. How long is your course]
on] teillon]

B. se kest 44 viikkoa. ..neljkytnelj viikkoo. B. Jt lasts 44 weeks.

A. Kauanko olette ollut koulussa] Kauanks te ootte ollu A. How long have you been
in school]

B. Olen opiskellut tll vasta M oon opiskellu B. 1 have studied here for only a
kuukauden. . . month.

12. jakso Sequence 12


A. Ent mit pidtte koulusta] Ent mits te tykktte A. And how do you like school]

B. Minusta se on mukava. Musta se on mukava. B. 1 think it's nice.

A. Niin minustakin. Niin mustakin. A. So do J. (lit., so from me)

13. jakso Sequence 13


A. No, mihin aikaan tulette No, mihis aikaan te A. Well, what time do you get
kotiin illalla] tuutte (lit., come) home in the evening]

B. Joskus kuudelta ja joskus


aikaisemmin.
kuuelta
aikasemmin.
. . B. Sometimes at six and sometimes
earlier.

A. Minusta se tuntuu pitklt


typi vlt. .......................
Musta se A. That seems (lit., feels) like a
long work day to me

B. No, sit se kyll on~ Joo, B. Well it certainly is that~

II-13

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Ask for and provide information about your school day, using these va~iations or any others you can
think of.

L UK UJ R J E S T Y S
SCHEDULE OF CLASSES

4. Kymmenen minuutin vliaika on kymmenelt,


kahdeltatoista ja kolmelta.
There is a ten-minute break at ten, twelve,
and th~ee o'clock.

3. Kahvitauko on yhdesttoista 5. Pisimmt tunnit ovat yhdeksst


kaksikymment yli yhteentoista. kymmeneen ja kahdesta kolmeen.
The coffee break is from eleven The longest classes are from nine to
to eleven-twenty. ten and from two to three.

2. Mihin aikaan koulu alkaa?


What time does school start?
6. Ruokatunti on yhdest kahteen.
The lunch break is from one to two.

7. Mihin aikaan koulu loppuu?


What time does school end1

1. Opettajat tulevat neljnnest vaille yhdeksn. 8. Opettajat lhtevt puoli kuudelta.


The teachers come at quarter of nine. The teachers leave at five-thirty.

KOULU ALKAA TASAN YHDEKSLT. KOULU LOPPUU TASAN NELJLT.


School begins at nine o'clock sha~p. School ends at four o'clock sharp.

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11-14
UEARING IT III

Dialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish text and follow the English. Do this at least
three times.

1. Opettajat tulevat neljnnest 1. The teachers come at a quarter


vailla yhdeksn. to nine.
2. Mihin aikaan koulu alkaa? 2. At what time does school start?
3. Koulu alkaa tasan yhdekslt. 3. School begins at nine o'clock sharp.
4. Kahvitauko on yhdesttoista 4. The coffee break is from eleven to
kahtakymment yli yhteentoista. eleven-twenty.
5. Kymmenen minuutin vliaika on kym- 5. There is a ten-minute break at ten, twelve,
menelt, kahdeltatoista ja kolmelta. and three o'clock.
6. Pisimmt tunnit ovat yhdeksst 6. The longest classes are from nine to
kymmeneen ja kahdesta kolmeen. ten and from two to three.
7. Ruokatunti on yhdest kahteen. 7. The lunch break is from one to two.
8. Mihin aikaan koulu loppuu? 8. At what time does school end?
9. Koulu loppuu tasan neljlt. 9. School ends at four o'clock sharp.
10. Opettajat lhtevt puoli kuudelta. 10. The teachers leave at half past five.
11. Kuunnelkaa tarkasti ja toistakaa 11. Listen carefully and repeat
yhdess. together.
12. Anteeksi en kuullut. 12. Borry, I didn't hear.
Puhukaa hitaammin. (P1ease,) speak more slowly.
13. Mit opettaja sanoi? En ymmrr. 13. What did the teacher say? I don't understand.
14. Toistakaa yksi kerrallaan. 14. Repeat one at a time.
15. Vastaa minulle: En tied mit 15. Answer me: I don't know what the
opettaja haluaa. teacher wants.
16. Kysy hn&lt. 16. Ask her.
17. En osaa kysy suomeksi~ 17. 1 don't know how to ask in Finnish.
18. Kysy englanniksi. 18. Ask in English.
19. Toistkaa viel kerran. 19. Repeat once more.
20. En tajua mitn. Apuat 20. 1 don't get any of it. Help:
21. Ole hiljaa: Kysy nyt vaikka 21. Be quiet: Ask in Greek (lit., Hebrew),
hepreaksi. for all 1 care:
22. Kuten haluatte. No, hyv on. 22. As you wish. AlI right.
Avatkaa kirjanne sivulta viisi Open your books to page 5 and list~
ja kuunnelkaa nauhalta luku kaksi. to lesson 2 on the tape. Read 1esson
Lukekaa kotona luku kolme. three at home.

II-15

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Dialog A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING
P1ay dia10g A and fo11ow the Finnish text. Do this at least three times.

Dialog B. Look at the Finnish text. Play scrarnbled dialog B, stopping after each sentence.
Mark down in which arder you heard the Finnish sentences. Check your answer against the
key.

Dialog C. Look at the Eng1ish text. P1ay scrambled dia10g C, stopping after each sentence.
Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences, but this time mark the Eng1isb.
Check your answers against the key.

Dialog D. Listen to tape D and write down the missing word(s) in the blanks. Then check your
work against the key.

1. What time does school ?


2. It ends at four o'clock
3. 1 don't anything
4. The teachers corne
5. Answer
6 the teacher.
7. What did the teacher ?
8 what the teacher wants.
9 . 1esson three.
10 lesson two.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 2 7 6 5 4 8 9 11 13 16 17 14 20 21 22
3 1
C. 11 16 17 18 14 12 19 15 21 20 2 3 8 9 10 4 7 6 5
13 1 22
D. 1. end 2. sharp 3. understand, help 4. at nine sharp 5. me 6. ask 7. say
8. 1 don't know 9. listen to the tape 10. read at home

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II-16
USEFUL PHRASES in the classroom. Practice these phrases and then act them outo

14. jakso Sequence 14


A. Kuunnelkaa tarkasti ja toistakaa
yhdess.

yhess.
. A. Listen carefully and repeat
together.

B. Anteeksi, en kuullut. Puhukaa Anteeks, m en kuullu. B. Sorry, 1 didn't hear. (Please,)


hitaammin. . speak more slowly.

c. Mit opettaja sanoi? En Mit ope sano? M en. C. What did the teacher say?
ymmrr. . 1 don't understand.

A. Toistakaa yksi kerrallaan. yks A. Repeat one at a time.

C. Vastaa minulle! En tied, Vastaa mulle! M en C. Answer~: 1 don't know what


mit opettaja haluaa.
---
mit ope the teacher wants.

B. Kysy hnelt. Kysy silt. B. Ask her.

C. En osaa kysy suomeksi. M en osaa kysyy suo- C. 1 don't know ~ow to ask in
meks. Finnish.

B. Kysy englanniksi. englanniks. B. Ask in English

A. Toistakaa viel kerran. A. Repeat once more.

C. En tajua mitn. APUA~ M en tajuu mitn C. 1 don't get it. HELP!

B. Ole hiljaa~ Kysy nyt 00 hiljaa~ B. Se quiet! Ask in Hebrew for alI
vaikka hepreaksi. hepreaks. 1 care:

A. Kuten haluatte. .
Aukaskaa
A. As you wish.
Well, alI right. Open your books
No, hyv on. Avatkaa kirjanne
sivulta 5 ja kuunnelkaa nauhalta kirjat to page 5 and listen to lesson 2
luku 2. Lukekaa kotona luku 3. . on the tape. Read lesson 3 at
home.

II-17

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Act out sequence 14, taking various roles. Use the following variations.

Kenelt kysyn? Whom do I ask? (lit., from whom)

opettajalta. the teacher.(lit., from the teacher)

~
Kysyk oppilaalta Ask the student.
hnelt. him/her.
Pekalta. { Pekka.

Kenelle vastaan? Whom shall I answer? (lit., towhom)

opettajalle. the teacher.


Vastatkaa oppilaalle . Answer the student.
{ hnelle. { him/her.

ottakaa lehti tuolilta ja Take the paper from the chair and
pankaa se pydlle. put it on the table.

Useful words 1n the classroom:

sivu page avotavu open syllable


sana word umpitavu closed syllable
luku chapter vahva aste strong grade
kappale paragraph heikkO aste weak grade
lause sentence astevaihtelu consonant gradation
kirjain letter alhaalla down, below
kirjaimet alphabet keskell in the middle
tavu syllable ylhll up, above
vokaali vowel nauha tape
konsonantti consonant harjoitus exercise, drill

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II-l8
You are standing in front of the Helsinki raiIway station. Use questions Iike these to find your
way to the place of your choice. Ask similar questions when you are at a different Iocation.

Anteeksi, voitteko sanoa Excuse me, could you tell me


miss lhin pankki on? where the nearest hank is?
Anteeksi, voisitteko neuvoa tien postiin? Excuse me, could you tell me how ta get to
the Post Office?
Miss tll on hyv ravintola? Where is there a good restaurant
in this immediate area?

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Give directions, using these patterns in your answer.

Se on tuolla edesspin oikealla. It's straight ahead on the right.


Menk tuohon suuntaan ja kntyk oikealle. Go that way and turn right.
Kadun toisella puolella on hyv ravintola. There's a good restaurant on the other
side of the street.

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Talk about the Finnish and American newspapers and magazines
with the following variations.

Mik lehti tm on? What paper is this?

~
aamulehti. a morning paper.

~
viikkolehti a weekly paper.
Se on kuvalehti. It's a magazine.
pi vlehti. a daily paper.
iltalehti. an evening paper.

Mink pivn lehti tuo on? Which day's paper is that?

sunnuntain the Sunday


Se on t~m?.p~ivn lehti. It's today's paper.
tanpalvan (colloq.)
f 'eilinen { yesterday's

Mik on hyv amerikkalainen What is a good American


sanomalehti ? newspaper?
Washington Post n hyv The Washington Post is a good
amerikkalainen sanomalehti. American newspaper.

'
1
".",~
, .. I
~_

"-.
~-I

; . _
UUSI ~~ SUOMI I:.;;'~; I:~ 1
..
: . , I
aikakauslehti? periOdiCal? .
~1'1l1l.1
tm naistenlehti? 18 this a women's magazine?
H\i EfJ Ht:LSfNGJN SflNOMAT { lastenlehti? { children's magazine?
~~i - A(' b;?~-I IIUFVUDS!~_~~,~-':A.~_~.~ amma t t ileht i? professional magazine?

c':::--:-"
'.
"~~~';~l SUOMENMAA .
... -..,--' ....._.:......- ..-......_..
1}1~~11UIl
s'lo~mNSOSIJ\lAIII!~IOIUlJ\t\'I'I'1
, Ei, se on sanomalehti. No, it's a newspaper.

/> Kansan Uutiset Minusta se on mukava I think it's a


.. _... _............
04 1
9
...... _-- "- lehti. nice paper
f _ _-_

Su
~:g.
'1IIIUIlnl.ll

. .... ',ili,;

IC 0T1MAA .,~ Niin minustakin. So do 1.


- -- . - * - " . " - - ; - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - _ - .
Ei minusta. I don't think so.
ILTA-SANOMAT i'~;'
11-21

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Ilo .:l 0 II COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Turn back ta p. 11-6. Listen ta the tape and identify the picture by number
when you hear the name af the object spoken.

2. Look at the picture on p. 11-6 and listen to the statements from 1-20 on the tape.
Write your answer in the box on the p. 11-6 "and compare it with the key on the next page.

3. Keep on listening and identify the question, circling the correct one like this:

(9 Mik? Mik lehti tm on?


B. Miss?

1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

4. Continue listening and circle the correct answer.

a) The teachers come at a quarter of eight/a quarter past eight.

b) The coffee break is at nine-thirty/ten-thirty.

c) The longest class is from eight to nine/one to two.

d) The lunch hour is from twelve to one/one to two.

II-22
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5. Listen to the tape and circle the 6. Listen to the tape and fill in the correct time
correct expression. expressions.

A B Lasse lives on Park Street in Washington.


He leaves for work at in the morning
a) right left and comes to school at At school he
b) right left waits for the elevator for minutes. The class
e) to the right to the left begins at AlI students are already in
d) straight ahead on the other side the classroom. Lasse's watch is slow. He eomes
e) straight ahead on the other side into the class minutes late.
f) to the right to the left

7. Listen to story on the tape, and then eheck the box


T F
a) The first speaker knows the city.
b) The post office 1a open.
c) The day is holiday.
d) -Turn right at the corner.-
e) The hotel is on the other side
of the park.

---------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY 1. 15 19 23 3 5 8 9 21 24 14 1 10 12 17 20 2 6 18 22 16

2. 1 F 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 T 7 F 8 F 9 T 10 F 11 T 12 F 13F
14 T 15 T 16 F 17 F 18 T 19 F 20 F

3. 1 8 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 8 7 A 8 A 9 8 10 A llA 12 8 138 148


15 A

4. a) 7.45 b) 9.30 e) 8-9 d) 12-1

5. aA b8 cB dA eB fA

6. 8.30 ,8.50 15 9 8

7. aF bF eT dT eT

II-23

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8. Listen to the short conversation and make a iist of the newspapers and magazines the family
subscribes to:

Daily paper Weekly magazine Women's magazines Others

9. Listen to the time information.of the Helsinki Telephone Service.


Write down the information given. AIKATIEDOTUS 061
The time is
1)
5) "
2)
6) ..................

..................
3)
7)
4)
8) .............. ....

10. Listen to this conversation and take notes using these headings.

School begins at Ends at Lunch hour ia at Speaker's opinion about the new schedule

11. Listen to the short conversation and make a list of alI the places, buiidings, and offices
the speakers see through the window.

Places Buildings Offices

Compare your list with those of your feilow students and check your answers for exercises 8-11 against
the text in App. VI.

II-24
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PUNCTION PRACTICES. Use these situations for conversation.

1. Pind out
what alI the things in your vicinity are in Finnish
where alI the things are

2. Ask for and give directions


remember to start with 'anteeksi' and end with 'kiitos'

3. Ask about magazines and newspapers


what they are
if they are daily, weekly, etc.
what is a good Finnish daily, weekly, etc.

4. Pind out from your fellow students


how long he/she has been here
how long he/she has been studying Finnish
what time he/she leaves home in the morning, arrives at work or school, and goes home
in the evening
how he/she likes the school, the classroom, the Finnish language, Washington

5. Pind out from your teacher


what a typical schedule is like in Finnish schools
what hours your teacher works

6. Express your opinion about alI of the above


use expressions -how it feels (seems)- to you 'Minusta se tuntuu -lta.
agree/disagree with your fellow students and your teacher

Make up your own story


for the pictures raitiovaunu
on the right.

11-25
1 2 3 4 5

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READING EXERCISE
Translate this with the help of the glossary.

Hei, Maija:
(Hiljaisuus)
Mik sinua oikein vaivaa?
Ei mikn.
Miksi olet vihainen minulle?
En min ole vihainen
Olethan. Mit nyt on tapahtunut? sano nyt.
NO, olisit itsekin vihainen, jos olisit
odottanut tunnin kamalassa sateessa.
Etk tied, mit kello on?
Totta kai, 2.30. Onko minun kelloni jljess?
Kai se oikeassa on, mutta puoli kahdeltahan
meidn piti tavata~ sinunhan piti tulla
kahdelta eik kahdeksalta~

1. Se kuuluukivikuntaan. ~ ~
.~
.
Dave fun and play Twenty Questions in Finnish:
'
Ask like this: Answer like this:
It's a mineral. r~

~
, l'
2. Se kuuluu kasvikuntaan. onko se koulussa? on/Ei ole.
It's a vegetable.
Onko se pydll? on/Ei ole.
3. Se kuuluu elinkuntaan.
~~
Onko se kirja? on/Ei ole.
It's on onimo!,

II-26
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UNIT II
STRUCTURAL NOTES

II-A DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 1N THE SINGULAR

Mik tm on1 What is this1


Mik tuo on? What is that1
Se on Helsingin kartta. 1t's a map of Helsinki.

Demonstrative pronouns: tm tuo se


this that it

agree with the following noun


inflect in alI cases (see 111-F)

II-B 1NTERROGAT1VE PRONOUNS 1N THE S1NGULAR

Kuka suomen opettaja on1 Who i8 the Finnish teacher?


~ll on perhett1 Who has a family1
Mik lehti tm on? Which newspaper is this?
Mihin aikaan koulu alkaa? At what time does school begin1

1nterrogative pronoun~; kuka mik


who what, which

agree with the following noun


inflect in alI cases (see III-F for cases of 'mik')
'kuka' is used in nom. sg. and for the other cases the stern is 'kene-'
(comes from poetic 'ken', who)

nominative (nom.) kuka illative (illat.) keneen/kehen


genitive (gen.) kenen adessive (adess.) kenell/kell
aeeusative (aec.) kenet ablative (ablat. ) kenelt/keH
partitive (part.) ket allative (allat.) kenelle/kelle
inessive (iness. ) keness/kess translative (transl~) keneksi
elative (elat. ) kenest/kest essive (ess.) kenen/ken

II-27

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II-C HOW TO EXPRESS THE DEFINITE -the' AND INDEFINITE -a,- -an,- -there is, there is not ... -
Word order expresses the definite and indefinite qualities of a singular subject in so called
'exiatence sentences' when the subject is a 'countable noun' (for 'mass nouns,' see 111-8 and for
plural -there are ,- see VI-E).

Affirmative
How to ask an indefinite question: HOW to answer an indefinite question:
Where is -a something- - There is -a something- there -
inverted word order inverted word order

Miss on hyv ravintola? Aseman lhell on hyv ravintola.


Where is (there) ~ good restaurant? There is ~ good restaurant near the station.

Miss on Helsingin kartta? Tuolla on Helsingin kartta.


Where is (there) a map of Helsinki? There is ~ map of Helsinki over there.

onko tll amerikkalainen lehti? Tuossa on Time.


1s there an American newspaper here? There is a Time right t~ere.

Onko sinulla kartta? On, minulla on kartta.


Do you have ~ map? Yes, 1 have a map.

How to ask a definite question: DoW to answer a definite question:


Where is -the something- direct word order -The something' is there - direct word order

Miss (se) hyv ravintola on? Se on aseman lhell.


Where 1s the good restaurant? 1t's near the station.

Miss (se) Helsingin kartta on? Se on tuolla.


Where's the map of Helsinki? 1t's over there.

Miss (se) amerikkalainen lehti on? Se on tuossa.


Where ia the American newspaper? 1t's right there.

Onko kartta sinulla? On, se on minulla.


!s the map with you? Yes, it's with me (1 have it).

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II-28
Negative

lf you can think of -there is none, there aren't any, 1 (you, etc.) don't have any,- the
Finnish subject changes into partitive after 'ei ole,' both in the singular and plural (see VI-D).

Tll on kartta. There's a map here.


Tll ei ole karttaa. There's no map here.

Onko Amerikassa intiaane~? Are there Indians in America?


Eik Amerikassa ole intiaanej!? Aren't there any Indians in America?

Minulla on kirja. 1 have a book.


Minulla ei ole kirja~. 1 don't have a book.

Note: If you cannot think of someone doesn't have any or -there is no ,- the Finnish subject
does not change into partitive even if the structure of the sentence looks identical
to the above sentences.

Minulla on kylm. l'm cold.


Minulla ei ole kylm. I'm not cold.

II-D NOMINATIVE SINGULAR BASIC FORM

Poika on kotona. The boy i8 at home.

Mies on tyss. The man is at work.

Suomalainen puhuu suomea. A Finn speaks Finnish.

How to find

the uninflected form of a nominal does not have an ending, is listed in the dictionary and also
in the block of words in each unit of this book

When to use

generally the subject of a sentence is in the nominative case


answers the question 'kuka,"mik,' who, what
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11-E NOM1NAT1VE PLURAL

Pojat ovat kotona. The boys are at home.


Miehel ovat tyss. The men are at work.
Suomalaiset puhuvat suomea. The Finns speak Finnish.

Dow to form

take the genitive form of the word (see genitive in 11-F below, and in the ehart of nominal
deelensions (eND, App. 111)
replaee the genitive ending -n with -l, whieh is the plural nominative ending
poika poja-n poja-l boy
mies miehe-n miehe-t man
tytr tyttre-n tyttte-l daughter

When to use

the subjeet of a sentenee is generally in the nominative


the total objeet in plural is in the nominative (see objeet eases in 111-E)
answers the question 'ketk,"mitk ' "who, what" in plural

Note: The nom. plo is identieal to the nom. sg. when a possessive suffix follows (see I1-P).

Poikani tulee. My son will come.


Poikani tulevat. My sons will eome.

11-F GEN1T1VE (POSSESS1VE) S1NGULAR -n


1. Tm on Pekah auto. This is Pekka's ear.
Tnn on Bobin syntympiv. Today is Bob's birthday.

2. Se on Helsingi~ sanomat. It's the Helsinki News.

3. He ovat kotona Liisan kanssa. They are at home with Liisa.

4. Tohtori Koiviston auto on amerikkalainen. Dr. Koivisto's ear is Ameriean.

5. Minun poikani auto on musta. My son's ear is blaek.


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II-3D
Dow to form

add the genitive ending -n to the stern


the stern is most often in the weak grade, since -n closes the syllable
Pekka Pe-kan Pekkals
katu ka-dun streetls
kuppi kU-Ei~ cupls
in foreign words ending in a consonant, -i- is added before the gen. ending
(or any other ending)

The stern and the genitive forms for alI types of words are given in the eND, App. 111. The numbers
after each word in the word block in each unit refer to this chart, which provides you with a
pattern of how to form each case. Itls a good idea to get used to the charts.

When to use

1. to indicate that 80meone possesses something


the word in the genitive denotes the possessor and comes before what is possessed
(like 1 8 possessive in English)
answers the question 'kenen' -whose- and 'mink' -of what-
2. to indicate that a thing belongs to somebody or something
kou1u-n opettaja a/the teacher of the school
3. most postpositions are used with the genitive case
Peka-n kanssa with Pekka
4. titles followed by a name do not get the ending
5. the gen. sg. is identical to the nom. sg. when a possessive suffix follows (see II-P)

Lexicalization note: In Finnish the genitive of the noun rather than the adjective,
is often used when speaking about countries and languages.

Ranskan armeija Muukalaislegioona on ranskalainen armeija.


the French Army (i.e., the army of France) The Foreign legion is a French army.

Saksan kansalainen saksalainen auto


a German citizen (a citizen of Germany) a German car

suomen opettaja suomalainen opettaja


a Finnish teacher (i.e., a -t~acher of Finnish) a Finnish teacher (i.e., a teacher who
is Finnish)

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II-G CASES INDICATING LOCATION

There are three sets of locative cases indicating both internal and external location.
AlI instructions for locative cases are for the singular (for the plural, see VI-B, VII-C).
Let 1 s have a look at them~

Motion to No motion MoHon from

-(h)vn vowel+n) -sta/-st


taloon talosta
into the house from the house
-ssa/-ss
talossa
>
in the house

-lle -lla/-ll -!ta/-It


pydlle pydll pydlt
onto the table on the table from the table

-ksi/-kse -na/-n ) -ta/-t, -a/-


Maijan luokse/luo Maijan luona Maijan luota
at Maijals(place) from Maijals (place)
to Maijals place
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II-H INESSIVE -ssa/-ss

Miss lapsenne ovat? Where are your children?

Asutteko viel hotellissa? Do you still live in ahotel?

Toistakaa yhdess. Repeat together.

Puhelin on tss kerroksessa. The telephone is on this floor.

He ovat Amerikassa. They are in America.

How to form

replace the genitive ending -n with -ssa/-ss, according to vowel harmony, P-7
(look up the genitive form in the 2nd column in the eND, App. 111)

When to use

corresponds to the preposition


answers the question 'miss'
is used with non-motion verbs

Note: The other locative cases which end in two consonants plus a vowel (-sta/-st, -lla/-ll,
-lIe, -lta/-lt, -ksi/-kse) are formed in the same way as the genitive, i.e., attach
the ending to the genitive stern.

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II-I ELATIVE -sta/-st -out of, from-

Mist te olette kotoisin? Where are you from?

Kansasista. From Kansas.

Tarvitsetteko mitn postista? Do you need anything from the Post Office?

Pidn kahvista. l like coffee.

Minusta se on mukava. l think it is nice.

How to form: the genitive stern + -sta/-st (see ll-F)

When to use

corresponds to the prepositions from, out of, about


answers the questions 'mist' from/about what, from where, 'kenest' about whom
with certain verbs: 'pit' to like, to be fond of
to express the idea -l think/in my opinion 'minusta,' in your opinion
'sinusta,'etc.

Note: Different case endings may change the meaning of the verb. When learning a new verb,
find out which case(s) and meanings it takes.

Min pidn kahvista. I like coffee.


Min pidn kahvia kotona. l keep coffee at home.

Puhun Suomesta. l speak about Finland.


Puhun suomea. l speak Finnish.

Minusta se on kallis. l think it's expensive.


Minulle se on kallis. lt's expensive for me.

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II-34
II-J ILLATIVE -(h)Vn -into-

Kyk sisn: Please come in~


Mihin
- - aikaan
-- tulette kotiin?
At what time do you get (lit., come) home?
Menk suoraan eteenpin~ Go straight ahead~
Menen tyhn. 1 am going to work.

now to form

always calls for the strong grade stern (see the CND, App. 111; for plural illative see VI-B)
the ending depends on the last sounds of the strong grade stern
the last sounds and the endings are the following:

one vowel: -Vn (V = double the last vowel of the stern)


ilta-an pankki-in talo-on
evening bank house

a diphthong or one syllable: -h + the last vowel of the stern + -n


ty-hn maa-han mi-hin tiu-hun
work/job country where to 20 eggs

-ia, -io/-i, -ea/-e: -Vn + -n (see CND, 20 and 21)


lattia-an ministeri-n makea-an vihre-n
floor ministery sweet green

a double vowel: -seen


huonee..seen kaunii-seen vapaa-seen
room beautiful free

-si: replce -si with -teen


vesi - Ve-teen lnsi In-teen kaksi - kah-teen
water west two
(but lapsi - lapseen child)

When to use

corresponds to the preposition "(in)to"


answers the question 'mihin/minne' "where to," 'keneen/kehen' "(in)to whom"
with certain verbs: 'uskoa' "to believe, to trust"
the illative stern is also used with the possessive suffix 1n six cases (see II-B)
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II-K ADESSIVE -lla/-ll -on-

Meill on nyt oma talo. We now have a house of our own.


Mill
- - alalla
-- te olette? What is your field?
Se on tuossa pydll. It is there on the table.

Dow to form: th~ genitive stern + -lla/-ll (see II-F)

When to use

generally expresses the idea of the prepositions Won, by, (and with)W
answers the question 'mill' won/with what,W 'miss' wwhere, W 'kenell (on)' wwho has"
to express Wto have w 'minulla on' WI have W (I-E)

II-L ABLATIVE -lta/-lt

Otan kirjan pydlt. 1'11 take the book from the table.
Sain kirjeen Pekalta. 1 got a letter from Pekka.
Se alkaa yhdekslt. It starts at nine.
Kysyk hnelt.--- Ask hirn.
Se tuntuu pitklt pivlt. It seems like a long day.

Dow to form: the genitive stern + -lta/-lt (see II-F)

When to use

corresponds to the preposition wfrom w (lit., from the outside of)


answers the questions 'kenelt' Wfrom whom,w 'milt' Wfrom which,w 'mist' Wfrom where
with time expressions Wat W (the full or half hour)
with verbs that denote asking, hearing, receiving, taking, buying or getting something
from someone

kysy kuulla ottaa vastaan ottaa ostaa saada minulta


ask hear receive take buy get from me
wone person expressions w

tuntuu nytt maistuu kuuluu tuoksuu hyvlt


i t feels it seems i t tastes it sounds it smells good

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II-M ALLATIVE -lIe

Kntyk oikealle. Turn to the right.


Pekka menee Puistokadulle. Pekka goes to puistokatu.

Hn antaa kirjeen neiti Saarelle. He gives the letter to Miss saari.


Mit teille kuuluu? How are yoU? (lit., what to you is heard?)

Vastaa minulle. Answer me.


Soitan lapsille. 1'11 call the children.

Dow to form: the gen. stem + -lIe (see II-F)

When to use

corresponds to the preposition -to, on(to), (for)-


answers the questions 'kenelle' -to whom,- 'mille' to what, 'minne/mihin' where to-
with verbs that indicate giving or telling something to someone
vastata sanoa puhua opettaa soittaa antaa
answer say speak teach phone give

II-N SOME COMMON, EXTENOEO, ANO SOMETIMES UNPREOICTABLE USES OF LOCATIVES

External locatives with people Internal locatives with places

Kysyn opettajalta. Kysyn toimistosta (mutta: asemalta).


1'11 ask the teacher. 1'11 ask the office (but: the station).

Mit teille kuuluu? Mit Helsinkiin kuuluu?


How are yoU? How is Helsinki?

Vastaan hnelle. Vastaan puhelimeen.


1'11 answer hirn. 1'11 answer the phone.

Soitan Liisalie. E.T. soittaa kotiin.


1'11 call Liisa. E.T. calls home.

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Kuulin sen sinulta. Kuulin sen radiosta.
1 heard it from you. 1 heard it on the radio.

Kirjoitan sinulle. Kirjoitan lhetystn.


Illl write to you. 1 1 11 write to the embassy.

Meill on hissi. Talossa on hissi.


We have an elevator. The house has an elevator.

Meill on presidentti. suomessa on presidentti. (Venjll on )


We have a president. Finland has a president. (Russia has )

This is an empty space. Fill it with your own material, as you wish.

II-J8
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11-0 WHICH CASE TO USE AND WHEN

Generally speaking, the verb determines which case to use. The so-called 'motion verbs,' which
indicate movement to or from, in or out, on or off, are used with the respective case. Certain
non-motion verbs may take the same cases. The best way is to memorize each verb with its required case
ending(s). The bookmarker (App. 111), which lists the different forms of 'jokin' something, has
been designed to he lp you shortcut this process.

Here are some of the most common verbs with their respective case endings.

Motion to answers the question 'minne' where to

Minne Pekka menee?


Where is Pekka going?

Illat! ve -Vn Allative -lle

Pekka menee kauppaan. Pekka menee Stockmannille.


Pekka is going to the store. Pekka is going to Stockmann's.

kvelee walks
KAUPPA ajaa drives
juoksee runs

J[]'=~
tulee comes
saapuu arrives
I!I (L lhtee leaves
I j remains

pankki bank asema station


posti post office katu street
koulu school koulu school
hotelli hotel yliopisto university
talo house tie road
koti home
puisto park
Suomi Finland

II-39

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No motion answers the question 'miss' where

Miss Pekka on?


Where isPekka?

Inessive -ssa/-ss1 Adessive -lla/-ll

Pekka on kaupassa. Pekka on Stockmannilla.


Pekka TS in the-Btor.e. Pekka ia at Stockmann's.
(on the premises)

on is
ky visits
KAUPPA asuu livea
tekee tyt works
~D-[IJ f- opiskelee studies

..." r '---- '"1 i&.

pankki bank asema station


posti post office katu street
hotelli hotel tie road
talo house koulu school
puisto park yliopisto university
Suomi Finland
koulu school

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Motion from - answers the question 'mist' -from where-

Mist pekka tulee?


Where is Pekka coming from?

Elative -sta/-st Ablative -lta/-lt

Pekka tulee kaupasta. Pekka tulee stockmann ilta.


Pekka is coming from the store. Pekka is coming from Stockmann's
(the premises).

6TaCKM~NH
lhtee leaves
kvelee walks
ajaa drives
on 00 000 000
juoksee runs 00 00 0 00 000
tulee comes
A~ 00

pankki hank asema station


posti post office katu street
hotelli hotel tie road
talo house koulu school
puisto park yliopisto university
Suomi Finland
koulu school

Note: YoU can use more than one case with the same verb, depending on the direction of the
movement and on the part of the location that is being focused on.

Pekka tulee kauppaan. Pekka is coming to the store.


Pekka tulee kaupasta. Pekka is coming from the store.

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II-P STEM WITH THE POSSESSIVE SUFFIX

Possessive suffixes: -nl my -mme our


(poss. suff.) -si your -nne your
-nsa/-ns, -Vn his/hers -nsa/-ns, -Vn their

Dow to form cases with a possessive suffix

1. The normal pattern is a case ending followed by a poss. suff., with


stern changes before the case endings.

Pidn poja-sta-ni. 1 like my son.


Pidn tyttre-st-mme. 1 like our daughter.

Poja-lla-ni on auto. My son has a car.


Tyttre-ll-nne on auto. Your daughter has a car.

2. Six exceptional forms: nom. nom. l


nom./acc. } in .ingula, nom./acc. ~ 1n plural
. gen.
gen./acc.

the stern is always in the strong grade, e.g., the illative stern (see eND, App. 111)
no case endings
add the poss. suff. to the illative stern

Compare these forms with and without a possessive suffix.

Singular
nom. Tm on poika-nL This is my san.
Tm on poika. This is a san, bay.

Tm on tyttre-ni. This is my daughter.


Tm on tytr. This is a daughter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nom./acc. Tavatkaa poika-mme. Meet our son.
Tavatkaa poika. Meet the son.

Tavatkaa tyttre-mme. Meet our daughter.


Tavatkaa tytr. Meet the daughter.

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II-42
gen. Poika-si nimi on Risto. Your son's name is Risto.
Pojan nimi on Risto. The boy's name is Risto.

Tyttre-si nimi on Liisa. Your daughter's name is Liisa.


Tyttren nimi on Liisa. The daughter's name is Liisa.

gen./acc. Nen hnen poika-nsa. 1 see his/her son.


Nen pojan. 1 see the son.

Nen hnen tyttre-ns. 1 see his/her daughter.


Nen tyttren. 1 see the daughter.

Plural

nom. Kaikki heidn poika-nsa tulevat. AlI their sons are coming.
Kaikki pojat tulevat. AlI the sons are coming.

Kaikki heidn tyttre-ns AlI their daughters are


tulevat. coming.
Kaikki tyttret tulevat. AlI daughters are coming.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nom./acc. Nen kaikki poika-nne. 1 see all your sons.
Nen kaikki pojat. 1 see all the sons.

Nen kaikki tyttre-nne. 1 see all your daughters.


Nen kaikki tyttret. 1 see all the daughters.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In forming the illative case omit the final -n be~ore the poss. suff.

Uskon poika-an. 1 believe the son.


Uskon poika-a-ni. 1 believe in my son.

Uskon tyttre-en. 1 believe in the daughter.


Uskon tyttre-e-ni. 1 believe in my daughter.

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4. The 3rd person alternate possessive suffix -Vn can be used in alI other cases. 1t cannot be
used in the six cases above and the illative.

Hn pit poja-sta-an. He likes his san.


-nsa
Soitan hnen poja-lle-er. 1'11 call his san.
-nsa
Pidn Pekkaa hnen poika-na-an. 1 consider Pekka his san.
-nsa
Luulin Pekkaa hnen poja-kse-en. 1 thought Pekka was his san.
-nsa

Note: In forming the possessive af the partitive case -Vn is used only when the partitive
ending is -ta/-t or -tta/-tt.

Ihailin hnen mies-t-n. 1 admired her husband.


Odotin hnen poika-a-nsa. 1 waited for his san.

11-0 ADVERBS OF PLACE

Tlt on hyv nkala. There's a good view from here.

Onko tll mys Suomen kartta? Is there a map of Finland here as well?
Tuolla seinll on hyv kartta. There's a good map over there on the wall.

Tss on Suomen Kuvalehti. (Right) here Is the Suomen Kuvalehti.

Se on tuossa pydll. It's (right) there on the table.

Onko Helsinki Suomessa? Is Helsinki in Finland?


On, se on siell. Yes, it is (there).

How to form: There are two factors that affect your choice of the adverb of place:

the rela~ive smallness or largeness of the area covered by the adverb


the motion or non-motion af the verb to or from this area

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11-44
Motion to No motion Motion from

Small area thn tss tst (right) here


tuohon tuossa tuosta (right) there
siihen siin siit (right) there (previously mentioned)
mihin miss mist where

Large area tnne tll tlt here


tuonne tuolla tuolta there
sinne siell sielt there (previously mentioned)
minne miss mist where

Note: 'mist' and 'miss' are used to indicate both small and large areas, while
'mihin' is preferred for small areas and 'minne' for large areas

TM TUO
THIS THAT
TUOSTA
TST

TNNE TUOLTA
SE
IT(THE)

SIIHEN

SINNE---I~ --+-tIl~ SIELT

SIELL'.A:

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When to use

1. 1n a question as well as in an answer, the case of the adverb is determined by the size
of the area and motion to and from.

Miss koulu on? Where is the school?


Se on tll (Arlingtonissa). It is here (in Arlington).
Se on tss. It is right here.
Se on tuolla. 1t is over there.
Se on tuossa. 1t is right there.

Mihin panette kirjan? Where will you put the book?


Pankaa se thn. Put it right here.
Pankaa se tuohon. Put it right there.
Pankaa se siihen (pydlle). Put it right there (on the table).

Mist lysitte kirjan? Where did you find the book?


Lysin sen tst (pydlt). 1 found it right here on the table.

2. The adverbs derived from 'se' (siell, sielt, etc.) are used mainly in answers to
-ko/-k questions, in which a place has already been indicated.

Panetteko sen pydlle? . Are you going to put it on the table?


Panen sen siihen. 1 '11 put i t right there.

Onko se pydll? 1s it on the table?


On, se on siin. Yes, it's right there.

Tuletteko suomesta? Are you coming from Finland?


Tulen sielt. 1 'm coming from there.

Onko hn Helsingiss 1s he in Helsinki?


On, hn on siell. Yes, he i8 there.

3. The adverbs derived from 'tuo' are used only to indicate a place which
can be seen or pointed at.

Minne menette? Where are you going?


Menen tuonne. 1 am going over there.

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II-46
Il-R NUMERALS

Cardinal numbers

yksi 1 yksitoista 11 kaksikymment 20


kaksi 2 (one of the seeond ten) kaksikymmentyksi 21
kolme 3 kaksitoista 12 kolmekymment 30
nelj 4 jne. ete. sata 100
viisi 5 satayksi 101
kuusi 6 kaksisataa 200
seitsemn 7 tuhat 1000
kahdeksan 8 kaksituhatta 2000
yhdeksn 9 miljoona 1,000,000
kymmenen 10 kaksi miljoona~ 2,000,000
miljardi 1,000,000,000
viisimiljardi.! 5,000,000,000

How to form

kymment is the partitive of kymmenen -10, therefore kaksikymment -two tens


sataa - sata 100 - , - kaksisataa -two hundreds-
tuhatta tuhat -1000, - kaksituhatta two thousands-

'toista' never changes, sinee it is already inf1eeted as the partitive singular of


'toinen'; therefore 'yksitoista' means one out of seeond ten-

each part of a eompound numeral i8 infleeted in the same ease as the following noun
there is a movement ln Finland which advoeates the praetiee of infleeting only the 1ast
word in a compound numeral. 80th of the following are aceepted.

Me puhumme kahde~kymmenestkahdesta oppilaasta. We are talking about 22 students.


Me puhumme" kaksikymmentkahdesta oppilaasta. We are talking about22 students.

"ben to use

1. the noun following a number ia always in the aingular

kolmekymment markkaa thirty marks

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2. the number and the noun decline as usual

Ruokatunti on yhdest kahteen. The lunch break is from one to two.


Puhun kahdesta pojasta. I'm taI king about two boys.
En ne kahta poika~-.-- 1 don't see two boys.

3. when a cardinal number precedes a noun which is either a subject or a total objeet
in the sentence, the noun is in the part. sg. case

Kolme poikaa kvelee kadulla. Three boys are walking on the street.
Ostan kolme kirjaa. 1'11 buy three books.
Meill on kolme lasta. We have three children.

4. when a number + noun is. the sUbject, the verb of the sentence i8 in the singular, unless
a demonstrative pronoun or some other defining word precedes the number

Kolme poikaa kvelee kadulla. There are three boys walking on the street.
Kaikki kolme poikaa kvelevt kadulla. AlI three boys are walking on the street.

5. the deelined forms of cardinal numbers are given on the next page

Ordinal numbers: for inflection of the ordinals, see XI-A

Fractional numbers: see XI-A

Numbers as nouns
ykknen one seitsikka/o, seiska seven
kakkonen two kahdeksikko/kasi eight
kolmonen three yhdeksikk/ysi nine
nelonen four kymppi ten
vi(i)tonen five satanen hundred
ku(u)tonen six tonni thousand

the ones ending in -nen inflect like other words ending in -nen, see t 25 in CNO
'kahdeksikko' follows t 15 in CNO and 'kymppi' t 6 in CNO

Tulen nelosen ratikalla. 1'11 come by streetcar number 4.


Se maksoi kympin. lt eost "a tenner."
Se maksoi kymppitonnin. It cost "a ten-tonner."
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11-48
Cardinal numbers

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nom. gen. part. illat. part. plo gen. plo CNO

1 yksi yhden yht yhteen yksi yksien ( 13)

2 kaksi kahden kahta kahteen kaksia kaksien (13 )

3 kolme kolmen kolmea kolmeen kolmia kolmien

4 nelj neljn nelj neljn nelji neljien (3)

5 viisi viiden viitt viiteen viisi viisien (10)

6 kuusi kuuden kuutta kuuteen kuusia kuusien (10)

7 seitsemn seitsemn seitsem seitsemn seitsemi seitsemien ( 28)

8 kahdeksan kahdeksan kahdeksaa kahdeksaan kahdeksia kahdeksien ( 28)

9 yhdeksn yhdeksn yhdeks yhdeksn yhdeksi yhdeksien ( 28 )

10 kymmenen kymmenen kymment kymmeneen kymmeni kymmenien

11 yksitoista yhdentoista yhttoista yhteentoista

12 kaksitoista kahdentoista kahtatoista kahteentoista

100 sata sadan sataa sataan satoja satojen ( 1)

1000 tuhat tuhannen tuhatta tuhanteen tuhansia tuhansien

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II-49

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11-8 1MPERATIVE OF SECOND PERSON PLURAL AND POLITE PORK

Istukaa, olkaa hyv. Please sit down (lit., sit, be good).

Menk suoraan eteenpin. Go straight ahead.

Kntyk oikealle. Turn to the right.

Dow to form

find the basic dictionary form, i.e., first infinitive of the verb,
which is also the first form in the list of conjugational types of verbs (CTV), App. 111
remove the 1 infinitive ending -a/-, -da/-d or, if the verb ends in
-sta/-st, -lla/-ll, -nna/-nn, -rra/-rr, remove correspondingly
-ta/-t, ~la/-l, -na/-n, -ra/-r
add -kaa/-k to this stern

istu-a to sit teh-d to do


istu-kaa: sit: teh-k: do:

men-n to go ol-la to be
men-k! go! ol-kaa: be:

nous-ta to rise pur-ra to bite


nous-kaa!" rise: pur-kaa: bite:

if the 1 infinitive ends in -t-a/-t-, retain -t-, which is part of the stern,
in the impetative

vastat-a to answer tavat.;.,a to meet


vastat-kaa: answer: tavat-kaa: meet:

avat-a to open luvat-a to promise


avat-kaa: open: luvat-kaa! promise:

When to use: in giving orders and commands to several people, or to a person with whom
you do not use the familiar form sin'

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II-50
UNIT 111
WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE MITX SAISI OLLA
Nouns Substantii veja

alcohol alkoholi (6) fish kala (l) rush kiire (5)


appetizer alkupalat (1) plo food ruoka (2) rutabaga lanttu (15)
ashtray tuhkakuppi (6) fork haarukka (4) rye ruis (31)
beer olut (37), frying pan, paistin-
kalja (1) ski11et pannu (15) salad bowl salaattikulho (15)
blood veri (9) glass lasi (6) salt suola (1)
bread leip (2) guest vieras (30) sandwieh voileip (2)
bread plate leiplautanen (25) herring silli (6) sauce boat kastikeastia (4)
breakfast aamiainen (25) hors-d'oeuvre pikku-
lmmin (27) sauce pan kattila (4)
butter voi (17) host isnt (3) saucer teevati (6)
butter dish voiastia (4) hostess emnt (3) 'shot' ryyppy (15)
buttermilk piim (2) hunger nlk (2) smoking tupakointi (6)
cake kakku (15) iee j (18) soda water vichyvesi (10)
cake spatula kakkulapio (16) iee eream jtel (16) soup bowl liemikulho (15)
casserole laatikko (12) juice mehu (15) soup ladle liemikauha (1)
ehoeolate suklaa (19) knife veitsi (8) spoon lusikka (4)
cigar sikari (7) lid kansi (11) stomach vatsa (1)
cigarrette savuke (5), long drink lonkero (16) sugar sokeri (7)
tupakka (4) milk maito (15) sugar dish sokeriastia (4)
eoffee bread kahvileip (2) paneake ohukainen (25), supper illallinen (25)
eoffee pot kahvipannu (15) pannukakku (15) table napkin lautasliina (1)
eookie pikkuleip (2) party kutsut (15) plo tablespoon ruokalusikka (4)
eream kerma (1) pepper pippuri (7) tea tee (18)
ereamer kerma-astia (4) pipe piippu (15) teaspoon teelusikka (4)
crisp bread nkkileip (2) piteher kannu (15) thirst jano (15)
cup kuppi (6) plate lautanen (25) tobaceo tupakka (4)
dessert jlkiruoka (2) platter tarjoilu-
vati (6) tray tarjotin (23)
dinner pivllinen (25) potato peruna (4) vanilla vanilja (4)
doc tor lkri (7) roast paisti (6) visit kynti (6)
drink juoma (2), rolling pin kaulin (23) water vesi (10)
juominen (25)

111-1

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Verbs Verbej

be able jaksaa (1) want to have, haluta (17) suffice riitt (2)
cool off jhty (8) want to do suit sopia (7)
dare uskaltaa (3) may, might tai taa (3) take ottaa (2)
drink juoda (10) offer tarjota (17) taste maistaa (1) tr.,
eat syd (10) prefer (see: rather) maistua (8) intr.
forbid kielt (3) smoke polttaa (2), use kytt (2)
know how osata (18) tupakoida (9) visit kyd (11)
stand on
ceremony kursailla (13) want haluta (17)

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

allergic allerginen ( 25) dreadful kauhea ( 20) nice, fun kiva (1)
beautiful kaunis (30) dry kuiva ( 2) nonalcoholic alkoholiton (24)
better parempi (14) excellent erinomainen ( 25) sa t i sft ed kyll.i.nen (25)
black musta ( 2) hot kuuma ( 2) some ki.nd of jonkinlainen. (25)
cold kylm ( 2) interesting mielenkiin- special, erikoinen (25)
toinen ( 25) , strange
difficult vaikea (20) jnn ( 2) warm lmmin (27)
delicious herkull inen ( 25) last viimeinen (25)

Adverbs and other particles Adverbeja ja muita apusanoja

aga.inst vastaan no way: ei milln rather mieluummin


alitUe vhn of course tietysti that ett
ft r st ensin oh: voi: then sitten
more lis or tai, vai

Pronouns pronomineja

1 nothing ei mitn

III-2
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HEARING IT 1

Dialog A. Play dialog A. Cover the Finnish text and follow the English. Do this at least three
times.

1. Mit saisi olla, rouva Virtanen? 1. Mrs. Virtanen, what would you like?
2. Saisinko kuivan martinin? 2. Could 1 have a dry martini, please?

3. Ent mit te joisitte, herra Virtanen? 3. And what would you like to drink, Mr. Virtanen?
4. No, jos teill on gini 4. Well, if you have some gin.
5. On, on, olkaa hyv, tss on 5. Oh, yes, here's a gin and tonic.
ginilonkero.
6. Ent herra Butler, mit haluaisitte? 6. And Mr. Butler, what would you like (ta have)?
7. Saisinko jotain alkoholitonta juomaa. 7. Could 1 have some nonalcoholic drink.
Jotain kylm, vaikka vett. Something cold, even water.
Minulla on jano. 1 1 m thirsty
8. Meill olisi coca-colaa, jaffaa ja 8. We have coke, orange soda and soda water
vichyvett. (mineral water).
9. Lasi jaffaa, kiitos. 9. A glass of orange soda, please.

10. Ja vhn pikkulmpimi, olkaa hyv. 10. And here are some hors d'oeuvres.

11. Olkaa hyv~ ja ottakaa. 11. Please help yourself.


Kahvi on pydss. Coffee is served.
12. Kiitos, kunhan everstin rouva on 12. Thank you, after the colonel's wife
ensin ottanut. has first taken.
13. Voi, lk nyt kursailko~ 13. Oh, don't stand on ceremony~
Kahvi jhtyy. The coffee will get cold.
14. Kiitos, min en juo kahvia. 14. Thank you, 1 don't drink coffee.
15. Joisitteko sitten teet? 15. Would you drink tea then?
16. Kiitos, teet mieluummin. 16. Thanks, 1 prefer tea.
17. Kytttek sokeria ja kermaa? 17. Do you use sugar and cream?
18. Kiitos sokeria, mutta en kyt kermaa? 18. Yes, sugar, but 1 don't use cream.
19. Niink. Minkin juon kahvin mustana. 19. Really! 1 drink coffee black, too.

20. Saanko tarjota pullaa? 20. May 1 offer some coffee bread?
Oletteko maistanut voileipkakkua? Have you tasted the layered sandwich cake?
21. Kiitos, sin jo sit. 21. Thanks. 1 had some already.
Se on oikein herkullista. It's really delicious.

III-3

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Dia10g A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING. P1ay dia10g A again and fo11ow the Finnish text.
DO this at 1east three times.

Dia10g B. Look at the Finnish text. P1ay scrarnb1ed dia10g B, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds after
each sentence. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences. Check your
answers against the key.

Dia10g C. Look at the Eng1ish text. P1ay scrarnb1ed dia10g C, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds after
each sentence. Mark down in which order. you heard the Finnish sentences, but this
tirne mark the Eng1ish. check your answers against the key.

Dia10g C. Listen to dia10g D and stop after each sentence for 30 seconds. write the rnissing
word(s) in the b1anks. Then check your work against the key.

1. Virtanen, what wou1d you 1ike1


2. What wou1d you , Mrs. Virtanen?
3. Cou1d 1 have sornething 7
4. A glass af ......
5 ~ ... is served.
6. Thanks, 1 don' t drink

7. Wou1d you coffee?


8. May 1 offer ........................ 1
9. Have you tasted 1

10. Thanks, 1 .........

------------------T--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 11 14 15 3 7 8 20 12 13 17 18 19 1 4 5 6 2
c. 1 4 5 10 3 7 8 9 6 2 11 12 13 17 18 14 15 16 20 21
D. 1 Mr. 2 drink 3 co1d, even water 4 soda water 5 tea 6 tea 7 prefer
8 hors d'oeuvres 9 coffee bread 10 had sorne a1ready

III-4
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WBAT WOULD YOU LIKE1
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined word.

coctailkutsut Cocktail party


A = emnt/isnt B/C/D vieras A = hostess/host B/C/D = guest
1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Mit saisi olla, rouva Virtanen? Mits teille tulee A. Mrs. Virtanen, what would you
like (to have)?
B. saisinko kuivan martinin? saisinks m B. Could I have a dry martini,
please?

A. Ent mit te joisitte, herra Ent mits A. And what would you like to
Virtanen? drink, Mr. Virtanen?

c. No, jos teill on gini Onks teill C. Well, if you have some gin.

A. on, on, olkaa hyv, tss on tsson A. Yes, here's a gin and tonic.
ginilonkero.

2. jakso sequence 2
A. Ent herra Butler, mit mits te A. And Mr. Butler, what
haluaisitte? would you like (to have)1

D. saisinko jotain alkoholitonta .saisinks m D. Could I have some


juomaa? Jotain kylm,
vaikka vett. Minulla on jano.

Mull on
.

non-alcoholic drink. something
cold, even water. I'm thirsty.

A. Meill olisi cocacolaa, jaffaa Meill olis A. We have coke, orange soda and soda
ja vichyvett. . water (mineral water).

D. Lasi jaffaa, kiitos. . D. A glass of orange soda, please.

A. Ja vhn pikkulmpimi,
olkaa hyv.
. A. And here are some hors d'oeuvres.

111-5

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Act out sequences l and 2 and find out what your fellow students would like to have, using
this interaction with variations of your choice.

~ ~
saisi olla? like to have?
saa olla? like to have?
Mit haluaisi tte? What would you like (lit., want)?
joisitte? drink?
ottaisitte? take?

ji t lasiin? some ice in the 91ass?


Saisinko kylm vett? Could 1 get some cold water?
1 lasin mehua? 1 a glass of juice?

Ask for and provide lnformation like thls:

KIlT05, EH t<'IT
ALKOHOl.IA . JANO?

Would you like to have a 'shot ' ? Who's thirsty? Could 1 have a glass of water?
No thanks, 1 don't drink alcohol. 1 1 m thirsty. Here you are.
Thanks.
youlre welcome.
Don't mention it.
III-6

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WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE?
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words.

Kahvikutsut Coffee party

3. jakso sequence 3
A. Olkaa hyv ja ottakaat
Kahvi on pydss.
.
.
A. Please help yourself (lit., take).
Coffee is served (lit., in the table).

B. Kiitos, kunhan everstin rouva . B. Thank you, after the colonel's wife
on ensin ottanut. . has first taken.

A. Voi, lk nyt kursailko:


Kahvi jhtyy.
-..
.
A. Oh, don't stand on ceremony:
The coffee will get cold.

4. jakso sequence 4
C. Kiitos, min en juo kahvia. Kiitos, m en C. Thank you, 1 don't drink coffee.

A. Jisitteko sitten teet? Joisitteks te. A. Would you like tea then?

C. Kiitos, teet mieluummin. . C. Thanks, 1 prefer tea.

5. jakso sequence 5
A. Kytttek sokeria ja kermaa? Kyttteks te. A. DO you use sugar and cream?

B. Kiitos, sokeria, mutta en Joo, sokeria, B. yes, sugar, but 1 don't use cream.
kyt kermaa. mut m en

A. Niink: Minkin juon kahvin Mkin A. Really: 1 drink coffee black, too.
mustana.

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. saanko tarjota pullaa? Oletteko saanks m A. May I offer some coffee bread? Have you
maistanut voileipkakkua? Ootteks te tasted the layered sandwich cake?

C. Kiitos, sin sit jo. Joo, m sin C. Thanks, 1 already ate some.
se on oikein herkullista. . It's really delicious.

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Act out sequences 4 to 6, using these variations.

Joisitteko
Haluaisitteko
1 drink
like to have
Ottaisitteko
Saisiko olla
kahvia vai teet?

Kiitos, kahvia mieluummin.


Would you
t take
like to have

1 prefer coffee, thanks.


coffee or tea?

Kytttek use
Haluatteko
Otatteko
l
\
sokeria? Do you
~ want
take
sugar?

Saako olla kahvia? Kiitos, kyll. Would you like to have coffee? Yes, please.
Saisiko olla kahvia? Kiitos, ei. Would you like to have coffee? No, thanks.

Act out this conversation.

Welcome for the coffee: Would you like some more? Thanks for the coffee.
Thank you. Half a cup, please. Don't mention it.
No thanks, that's enough.

1II-8
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HEARING IT II

Dialog A. Play dialog A. Cover the Finnish text and follow the English. Do this at least three
times.

1. Olkaa hyv ja kyk pytn. 1. Please, sit down at the table.


Ruoka on pydss. Dinner is served.
2. Voi miten kaunis pyt. 2. Oh, what a beautiful table.
3. Kiitos, hauska, ett pidtte siit. 3. Thanks, I'm glad you like it.
4. Haluaisitteko maistaa silli ja uusia 4. Would you like to try some herring
perunoita? and new potatoes?
5. Kiitos, sehn kuulostaa hyvlt. 5. Thanks, that sounds goode
6. Saako olla paistia ja lanttulaatikkoa? 6. Would you like some roast and rutabaga
casserole?
7. Paistia kiitos, mutta ei lanttulaatikkoa. 7. Some roast, thanks, but not rutabaga
Se ei sovi vatsalleni. casserole. It's not good for my stomach.
8. Ent haluaisitteko maistaa kotikaljaa? 6. And would you like to taste some
-home brew-?
9. Mit se on? 9. What's that?
10. Se on jonkinlaista olutta. 10. It's kind of beer.
Siin ei ole alkoholia. It doesn't contain alcohol.
11. No, jos nyt sitten vhn 11. Well, 1'11 have a little then
12. No, milt se maistuu? 12. Well, what does it taste like?
13. En osaa sanoa. Se maistuu 13. I' can' t say. It tastes rather peculiar.
aika erikoiselta.
14. Kiitos ruuasta. 14. Thanks for the dinner (lit., food).
15. Ei kest. Olkaa hyv. Hauska, ett 15. Don't mention it. You're welcome.
piditte siit. 1 1 m glad you enjoyed it.
16. Saisinko polttaa? 16. May 1 ,smoke?
17. Totta kai. Tss on tuhkakuppi. 17. af course. Here's an ashtray.
Me vain emme itse polta. We just don't smoke ourselves.
16. sitten on ehk parempi, ett minkn 18. Then it's perhaps better that 1 don't
en polta. smoke, either.
19. Kaikin mokomin, polttakaa vain. 19. By alI means, go ahead.

Dialog A. CONNECTING SOUND AND WRITTEN FORM. Play dialog A again, but this time follow
the'Finnish text. Do this at least three times.

III-9

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Dialog B. Look at the Finnish text. Play scrambled dialog B, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds
after each sentence. Hark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences.
Check your answer against the key.

Dialog C. Look at the English text. Play scrambled dialog C, stopping after each sentence
for 5 or 10 seconds. Hark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences but
this time mark the English. Check your answer against the key.

Dialog D. Listen to dialog D and write the missing word(s) in the blanks. Check your
work against the key.

1. Please, sit down is served.


2. Oh, what a beautiful
3. Would you like to taste and .
4. May I ?
5.
6.
It tastes .............................................
Would you like to have 1
7. Here 1s
8. May I ?
9 go ahead and smoke
10. Oh, what a beautiful

KEY B. 1 2. -3 6 5 12 13 8 9 10 5 16 19 17 18
C. 16 17 18 19 1 5 42 11 6
3 7 8 . 5 12 13 14 15
D. 1 coffee 2 roast 3 new potatoes, herring 4 taste rutabaga casserole
5 rather peculiar 6 beer 7 kind of home brew 8 smoke 9 af course
10 ashtray

II 1-10

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WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE?
practice these sentences, substituting for the underlined words.

pivlliskutsut Dinner party

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Olkaa hyv ja kyk pytn.
Ruoka on pydss.
.. A. Please sit down at the table.
The meal is served.

B. Voi, miten kaunis pyt! Voi, kuinka B. Oh, what a beautiful table:

A. Kiitos, hauska, ett pidtte


siit.
. A. Thanks, 1 1 m glad you like it

8. jakso sequence 8
A. Haluaisitteko maistaa silli ja Haluaisitteks A. Would you like to taste some
uusia perunoita? te . herrlng and new potatoes?

B. Kiitos, sehn kuulostaa hyvlt! . B. Thanks, that sounds good!

A. saako olla paistia ja lanttu- Saaks olla A. Would you like some roast and
laatikkoa? . rutabaga casserole?

B. Paistia kiitos, mutta ei lanttu- mutt ei B. Some roast, thanks, but not
laatikkoa. Se ei sovi vatsalleni. mun vatsalIe rutabaga casserole. It's not
good for my stomach.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Ent haluaisitteko maistaa haluaisi tteks A. And would you like to taste
kotikaljaa? te ....... home brew?

B. Mit se on? B. What's that?

A. Se on jonkinlaista olutta. jonkunlaista A. Itls kind of beer.


Siin ei ole alkoholia. .. ei 00 It doesn't contain alcohol.

B. No, jos nyt sitten vhn . B. Well, I'llhave a little then

III-ll

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Comment, ask, and provide information about various foods and dishes.

1 1 "kar j alanpaistia.

l
paisti paistia
Tm leip on hyv. Mit leip se on? Se on ruisleip.
maustekakkua.
~~~:\
Jaa e 0.. ~~~~u~ ....
Jaa e oa vaniljajtel.

This
1 roast
bread
cake
is goode What
ast
bread is it?
ro
cake
It is
Karelian pot roast.
rye bread.
spiee eake.
{
iee eream iee eream vanilla iee eream.

De prepared to accept or declinesome strange native dishes. Piek your favorite alternative.

silakkapitsaa? en taida uskaltaa maistaa.


Saako olla veriohukaisia? Kiitos ei, lkri on kieltnyt.

1
mmmi?
lipekalaa?
{
se ei sovi vatsalleni.
olen allerginen kalalle.

herring pizza? 1 may not dare to have a taste.


Would you like blood pancakes? No thanks, my doetor has forbidden it.
to have some
1 mmmi?
dried eodfish (lit., lyefish)?
{
it doesn't suit my stomach.
1 ' m allergic to fish.

Aet out sequenee 9, and praetiee this exehange with your fellow students.

viiH? piim.
Saisiko olla pilsneri? Mit se on? Se on jonkinlaista olutta.
{ { jlkiruokaa.
kiisseli?

viili? buttermilk.
Would you like some pilsneri? What is it? It is kind of beer.
{ kiisseli ? {
dessert.

voita? butter,
Saisinko leip? Olkaa hyv. Could you pass the bread, please? Here you are.
{ suolaa ja { salt and
pippuria? pepper, lII-12

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WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE
Practice these sequences. Act out and substitute for the underlined word.

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. No, milt kalja maistuu? . A. Well, what does the brew taste like?

B. En osaa sanoa. Se maistuu aika En m osaa sa- B. 1 can't say. It tastes rather
erikoiselta. noo. Se on aika strange.
erikoista.

ll. jakso Sequence II


B. Kiitos ruuasta. . B. Thanks for the food.

A. Ei kest. Olkaa hyv. Hauska, ett A. Don't mention it. You're we1come.
Hauska, ett piditte siit. tykksitte I'm glad you enjoyed it.

12. jakso sequence 12


B. Saisinko polttaa? Saisinks m B. May 1 smoke?

A. Totta kai. Tss on tuhkakuppi. Me vaan A. Of course. Here's an ashtray


Me vain emme itse polta. ei itse polteta. We just don't smoke ourselves.

B. Sitten on ehk parempi, ett Si t on B. Then it's perhaps better that


minkn en polta. mkn 1 don't smoke either.

A. Kaikin mokomin, polttakaa vain. . A. By alI means, go ahead.

1TUPAKOITSIJOILLE FOR SMOKERS TUPAKOINTI KIELLETTY SMOKING PROHIBITED

ITOPAKOIKATTOMILLB FOR NON-SMOKERS ETHN POLTA, KIITOS PLEAse DO NOT SMOKE

III-13

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Act out sequence 10, using the following variations.

tuntuu? feel? erinomaiselta. excellent.


Milt (se) nytt? How look (seem)? Se maistuu oikein hyvlt. 1t tastes very good.
{ maistuu? does i t { taste? { erikoiselta. { strange.
kuulostaa? sound? kamalalta. dreadfuL
Vaikea sanoa. Hard to say.

Act out and complete sequences 11 and 12. Make up your own variations using this model.

Thanks for a nice evening. Thanks for your hospitality. 00 you smoke?
Oon't mention it. Thanks for coming. 1t was nice you visited us. No, thanks

COMMON EXPRESS10NS

sopiiko, jos poltan? Tietysti, olkaa hyv. Is it alI right if 1 smoke? But, of course.
Saako tll polttaa? Valitettavasti ei. 1s smoking allowed here? Unfortunately not.
Saako tll tupakoida? Tupakointi on kielletty. Is smoking allowed here? Smoking is prohibited.

Palaako? Kiitos ei. 00 you smoke? No thanks.


Saako olla savuke? Kii tos kyll. Would you care for a cigarette? Yes, please.
Haluatteko tupakan? Kiitos, minulla on 00 you want a cigarette? Thanks, 1 have
omat savukkeet. my own cigarettes.
Kiitos, poltan vain piippua. Thanks, 1 smoke only a pipe.
III-14

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RUOKAlLUVXLINEET DISHES AND CUTLERY

1. Praetiee these
words until you
ean identify the
objeet by its
Finnish name:

1. lautanen 8. lautaslUna 15. pata 22. kattila


2. veitsi 9. . 1eiplautanen 16 kulho 23 kansi
3. haarukka 10. salaattikulho 17. kahvipannu 24. liemikulho
4. jlkiruokalusikka 11. voiastia 18. sokeriastia 25. teevati
5. ruokalusikka 12. kannu 19 kerma-astia 26 paistinpannu
6. teelusikka 13. tarjoiluvati 20. juustohyl 27. tarjotin
7. maitolasi 14. kastikemalja 21. maljakko 28. kaulin
29. kahvikuppi
----------------------------------------~-------------
-------------------------------------------------------
COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

2. Listen to the tape and identify the objeet by the number when you hear the word .

A B C D E F G H 1 J K L

1II-15

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COHPREHENSION EXERCISES

3. Listen to the tape and circle the correct expression.

A B
1. alcoholic nonalcoholic
2. glass of juice glass of soda
3. host hostess
4. drinks doesn't drink
5. eats doesn't eat
6. tastes doesn't taste

4. Continue listening and choose the appropriate category for your answer.

1 2 3 4 5 6
A. accepts
B. declines
C. expresses hesitation

5. Participation exercise

There are three participants (hostess, Mrs. Saari, Mr. Virtanen) in the following dialog.
Act first the role of Mr. Virtanen, who wants coffee and uses only sugar. The second time
around, act the role of Mrs. saari, who conveys the information to the hostess.

DICTATION

Listen to the dialog for repetition of sequences 10-12 and write them down. Compare your
writing with the text on p. 111-13 and correct it, if necessary.

KEY 2. A29 81 C25 D2 E4 F22 G12 H17 127 J3 K16 L20


3. lB 2A 38 48 5A 68
4. lC 28 3A 48 58 68
III-16
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FUNCTI0N PRACTICES. Use these situations for conversation.

l~ Find out
what your fellow students would like to have at a coffee party/at a dinner/
at a cocktailparty
what your fellow students -eat, drink, take, use- 'syd, juoda, ottaa, kytt'
what a strange native dish is

2. Discuss your choices, using questions like


'Haluatteko kahvia?'
'Haluaako kahvia?'
'Kuka haluaa kahvia?'

Look at the cartoon. Use your imagination and invent different conversations between the characters
Write them down and report them ta the class, indicating who is speaking.

111-17

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3. Use the expressions you have learnt so far for table rnanners
offer rnore/accept/decline/explain why/express hesitation

4. Ask your fellow students' opinions and express your own about Finnish and American food

5. Ask your neighbor at the dinner table to pass the salt, sugar, pepper, etc.
and offer the sarne to hirn/her

6. You visited your fellow student the night before


thank hirn/her for the hospitality
don't forget courtesies such as

'Olkaa ~yv' and 'Kiitos't

111-18
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READING
Translate this with the help of the glossary.

Kuule, Matti, muistitko panna snapsit jihin ja avata viinipullon?


- Tehty on. Onko pyt jo katettu?
- Totta kai. Panin sen sinivalkoisen Marimekko-liinan ja sinisen Arabia-astiaston, Suomen vrit.
- Mit kello on? Kunpa he nyt tulisivat, ennenkuin paisti on pilalla.
- Otin sen jo uunista. Siellhn Linda ja Larry jo tulevatkint
- No, mene sin avaamaan ovi ja sulje Musti kellariin:
- Voi, Matti, minne se Musti nyt juoksee, ja mik sill on suuss~?
Ota se kiinni:
- Liian myhist. Sinne meni paistit

CULTURAL POINTS

Rather than dinners, Finns serve coffee and give coffee parties. It's considered impolite to
refuse a second cup and even a third, or at least half a third cup when the hostess offers it.
Finns always serve coffee when you just drop in. They expect to be served likewise when they drop
in. When you go to a Finnish home as a dinner guest, take an ~dd number (1,3,5, or 7) of cut
flowers for your hostess. Flower shops are open at night just for this purpose.

Kukkia talon emnnlle: Flowers for the hostess1

After the party you may phone your hostess or host and say

Kiitos viimeisest: Thanks for the hospitality:

or tell her/him if you think you are going to meet her/him soon. Try to be punctual, particularly
for a dinner.

111-19

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UN1T 1II
STRUCTURAL NOTES

III-A PARTITIVE SINGULAR -a/-, -ta/-t -some, part of-

Hyvi@ piv!. Good day.


Saako olla kahvia? Would you like some coffee?
Odotin hissi 10 minuuttia. 1 waited for the elevator for 10 minutes.
Kahvi on kuumaa. The coffee is hot.
Juon teet. 1 would drink (some) tea.
No, jos on olutta. Well, if there's some beer.

Dow to form

generally attach the partitive ending to the strong grade;


the partitive i8 given in the 3rd column of the CND, App. 111
in the words ending in -e or a consonant, attach the ending to the weak grade stern
endings depend on the last sounds of the nominative and follow vowel harmony, P-7

Last sound of the nominative Partitive ending


a short vowel + -a/- hyv- good
kahvi-a coffee
hissi- elevator
piv- day
kuuma-a hot

certain vowel combinations + -a/- or lattia-af-ta floor


-ta/-t keitti-/-t kitchen
radio-af-ta radio

two vowels or a consonant + -ta/-t tee-t tea


olut-ta beer
kaunis-ta beautiful
voi-ta butter
pahin-ta worst

-e + -tta/-tt perhe-tt family


(t 5 in the CND, App. 111) kappale-tta paragraph, piece

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II1-20
When to use

1. to denote substance, or express a part of something or an indefinite amount of something, for


which English uses words like -some- and -any- (in contrast to -the,- which denotes
a definite amount)

Juon teet. 1'11 have some tea.


Teet onlPydll. There's some tea on the table.

2. in greetings Mit kuuluu? How are you?


Hyv
- huomenta:
- Good morning:

3. always as the object in a negative sentence En halua auto.!. 1 don't want a/the car.

4. with cardinal numbers Viisi poika.! tulee. There are five boys coming.
as either subject or object Nen viisi poika.!. 1 see five boys.

5. with verbs expressing emotion rakastaa to love vihata to hate


ihailla to admire kadehtia to envy
halveksia to despise inhota to detest

6. with verbs indicating frequentative action


i.e., verbs ending in -ella
katsella to watch harjoitella to practice
kuunnella to listen opiskella to study
ajatella to think valmistella to prepare

7. with certain other verbs odottaa to wait for auttaa to help


hirit to disturb katsoa to look at

B. to indicate ongoing or continuous action


Ostan nyt kirj~. 1 am buying a book.

9. in general, if there is any doubt or uncertainty about the outcome of the action
Odotan postia Amerikasta. I'm waiting for somemail from America.

Note: If the outcome is certain, the total object (gen./acc. or nom./acc.) should be used.
Odotan posti~, ennenkuin lhden. 1'11 wait for themail before 1 leave.

UI-2l

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III-B PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN THE SINGULAR-after 'on'

A. Count nouns: nominative B. Masa nauns: partitive

Mik tm on? Mit tm on?


What is this? What is this?
Se on lasi. Se on vett.
It's .! glass. It's water.

Se on pullo. Se on olutta .
It's~bottle. It's beer.

Se on kakku. Se on kakkua.
It's a cake. It's cake.

A. Minklainen lasi on7 B. Minklaista vesi on7


What is the glass like? What i8 (the) water like?

Lasi on uusi.
-- --
The glass is new.
Vesi on kylm.
(The) water is cold.

pullo on hyv. olut on hyv.


The bottle is goode (The) beer is goode

Kakku on her~ullinen. Kakku on herkullista.


The cake is delicious. (The) cake is delicious.

Suomi on kaunis. Suomi on kaunista.


Finland is beautiful. Finnish is beautiful.

III-22

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COHPARE A TO B

Different A nominative B partitive


Refer to a single objeet or thing a substanee or material
Denote a countable noun food, material, etc., names of
languages
Article in English with without
Predicate noun in nominative in partitive
predicate adjective in nominative in partitive
Answers question mik mit
minklainen/millain~ minklaista/millaista

Alike
As a subjeet of a sentence, when it indicatea a defined quantity nominative

olut on kylm!. The"beer ia eold.


onko lasi puhdas7 IS the glasa clean7

III-C PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN THE SINGULAR after 'ei ole'

1. generally there is no ehange in the predieate noun or adjeetive when either ia negated

Tm on auto. This is a car.


Tm ei ole auto. This is not a ear.

Tuo on kahvia. That's eoffee.


TUO ei ole kihvia. That's not coffee.

Se on kuuma (pullo). That's (a) hot (bottle).


se ei ole kuuma (pullo). That's not (a) hot (bottle).

2. if you can think of -there is none or -1, you, ete., don't have any, the noun
changes to partitive after 'ei ole' (see II-C)

III-23

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III-D ACCUSATIVE

Kenet tapaat? Whom are you meeting?


Tunnen hnet. 1 know him/her.
Tunnen Pekan. 1 know Pekka.
Ostan talon. 1'11 buy a house.
Ostakaa auto: BUY acad

How to form

1. for personal pronouns and 'kuka' "who"


replace the genitive ending -n of the possessive pronouns with -t

Kenet tunnet? Whom do you know?

minut. me.
sinut. you.
Pekka tuntee hnet. Pekka knows him/her.
meidt. us.
teidt. you (pl./polite form).
heidt them

2. for singular nouns


'genitive-like' accusative (gen./aee.) or 'nominative-like' aeeusative (nom./ace.)
(see III-E)

Tunnen Pekan. 1 know Pekka.


Ostan auton. 1 will buy a car.
Ostakaa auto~ Buy a ear:

3. for plural nouns


the same as the nom. plo (see II-E)

Tapasimme pojat kahvilassa. We met the boys in a cafe.

When to use

only as a total objeet (see III-E)


III-24

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III-E DIRECT OBJECT

1. Tunnetteko Bob Wilsonin? DO you know Bob Wilson?


Saisinko kuivan martinin? Could 1 have a dry martini?

2. Lukekaa kotona luku kolme: Read ehapter three at home~


Aamiainen tarjoillaan ruokasalissa. Breakfast is served in the dining room.
Minun tytyy panna kirje postiin. 1 must mail the letter.

3. Tunnen hnet. 1 know him~

4. Otin jo voileipkakkua. 1 already had some sandwieh eake.


Saisinko vett. Could 1 have some water?

5. En tunne Bob Wilsonia. 1 donlt know Bob Wilson.


Aamiaista ei tarjoilla sunnuntaina. Breakfast is not served on Sundays.
Minun ei tarvitse lhett kirjett. 1 donlt have to mail 'the letter.
l sulje ovea~ Donlt elose the door~
En tunne hnt. 1 donlt know him/her.

The underlined words above are the objeet of the sentenee. In English they are ealled direet
objeets beeause they are direetly affeeted by the aetion of the verb. In Finnish the objeet is
either total (1,2,3), or partial (4,5).

Tota! objeet Part1a! objeet

Ostan leivn. Ostan leip!.


1 1 11 buy th~ bread. 1 1 11 buy some bread.

Luen lehden. Luen lehte.


1 1 11 read a/the paper. 1 am reading a/the paper.

Dow to form and when to use the partia! objeet:

always 1n the partitive ease both in affirmative and negative sentenees


the aetion of the verb affeets the objeet only partially
the aetion is ineomplete

111-25

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How to form and when to use the total objeet in an affirmative sentenee:

the aetion of the verb affeets the objeet entirely


the action is complete
always in the accusative for whieh ~here are three forms

1. gen./aee. sg. or I geni ti '/e-l ike' :

the same ending -n as i.o gen. sg.

Luen lehden. 1'11 read a/the paper.

2. nom./ace. or 'nominative-like':
use only in the following struetures

a) with 1st and 2nd person imperative, e.g., commands

Lue lehti, Pekka~ Read the paper, Pekka~


Lukekaa lehti, pojat~ Read the paper, boys~
Lukekaamme lehti~ Let's read the paper~ (high style, see XIV-G)

b) always aS the plural total objeet

Luen lehdet. 1'11 read the papers.


Lehdet luetaan. The papers will be read.
Lue lehdet~ Readthe paperst
Lehdet on luettu. The papers have been read.

e) in the passive voiee (see VI-A)


Lehti luetaan. The paper will be read.

d) as the objeet of the 1 infinitive

On mukava lukea uusi lehti. It's nice to read a new paper.

e) with 'tytyy/pit/tulee' "must/have to" (see V-A)

Minun tytyy lukea lehti. I must read the paper.


Hnen pit lukea lehti. He has to read the paper.

3. accusative 5g. for personal pronoun5 and 'kuka' "who" see III-D III-26
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Dow to form and when to use the total objeet in a negative sentenee

both the partial and total objeet are always in the partitive

En lue lehte. 1 won't read the paper.


l lue, leht~!~ Don't read the paper~
Lehte ei lueta. The paper won't be read.
Lehti ei lueta. Papers won't be read.

Note: The partitive forms for the personai pronouns and 'kuka' are regular.

Ket Pekka ei tunne? Whom doesn't Pekka know?


minua. me.
sinua. you (6g.).
Pekka ei tunne hnt. Pekka doesn't know him/her.
meit. us.
teit/Teit. you (pl. and polite).
heit. - them.

III-F 'MIKX' AND SINGULAR DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Mill kadulla posti on? On what street is the post office?


Onko se tll kadulla? Is it on this street?
Ei ole, se on tuolla kadulla. No, it's on that street.
Toimistoni on mys sill kadulla. My offiee is also on that street.

Dow ta form

the genitive ease is formed by attaehing the genitive ending -n to the nominative
tm-Q, se-n but mi-nk

in alI other eases, the stems are


mi- mi-k
t- t-m
si- se

the internal loeative cases of 'se' are irregular: 'siin, siit, siihen'
notiee the difference between the partitive 'sit' and the elative 'siit'

II 1-27

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----------------------------------------------------~- ---------------------------------------------
what/which this that it/the

nom. mik tm tuo se


gen. mink tmn tuon sen
part. mit tt tuota sit
iness. miss tss tuossa siin
elat. mist tst tuosta siit
illat. mihin thn tuohon siihen
adess. mill tll tuolla sill
ablat. milt tlt tuolta silt
allat. mille tlle tuolle sille
essive min tn tuona sin
transL miksi tksi tuoksi siksi

When to use

to agree with case and number of the following noun


to answer the question 'mik + a noun' "what/which + a noun"

Lexicalization note: 'se' "it/the" is used in three instances:

a) most often when you answer a -ko/-k question

Pidtk tuosta talosta? Do you like that house.


Pidn siit (talosta). r like it (the house that was mentioned).

Tuossako kioskissa vaihdetaan valuuttaa? Is it in that kiosk that currency is exchanged?


Siin (kioskissa). Yes (in it).

b) when you refer back to a noun that has already been mentioned

Haluaisin tuota kahvia. 1 would like to have some of that coffee.


Minkin otan sit. 1'11 take some of it, too.

c) when followed by a relative clause, e.g. 'se joka ' "the one who/that/which " (X-Dl

Se, joka asuu Suomessa, puhuu suomea. The one that lives in Finland speaks Finnish.
III-28

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III-G FIRST INFINITIVE (BASIC FORH) OF VERBS

Saanko esitell? May 1 introduce?


Hauska tavata. Nice to meet you.
Voinko soittaa tlt? Can 1 call from here?
Haluaisitteko maistaa pytkaljaa? Would you like to taste "table" beer?

How to form

in English, "to" usually precedes the verb to indicate infinitive


in Finnish there are different endings:

1. -a/- maista-a to taste


asu-a to li ve/to reside

2. -da/-d in monosyllabic verbs only juo-da to drink


voi-da to be able to, can
saa-da to get
vie-d to take
sy-d to eat

Note: 1n ending -da/-d, the -d- is assimilated with the preceding -1/-r/-o (this is
true also with longer than monosyllabic verbs, see 1V-D).

*tul-da tul-la to come


*pan-da pan-na to put
*pur-da pur-ra to bite
*esitel-d esitel-l to introduce
*kuunnel-da kuunnel-la to listen
*opiskel-da opiskel-la to study

3. -ta/-t after -8 only

noua-ta to get up
pes-t ta wash

Note: If a verb ends in a vowel + -ta/-t, only the -a/- is the infinitive ending and
-t ia part af the stern (see III-H).
luvat-a ta pramise
tavat-a ta meet
III-29

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When to use

1. with auxiliary verbs saada to be allowed, may


voida to be able to, ean
pit/tyty must

Saanko polttaa? May 1 smoke?


Voimmeko tavata huomenna? Can we meet tomorrow?
Minun pit nyt menn. 1 must go now.
Teidn tytyy puhua hitaammin. You must speak slower.

2. with a group of verbs haluta to want, to like to


alkaa to begin
muistaa to remember
unohtaa to forget
osata to know how
tiet to know

Haluan ostaa uuden auton. 1 want to buy a new ear.


Unohditko kyd pankissa. oid you forget to go to the bank.

3. after a combination of the verb 'olla' + a noun or an adjectlve


On aika lhte. It's time to leave.
Minusta on mukava opiskella. 1 think it's niee to study.
On hy~ osata kieli. It's good to know languages.

4. to form the longer form of the 1 inf.: 1 info + -kse- + poss. suff. Win order to ~
(see XIII-A)

Tulla-kse-ni opettajaksi In order for me to beeome a teaeher .

5. to form the active II infinitjve: tull~, tulle-ssa-nl (see XIII-B)

Tulle-ssa-ni kotiin lapset olivat When 1 eame home the ehildren


jo nukkumassa. were already in bed.

III-30

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III-H Haw Ta FIND THE STEM aF A VERB IN aRDER Ta CaNJUGATE IT
(conjugation = pcesent tense with the pecsona1 ending)

study the chact of the Conjugationa1 Types of Vecbs, CTV, App. 111
stact with the ficst infinitive of the vecb, i.e., the dictionary focrn
the stern is deterrnined by a cornbination of the 1 infinitive ending and the preceding sound

CTV 1. a vowe1 + -a/-


Type
1 - 8 rernoVe the 1 infinitive ending -a/-
the only changes in the stern are caused by consonant gcadation (see P-8)

aja-a to dcive oppi-a to learn


aja-n 1 drive opi-n 1 learn
hn aja-a he/she drives hn oppi-i he learns

anta-a to give 1hte- to 1eave


anna-n 1 give lhde-n 1 leave
hn anta-a he/5he gives hn lhte-e he/she 1eaves

CTV 2. a vowe1 + -da/-d


Type
9 - 11 rernOVe the 1 infinitive ending -da/-d
the 3rd person 5g. does not have a persona1 ending

sy-d to eat saa-da saa-n


sy-n 1 eat saa-n 1 get
hn sy he/she eats hn saa he/she gets

III-31

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3. a consonant + -da/-d OI assimi1ated -la/-l -ra/-r -na/-n or
eTV -8 + -ta/-t
Type
12-16 rernove the I infinitive ending
add -e after the consonant
changes in the stern caused by the consonant gradation

tu1-1a to corne nous-ta to get up


tu1-e-n 1 corne nous-e-n 1 get up
hn tu1-e-e he/she comes hn nous-e-e he/she gets up

nh-d to see teh-d to do/to make


n-e-n I see te-e-n 1 do/I rnake
hn nk-e-e he/she sees hn tek-e-e he/she does/makes

CTV 4. a vowel -a/-; -u, -0 + -t-a/-t-


Type
17-18 the stern is the 1 infinitive minus -t-
possible changes caused by the consonant gradation

pa1a-t-a to return tava-t-a to rneet


pala-a-n 1 return tapa-a-n 1 rneet
hn pa1a-a he/she returns hn tapa-a he/she rneets

halu-t-a to want
halu-a-n 1 want
hn ha1u-a-a he/she wants

Note: when the stern for this type of verb ends in -aa/-, there is no personaI ending
for the sg. 3rd person

CTV 5. a vowe1 -i- + -t-a/-t-


Type most often add -se- after -t-
19
vali-t-a to choose tarvi-t-a to need
vali-t-se-n 1 choose tarvi-t-se-n 1 need
hn vali -t-se-e he/she chooses hn tarvi-t-se-e he/she needs

II 1-32
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eTV 6. a vowel -e- + -t-a/-t-
Type replace -t- with -ne-
20 consonant gradation follows the rules for -t-a/-t- verbs ( see P-B)

vaie-t-a to keep quiet vanhe-t-a to grow old


vaike-ne-n I keep quiet vanhe-ne-n 1 grow old
hn vaike-ne-e he/she keeps quiet hn vanhe-ne-e he/she grows old

When to use the 1 infinitive stern: (see stems, App. IV)

1. to form the imperative ol-kaa hyv: be good (please):


(except sg. 2 person forms, see IV-H) istu-kaa sit~

2. to form past active participle ol-lut been


(see IV-E) istu-nut sat
ymmrt-nyt understood
nous-sut risen

3. to form pres. passive in verbs of f 9-20 myy-dn is sold


ol-laan one is
nous-taan is risen
pel-tn is feared

4. to form present potential (see XIV-A) ymmrt-ne-n 1 may understand


sano-ne-t you may say

III-33

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III-I ADJECTIVES WITH NOUNS

Meill on oma talo. we have our own house.


Asumme omassa talossa. We live in our own house.

se on hyv ala. It's a good field (of work).


Mill alalla te olette? In which field are you?

Pekka on komea mies. Pekka is a handsome man.


En voi luottaa komeaan mieheen. 1 can't trust a handsome man.

When to use
1. adjectives, (interrogative and demonstrative) pronouns and numerals
agree both in case and number with the noun that they modify

2. there are some exceptional adjectives that do not agree with the noun
joka every
eri different
viime last
ensi next
koko entire, whole

Note: There is a difference in meaning when a longer form of these adjectives is used which
agrees with the noun.

eri autosta.
Puhun -- -- 1 am talking about a different car.
erilaisesta autosta. a different kind of car
-- --
Olen siell koko viikon. 1'11 be there for the whole week.
-- -
kokonaise~ viiko~. the entire (complete) week.

Joka paika~ on kiire. There's aIot of rushing about in every place.


Jokaise~ paika~ in every place.

Kvin siell viime viikolla. 1 visited there this past week


viimeisell viikolla. . in the last/final week.

Hn tulee ensi viikoll~. He comes next week


ensimmisen pivn. the first day (of the month). III-34
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III-J NOMINALS ENOING IN -i

1. suomi on kaunis kieli. Finnish is a beautiful language.


Suomen opettaja on maisteri Virtanen. Mr. Virtanen is the Finnish teacher
(the teacher of Finnish).
2. Tm on hyv hotelli. This is a good hotel.
Asutteko viel hotellissa? Are you still living in ahotel?

Dow to find the stern

1. most frequently -i changes into -e in the singular stern (see 8 in the CNO, App. 111)
suomi suome-n Finnish
kieli kiele-n language, tongue
lapsi lapse-n child

2. -i does not generally change in recent loan words in the singular (see 6 and 7
in the CNO, App. 111)

nom. gen. part. iness.

hotelli hotelli-n hotelli-a hotell i -ssa hotel


hissi hissi-n hissi- hissi-ss elevator
diplomaatti diplomaati-n diplomaatti-a diplomaati-ssa diplomat
lasi lasi-n lasi-a lasi-ssa glass
tuoli tuoli-n tuoli-a tuoli-ssa chair
pankki panki-n pankki-a panki-ssa bank
kuppi kupi-n kuppi-a kupi-ssa cup
kaappi kaapi-n kaappi-a kaapi-ss.a cupboard
iti idi-n iti- idi-ss mother
koti ,kodi-n koti-a kodi-ssa home

Note: I~some words (where -i normally changes into -el, -e in the end of the stern
drops off in partitive sg. (see 9 in the CNO, App. 111).

pieni piene-'-n pien-t piene-ss small


suuri suure-n suur-ta suure-ssa big
tuuli tuule-n tuul-ta tuule-ssa wind
tuli tule-n tul-ta tule-ssa fire
kieli kiele-n kiel-t kiele-ss tongue, language
saari saare-n saar-ta saare-ssa island
1II-35

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III-K NOMINALS ENDING IN -81

Vesi on kylm. The water is cold.


Saisinko vett? Could 1 have some water?

se on uusi auto. It's a new car.


Ostan uuden auton. 1'11 buy a new car.

Kello on viisi yli yksi. It's five past one.


Minun piti soittaa yhdelt. 1 was ta call at one.

How ta find the stern

1. replace -s with -t- and ..


replace -i with -e- (see * 10 in the CND, App. 111)

nom. gen. part. ine8s. illat.

uusi uuden uutta uudessa uuteen new


ksi kden ktt kdess kteen hand
vuosi vuoden vuotta vuodessa vuoteen year
kausi kauden kautta kaudessa kauteen period, season
kuukausi kuukauden kuukautta kuukaudessa kuukauteen month
vuorokausi vuorokauden vuorokautta vuorokaudessa vuorokauteen day and night
viisi viiden viitt viidess viiteen five
kuusi kuuden kuutta kuudessa kuuteen six
tosi toden totta todessa toteen true
vesi veden vett vedess veteen water

Note: The consonant gradation pattern for 'vesi' follows its historical antecedent form, 'veti'.

2. variations in the stern: (see I 13 in the CND)

yksi yhden yht yhdess yhteen one


kaksi kahden kahta kahdessa kahteen two

3. see
11 and
* 12 in the CND
lnsi lnnen lntt lnness lnteen west
lapsi lapsen lasta lapsessa lapseen child
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III-36
III-L NOHINALS ENOING IN -el

Osoite' on Puistokatu. The address is Puistokatu.


Tss on osoitteeni. Here is my address.

Kuinka perhe' jaksaa? How is the family?


Minulla ei ole perhett. 1 don't have a family.

Miss kylpyhuone' on? Where's the bathroom?


Pekka menee kylpyhuoneeseen. . Pekka goes to the bathroom.

How to find the stern

1. most words ending in -e follow this pattern (see t 5 in the CNO, App. 111)

nom. gen. part. ineaa. illat.

osoite' osoitteen osoitetta osoitteessa osoitteeseen addresa


kappale' kappaleen kappaletta kappaleessa kappaleeseen paragraph, pieee

Note: Words ending in -e used to end in a eonsonant whieh explains the weak grade in the
nominative and partitive:
the eonsonant gradation seems to work in the opposite way to normal
the glottal stop is not normally marked in Finnish, but here it ealls your attention
to double sound of the consonant after -e
you also hear the glttal stop before the following vowel (see P-5)

nom. gen. part. ineaa. illat.

taide' taiteen taidetta taiteessa taiteeseen art


sade' sateen sadetta sateessa sateeseen rain
rae' rakeen raetta rakeessa rakeeseen hail

2. only three words dee line differently from CNO t 5

kolme kolmen kolmea kolmeasa kolmeen three


nalle nallen nallea nallesaa nalleen teddy bear
ale alen alea alessa aleen sale

III-37

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TAKING STOCK
Stop, take deep breath and write down, considering the types of context you have deaIt with thus far:

What you'd Itke to be able to say in Finnish? DoW close can you come to it now?

111-38
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UNIT IV
SHALL TALK RUPATTELUA

Nouns Substantiiveja

accident onnettomuus (35), German language saksa (1) size koko (15)
turma (2), hijacking lentokaappaus (32) sleep uni (B)
vahinko (15), Italian language italia (4) snow lumi** (9)
kolari (7) language kieli (9) Spanish language espanja (4)
airplane lentokone (5) lecture luento (15) speech puhe (5)
bicycle (polku)pyr (2) matter asia (4) store kauppa (1)
bus bussi (6) metro metro (15) streetcar raitiovaunu (15)
car auto* (15) model malli (6) sun aurinko (15)
carpool autoporukka (4) movies elokuvat (2) plo television televisio (15),
center keskusta (1) news uutiset (25) plo teevee (18),
church kirkko (15) nonsense soopa (2) telkkari (7)
clear weather pouta (2) Norwegian norja (2) test koe (5)
color vri (6) language theater teatteri (7)
concert konsertti (6) opera ooppera (4) thriller jnnitysfilmi (6)
compliment kohteliaisuus (33) period of vuorokausi (10) traffic liikenne (5)
coup d'etat vallankaappaus (32) 24 hours train juna (2)
country maa (18) pity vahinko (15) trip matka (1)
Danish language tanska (1) president presidentt i (6) vacation loma (2)
earthquake maanjristys (32) price hinta (1) Volkswagen volkkar i (7)
eruption of tulivuoren- radio radio (15) (colloq. )
volcano purkaus (32) radio play kuunnelma (3) weather s (18), ilma (1)
explosion rjhdys (32) Russian language venj (3) weather stiedotus (32)
finger sormi (B) revolution vallankumous (32) forecast
foot jalka (1) season kausi (10) wreck,heap romu (15)
year vuosi (10)

* This word does not follow consonant gradation.


** This word does not strictly follow the declension.

IV-l

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Verbs Verbej

buy ostaa (2) find lyt (3) rent vuokrata (18)


be on familiar s.inutella (14) flow su jua (8) see nhd (12)
terms happen tapahtua (8) sleep nukkua (8)
care to do viitsi (7) intend aikoa (8) speak puhua (8)
disturb hirit (19) interrupt keskeytt (2) swim uida (9)
drive ajaa (1) kid narrata (18) think ajatella (14)
feel sleepy nukuttaa (2) look at katsoa (8) throw heitt (2)
feel tired vsytt (2) look for etsi (7) w~tch katsella (14)
feel like haukottaa (2) rain sataa (1)
yawn.ing

Adjecti ves Adjektii veja

boeing ikv (3) grey harmaa (19) next ensi (undecl.)


dark blue tummans.ininen (25) impossible mahdoton (24) orange oranssi (6)
easy helppo (15) last viime (undecl.), other toinen (25)
entire koko (undecl.) viimeinen (25) pink vaaleanpunainen (25)
fast nopea (20) modern uudenaikainen(25), slow hidas (30)
green v.ihre (20) moderni (6) suitable sopi va (3)

Adverbs and other particles Adverbeja ja muita partikkeleita

according to (gen. +) mukaan day before toissapivn stHl yh, viel


after (gen. 4 +) pst yesterday well kas
already jo ~ven edes when kun
as, like kuin fast nopeasti why miksi.
at all ollenkaan fluently sujuvasti yesterday eilen
by alI means kaik.in mokom.in on foot jalan yet viel
by the way muuten or tai unfortunately valitettavasti

Pronouns Pronomineja

anybody kukaan every joka (undecl.)


I
anything mitn, mikn I
something jotain, jotakin

i.e., to use familiar pronoun 'sin' wyouw IV-2

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HEARING IT 1

DialogA. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish text and follow 1n English. Do th1s at least
three times.

1. Emmek voisi sinutella? 1. Can't we use -sin- with each other?


Min olen Liisa. l'm Liisa.
2. Min olen Larry. 2. l'm Larry.
3. Mit sinulle kuuluu? 3. How are you (familiar)?
4. Siinhn se menee. Ent itsellesi? 4. Not too bad. And yourself?

5. Kas vain, sinhn puhut jo-hyvin suomea. 5. Oh, you do speak Finnish well.
6. Kiitos kohteliaisuudesta, 6. Thanks for the compliment, but
mutta en aina edes ymmrr sit. 1 don't always even understand it.
7. Min en osaa englantia ollenkaan. 7. 1 don't know English at alI.
Lapset kyll puhuvat sit sujuvasti. The children speak it fluently~
8. Xl puhu soopaa~ Hienostihan 8. Don't talk nonsenset
sinkin puhut. You speak it fine, too.

9. Kuule, mits arvelet, jos mentisiin 9. Listen, how about going for a beer~
oluelle?
10. Miks siin. Mennn vain.

11. Onpa tnn kaunis ilma~ 11. lt sure is beautiful weather todayt
12. Niin on, ja radion mukaan ei sada 12. Yes, it is, and according to the radio
tnn. Liikennekin sujui nopeasti. it won't rain today. The traffic went
quickly, too.
13. No, miten tulet kouluun? Autollako? 13. W~ll, how do you get to school? By car?
14. Autolla. Ajan itse vain joka toinen 14. By car. 1 myself drive only every other
piv. Olen autoporukassa Matin kanssa. day. l'm in a carpool with Matti.
15. Minklainen auto sinulla on? 15. What kind of a car do you have?
16. Vanha romu. Ajoin kolarin viime viikolla. 16. An old heap. 1 had a crash last week.
17. Eihn. Mik vahinko~ 17. Oh, not What a pityt
18. Sille ei nyt voi mitn. 18. One can't do anything about it.
19. Anteeksi, ett keskeytn, mutta auto- 19. Excuse me for interrupting, but
porukka lhtee viiden minuutin pst. the carpool will leave in five minutes.

lV-3

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Dia10g A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING. P1ay the taped dialog again and follow the Finnish text.
Do this at 1east three times.

Dia10g B. Look at the Finnish text. Play scramb1ed dialog 8 stopping, for 5 or 10 seconds after
each sentence. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences. Check your
answers against the key.

Dia10g C. Look at the English text. Play scrarnbled dialog C, stopping for 5 or 10 seconds after
each sentence. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences, but this tirne rnark
the Eng1ish. Check your work against the key.

Dia10g D. Listen to dia10g D and write the missing words in the blanks. Then check your work
against the key.

1. Oh, you do speak Finnish already.


2. Thanks for
3. 1 don't always even it.
4. 1 don't Finnish at alI.
5. You understand ,too.
6. 1 drive only .
7. in carpool with Matti.
8. 1 drive to school.
9. The went fine, tao.
10. Couldn' t we . . ?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY B. 3 49 10 11 12 15 16 18 5 6 7 8 9
C. 1 2 5 7 8 6 11 9 10 13 14 19 17 18
D. 1 fluently 2 compliment 3 speak 4 understand 5 fine 6 every day 7 l' m not
8 quick1y 9 traffic 10 use farniliar forrn

IV-4

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SMALL TALK
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words and expressions.

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Emmek voisi sinutella? Eiks me voitas ? A. Can't we use -sin- with each
Min olen Liisa. M oon other? 1 1 m Liisa.

B. Min olen Larry. M oon Larry B 1 I m La r ry

A. Mit sinulle kuuluu? sulle ? A. How are you, Larry?

B. Siinhn se menee.
Ent itsellesi?

Ent sulle?
. B. Not too bad, and yourself?

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. Kas vain, sinhn puhut shn A. Oh, you do speak Finnish well
jo hyvin suomea. .. suomee. already

B. Kiitos kohteliaisuudesta,
mutta en aina edes

mut m en aina
. B. Thanks for the compliment, but
1 don't always even understand it.
ymmrr sit. .
3. jakso sequence 3
A. Min en osaa englantia M en A. 1 don't know English at alI.
ollenkaan. Lapset kyll Lapset kyll puhuu The children speak it fluently.
puhuvat sit sujuvasti. .
B. l puhu soopaa:
Hienostihan sinkin puhut.
skin . B. Don't"talk nansense:
You speak fine, too.

4. jakso sequence 4
A. Kuule, mits arvelet jos
mentisiin oluelle?

ments
.?
A. Listen, how about going
for a been

B. Miks siin: Mennn vain: . B. O.K. Let's go:

IV-5

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Act out sequence 1 for dropping the titles, using these variations. From now on you will be on a
first-name basis with your fellow students and your teacher. Remember to use the familiar
form of the verb:

Emmek voisi sinutella? Couldn't we use "sin?"


Tehdn sinunkaupat! Let's call each other "sin."
Heitetn tittelit pois, min olen Maija. Let's throw out the titles, I'm Maija.
Sinuteilaan nyt vain, min olen Pekka. Let's just call each other "sin," I'm Pekka.

Use the names of the different languages


you find on the map in sequence 2.

Use these variations in sequences 3 and 4. Accept and decline an invitation.

l narraa~ l nyt: Stop kidding around: stop it:


l laske leikki: Don't play games:
l puhu palturia: Don't speak rubbish (lit.):
l puhu pty:
l viitsi! stop that (lit., Don't bother)!
l syt pajunkytt: Don't pull my leg (lit., Don't feed me willow rope):

Miksips ei? Why not? ei nyt sovi. ~ it's not alI right now.
Sopi ihan se.
Sehn kiva.
That's O.K. Valitettavasti
That's nice. ~ minulla on kiire. Unfortunately
mulla on kiire.
t I'm busy.
IV-6

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SHALL TALK
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words and expressions.

5. jakso sequence 5
A. Onpa tnn kaunis ilma~ . A. It sure i8 beautiful weather today~

B. Niin on, ja radion mukaan Joo, ja .. B. Yes, it is, and according to the
ei sada tnn. Liikennekin '! radio, it wonlt rain today. The
sujui nopeasti. nopeesti. traffic went quickly, too.

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. No, miten tulet kouluun? No, miten s tuut A. Well, how do you come to school?
Autollako? ? By car?

B. Autolla. Ajan itse vain Joo M ajan B. By car. 1 myself drive only every
joka toinen piv. Olen M aan other day. 1 1 m in a carpool with
autoporukassa Hatin kanssa. . Matti.

7. jakso sequence 7
A. Minklainen auto sinulla on? Millanen auto sulIa on? A. What kind of a car do you have?

M ajoin .
B. Vanha romu. Ajoi; kolarin B. An old heap. 1 had a crash last
viime viikolla. week.

A. Eihn~ Mik vahinko! . A. Oh, no~ What a pity!

B. Sille ei nyt voi mitn. . B. It canlt be helped now.

C. Anteeksi, ett keskeytn, Anteeks, ett m C. Excuse me for interrupting, but the
mutta autoporukka lhtee
viiden minuutin pst.
.. carpool will leave in five minutes.

IV-7

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Act out sequence 5 using, these variations.

~
stiedotuksen ~ ~sataa. weather forecast,

~
Television sataa lunta. television, ~~~::
Teeveen mukaan on poutaa. Accordin9 to the TV, it will be fair.
Telkkarin aurinko paistaa. TV (colloq.), be sunny.
Lehden on kaunista. newspaper, be niee.

Act out sequences 6 and 7, seek and provide information like this.

metrolla. Metro.
KUinka} bussilla. bus.
Miten tulet tyhn? How do you come to work? Tulen raitiovaunulla. 1 come by streetcar.
Mill (lit., by what means?) junalla. train.
pyrll. bike.
jalan. foot.

Millainen auto sinulla on? What kind of a car do you have?


Millaisesta autosta sin pidt? What kind of a car do you like?

sep vahinko: What a pity:


No, voi voU Oh, no~
No, olipa se ikv: Oh, that's a pity:

Anteeksi, ett hiritsen, mutta! Sorry for disturbing, but~


Muuten autoporukka By the way, the carpool i8
Asiasta toiseen lhtee. To ehange the subject, leaving.
Autosta puheen ollen Speaking of the ear,

IV-8

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HEARING IT II

Dialog A. Play the taped dialog. Cover the Finnish text and follow in English. Do this at least
three times.

1. No, mit on tapahtunut? 1. Well, what's happened?


Miten viikonloppu meni? How was your weekend?
2. Kiitos hyvin. Me kvimme konser- 2. Fine, thanks. We went to the concert.
tissa. Meill on kausiliput. We have season tickets.
3. Ent mit te teitte viikonloppuna? 3. And what did .you do during the weekend?
4. Kvimme katsomassa asuntoja. 4. We went to look at a place to live.
Etsimme huoneistoa keskustasta. We are looking for an apartment downtown.
5. No, lysittek huoneiston? 5. Well, did you find an apartment?
6. Emme viel. on vaikea lyt sopivaa. 6. Not yet. It's difficult to find anything
suitable.
7. Aiotteko ostaa vai vuokrata? 7. Are you going to buy or rent?
B. Emme tied viel. Menemme viel 8. We don't know yet. We are going to look
katsomaan ensi viikonloppuna. around again next week.

9. Kyll minua sitten vsytt~ 9. 1 ' m so tired~


10. Miten niin, etk nukkunut hyvin? 10. How come, didn't you sleep well?
11. En saanut unta, koska katselin 11. 1 couldn't get to sleep because
televisiota myhn yhn. 1 watched television late into the night.
12. No, mik siell meni? 12. Well, what was on?
13. Joku jnnitysfilmi. Nitk sin sen? 13. Some thriller. Did you see it?
14. En nhnyt. Kuuntelin viihdeohjelmaa 14. No, 1 didn't. 1 listened to a
radiosta. variety program on the radio.
15. No, oliko se hyv? 15. Well, was it good?
16. Ei ollut mistn kotoisin. 16. No, it was no goode

Dialog A. CONNECTING SOUND AND SPELLING. Play the taped dialog again and follow the Finnish
text. Do this at least three times.

IV-9

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Dia10g B. Look at the Finnish text. P1ay scramb1ed dia10g B, stopping after each sentence
for 5 or 10 seconds. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences.
Check your answers against the kel':.

Dia10g C. Look at the Eng1ish text. Listen to scramb1ed dia10g C, stopping for 5 or 10
seconds after each sentence. Mark down in which order you heard the Finnish sentences, but
this time mark the Eng1ish. Check your work against the key.

Dia10g D. Listen to the dia10g D and write the missing word(s) in the b1anks. Then check your work
against the key.

1. What has .. ?
2. We were 100king for at the weekend.
3. Did you find ?
4. It's difficult ta find
5. We'll go ta .........................
6. 1 watched 1ate into the night.
7. 1 1istened to on the radio.
8. I f eel .
9. was no goode
lO~ Did you find . ?

KEY B. 9 10 11 3 4 7 8 5 6 1 2 15 16
15 16
c. 1 11 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
7 8
D. 1 happened 2 season tickets 3 place to live 4 apartment 5 rent 6 variety program
7 concert 8 tired 9 thril1er 10 place to live, downtown
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV-lO

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SHALL TALK

Praetiee these sentenees. Then aet them out, substituting for the underlined words and expressions.

8. jakso Sequenee 8
A. No, mit on tapahtunut?
Miten viikonloppu meni? .. A. well, what's happened?
How did your weekend go?

B. Kiitos hyvin. Me kvimme Me kytiin B. Fine, thanks. We went to a concert.


konsertissa. Meill on Meillon We have season tickets.
kausiliput. .
9. jakso Sequenee 9

..
B. Ent mit te teitte B. And what did you do during the
viikonloppuna? weekend?

A. Kvimme katsomassa asuntoja. Me kytiin A. We went to look at some apartments.


Etsimme huoneistoa keskustasta. Me etsitn We're looking for an apartment in the
downtown area.

10. jakso Sequence 10


B. No, lysittek huoneiston? No, lysitteks te B. Well, did you find an apartment?

A. Emme viel. On vaikea lyt Ei viel. On vaikee A. Not yet. It's difficult to find
sopivaa. . anything suitable.

B. Aiotteko ostaa vai vuokrata? Aiotteks te B. Do you"intend to buy or rent?

A. Emme tied viel. Menemme Ei me tiedet viel. A. We don't know yet. We are still
viel katsomaan ensi viikon- Me mennn 90in9 to look at (them) next week-
loppuna. . end.

IV-ll

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With sequences 8 and 9 as a model, use the following variations.

matka trip?
Miten loma meni? Kiitos, hyvin. How was the holiday? Fine, thanks.
{ koe {
exam?

vallankumous. A revolution
Lhi-idss on tapahtunut maanjristys. There's been in the Near East.
{ lento-onnettomuus. There's been
accident

vallankaappaus coup d'etat


lentokaappaus airplane hijacking
junaonnettomuus train accident
autoturma car accident
rjhdys explosion
tulivuorenpurkaus eruption of a volcano

Ask for and provide information about your past and future activities, using this model.

eilen? yesterday?
Mit te teitte toissapivn? What did you do the day before yesterday?

t perjantai-iltana?
sunnuntaina?
{ Friday night1
on Sunday?

elokuvissa. movies.
Kvimme kirkopsa. We went to (the) church.
{ kaupassa. { store.
teatterissa. theater.

{~~
juomassa drink beer.
Miss te Kvimme etsimss. olutta. Where did you We went look for beer.
kvitte? { ostamassa go? to buy beer.

etsimn to look for


Minne te Menemme ostamaan asuntoa. Where are We are to buy an apartment.
menette? { vuokraamaan you going? going { to rent

IV-12

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SMALL TALK
Practice these sentences. Then act them out, substituting for the underlined words and expressions.

11. jakso . Sequence 11


A. Kyll minua sitten vsytt: Kyll mua A. 1 1 m so tired:

B. Miten niin, etk nukkunut hyvin? ........ . , ets . B. How come, didn't you sleep well?

A. En saanut unta, koska katselin M en ,. kun A. 1 couldn't get to sleep, because!


televisiota myhn yhn. katoin telkkaria watched television la te into
the night.

12. jakso Sequence 12


B. No, mik siell meni? ....................... B. Well, what was on?

A. Joku jnnitysfilmi. Nitk Joku jnnri Nit A. Some thriller. Did you see it?
sin sen? s sen?

B. En nhnyt. Kuunt~lin viih- Emm nhny. M kuunte- B. No, 1 didn't. 1 listened to a


deohjelmaa radiosta. Iin.................... variety program on the radio.

A. No, oliko se hyv? No, olikse ? A. Well, was it good?

B. Ei ollut mistn kotoisin. Ei ollu mistn kotosin. B. No, it was no goode

IU~ .,... .:t:-::' _ ... _AI I


1't'''I'' "'i ' .... - k...; ' ..
OI:3QQOOOO

IV-13

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Use these variations for substitution in sequenee 11 and think up a reason why you are tired.

Nukuttaako } sleepy?
Haukottaako sinua? Do you feel like yawning?
Vsyttk { tired?

nukuttaa. {Sleepy. nukuta. sleepy.


Minua h~ukot~~a. 1 feel l~ke yawning. Ei h~uko~a. 1 don't feel like yawning.
{ vasyttaa. tlred. { vasyta. { tired.

katselin uutisia televisiosta. 1 wa tehed the news on TV.

~ ~
kuuntelin radiota. r listened to the radio.
En saanut unta, luin liian myhn. r eouldn't get to r read tilI too late.
koska meill oli vieraita myhn. sleep beeause the guests stayed late.
join liian paljon kahvia. 1 drank too mueh eoffee.

Aet out sequence 12, using these variations and providing others of your own.

villin.l~nen e~okuva. western.


Joku modernl naytelma. Some modern play.

t
ooppera.
TV-sarja.
{ opera.
TV-series.

luentoa. an aeademie leeture.


musiikkia. musie.
Kuuntelin presidentin puhetta. 1 listened to the President's speeeh.
{ kuunnelmaa. a radio play.
esitelm. a publie leeture,
a paper.

IV-14

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Listen to the story on the tape and check the box tor the correct imp1ied answer.
Characters: Maija and Lasse
T F
1. The -sin- agreement is initiated by Lasse.
2. Everything is tine with Maija.
3. Everything is fine with Lasse.
4. Lasse's wife dcove to Ko1aci ducing the weekend.
5. Fortunate1y, it was theic old Volkswagen.

2. Listen to the story on the tape and check 'the box for the correct answer.
T F
1. The weather was beautiful.
2. It was a long day because 1 didn't come home until 8 o'clock.
3. We had dinner at 1:30.
4. 1 heard the news from my friend in Kansas.
5. It's already one 0'c10ck and 1 wi11 go to sleep.

3. Listen to the captions on the tape and then write them in each bubble.

1 2

OTTO KALLE
IV-15

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4. Listen to the tape and circle the correct expression.

A B
1. came . went
2. his son his family
3. the US ambassador to Finland the Finnish ambassador to the USA
4. a revolu tion coup d'etat
5. according to the paper according to the radio
6. on the moon this month
7. falr it rains

5. Listen to the words on the tape, stop the tape after each pair and write them down.
Check your answers against the key below.

KEY 1. lF 2T 3F 4F 5F
2. lF 2F 3F 4T 5F
3. see texts for comprehension, App. VI
4. lA 28 38 4A 58 68 7A
5. kaappaus kaupassa kumous koulussa jristys rjhdys ollut olutta jnnitys
jristys sinutella sinulle pyrll saada sataa aikoa aikaan
vuoden uuden kahvi kaappi ystv istukaa

IV-16

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6. Listen to the story on the tape and check the box for the correct answer.
T F
1.
2.
3.
The paperboy did not bring a newspaper.
The person had not heard about the accident.
The airp1anes co11ided on the runway.
1-+----1
4. Less than one hundred peop1e died in the accident.
5. There is a search on for possib1e survivors.

7. Listen to the story on the tape and check the box for the correct answer. T F
1. 1 intend to read a new book.
2. Today is sunday.
3. The main character died in the air accident.
4. 1 know the writer.
5. The writer has written severa1 books.

KEY 6. 1T 2T 3F 4F 5T
7. 1T 2T 3F 4T 5T

"- Oletteko nAhnyt vaimoani? HIn lahti tlnne


valittamaan metelistA jo pari tuntia sltten.

IV-17

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FUNCTION PRACTICES. Use these situations as a basis for conversations.

1. 'Sin' agreement
make the formal 'sin' agreement with your feIIow student/teacher
use the famiIiar form in conversation
suggest 'sin' agreement between your spouse and a friend of yours with whom you use the
famiIiar form

2. Languages and other skills


find out which languages your feIIow students speak/understand/Iike te speak
find out which skills your feIIow students command, e.g., whether they can swim, drive, or
speak Finnish
compliment his/her skill
answer the compliment by trying to pIay it down

3. Ask and answer in the affirmative and/or negative


whether he/she is acquainted with certain people
whether he/she knows how to get to a certain place
whether he/she knows your address and teIephone number

4. FeeIings
ask your feIIow student to describe how he/she feels
ask your feIIow student why he/she feels in a particuIar way
express your own feeIings

5. News and weather


ask your feIIow student whether he/she Iistened to, watched, or read the news
answer in the affirmative and/or negative
find out what the news Is
comment on the news
expIain what kind of weather hasbeen forecast

6. Ask for and provide informtion regarding


what kind of cars your feIlow students/you haVe and Iike
how he/she/you spent the previous day
what are his/her/your present and future housing arrangements

IV-IB

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READING. Translate these using the glossary.

pivlliskutsuilla

Rouva Jones on menossa yksin pivlliskutsuille kello kolmeksi rouva Virtasen kotiin. Hnen
miehens ei halua tulla mukaan, koska hnest kutsut ovat ikvi. Hn on horoskooppimerkiltn
Hrk ja hyvin itsepinen. Mutta rouva Jones on hyvin seurallinen ja pit hyvst ruuasta ja
juomasta. Rouva Virtanen on taas laittanut paljon suomalaista ruokaa.
Ensiksi rouva Jones puhuu herra Smithin kanssa, joka on amerikkalainen sotilasasiamies. Tm
sanoo rouva Jonesille, ett hn ei uskalla maistaa lanttulaatikkoa, koska lkri on kieltnyt.
Rouva Smith taas sanoo, ett hn ei voi syd silakkapitsaa, koska hn on allerginen silakalle.
Tm on rouva Jonesista omituista, koska hnest molemmat maistuvat hyvin eksoottisilta.
Rouva Jones puhuu mys herra Virtasen kanssa, joka on suomalainen lhetystvirkailija.
Herra Virtanen kertoo, ett hn ajoi autonsa romuksi viime viikolla mutta ett hn onneksi pit
kvelemisest.
-Voi, mutta kello on jo yhdeksnt-, keskeytti rouva Jones. Hnell oli niin hauskaa, ett hn
unohti ajan:

Pikapuhelu Ei kelvannut

Yleispuhelimeen oli pitk Kelloliikkeess esiteltiin Kkriisen


jono, mutta nuori nainen Aatulle uutta kellomallia:
kiilasi tomerasti kaikkien - Tss on teille kello, jota teidn
ohi ja sanoi: ei tarvitse vet kuin jouluna ja
- lk hermostuko, en puhu juhannuksena.
pitkn. Tahdon vain - On minulla parempaakin tekemist
paiskata luurin hnen niin suurina juhlapyhin kuin kellon
korvaansa. vetminen.

IV-19

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UNIT IV
STRUCTURAL NOTES

IV-A NOMINALS ENDING IN -nen

Hn on amerikkalainen diplomaatti. He is an American diplomat.


Tunnen amerikkalaisen diplomaatin. 1 know an American diplomat.

Millainen auto sinulla on? What kind of a car do you have?


Millai;;Sta autosta pidt? What kind of a car do you like?

Presidentti Kekkonen on kuuluisa. President Kekkonen is famous.


En tunne presidentti Kekkosta. 1 don't know President Kekkonen.

Dow to find the stern

only nom. sg. ends in -nen


in alI other cases, replace -nen with -s(e)- (see # 25 in the eND, App. 111)

nom. gen. part. illat.

millainen millaisen millaista millaiseen what kind of


amerikkalainen amerikkalaisen amerikkalaista amerikkalaiseen American

IV-B PAST TENSE AFFIRMATIVE

Mik olikaan nimenne? What was your name again?


odot!n hissi kymmenen minuuttia. 1 waited for the elevator for ten
minute5.
otin jo voileipkakkua. 1 already tasted the "sandwich cake."
Kalkki maistul niin hyvlt. Everything tasted so goode

How to form

insert an -i- before the personai ending in the present tense


3rd person 5g. has no personai ending
notice possible chaoges in the stern (see next page)
IV-20
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Present tense Past tense

asu-n I live asu-i-n 1 lived


asu-t you live asu-1-t you 1ived
hn asu-u he/she li ves hn asu-i he/she lived

Note: The consonant grade rernains the same as 1n the present tense.

When to use: - genera11y corresponds to the English past tense in meaning

IV-C CHANGES IN THE STEM BEFORE THE PAST TENSE HARKER -1

the past tense is given in the 3rd column of the CTV chart, App. III
the past tense marker -1- often cauaes changes in the stern

Type 1. no vowe1 change 1n the stern


8 the I infinitive ends in -o-a/-u-a/-y-
add -i- to the stern

I infinitive Present tense Past tense

nukkua nuku-n nuku-i-n to sleep


asua asu-n asu-i-n to live
istua istu-n istu-i-n to sit
aikaa aio-n aio-i-n to intend
kysy kysy-n kysy-i-n to ask
sanoa sano-n sano-i-n ta ask
puhua puhu-n puhu-i-n ta speak
katsoa katso-n katso-i-n to look

Type 2. change the 1ast vowe1 of the stern


1 a) two-syllable verbs ending in -aa with -a a1so in the first sy11able
replace the fina1 -a in the stern with -0 befare the past tense marker -i-

ajaa aja-n aj.Q-in ta drive


maksaa rnaksa-n makso-i-n to pay
antaa anna-n annQ-i-n to give

IV-21

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Type b) verbs ending in -t-a/-t-
11-18 replaee the last vowel of the stern with -s- before the past tense marker -1-

1 infin1tive Present tense Past tense

tavata tapaa-n tapas-i-n to meet


haluta halua-n halus-i-n to want
vastata vastaa-n vastas-i-n to answer
palata palaa-n palas-i-n to return
vuokrata vuokraa-n vuokras-i-n to rent, lease

Type e) a group of very eommon verbs whieh form the past tense with -s1-
3 your best bet is to memorize this group

tiet tied-n ties-i-n to know (a faet)


tuntea tunne-n tuns-i-n to know somebody
lyt lyd-n lys-i-n to find
ymmrt ymmrr-n yrnmrs-i-n to understand
pyyt pyyd-n pyys-i-n to ask
siirt siirr-n siirs-i-n to move, transfer

Type 3. drop the last vowel of the stern


2 two-syllable verbs ending in -aa/- with no -a in the first syllable
drop -a/-- at the end of the stern before the past tense marker -i-

ottaa ota-mme ot-i-mme to take


ostaa osta-mme ost-i-rnme to buy
pit pid-mme pid-i-mme to keep, like
kytt kyt-mme kyt-i-mme to use
kiitt kiit-mme kiiti-mme to thank
matkustaa matkusta-mme matkust-i-rnme to travel
esitt esit-mme esit-i-mme to present

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Type 4. drop the first vowel of the stern (to avoid three vowels in a row)
9-10 monosyllabic verbs with a diphthong (see note below for exception)
drop the first vowel of the stern before adding the past tense -i

I infinitive Present tense Past tense

juo-da juo-n jo-i-n to drink


sy-d sy-t s-i-t to eat
vie-d hn vie hn ve-i to take
saa-da saa-n sa-i-n to get

Note: in monosyllabic verbs, for which the present tense stern ends in -i-, there is no vowel
change in the past tense

voi-da min voi-n min voi-n can, to be able to


soi-da se soi se soi to ring

Type ky-d ky-n to Vi8it


11

Type 5. if the stern ends in -i-, the past tense i8 the same as the present tense,
7 except in the 3rd person sg., where there is no ending

etsi hn etsi-i hn etsi to look for


oppia hn oppi~i hn oppi to learn
voida hn voi hn voi can, to be able to
min voi-n min voi-n

Type 6. drop -e before the past tense marker -i- , if the stern ends in -e
4,7,
12-16, lukea lue-n lu-i-n to read
20 tehd tee-n te-i-n to do
nhd ne-n n-i-n to see
tulla tule-n tul-i-n to come
menn mene-n men-i-n to go
olla ole-n ol-i-n to be

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IV-D PAST TENSE NEGATIVE

En nhnyt sit. 1 didn't see H.


Etk nukkunut hyvin? Didn't you sleep well?
En kuunnellut uutisia. 1 didn't listen to the news.

Compare this:

(min) en 1
(sin) et/Te ette ~ nhnyt you (sg./polite forrn)
hn ei he/she

didn't see
(me) emme
(te) ette
he eivt
I nhneet
we
you (plo)
they

With this:

(min) en 1 don't
(sin) et/Te ette you don't
hn ei he/she doesn't
ne see
me emme we don't
te ette you don't
he eivt they didn't

How to form

the only difference 1s the form of the main verb

Present Past tense sg. Past tense plo


et/ette ne et nhnyt ette nhneet

- the main verb form i8 the east active participle (see the 4th column in CTV, App. 111)

the negative past tense is formed with the respective forrns of the negation verb and the
past active participle of the main verb

IV-24
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IV-E PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

How to form

1. the 1 infinitive ending in -a/-, -da/-d


remove the 1 infinitive ending
add -nut/-nyt in the singular, according to vowel harmony rules
add -neet in the plural

1 infinitive Past activeparticiple

singular Plural

asu-a asu-nut asu-neet to live


sy-d sy-nyt sy-neet ta eat

2. the 1 infinitive ending assimilated with the preceding cansonant


-la/-l -na/-n -ra/-r
the assimilated consonant stays the same
add -lut/-lyt -nut/-nyt -rut/-ryt in the singular
add -leet -neet -reet in the plural

al-la ol-lut ol-leet ta be


men-n men-nyt men-neet to ga
pur-ra pur-rut pur-reet ta bite
pan-na pan-nut pan-neet to put

3. the 1 infinitive ending in -t-a/-t-


assimilate -t- with -n, which in practice means replacing -t-a/-t- with
-nnut/~nnyt in the singular, -nneet in the plural

tavat-a tavan-nut tavan-neet ta meet


luvat-a luvan-nut luvan-neet to promise

4. the 1 infinitive ending in -s-ta/-s-t


remave the 1 info ending -ta/-t
assimilate -0 with the preceding -8
add -sut/-syt in the singular and add -seet in the plural

juas-ta juos-sut juas-seet to run


pes-t pes-syt pes-seet to wash
IV-25

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IV-F PRESENT PERFECT TENSE -have done something-

Oletko tavannut vaimoni Maijan? Have you met my wife Maija?


Kauanko olette ollut tll? How long have you been here?
Olen opiskellut vasta kuukauden. 1 have only studied a month.

How to form

the auxiliary verb 'olla' in the present tense


the past active participle, either in the singular or, the plural (see IV-E)

(Min) olen 1 have been here for a week.


(Sin)/ olet/Te olette
Hn/se on } ollut tll viikon. You (sg./polite form) have been here for a week.
He/she/it has been here for a week.

(Me) olemme
(Te) olette } olleet tll viikon. ~~u (Plo)} have been here f or a week.
He/ne ovat They

in negating, only the auxiliary verb 'olla' is negated

En ole } 1 haven't }
Et ole/Te ette ole kynyt Suomessa. You/you (sg./polite form) haven't visited Finland.
Hn ei ole He/she/it hasn't

Emme ole We haven' t }


Ette ole } kyneet Suomessa. You haven't visited Finland.
He eivt ole They haven't

in questions, notice the word order

Oletko (sin) Have you (sg.) }


Oletteko (te) } kynyt Suomessal Have you (polite sg.) visited Finland?
Etk (sin) ole Haven't you

IV-26
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When to use

1. much the same way as the English present perfect tense


2. some differences exist between the English and Finnish usage of the present perfect tense

Olen syntynyt Suomessa. 1 was born in Finland.

I~G PAST PERFECT TENSE -had done something-

Olitko tavannut Maijan sit ennen? Had you met Maija before that?

En ollut tavannut hnt. 1 had not met her.

How to form

the past perfect tense is formed much the same way as the present perfect tense (IV-F)
the auxiliary verb 'olla' is in the past tense
the main verb is in past active participle (IV-E)

when to use

much the same way as the English past perfect tense

IV-27

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IV-H IMPERATIVE OF SECOND PERSON SINGULAR 'sin'

Istu ole hyv~ Please (lit., be good) sit downt


KUUle, mits arvelet, jos mentisiin Listen (lit., hear), how about goin9
oluel1e? for a beer?
Anna se minulle: Gi ve i t to me:

Dow to form

- the -familiar- sg. imperative of 'sin' is the same as the negative form of the verb
- it is formed by removing the personai ending -n from the first person singular

istua to sit
istu-n 1 sit
istu~ sit~

antaa to give
anna-n 1 give
anna: give~

with the 2nd and 1st person imperative, the affirmative total objeet is in the nom/acc.
(see III-E)

Anna se tnne~ Give (S9.) it here~


Antakaa se tnne: Give (pl.) it here~

Note: This (imperative) form is pronounced (but not written) with the 9lottal stop, which
causes the followin9 consonant sound to be doubled.

Annas se tnne~ Give it here~


Tulet tnne: Come here:

the glottal stop is strong in some parts of Finland even before a vowel

Anna' olla: Let it be:


Tule' illalla ~ Come in the evening~

- for the 2nd person plo and polite form imperative, see 11-S
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IV-I NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE OF SECOND PERSON

1. l puhu soopaa~ Don't speak nonsenset


l anna sit Pekalle~ Don't give it to Pekka~

2. lk nyt kursailkol Don't stand on eeremonyt


lk antako sit Pekallel Don't give it to Peter:

Dow to form
the negative imperative for the familiar ag. 'sin' (see example 1 above)
l + the negative form of the verb (i.e., l + affirmative imperative form)

l annat don't give~

the negative imperative for the plo and polite sg. 'te, Te' (seeexample 2 above)
- remove the 1 infinitive ending for the form of the verb (i.e., the aarne as in the
affirmative, see also 11-S
- lk + verb + -ko/-k

ol-kaat be: lk ol-kot don't be:


teh-k~ do: lk teh-k: don't dot

Note: The objeet (total and partial) is always in the partitive in the negative sentence, even
in the imperative.

l anna sit Pekallet Don't give it to Pekka:


lk antako sit Pekalle~ Don't give (pl.) it to Peter:

IV-J THIRD INFINITIVE

1. Menimme katsomaan asuntoja. We went to look at some apartmenta.


Tulimme katsomasta asuntoja. We eame from looking at aome apartments.

2. Olimme katsomassa asuntoja. We were looking at some apartments.

3. Pekka pyysi minua katsomaan asuntoja. Peter asked me to look at some apartments.

4. opin puhumaan suomea. 1 learn/I'll learn/I learned to speak Finnish.


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How to form

remove the personal ending from the 3rd person sg. present tense
add -maj-m
add one of the five possible 'case endings: -ssa/-ss, -sta/-st, -Vn, -lla/-ll, -tta/-tt

When to use: case endings cannot he attached to the 1 infinitive, but instead are attached
to the 111 infinitive

1. with verbs which express motion into or from an activity


the 111 infinitive + -Vn or
the 111 infinitive + -sta/-st

Menin sy-m-n. 1 went to eat.


Tulin sy-m-st. 1 eame from eating.

2. with verbs which are treated as non-motion verbs in Finnish


the 111 infinitive + -ssa/-ss

Kvin katsomassa taloja. 1 went to look at some houses.

3 to express ongoing aetion (English -ing)

Olin luke-ma-ssa. 1 was reading.


He ovat kvelemss. They are walking.

4. when a subject causes, e.g., asks, teaehes, makes, ete., an object to do something
the 111 infinitive + -Vn

~~~~~~
Sain
~ Pekan pesemn lattian. 1 1=:~:~t ~
got
Pekka to wash the f loor.

Panin made

Note: 'antaa' "let", 'sallia' "to allow", and 'kske' "to command" are an exception
to this rule.
- antaa/sallia + gen. + 1 infinitive

Annoi~ hne~ pest! lattian. 1 let him/her wash the floor.


IV-3D
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4. a) 111 infinitive + -Vn is used with certain verbs

oppia to learn Opin aja~ autoa. 1 learned to drive a car.


sattua to happen Satutko tunte~ Pekan? Do you happen to know Pekka?
ruveta to begin Rupesi sata~. It started to raino
ryhty to start Ryhdyn opiskele~ suomea. 1'11 start to study Finnish.
joutua to have to Jouduin johtamaan kokousta. 1 had to chair the meeting.
onnistua to succeed Onnistuin saa~ asunnon. I succeeded in getting an apartment.

Compare
Lupasin tavata hnet. I promised to meet him/her.
Onnistuin tapaa~ hnet. I managed to meet him/her.

b) II! infinitive + -sta/-st is used with certain verbs

kieltyty to refuse Kieltydyn tekemst sit. I refuse to do it.


lakata to stop Lakkasi satamasta. It stopped raining.
vltty to avoid Vltyin tapaamasta hnt. 1 avoided meeting hirn.

Note: The object is in partitive with the verbs above (these verbs are negative in nature).

IV-K TIHE EXPRESSIONS ANSWERING THE QUESTION 'milloin/koska' when-

time is expressed by various case endings, prepositions, and postpositions


the only way to learn these is to memorize the different categories

When to use

1. general time ~ithout modifiers: seasons and time of day


-lla/-ll

Kyn Suomessa syksyll/kesll/ 1 visit Finland in the fall/summer/


talvella/kevll. winter/spring.

Juon kahvia aamulla/pivll/ 1 drink coffee in the morning/ .


illalla/yll. during the day/in the evening/at night.

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2. time with specific modifiers: seasons and time of day
-na/-n (attached to the illative stern)

Kyn siell ensi syksyn/tn talve~. 1'11 visit there next fall/this winter.
Join kahvia tn aam~/perjantai-ilta~. 1 drank coffee this morning/Friday night.

3. with or without modifiers:

a) week 'viikko'
-lla/-ll

Kyn konsertissa ensi viikolla. I'm going to the concert next week.

b) year 'vuosi' and the days of the week 'vii konpi vt'
-na/-n

Kvin Suomessa Viime vuonna. 1 visited Finland last year.


Loma alkaa lauantaina. The vacation begins on Saturday.

c) month 'kuu'
-ssa/-ss

Kyn siell tss kuu~. 1'11 visit there this month.


Kyn siell elo~uussa. 1'11 visit there in August.

4. when specifyi~g the time with undeclinable 'joka' "every", use the nominative

Joka aamu nousen kuudelta. Every morning 1 get up at six o'clock.


Kyn suomessa joka vuosi. 1 visit Finland every year.

Note: The question reflects the case ending:

Min vuonna
Miss kuussa
Mill viikolla
Min pivn
1menet Suomeen? Which
year
month
{ week
day
are you going ta
Finland?

IV-32

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UNIT V
SCENES 1 - 4
Nouns Substantiiveja

airfield lentokentt (2) dollar dollari (6),taala (1) pastry leivos (32)
airport lentoasema (3) foreigner ulkomaalainen (25) person henki (B),
baggage matkatavara (4) form lomake (5), henkil (16)
baggage saapunut (38) kaavake (5) porter kantaja (3)
claim matkatavara (4) harbor satama (3) price hinta (1)
barber parturi (7) information neuvonta (4) reception vastaanotto (15)
beauty kampaamo (15) inspection tarkastus (32) red wine punaviini (6)
salon key avain (23) reservation (pyt)varaus (32),
breakfast varhaisaamiainen (25) kitchen keitti (21) (huone)varaus (32)
bill lasku (15) laundry pesula (4) room huonepalvelu (15)
bottle pullo (15) (place) service
business liikematka, liquor anniskelu- sairnon lohi (8)
trip virkamatka (1) license oikeudet (33) sauce kastike (5),
buffet seisova pyt (2) lobby aula (1) soosi (6) colloq.
cafe kahvila (4) luggage matkatavara (4) smrgasbord voileippyt (2)
cart krryt (15) lunch lounas (30), special dish erikoisruoka (2)
carton kartonki (7) aamiainen (25) steam bath sauna (1)
center keskus (32) main dish pruoka (2) supper illall inen (25)
check (6) shekki (6) mashed perunamuhennos (32) swimming pool* uimahalH (6)
cheese juusto (15) potatoes pe runasose (5) sum summa (2)
connection yhteys (33) meeting kokous (32) taxi taksi (6),
country maa (lB) menu ruokalista (l) pirssiauto (15)
curiosity utel.iaisuus (33) moment hetki (8), tip juomaraha (1)
currency valuutta (1) hetkinen (25) traveler matkustaja (3)
custom tulli (6) money raha (1) .waiter tarjoilija (4)
dance tanss i (6) ntghtclub ykerho (15) white wine valkoviin i (6)
date treffit (6) colloq. passport passi (6) wine list vHnilista (1)
plo
* public indoor pool

V-l

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Verbs Verbej

arrive saapua (B) fill tytt (2) resemble mu istuttaa ( 18)


bathe kylpe (4) forget unohtaa (2) reserve varata (18)
declare tullata (18) include sislty (B) intr. serve tarjoilla (13),
(at customs) recommend suositella (14) pal vella (13)
exchange vaihtaa (1) remember muistaa (2) stay viipy (B)
explain selitt (2) remind muistuttaa (lB) travel matkustaa (2)

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

best parhain (26), foreign .ulkomainen (25) national kansall is-

domestic
paras (30) fresh
kotimainen (25) national
tuore (5)
kansallinen (25)
I
stale kuiva (leip) (2),
vljhtynyt (38)

Adverbs and others Adverbeja and muita

avaUable tavattavlssa hello haloo one and a half puolitoista


either or joko tal/t ahi (on phone) together yhdess
goodbye kuulemiin long ( time) kauan until (illat.+) asti

Pronouns Pronomineja

all kaikki anythlng mikn somebod Y joku


anybody,
anyone
kukaan nobody
nothing
ei kukaan
ei mikn I something jokin

V-2
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SCENE 1
Maahantulo Entering the country

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Passi, olkaa hyv.
Kauanko aiotte viipy maassa?
.
Kauanks te
A.Passport, please.
How long do you intend to stay
in the country?

B. Viivyn kuukauden. M viivyn B. 1'11 stay for a month.


Olen lomamatkalla M oon I'm on a holiday trip

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. Onko teill mitn tullattavaa? Onks A. Do you have anything to declare?

B. Vain pullo konjakkia ja kartonki


savukkeita
.. B. Only a bottle of cognac and a
carton of cigarettes

3. jakso sequence 3
B. Anteeksi, missa voin vaihtaa m voin B. Excuse me, where can 1 exchange
valuuttaa? currency?

A. Sit vaihdetaan tuossa kioskissa.


Mys matkashekkej voi vaihtaa
.. A. It'a exchanged in that kiosk.
Alao traveller's checks can be
siell . exchanged there

4. jakso sequence 4
B. Miss neuvonta on?
Onko tll kantajia?
.
Onks
B. Where is the information?
Are there any porters here?

A. Valitettavasti tll ei ole A. Unfortunately there are no


kantajia. Teidn tytyy etsi
krryt
tll ei ..
00
porters. You muat look for a
cart

V-]

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Act out sequence 1, using these variations.

kuukauden. a month.
Yiivyn kaksi viikkoa. 1'11 stay for two weeks.
{ {
puoli vuotta. half a year.

lOmamatkalla. vacation.
Olen virkamatkalla. . 1 am on a
{ liikematkalla. { business trip.
business.

Sequence 3

valuuttaa? foreign currency?


Anteeksi, miss tll voi vaihtaa { matkashekkej? Excuse me, where traveler's checks?
dollareita? can one exchange { dollars? .

Sequence 4

takseja? taxis
Onko tll kantajia? Are there any porters here?
{ { carts
krryj?

neuvonta informat ion?


Miss saapunut matkatavara on? Where i.s baggage claim?
{ kaupunkiin lhtev bussi { a bus going downtown?

,-P_AS_S_I_T_AR_K_A_S_T_U_S_ _P_A_SS_P_O_R_T_S_I I TULLITARKASTUS CUSTOMS YALUUTANVAIHTO MONEY EXCHANGE

L..--N_E_U_Y_O_N_T_A --JI I MATKATAYARA


I_N_FO_R_M_A_T_I_O_N_ _ LUGGAGE BUSSI KAUPUNKIIN CITY BUSS

V-4
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SCENE 2
Hotellissa At the hotel

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. piv. Olen tuomari Smith. Minulla M oon Mulla A. Good morning. 1 1 m Mr. Smith
pitisi olla tll huone varattuna. pitis 1 should have a room booked here.

B. Hetkinen, olkaa hyv. Miksi Hetki vaan Miks B. A moment, please. For what day
pivksi se on varattu? pivks is it reserved?

A. Kahdeksi viikoksi tst pivst Kaheks viikoks A. For two weeks, starting today.
alkaen. .
6. jakso Sequence 6
B. Mill nimell? B. 1n what name is it reserved?

A. Joko Bill Smithin tai Yhdysvaltain A. Either in Bill Smithls or the


lhetystn nimell. . US embassy's name.

B. Tss se onkin. Kahden hengen huone. Kahen B. Here it is~ A double room
Olkaa hyv ja tyttk tm
kaavake (matkustajakortti).
. Please fill out this form
(passenger card).

7. jakso 4
Sequence 7
A. Onko huoneessa oma kylpyhuone Onks huoneessa A. Does the room have its own
ja puhelin? . bathroom and a telephone?

B. Kaikissa huoneissamme on kylpyhuone meidn huoneissa B. AlI our rooms have a bathroom
ja puhelin. and a phone.

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Sisltyyk aamiainen huoneen Sisltyyks A. Is breakfast included in the
hintaan? price?

B. Ei sislly. Tss on avain, Tsson B. No, it isn't. Here is the key.


olkaa hyv. .
V-5

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Act out sequence 5, using these variations.

viikoksi huomisesta }
Huone on varattu kuukaudeksi maanantaista alkaen.
{ puoleksi toista kuukaudeksi eilisest

a week, tomorrow.
The room 1s reserved for 1 month, starting from Monday.
{ 1 1/2 months, {
yesterday.

Find out the answers to the following questions from the information below.

aamiaista? pankki
Mihin aikaan tarjoillaan lounasta? Mihin aikaan sauna on avoinna?
1 pivllist? { pesula
kampaamo

~::~a
breakfast
At what time is lunch served? What time is the open?
1 dinner { laundry
hairdresser

11ESI'EIUA
Paihllio./a ..lvalinlapuholul no 0 Loc.1 and hunk eolls No. 0
M.nnerhehnlnlle 50 K.. klJo no 1 ()pe lor No. I
Pllh, 00260 lIel.lnkl 26 RAVINTOLAMME OUR RESTAURNTS
ToI. 441311 Telo" 12:1117 MAlN nESTAUIlANT 2nd 1100.
pnAVlNTOlA 2. ke.. oo open 1 a.m. - mltlnig/'I. ,..o,v.llona No. 1
lVoi ,a klo 01-24, pIlvIJvuksel no 1 b.eakl.sl
aami.lnon (ol.is. huonehinlnlklu 01-10, IU 08-10 (noIllle!. In ,oom ,alol 01-10 i./n, Sun 08-10 './Il.
luuno. klo 1'1.30-15 luneh II.JO 1.111, .,... 3 ",/n.
: IllJONE '-t. ') t') IIINTA. pAluAiinon
VKERIIO ",,1~.kerrDk .....
klo 11-20 dinno. 5-8 p,m:
NIGHT CLUB on Ihe 9'ound Iloo,
ROO,., -'(0\ 0\ PRICE Ivoinn. Itlo 21-02 lsUnpUsymak.1I OP~II 9 p.m. - 2 a.rn., env" cha.ge .
lIa.auk.., no I/yoke.hon lIa,.,ikso' ,,,o,"alioIlS No, I/Nighl Club ,.. o.vlllori'
VAUATIU ASTI jd) . 'HlO 12 IllJONEPALVELU hOOM SEnVlCE
0.". eha,g.
RESEnVED UNlIL ~.I q, 12 NOON
Ihuk..1 no 6. huono'a'lolufisAmaksu
SAUNAOSASTO I>Uhl.kf!f,ok......
avoinna klo 08-21, lIa,auksol no 8
tali No. 6,
SAUNA DEPAnTMENT on lI,e grc.... nd fIoo,
o""n B. m. - 9 ".m., .....II.llon. No. 8
4 sai",as, ...!onmlllg pooli bar ""llh lillffl A .,Iat.
MikallIJhI0p3lvi.1n. rnullllu". oll.lta. "sli~J1lisbil 4 .. una., "Im..n.s, lakkahuone ja 1>00.1 In.snge and 9\lmnulum
~I"VI "aslaarlOtlOOli ~hnel\ ~kllfJ. no 3 . . hlo.onla ja kunlo.oIl
lAUNDRY SEIIVICE, No. 2
II. eMe 1/011.11';, \lDUI d.l/oI d.p.,lu'e, \JI~AS4 tOllI.kI PESlJLAPALVELU, no 2 ,"undrv idi DC1 wo.kdOJ/s t.e/o.o 9.30 .m.
11>4 ltt."lIhn ""'d,. io .tri.1Nd~ 3 131111 ma-pe ennon klo 9.JO
palo"lus klo 19 monnusl .
WiI he .olurrl.d bv 1 p.m. ,...
p.nsi"!J B. m. ~.~ p.m. Ho. 5.
mlyil ,. ",.sslys klo 08-"21 Ilo 5
IInlolll 01 vUI.a arvoo!slllehl'; /Olla II' oIii Iltolllll.1f:I! .MnDER SI(OP 8. LADlioS' IIihonESsm
Iokrtoon: . MnTURlKAMpMMO i>ol1altenoksu.. oh Iho sroulld f1oOr. tuo;vallons)hr1Jil9!1
v uk.. 1 no I k.ullvoInn.
1l.~ hol.1 Is. to~",,"sli.lt .lit,,,, 101 lI4tJblu JoPa.llitd ma '0 ~klo O9-IB . .
.!,I"' Io, No. 1, open
Mon I!l Frl9 '.m."':: 61"'1'1.
.
lr. oil, .~'o bv iho ""rlol 11-10 kJo 09-11 Tuo - Thoi 9 . m. ".. ~ p.rII.
'I'f\NKld'SVP .iJ~"-.Jnha
"'ll-pli k~.' ~,15-16.15
bAtm UUI' ~i lh~ Iobby. "'' 11
Weekd.~' 9.IS . m. ~ 4.ls p.m.
V-6
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SCENE 3
Puhelu Making a telephone call

9. jakso Sequence 9
C. onko kukaan soittanut? onks kukaan soittanu? C. Ha5 anybody called?

B. Joku Jill smith kysyi sinua. kysy sua B. A Jill smith asked for you

10. jakso sequence 10


A. Haloo, tll puhuu Jill Smith.
onko Pekka Koivu tavattavissa?

onks
. A. Hello. This i5 Jill smith
speaking. 15 Petka Koivu
available?

B. Hetkinen vain. Hetki vaan B. Just a moment.


Pekka, Jill on puhelimessa.
Tule puhelimeen:
.
TUU puhelimeen
Pekka, Jill i5 on the phone.
Come to the phone:

C. Haloo, Pekka Koivu puhelimessa. . C. Haloo, Pekka Koivu speaking.

H. jakso Sequence 11
A. Terve, tll Jill. Hiritsenk1 Hiritsenks m? A. Hi, this is Jill.
Olitteko jo nukkumassa? olitteks te Am 1 disturbing yoU?
were you already sleeping?

C. Emme viel. Et hiritse Ei viel. Et s C. Not yet. YoU aren't disturbing


ollenkaan. . me at alle

12. jakso Sequence 12


A. Kuule, halusin vain muistuttaa m halusin vaan A. Listen, 1 just wanted to remind
sinua huomisesta kokouksesta. sua . you about tomorrow's meeting.
Kello 7 ravintola Tornissa. . seven o'clock at the Torni
restaurant.

C. Olipa hyv, ett muistutit. Olipas hyv, ett C. 1t sure was good that you reminded
Olinkin aivan unohtanut sen. M olinkin ihan me. 1 had forgotten alI about it.

V-7

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Act out sequence 10, using these variations.

Onko Pekka Koivu tavattavissa? ls Pekka Koivu available?


Voisinko puhua Pekka Koivun kanssa? Could 1 talk with Pekka Koivu?
Saisinko Pekka Koivua puhelimeen? Could 1 have Pekka Koivu on the phone?

Sequence 11

nukkumassa? sleeping?
Joko olitte
~ symss?
kylpemss (saunassa)?
WeIe you already
l
eating?
bathing (in the sauna)?

sequence 12

keskiviikkoillasta. Wednesday evening.


Halusin vain muistuttaa
1
huomisillasta.
lounaasta.
1 only wanted to remind you about
l tomorrow.
lunch.

Study the Make up the conversation between


pictures on these two people. Write it down
the right and Iole play it with your teacher.
and note the
two different
styles of
conversation.
Use these
patterns in
your own
conversation.

V-8
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SCENE 4
Ravintolassa At the restaurant

13. jakso Sequence 13


A. Onko teill pytvaraus? Onks A. Do you have a reservation?

B. Ei ole. Meit on vain kaksi. Ei 00. Meiton vaan kaks. B. No. There's just the two
of us.

A. Tt tiet, olkaa hyv. . A. This way, please.

14. jakso Sequence 14


A. Tss olisi ruokalista. 011s A. Here 1s the menu.

B. Mit te suosittelette
tnn?

.. B. What do you recommend
today?

.
A. Meill on tuoretta lohta, ja A. We have fresh salmon, and
pivn erikoisruoka on karja- - . today's special 1s Kare11an
lanpaisti. . pot roast.

15. jakso Sequence 15


B. Tarjoilija, saanko kysy saanks m kysyy B. Waiter, may I ask, out of
uteliaisuuttani, mik tm t .. curiosity, what this amount
summa tss laskussa on? . is on this bill?

A. Se on jvedest. Ja tm Se on veest. Ja t A. It's for the ice water.


on alkoholista, joka on
kytetty kastikkeeseen.

.. And this 1s for the alcohol
used in the sauce.

B. Ai niink: No, sehn A i ...... B. Oh, so~ Well, that


selitt kaiken. . explains everyth1ng.

V-9

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Ask for and provide the following information about a restaurant.

~ ~
seisova pyt? a buffet'?
Onko teill solmiopakko? Do you have dress regulations, i.e., a tie requiremenl1
tanssia? dancing1
anniskeluoikeudet? a liquor license?

Use Sequence 13 and the menu on p. V-II to order your complete meal, aa ia being done below.

M'T ROUVA&..L~ 'SAA OL.LA?


M'N OTAtI JoTA''i
SAAKO OLLA KA\..ARUOkM
PITK'
~7\'LIC'RVOI<AA ?
--:;r-::=:::t HYV~' J'f'L'A' ? SILMl.L
HATTUANNE
JA TA KK IANNE.

~
~

V-lU
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Act out the restaurant scenes and order a complete meal for yourself and your family
from this menu.

SUOMALAlNEN'MENU
PUruokia MaiD ishcs
MENU FINNISH STYLE I'dlert)'i 19ah.. lIIolldJa1acca Iapau .w,...
a Ss.- BoiJed pik,..pnda Finnish nylt
Mariaoltaj. edkkullakolta. pefUaapUJllkku
Lolslec1la pa1Iteltu. lobt1, melSisJml.l.. eua I Ii 57,...
MIUinIIUd &/ric herrinrs wllh pOIaIo pasty Glow IrietJ smmon wlthlorat mushroom SIllJld :x
Poroakiristpl1, JUIII10perUDIIY1IoPa. paolakk.u hrjala.apalstia, pcraauoselta, taorckarldnualunla 3J,...
Sautied nindeer wilh Chet:s~POID'O crz:surok .md red
whort1eberries Kardian SIeW wirh tnIIShI POID'OCS Qnl/Irr:sh CJlCJImbcr l!tIJIId
PoroDkrlstylti, Joastopmllluaoba, poolakba 31,...
Iupalold1ud1. naDjake:rm.u
Cranberry100/ with 'lIanilJa cretUJ1
Saulkd rdndm- with chet:wpOIDIO casserolt tnUi red
whon/eburies

Ala Carte
SUOMALAINEN KElI II
FINNISH KITCHEN
JllJdruokia Desserts
Alkuruokia Appetiz.en brpaJoJiid)'ke 26,-
VlbbluolallDa Iob", apolcUa m...... liDappOmdk.... 33r- Cnlllberry pIlrfaU
s/i,htly .mI.ed SIJlmon wilh potIClwJ eri (lniJ nwslJlrd.sttJla Muaslkolla, kermaa 25,-
Sanuldtaa poroapalltla. konaDealmDDakokkella 31,... Srruwben1cs wilh aum
SmohtJ rtintJr s.mt and st:nImbled qrs wUh morels
SaollUl1a1DCD lob.lkdno 11,...
Fmnish smmcm SOIlP
KomulcalkeJuo %7.- ,.... IUDI1IDUaisla

Omm 01 morr:ls soup SUD4aY1

V-ll

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Study the following chart and discuss what kind of information is available from the Helsinki
telephone service:

PUHELIN- PHONE
PALVELU

AIKATIEDOTUS
e) SERVICE

061
PIVIN
RUOKAOHJE
Dial-a-recipe
048

T.ime
.
~
PIVN
ARVOPAPERI- JA SANA 050
VALUUTTAKURSSIT 031 Dial-a-prayer
Stock market and
foreign exchange ~
~~ SHKSANOMAIN
VASTAANOTTO 021
ELOKUVA- JA
TEATTERIOHJELMAT
~ . ~\\III Telegrams
by phone

~
041
'" . /~
Movie and theater programs
. " Sxx-
HELSINKI TIEDOTUS 038
TODAY ? Weather

HELSINKI 056
fAJ URHEILU-


TNXXN UUTISET 032
Sports news
LEVY-
UUTUUDET 030 UUTISET 016
X News

@
New record releases
2
N~SIN
-~:
018 VEIKKAUS-
ENGLISH" UUTISET 034
Bet ting news
NIMI-
TIEDOTUS
'itlF 013 AUTOMAATTINEN
Nimitiedotus vastaa kysymykseen The reverse directory informa- PUHELINBERXTYS 0151
~Kenell on puhelinnumero xxxxxxl~ tion answers the question, ~Who has Wake-up-call
the phone number xxxxxxl~ service

NUMERO-
TIEDOTUS
@ 012
Numerotiedotus vastaa kysymykseeen The alphabetical listing
VIKA-
ILMOITUS
Repair serv.ice
019

~Mik puhelinnumero on NN:lll~ answers the question, ~What


number does NN havel~
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V-12
Follow these instructions to place a collect call.

Vastapuhelu
- edullinen tapa hoitaa yhteydet kotiin taJ flrmaan kun olet matkoilla.

Vutapuhelun maksll puhelun vastlanottaja.


Kun haluat tUatl vlStapuhelun

<D

Ilmolt .. ettl tIIaal vasta kerro nimesi, puheUnnumero


valitse numero 09 puhelun Jostasoitat Ja

keneUo ja mihin numeroon aseta kuuloke paikalleen ja ettl puhelu on valmis.


haluat odota keskuksen ilmoitusta

Vatlpuhelu yhdlsletlln vain, JOI henkil, JoUe soUat, haluaa maksaa puhelun.
Puhelun yastaanoU~a saa aina eriteUyn laskun valtapuhelulstL
Myl ulkomailta yol soiUla Suomeen vaslapuhehya. Vastapuhelut Ilmaistaan.
eri kieW1l:
engl. - .Trans(ened eall saks. - R~Gesprich
Im.en'" - Colleel eall rusko - Communicatlon PVC

POSTI-JA TELELAITOS
V-13

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Call Helsinki telephone information for the current rate of exchange.


Pill in the correct purchase rate af exchange.

a) US dollar Fmk (Finnish marks)


b) English pound .
c) Swedish crown PUHELIN PALVELU
d)
e)
German mark
Japanese yen
AAVOPAPEAI JA
VAluunAI<UASSIT
03 1
f) Clearing ruble Stock ~rkBt and
forolgn exchango

2. You have a telephone number but you don't knaw whose number it iso
Call the reverse directory for the information.

a) The name and address i s

b) !

c) I
NIMI-
TIEDOTUS 013
t"'.IJ.oolu'''.UN.rt~_ Tt. rwvll, dlrec:wry Info"'dtlcH".
d) . "1(.,""" 011 put.-lioouo,oM x.u.a.ur .,.._,.. the qutllI t. on
Who N' the pt lOf\lI nuriA,. IIXX'''I l'

3. What is Niilo Nikkanen's number1 Fill in the carrect number.

a) Niilo Nikkanen's number i s


b) Matti Juntunen's number i s
c) Onni Kolehmainen's number i s "
d) Kaisa vyrynen's number i s

NUMERO-
TIEDOTUS
012
IluIl\lI,olledollJl "u... kyavrnyklMn Thll alphabet:ical IIl1tln"
Mi~' puhlllnnumlllo on NN;lUll" ansWBnI the quo!lUon
'Wldt nUltJar doBS Nf h.tvol'

v-14
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4. Listen to the telephone conversation and mark under each heading the telephone number of
each service.

Reception Room service Main restaurant Night club Sauna Laundry Hairdresser

5. Listen to the short conversation on the tape. Try to decide who is talking
to whom, where, when, and why. Compare your notes with the other students.

Speakers Place When Message

6. Listen to the short conversation on the tape. Try to decide who is talking to whom, where,
and why. Compare your notes with the other students.

Who Where About what

7. Listen to this conversation and check the key for the answer.
T F
1. The husband forlJ ot that he and his wife had been invited outo

2. The husband hag to work overt:ime.

3. The wife does not like Mr. Virtanen's party.

4. She is dragging her feet .

5. The husband has been looking forward to the party.

KEY 1. a 3,64 b 8,76 c 0,87 d 2,01 e 0,017 f 5,65


2-6. Check the tape texts for the answers
7. lF 2T 3F 4F 5T

V-15

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FUNCTION PRACTICES. Use these situations for conversation.

1. At the hotel
find out if the American embassy has reserved a suite for you
there has been a misunderstanding - the rooms are for the following week
clear up the situation

2. Telephone call
call your mother in Kansas from Helsinki
give the operator the country code, city code, and local number
call the operator two more times during the next five minutes
first cornplain about the poor line and then about a strange beeping noise on the line
the operator suggests you try sorne other day

kaukopuhelu long distance call


ulkomaanliikenteen tunnus (990) code for international calls (990)
maan numero country code (1 for America)
suuntanumero area code
osoiteverkkoryhmn numero local number

ei kuulu hyvin 1 can't hear well


huono yhteys bad connection
lis-ni additional voice
piipittv ni linjalla beeping noise on the line

3. Entering the country


explain your identity to .the customs officer because you have lost your passport ~
suggest calling the embassy

4. At customs . ~~~
You are trying to enter Finland with sorne suspicious-looking stuff in your
suitcase. The customs officer asks to see the suitcase, finds the stuff, smells it, and
accuses you of bringing in marijuana. You claim that it ts the ashes of your deceased
relative. Before the officer calls the police, show him/her the Finnish consulate authorization
for bringing in the ashes or ask the officer if you could call the embassy.

V-16
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5. At the restaurant
the doorman tells you that you must wear a tie to be able to get in
ask if you could borrow one there or use your lady friend's belt
try to talk yourself out of the situation
order a drink in a restaurant
the waiter tells you that you can have a drink only with a meal
tell hirn that you've had your meal and ask if you could just have an appetizer
with the drink
try other suggestions and anticipate the waiter's reaction

READING. Translate the following, using the glossary.

Sisink kansallisia herkkuja?

Me tiedmme hyvin, ett joka maassa kansalliset ruuat ovat mielenkiintoisimmat. Eivtk
vain ole mielenkiintoisimmat, vaan mys parhaat, koskapa ne osataan valmistaa oikein. Mutta
miten osata valita oikeat ruuat? Menkmme siis ruokalistaan. Mik voisi olla hyv alkuruokaa?
Kaikki pienet liha- ja kalaherkut sek tietysti leip ja voi. Mutta parhainta ovat kuitenkin
suomalaiset keitot, erikoisesti madekeitto.
Pruuaksi suomalainen valmistaa kalaa eri tavoin. Suolaaminen on paistamisen ohella
suosituin valmistustapa. Kuuluisin on graavilohi. Yksinkertainen paistettu silakka on todella
hyv ruoka. Tunnetuin suomalaisista liharuuista on karjalanpaisti. Erikoisherkku taas on
poronkristys, varsinainen lappalaisruoka. Kesisin tiettyyn aikaan rapu on aivan
kansallisherkku. Silloin ravintolatkin on koristettu punaisin ravunkuvin. Oikein rapujuhlia
pidetn.
Jos olette Suomessa kesaikaan, jolloin torit ja kaupat ovat tynn vihanneksia ja
marjoja, voitte syd halvalla maailman parhaita tomaatteja, hedelmi ja marjoja.
Jlkiruokana suomalaiset juustot ovat vallan mainioita. pyytkp esimerkiksi
pohjalaista leip juustoa.
Entp sitten juomat? Ryypyiksi meill on erinomaista viinaa nimeltn Koskenkorva.
Olutta on useita kotimaisia lajeja. Maistakaapa mys suomalaistakuohuviini ja likri.

Tervetuloa Suomeen ja hyv ruokahalua~

V-17

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study the restaurant bill and find out:
if the tip i8 included
how much the tip i8
what the people drank II ::liJ~I:\~i\II"fi;'lntiF 1

what kind of restaurant it is :::r .. >'"1:t~tl Jlr.I,s.n"j:1';-


'fi:J'<>tJm
whether the bill i8 for lunch or dinner I.'~bj',

what additional charges there are




StQlt\6tnjntorp~(l
l/n;I.-/IIl:truoJ l'lrh,. ;'1\t/.1 ,.1."'1' f'~ 1/"\ll.l'/ . 1J("YJ"i,II~.""""

1',,>,1.1
nll',.-j
Itlbtf'

o
u 00.00- I *
Dl 70.00.om
3 77 112 .11.1 " 10.00 .. I SU
4
DO 70.00. I *
5
00 16.0 0.0 UJtY
~6-;,et~J
7
,. .,0 " ".0 0" I SU
DD 8TJfO I I t
!i'

" 00 12.' 0 z.._~.


77 .90 110 Dl 'iJOIl I
Summil mk

.\: ... ' ""'.) ~ :, ..H.'' ,., . '1. fl_~r'J 'nn 11'1 ':1.'lllV!. kaar.lopIHlllll~

,. :)I~' . ir,.l 'J\(l. ~d".I\Oldlyc~~rqas numrcrmg p.\ omstenl1p. ~1d"

";. {"'r--.,' ""1 . 1. 1., 01.: l'lI'pl:tllu:.1 on ~he Jcve'!'c SIde

~Ga ..

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stop here, catch your breath, and take stock of alI you have learnt up tilI now.
You can look after yourself in Finland:

1 know how to 1 would like to know how to

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UNIT V
STRUCTURAL NOTES
V-A 'Tytyy/pit/tulee' -must, have to-

1. Teidn tytyy etsi krryt. You have to look tor a cart.


Minun piti soittaa kotiin. 1 had to call home.
1 was supposed to call home.
Kello, jota teidn ei tarvitse vet. The watch that you don't have to wind.

2. TUO kello tytyy vet. That clock must be wound.


Tuota kelloa ei tarvitse vet. That clock nee<1not be wound.

Dow to form

in the affirmative, 'tytyy/pit/tulee' is always in the 3rd person sg.,


i.e., they are so-called one-person verbs
the subject i5 in the genitive (although there is no overt grammatical subject)
the aftirmative objeet is 1n nom./aee. or acc. for personai pronouns (see lll-E)
"don't have toR is expressed similarly in the 3rd person sg., but with the verb
'ei tarvitse'

When to use

L 'pit' is used in colloquial style, 'tytyy' in a more formal style, and


'tulee' in the highest literary style
"1 was supposed toR translates into Finnish as 'minun piti/minun oli mr'
"must not" is expressed by the regular negative form of 'saada' "to be allowed toR

Sauna ei saa olla liian kuuma. The sauna must not be too hot.
Hn ei saa olla myhss. He must not be late.

2. 'tytyy/pit/ei tarvitse' can be used without any overt subject


think of the expressions above (number 2) as having the subject "someone/one"
you can also translate the sentences above (number 2) as passive constructions

Lasku tytyy maksaa huomenna. The bill must be paid tomorrow.

Note: 'tarvita,' in its meaning "to need something," behaves like any other verb.

Min tarvitsen auto~auto~. 1 need a car.


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V-B T1ME EXPRESS10NS how to express -for-

1. Viivyn kuukauden. 1'11 stay for a month.


Ole meill viikko~ Stay with us a week~
Suomessa viivytn vuosi. We stay in Finland for a year.
Minun tytyy olla siell vuosi. 1 must stay there for a year.
Xl viivy koko viikkoa! Don't stay alI week~

2. Menen suomeen kahdeksi viikoksi. 1'11 go to Finland for two weeks.

3. Miksi pivksi se on varattu? For what day is it reserved?

4. En ole kynyt siell viikkoon. 1 haven't been there for a week.

How to form

1. non-motion verbs: treat the time expression as if it were an object (see 1II-E)
the total object in an affirmative sentence is generally in the gen./acc.
Olen viikon lomalla. I'm on vacation for a week.

the total object after the imperative (1st and 2nd person) is in the nom./acc.
(follows normal practice)
Ole meill viikko~ Stay with us for a week~

the total object with the passive voice is in the nom./acc. (see VI-A)
Suomess~ viivytn kuukausi. We stay in Finland for a month.

the total object with 'tytyy/pit/tulee' is in the nom./acc.


Minun tytyy olla siell koko viikko. 1 must stay there for a whole week.

in negative the object is in partitive


En viivy siell koko viikko~. 1 won't stay there for the whole week.
En asunut Saksassa kolme~ vuott~. 1 didn't live in Germany for three years.

2. motion verbs in the affirmative and negative


to express ~for a period of time,~ use the translative case -ksi, -kse- (see V1-E)

Menen sinne vuodeksi. 1'11 go there for a year.


Jn Suomeen vuodeksi. 1'11 stay in Finland for a year.
('jd' ~to remain~ is a motion verb)
En aja New Yorkiin viikonlopuksi. 1 won't drive to New York for the weekend.
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3. to indicate a point of time, also use the translative case -ksi, -kse-

se on valmis maanantaiksi. It's ready for/by Monday.


Paketti ei ehdi Suomeen jouluksi. The package will not get to Finland
by Christmas.

4. to indicate a period of time when one has not or will not engage in an activity
expressed by the verb, use the illative case

En ole kynyt suomessa kahteen vuoteen. I haven't visited Finland for two years.
En ole tavannut hnt pitkn aikaa~ I haven't met hirn for a long time.
En ole kuullut hnest viikkoon. --- 1 haven't heard from hirn for a week.

Note: for postpositions and prepositions with time expressions, see IX-F

This i8 an empty space. Fill it with your own material, as you wi8h.

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V-C WOROS ENOING IN -as/-s, -is

Tuomari Jones, uusi oppilas. Mr. Jones, a new student.


Saanko esitell uuden oppilaan? May 1 introduce a new student?

Tlt on kaunis nkala. It's a beautiful view from here.


Pidn kauniista nkalasta. liike the beautiful view.

Hn on rikas mies. He is a rich man.


Rikkaalla miehell on paljon rahaa. A rich man has plenty of money.

How to form (see' 30 and 31 in the CNO, App. 111)

1. nom. sg. and part. sg. are in the weak grade when consonant gradation 1s
applicable, see P-8
all other cases are in the strong grade, and the last vowel of the stern is doubled
the illati ve is formed with -seen in the singular
-siin in the plural

nom. gen. part. inesa. inat.

rikas rikkaan rikasta rikkaassa rikkaaseen rich


oppilas oppilaan oppilasta oppil~ssa oppilaaseen student, pupU

Note: With this type of word, the partitive ending -ta/-t is attached to the weak,
nominative form: rikas rikas-ta

do not confuse th1s with the elative ending -sta/-at, which is attached to the strong
forrn of the stern

rikas rikkaa-sta

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V-D NOUNS ENDING IN -in

Puhelin on toimistossa. The telephone is in the office.


Bill on puhelimessa. Bill is on the phone.

Onko sinulla avain? Do you have the key?


Minulla on kaikki avaimet. I have alI the keys.

Dow to form

many -technical- words are formed with the derivative -in


words formed with -in are often identical to the 1st person form of a corresponding verb
in the past tense

puhella ta chat kytke to connect, hitch


puhelin 1 chatted . kytkin I connected, hitched
puhelin telephone kytkin clutch

istua to sit lenntt make fly


istuin 1 sat lenntin I made fly
istuin seat lenntin telegraph office

lhett ta send
lhetin 1 sent
lhetin (radio) transmitter

- the stern ending is -ime- (see 23 in the CND, App. III)

nom. gen. part. iness. illat.

puhelin puhelime-n puhelin..:ta puhelime-ssa puhelime-en


istuin istuime-n istuin-ta istuime-ssa istui me-en

Note: De careful not to confuse these words with the adject1ves 1n which -1n 1s
the superlative marker. (see t 26 in the CND, App. 111)

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V-E NOUNS ENDING IN -us/-ys, -uus/-yys, -os/-s

1. Minulla on kysymys. 1 have a question.


Kuulin kysymyksen. 1 heard the question.

Iranissa tapahtui vallankumous. A revolution took place in Iran.


En halua puhua vallankumouksesta. 1 don't want to speak about the revolution.

Pieni annos jtel. A small portion of iee eream.


Saisinko annoksen jtel? Could 1 have a portion of iee eream?

2. Sisinen kauneus on ilmaista. Inner beauty is free.


Monet maksavat paljon kauneudesta. Many people pay aIot for beauty.

3. Kanariansaarilla tapahtui lento-onnettomuus. There was an airplane aeeident in the Canaries.


En halua ajatella onnettomuutta. 1 don't want to think about the aeeident.

Kohteliaisuus on hyv avu. Politeness is a good virtue.


Kiitos kohteliaisuudesta. Thanks for the eompliment.

Dow to form

abstraet nouns ending in -us/-ys, -os/-s (see example i above) are often derived from
eorresponding verbs
the stern ending is -kse- (see i 32 in the CND, App. 111)

nom. gen. part. illat.


kysym~ kysymykse"'n kysymY2.- t kysymykse-en question
lupaus lupaukse-n lupau2.- ta lupaukse-en promise

abstraet nouns ending in -us/-ys (see example 2 above) that are derived from nouns, numerals,
or adjeetives follow this pattern: (see i 33 in the CND, App. 111)

kauneus kaudeude-n kauneut-ta kauneute-en beauty


pime~ pimeyde-n pimey!":t pimeyte-en darkness

abstraet nouns ending in -uus/-yys (see example 3 above) follow this pattern, irrespeetive of
whether they are derived from verbs or nominals

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kohteliaisuus kohteliaisuude-n kohteliaisuut-ta kohteliaisuute-en compliment
ystvllis~ ystvllisyyde-n ystvllisyyl-t ystvllisyyte-en kindness

V-F PRESENT ACTIVE CONDITIONAL

Mit te haluaisitte? What would you like?


Mit te joisitte? What would you drink?

Jos olisin rikas, ostaisin tuon talon. If I were rich, I'd buy that house.
Jos sataisi, kastuisimme. If it should rain, we would get wet.

How to form

remove the last vowel of the 3rd person sg. present tense
add the conditional marker -isi-, which corresponds to the auxiliary verb would/should"
add personai endings; 3rd person sg. has no personai ending
in other words, insert -isi- between the verb stern in the strong grade
and the personai ending

Affirmative Negative

(min) otta-isi-n 1 would take en otta-isi I wouldn't take


(sin) otta-isi-t you would take et otta-isi you wouldn't take
hn otta-isi he/she would take hn ei otta-isi he/she wouldn't take
(me) ot ta-is i -InIne we would take emme otta-isi we wouldn't take
(te) otta-isi-tte you would take ette otta-isi you wouldn't take
he otta-isi-vat they would take he eivt otta-isi they wouldn't take

Variations on how to form the present active conditional

1. the 3rd person sg. ends in -ee or -ii


drop both before -isi-

1 inf. teh-d to do etsi- to look for, search


3rd. person sg. teke-e etsi-i
cond. tek-isi. ets-isi-mme

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2. monosyllabic verbs
replace the past tense marker -i- by -isi-

1 info juoda to drink syd to eat vied to take


past tense jo-i-n s-i-n ve-i-n
cond. jo-isi-n s-isi-n ve-isi-n
en jo-isi et s-isi emme ve-isi

3. verbs 'olla' and 'kyd'


also replace the past tense marker -i- by. -isi-

1 info ol-la to be . ky-d to visit


past tense hn ol-i sin kv-i-t
cond. hn ol-isi sin kv-isi-t

4. verbs ending in -t-a/-t-

a) verbs ending in -at-a/-t- (see' 18 in the CTV, App.III)


replace the past tense marker -si- by -lsi-

1 inf. pelt- to fear tavat-a to meet


present pelk-n 1 fear tapaa-n 1 meet
past pelk-si-n 1 feared tapa-si-n 1 met
cond. pelk-isi-n 1 would fear tapa-isi-n 1 would meet

b) verbs ending in -ut-a/-yt-, -ot-a/-t- (see' 17 in the CTV)


add -isi- to the 3rd person present stern

1 info halut-a to want tarjot-a to offer


present halua-a he/she wants tarjoa-a he/she offers
cond. halua-isi-n 1 would want tarjoa-isi-n 1 would offer

c) alI other -t-a/-t- verbs follow the pattern of group 1 (' 19 and 20 in the CTV)

1 info hirit- to disturb vaiet-a to be silent


present hirits-e-t you disturb vaiken-e-n 1 am silent
past hirits-i-t you disturbed vaiken-i-n 1 was silent
cond. hirits-isi-t you would disturb vaiken-isi-n 1 would be silent

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When to use the conditional

1. in both active and passive voice in the same tenses as in English (see VIII-A, X-B)

Lukisin sen kirjan mielellni. 1 would like to read that book.


Olisin lukenut sen kirjan mielellni. 1 would have liked to read that book.
Se kirja luettaisiin. That book would be read.
Se kirja olisi luettu. That book would have been read.

2. to imply contingencies or constraints much the same way as the English conditional in sentences
that express conditionality, in polite requests and wishes

Antaisitko sen minulle? Would you give it to me, please?

3. in an if-clause together with a conditional clause which both express conditionality


- use conditional in both clauses, un1ike standard English, which uses the past tense
(conjunctive mood) in the if-clause

Jos osaisimme suomea, emme opiskellai sit. If we knew Finnish, we wouldn't


study it.
Jos olistn rikas, matkustaisin maailman ympri. lf l were rich, 1 would travel around
the world.

4. could is translated as voisi

Voisit puhua vhn kovemmin. You could speak a little louder.


Olisit voinut soittaa minulle. You could have called me.

5. should, ought to translates as pitisi (see V-A for tytyy/pit)

Minun pitisi tiet se. l should know it.


Minun olisi pitnyt tiet se. l should have known it.

Hnen ei pitisi soittaa. He shouldn't call.


Hnen ei olisi pitnyt soittaa. He shouldn't have called.

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V-G ADVERBS

1. Lapset puhuvat suomea sujuvasti. The children speak Finnish fluently.


Hyvsti: Goodbye~

2. Hyvin sinkin puhut. You speak well, too.

3. Tuo taulu on erinomaisen kaunis. That painting is extraordinarily beautiful.


Se on kauhean ikv filmi. It is a terribly boring film.

How to form

1. gen. sg. stern of an adjective + -sti, which is normally translated as --ly-

Tule tnne nopeasti: Come here quickly:

nom. gen. adverb


nopea nopea-n nopea-sti

2. plural stern + -i- + -n of an adjective or noun


(this is the same as the case called instructive; see XII-F)

Adjektiivi Adverb

hyv good hyvin well


oikea right oikein right, correctly
kova hard kovin very
usea several usein often
harva few harvoin seldom
mik what miten how
paikka place paikoin at places

Note: jalka foot jalan by foot (sg. only)

3. gen. sg. of an adjective or noun is used to modify another adjective or an adverb

Hn on hyvn nkinen. He is good-looking.


Hn on kauhean kiukkuinen. She is terribly made
Sin olet Pekan nkinen. You look like Pekka.

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When to use: alI these forms answer the question Rhow/in what wayR, but only groups 2 and 3
are used to modify another adjective or adverb

V-H INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 'joku/jokin' some, somebody, something

Joku Bill Smith on puhelimessa. A Bill Smith is on the phone.


Joku soitti. Somebody called.

Jokin hiritsi minua yll. Something disturbed me at night.


Min otan jotain liharuokaa. 1'11 have some meat dish.
Hn asuu jossakin hotellissa. He lives in sorne hotel.

Jokin auto oli kolarissa. A car had an accident.


Joku auto oli kolarissa.

sg. plo sg. plo sg. plo


nom. jokin something R jotkin joku RsomebodyR jotkut

gen. jonkin joidenkin jonkun joidenkin


joittenkin joittenkin
part. jotakin/jotain joitakin jotakuta joitakuita

transl. joksikin joiksikin continues Itke continues joksikuksi joiksikuiksi


jokin like jotkin
iness. jossakin/jossain joissakin jossakussa joissakuissa

elat. jostakin/jostain joistakin jostakusta joistakuista

illat. johonkin joihinkin johonkuhun joihinkuihin

adess. jollakin joillakin jollClKulla joillakuilla

ablat. joltakin joiltakin joltakulta joiltakuilta

allat. jollekin joillekin jollekulle joilleku ille

esso jonakin joinakin jonakuna joinakuina


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Note: 'jotakuta' is the sarne as 'jokin', but is rarely used in the spoken language.
The inner locative cases of 'jokin' are used as adverbs of place. (see V-I)

When to use

joku sornebody refers only to a person as a pronoun, by itself


joku sorne refers to a person or a thing as an adjective with nouns
jokin sornething - refers to things both as pronoun and adjective

Joku odottaa kirjettsi. Pensaassa rapistelee jokin outo elin.

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V-I 'Mikn, ei mikn' -anything, nothing-
'Kukaan, ei kukaan' -anybody, nobody-
'Koskaan, ei koskaan' -ever, never-

1. Haluatko mitn? DO you want anything?


Kiitos, en mitn. Thanks, nothing.

2. Onko kukaan soittanut? Has anybody called?


Ei kukaan. Nobody.

Pidttek kenestkn? Do you like anybody?


En kenestkn. Nobody.

3. Oletteko koskaan/milloinkaan kynyt Suomessa? Have you ever visited Finland?


En koskaan/en milloinkaan. Never.

How to foem

add ending -an/-n to two syllable words which end in a vowel

miss-n ket-n koska-an


anywhere (no motion) anybody (pa rt. ) ever

add ending -kaan/-kn to longer words and to words which end in a consonant (compare with
negative emphatics -kaan/-kn; see V-J)

mihin-kn kenest-kn milloin-kaan


anywhere (motion to) anybody (elat.) ever

did you notice that the basic words here are 'kuka' who and 'mik' what/which]

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sg. plo sg. plo

nom. kukaan "anyone" ketk-n "any" mik-n "anything" mitk-n "any"

gen. kenen-kn keiden-kn mink-n continue5 a5 in 5g.

part. ket-n keit-n mit-n

iness. keness-kn keiss-n miss-n '"


kess-n

elat. kenest-kn keist-n mist-n


kest-n

illat. keneen-kn keihin-kn mihinkn


kehen-kn

adess. kenell-kn keill-n mill-n


kell-n

ablat. kenelt-kn keilt-n milt-n


kelt-n

allat. kenelle-kn keille-kn mille-kn


kelle-kn

trans!. keneksi-kn keiksikn miksi-kn

esso kenen-kn kein-n min-n

* The inner locative cases of 'mik-n ' are used as adverbs. (see V-I)

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When to use

1. kukaan, ei kukaan anybody, nobody


to refer to persons, both in the sg. and plo
in questions
in negative statements
as adjectives and nouns

2. mikn, ei mikn anything, nothing


to refer to things~ nom. only in the plo
in questions
in negative statements
as adjectives and nouns

3. the form of the negation verb follows the subject of the sentence

Mit haluat? What do you want?


En mitn. Nothing.

Kenest puhutte? Whom do you talk about?


Emme kenestkn. About nobody.

4. the nom. sg. and plo may be the subject ot the sentence

Meneek kukaan? Is anybody going?


Tulevatko ketkn? Is anybody (pl.) coming?
Mikn ei ole viel valmista. Nothing is ready yet.

5. use any number of -(ka)an/-(k)n forms, but no double negatives

En koskaan tied mistn mitn. 1 never know anything about anything.

Note: Use 'joku, jokin' Rsomebody, something R in an affirmative answer to a question with
'kukaan, mikn'.

Onko kukaan soittanut? Has anybody called?


Joku soitti. Somebody called.

Haluaisitko mitn? Would you like to have anything?


Haluaisin jotain. 1 would like to have something.
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6. inner locative cases used as adverbs of place (see 11-Q) -anywhere, nowhere, somewhere-

Motion to No motion MoHon from

Mihin/minne Pekka meni? Miss on jit? Mist saa kahvia?


Where did Pekka go? Where is some ice? Where can one get coffee?

Menik hn mihinkn/minnekn? Onko jit missn? Saako sit mistn?


Did he go anywhere? ls there ice anywhere? DO you get it anywhere?

Ei mihinkn/minnekn. Ei missn. Ei mistn.


Nowhere. Nowhere. Nowhere.

Hn meni johonkin/jonnekin. No, tytyy olla jossakin. sit tytyy saada jostakin.
He went somewhere. Well, it must be somewhere. You must get it from somewhere.

V-J PARTICLES -kin, -kaan/-kn -also, even-, -not either, not even-

Minkin tulen. 1 1 11 come, too~


Olen kynyt Japanissakin. 1 have visited Japan, too.

Minkn en ~ule. 1 wonlt come either.


Huomennakaan ei ole koulua. Therels no school even tomorrow.

Hn tuleekin huomenna. He comes tomorrow, after alI.


Hn ei tulekaan huomenna. He wonlt come tomorrow, after alI.

How to form

- attach the particle to the word ta which it specifically appIies


- place it after alI other endings

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Wheo to use -kio

1. generally corresponds to "also, too" and can be used interchangably with 'mys'

2. is also used to correspond to "even" in English


Tyttkin tulevat. Even the girls will come.

3. only in affirmative sentences


Osaan suomeakin. I even/also know Finnish.

4. the meaning is closest to "after alI" when attached to a verb

Pekka meneekin heit vastaan After alI, Pekka will go to


lentokentlle. meet them at the airport.

When to use -kaan/-kn

1. generally corresponds to "not either"

2. only in negative sentences

Hnkn ei tule lauantaina. He isntt coming on saturday, either.


Hn~mene Ruotsinkaan. He isntt going to Sweden, either.

3. the meaning is closest to "after alI" when attached to a verb (see * 4 above)
Pekka ei menekn heit vastaan Pekka won't go to meet them at the airport,
lentokentlle. after alI.

Note: To express "neither - nor" use ei eik + -kaan/-kn.


Hn ei tule lauantaina He wontt come on saturday
enkiminkn tule. and neither will L.

enk, etk, eik etc., translates Rand I, you, helshe etc., not"

Enk kerrokaan sinulle. And I wontt tell you.

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UNIT VI
SCENES 5 - 8 Nouns SUbstantiiveja

accessories asuste (5) hair spray lakka (1), scarf, muffler kaula li ina (1),
account tili (6) hiuskiinne (5) huivi (6)
alteration korjaus (32) hair tonic hiusvesi (10) set (hair) kampaus (32)
bag laukku (15) hand ksi (10) setting lotion kampausneste (5)
beard parta (1) hat hattu (15) shampoo pesuaine (15)(tukan)
belt vy (17) junior (in size) teini (6)
blouse pusero (16) teenager shampoo (wash) pesu (15)
boot saapas (30) lining vuori (9) shirt paita (1)
button nappi (6) lost and found lyttavara- shoe kenk (2)
cash kteinen (25) (bureau of) toimisto (15) sideburns pulisongit (6) plo
cashier kassa (1), manicure manikyyri (6) size koko (15), numero (16)
kassaneiti (6) material, cloth kangas (30) ski boots hiihtokengt (2) plo
cap lakki (6) mirror pei li (6) ski outfU hiihtopuku (15)
charge card luottokortti (6) mitten lapanen (25), sock sukka (2)
client asiakas (30) rukkanen (25) sport urheilu (15)
clothing vaate (5) nylon nailon (6) stocking sukka (2)
coat takki (6) outfit asu (15) suit puku (15)
collar kaulus (32) overcoat pllystakki (6) sweater villapaita (1),
color vri (6) pants housut (15) pl. (cardigan) villatakki (6)
comb kampa (1) pantyhose sukkahousut (15) synthetic tekokui tu (15)
conditioner hoitoaine (5) parting (hair) jakaus (32) fiber
cotton puuvilla (1), permanent, [>erm permanentti (6) taxi stand taksiasema (2)
pumpuli (7) pocket tasku (15) taxi operator taksi keskus (32)
cut leikkaus (32) poplin coat popliinitakki (6) tie solmio (16)
dress leninki (6) quality laatu (15) toupee hiusliske (5),
fitting sovitus (32) raincoat sadetakki (6) hiuslis (2)
fur coat turkki (6) razor parranajokone (5), trousers housut (15) pl.
gift lahja (1) partakone (5) trouser waist housunkaulus (32)
glove ksine (5), receipt kuitti (6) two-piece suit kvelypuku (15)
hansikas (30) rinse huuhtelu (15) underweac alusvaatteet (5) plo
hair hius, hiukset(32,) rubber boots kumisaappaat (30) wig peruukki (6)
tukka (2), sale ale (2)**, windbreaker tuulitakki (6)
karva (1)* alennusmyynti (6) winter coat talvitakki (15)
hair brush hiusharja (1) salesperson myyj (2) wool villa (l)
hair cream hiusvoide (5)
hairdresser kampaaja (3)

* animal hair and human hair except hair of head ** ale, -n, -a, -en, -ja, -issa, -iden, -itten
VI-l

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Verbs
- -- Verbej

comb kammata (18) lengthen pident ( 3) pay maksaa (1)


complain vali. ttaa ( 2) make bigger, suurentaa ( 3 ) shave ajaa (1) parta
cost maksaa (1) enlarge shorten lyhent ( 3)
cut leikata (18 ) make narrower kaventaa ( 3) try on sovittaa ( 2) ,
have cut leikkauttaa ( 2) make smaller, pienent ( 3) koettaa ( 2)
fit sopia ( 7 ) reduce trim tasoittaa ( 2 )
hurry pit kiirett ( 2) , order tilata (18 ) (make even)
kiirehti ( 7 ) (subscribe)

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

bald kalju (15) grayish harmahtava (3) striped raidallinen (25)


brownish ruskehtava (3) loose vlj (2) such semmonen (25) colloq.,
clear selv (2) narrow kapea (20) kind of sellainen (25)
cheap halpa (1), plaid ruudull inen (25) tight ti. ukka (1)
huokea (20) shorter lyhyempi (14) wide leve (20)
expensive kallis (30)

Adverbs and others Adverbeja ja muita apusanoja

at once het i from back, takaa closest to lhinn (+ part. )


I
(right away)
I from behind I
in front (gen. +) edest
edess
eteen

Pronouns Pronomineja

a certain ers (30), either one jompikumpi (14) several usea (20)
muuan (undecl.) every jokainen (25), which of kumpi (14)
a few muutama (3) joka (undecl.) the two
both molemmat (14), few harva (1) other muu (18),
kumpikin many moni (9) toinen (25)

VI-2

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SCENES 5 - 6
Kampaamo ja parturi A beauty salon and a barbershop

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Min olen rouva Seppl. M oon A. 1 am Mrs. Seppl.
Minulla on varattu aika kello Mullon varattu 1 have an appointment at
kymmeneksi. kymmeneks. 10 o'clock.

B. Mit rouvalle tulisi? tulis B. What will you have?

A. Haluaisin pesun ja kampauksen. M haluaisin A. 1 woud like to get a shampoo and set.

2. jakso Sequence 2
c. Neiti, haluaisin leikkauttaa .m haluaisin C. Miss, 1 would like to have my
tukkani. . hair cut.

B. Kuinka lyhyeksi leikataan? Miten lyhyeks. B. How short shall we cut it?

C. Ei kovin lyhyeksi. Mieluummin


vain tasoitetaan vhn takaa
.. C. Not very short. Rather.
just trim the back and sides
ja sivuilta. . a little.

3. jakso Sequence 3
B. Kytetnk kampausnestett? Kytetnks B. Shall we use aome setting lotion?

A. Kyll, mutta ei lakkaa. Joo, muttei A. Yes, but no hair spray.

4. jakso Sequence 4
B. Tss olisi ksipeili. Tssolis B. Here ia a hand mirror.
Herra on hyv ja katsoo. . Please, take alook.

c. Sep nytt hyvlt:


Mutta otetaan viel lyhyemmksi
lyhyemmks.. C. That really looks good:
But let's have it a bit shorter
takaa. . in the back.

VI-3

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Act out scenes 5 and 6, using the given variations.

Sequence l

~ ~
leikkauksen. cut.
vrihuuhtelun. color rinse.
Haluaisin pesun. I would like to get a shampoo.
permanentin. permanent.
. manikyyrin. manicure.

Sequence 2
partani. beard
Haluaisin tasoituttaa hiukseni. I would like to have my hair trimmed.
1
pulisonkini.
{
sideburns

Sequence 3

~
hoitoainetta? condH ioner?

~
Kytetnk kampausnestett? Shall we use some setting lotion?
lakkaa? ha ir spray?
hiusvoidetta? hair cream?
hiusvett? hai.r tonic?

----------------------~-------------------------------
--------------------------------------------
Sequence 4

takaa. in back.
Se on liian pitk edest. It's too long in front.
{
si vuilta. 1 at the sides.

kampoja.
Meill on hyvi p~ruukkeja. We have some
1 hiusharjoja.

Kytttek jakausta?

VI-4

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SCENE 7
Taksin tilaaminen Ordering a taxi

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Miss lhin taksiasema on? Misson . A. Where is the nearest taxi stand?


...
B. Meit lhinn on Kauppahallin B. Closest to us is the Kauppahalli
taksiasema. Sen puhelinnumero taxi stand. Its phone number
on 651 434. is 651 434.

6. jakso Sequence 6
C. Taksikeskus. . C. Taxi operator.

A. Tll puhuu rouva Smith.


Saisinko taksin tnne Amerikan
.
Saisinks m
A. This is Mrs. Smith speaking.
Could I get a taxi here at the
lhetystn, Itinen Puistotie
14 A?
. American embassy, Itinen
puistotie 14 A?

C. Tulee heti. C. It will come right away.

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. piv. Stockmannille, olkaa hyv,
ja pitk kiirett:

.. A. Hello. To Stockmann's, please,
and hurry:

C. No, miks nyt semmoinen kiire on? semmonen C. Well, what's the hurry?

A. Siell alkaa suuri alennusmyynti


yhekslt
. A. A big sale starts there at nine.
yhdekslt.

C. Kummalie puolelle ajetaan, . C. To which side shall we drive--


Mannerheimintien vai Keskuskadun
puolelle?

.
.
to Mannerheimintie or Keskuskatu
side?

A. Jommallekummalle. . A. Either one.

C. Selv on. . C~ Right you are.

VI-5

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READING

Ote Helsingin puhelinluettelosta:

Taxi stands

HELSINGIN TAKSIUTOASEMAT
Auto tilataan soittamalla asianomaiselle autoasemalle. Jos autoasema ei vastaa, soi{1o siirtyy lhimmlle asemalle.
miss on autoja tai taksikeskukseen. Taksikeskus vlitt radioteitse tilauk!:cn vapaana olevalle autolle.

You can ordera taxi by calling the taxi stand of your choice. If there is no answer your call
18 tr~nsferred to the~earest stand' with available taxis or to the taxi ~enter. Th~ taxi center
will transmit the order to the availabletaxi by radio.

Kaupungin.keskusta ja etelosat:

The city center and the Southern sections:


Kapt.k.-Teht.k.. . . . . 600044
AJA HYVLL.
Laivurinrinne-F.edr .k. .
Ullank.-Tehl.k. .
. 600566
. 600811 VUOKRAA
TOYOTA STARLET,

tai jokin muu hyrist HERTZ-


ffeiaingi.a 00: 1200 tBbUwtD8 ja hyvl ~
autoista. Kaikki lhtvalmiina ja
i*n kAlamme joka ainoan kadunpitkIn tarviu-. tuliterkunnossa.
KUN TARVITSET AUTOA
Use the above information ln connection with - VUOKRAA HERTZ
sequences 5 and 6.

Negotiate the renting of a car, using the


information on the right.
VI-6
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SCENE 8

stockmannin tavaratalossa At Stockmann's department store

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Anteeksi, miss teill on Anteeks, miss teillon A. Excuse me, where do you have
naisten vaatteita? . womenls clothes?

B. Kolmas kerros oikealla. .. oikeella. B. Third floor on the right

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Onko teill kvelypukuja Onks A. Do you have any ladies '
alennuksessa? alessa? two-piece suits on sale?

C. On kyll muutamia, tll Kyll meillon C. Yes, we have a few, here at the
takkiosastolla. Mit kokoa? kokoa coat department. What size?

A. En ole varma. Mik vastaisi M en 00 varma A. 1 1 m not sure. What would correspond
amerikkalaista kokoa 10? Mik vastais kokoo to the American size 10?

C. Rouvan olisi paras sovittaa Rouvan olis C. It would be best (for madam) to try
sek kokoa 36 ett 38. kolkytkuus ett kolkyt on both the size -36 and -38.
kaheksan

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Mit kangasta tm ruskea on? t ruskee A. What material ia this brown one?

C. Se on kotimaista villaa,
oikein hyv laatua.


.
.
C. Itls domestic wool,
very good quality.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Miss sit voi sovittaa? koettaa A. Where can one try it on?

C. Sovitu~huoneet ovat tuolla on C. The fitting rooms are over there


vasemmalla. , . on the left.

VI-7

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Act out sequences 8-10, using these variations.

Miss :~~:~:~ vaatteet ovat? Where are


men' s
women's clothes?

f lasten
urheilu
{ children's
sport

~ :~~::
kenki
Onko teill pukuja alennuksessa? 00 you have on sale?
1 laukkuja { bags

puuvillaa. cotton.
se on villaa. It is wool.

f naiionia.
tekokuitua.
f
nylon.
synthetic fiber.

Mit kokoa/numeroa etsitte? What size are you looking for?

Koot ~izes
Puvut, lenin,git ja puserot Suits, dresses, and blouses
Naisten amerikkalaiset koot 8 10 12 14 16 Women's American sizes
suomalaiset 38 40 42 44 46 Finnish

Teinikoot, amerikkalaiset 7 9 11 13 15 Junior Miss sizes, American


suomalaiset 34 36 38 40 42 Finnish

Naisten kengt Women's shoes


Amerikkalai set koot 5 6 7 8 9 American sizes
Suomalaiset 35 36 37 38 39 Finnish

Puvut ja takit Suita and coats


Miesten amerikkalaiset koot 36 38 40 42 44 Men's American sizes
suomalaiset 46 48 50 52 54 Finnish

Paidat Shirts
Miesten amerikkalaiset koot 15 15 16 16 17 Men's American sizes
suomalaiset 38 39 40 41 42 Finnish

Miesten kengt Ken's shoes


Amerikkalaiset koot 8 9 10 11 12 American sizes
Suomalaiset 40 41 42 43 44 Finnish
VI-8
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SCENE 8

12. jakso Sequence 12


A. Tm tuntuu oikein mukavalta, T A. This feels very good,
mutta hame on liian pitk. . but the skirt is too long.

C. Niin, se istuu hyvin, ja c. Yes, it fits well, and the skirt


hame voidaan aina lyhent. can always be shortened.

13. jakso Sequence 13


A. Min otan tmn. Kauanko M tn. Kauanks A. I'll take this. How long does the
korjaus kest? alteration take?

C. Voimme tehd sen ensi Me voidaan tehd se C. We can make it for next
maanantaiksi. ens maanantaiks. Monday.

14. jakso Sequence 14


A. Mihin tm maksetaan? Mihis t A. Where does one pay for this?

C. Rouva on hyv ja maksaa


kassaan. Kassa numero 5.

.. C. Please, pay the cashier.
Cash register nurnber 5.

D. Maksatteko kteisell Maksatteks te D. (Do you pay with)


vai luottokortilla? - . cash or charge?

A. Kteisell. Minulla ei Mullei 00 A. Cash. I don't have a charge


ole viel tili tll. . account here yet.

VI-9

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Act out sequence 12, using the following variations.
Nyt Maxista kaikki tuotteet

LUOTTOKORTILLA
Mys elintarvikkeet ja tekstiilit.
lyhent? Lukuunottamatta keskiolutta.
pident? tupakkaa ja autoja.
Voiko tt hametta ottaa sisn?
Voidaanko kaventaa?
suurentaa?
pienent?
UUTUUKSIA
SAAPUNUT:
shortened?
lenghtened?
TALVIPOPLARIT
Can this skirt be taken in? ALK.298.-
made narrower?
made bigger?
made smaller? Lasten
talvisaappaat
viirit punainen
ja ruskea
koot 25-30
kaulus . leve.
Tm hame on liian tiukka. Miesten
{ vuori { vlj. talvikengt
housunkaulus tiukka. vrit musta
ja ruskea
collar wide.
This skirt is too tight.
{ lining { loose.
trouser waist tight.

VI-lO
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USEFUL INFORMATION

Act the role of a client and


study the bill below in detail.
Make up sorne comments and
questions about it.

Lasku Bill Study the picture below


and explain the joke.
pesu 5.80 shampoo 5.80
leikkaus 23.50 cut 23.50
kampaus neste 5.40 sett ing lotion 5.40
kampaus 24.00 set 24.00
fnauskampaus 22.00 blow drying 22.00
,"
yhteens 80.70 total 80.70

Take roles and call the beauty school below.


Ask about different services and make an
appointment.

SlJORlTAMME orPIU\STYNK
SUOMEN KASVmlOITOA G5-H1EnONTAA
KOSMETOI,OGI KKSlIlOlTOA
JALKAIIOITOA
MAKE-UPIA
YM.

KOULU Mnurlnknlu 2 . puh. 655942


'-VUOTINEN AMMATTI OPPILAITOS I\Ionlllou9 puh. 655911

VI-ll

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In this picture, you can find various ways of asking where one can buy -herb butter.-
Act out these scenes, substitutin9 for -herb butter- with the word of your choice.
Pay attention to the difference in style.

VI-12
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STOCKMANNIN OSASTOT

You are taking your friend to Stockmann's. He wouldlike to buy shaving eream, a new shirt,
swimming trunks, and aome fish. Explain to hirn in Finnish to which floors he would have to go and in
whieh departments he would find the above items. continue looking for other items this way.

8. kerros 8. floor 4. kerros 4. f loor

Kampaamo, kauneus- Hairdresser, beauty Kodinkoneet Home applianees


hoitola ja solarium salon, and solarium Kodinkoristeet Home deeorations
Ravintola Restaurant Kylpyhuone- ja Bath shop and
(WC, yleispuhelin) (restrooms, saunatavarat sauna shop
public phone) Lasi, posliini Glass, ehina
Lelut Toys
7. kerros 7. floor Matkalaukut Suiteases
Matkatoimisto Travel agency
Lyttavaratoimisto Lost and found Nyttelyhall i Exhibition hall
Turk issilytys Fur storage Taideteoll isuus Art and design
Taloustavarat ja Housewares and
5. kerros 5. f loor teksti ilit textiles
Valitukset Complaints
Huonekalut ja vuode- Furni.ture and WC naiset Women's lounge
vaatteet bedding (vaatenaulakko) (cloakroom)
Matot, muovit, sisus- Carpets, plasties,
tuskankaat, tapetit upholstery fabries, 3. kerros 3. floor
wallpaper
Ostos- ja tarjous- Catalog and sales Kahvio Coffee shop
palvelu service Lasten vaatetus Children's clothing
TV, radio ja stereo~ ja kengt, and shoes, infants
studio vauvatarvikkeet and layettes
Vaihtokassa Cash offiee Naisten vaatetus Womenls elothing
Valaisimet Lamps and shades ja kengt and shoes
Vientipalvelu Customer serviee WC naiset Womenls lounge
(for exports) (yleispuhelin, (publie phone,
WC miehet Men's room kampaamo, kahvila) hairdresser, eafeteria)

VI-13

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STOCKMANNIN OSASTOT

2. kerros 2. floor . 1. kerros 1. floor

Kankaat, langat, Fabrics, wool, Elintarvikkeet Groceries


ksi tyt handcrafts, notions Fanfaari-baari Fanfare bar
Kennel-shop Pet shop Foto Photography
Lahjakortit Gift certificates Karamelli Candy
Luottopalvelu Credit office Levyt, kasetit/Melodia Records, cassettes
Miesten pukimet, Men's wear, Korut Jewelry
ulkoiluvaatteet sportswear Kosmeti ikka Cosmetics
Ompelukoneet Sewing machines Kukkamyynti Flower shop
Puutarhatarvik- Gardening, Kulta, hopea, kellot Gold, silver, watches
keet, maalit paints Ksilaukut, piennahka- Handbags, small leather
Ratsastus-shop Riding shop tavara goods
Rauta, auto- Hardware, car Matkamuistot Souvenirs
tarvikkeet accessories Miesten asusteet ja Men's accessories
Urheilu Sports ranta vaatteet and beach wear
Vaihto kassa Cash office Naisten asusteet Women's accessories
Veikkaus Betting Optikko/lnstru-Optiikka Optician
psyliput Tickets Lehdet Newspapers and magazines
Postilaatikko Mailbox Tupakka ja paperi Tobacco and stationery
Rahanvalhto Excpange office (informaatio, puhelin, (lnformation, telephone,
Yle i spuhe li n Publie phone kahvila) cafe)
Suutari Shoe repair
Avainpalvelu Key shop Mannerheimintie 1 (separate entrance)
Miss 17
Natura (health food)
Haavi (fish shop)

Akateeminen kirjakauppa Academic bookshop


Paperitarvikkeet Stationery

VI-14
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COMPLAINTS AND EXCHANGES

Valitus ja vaihto

hitaasta palvelusta. the slow service.


Haluan valittaa

Haluaisin palauttaa
l
viallisesta koneesta.
huonosta laadusta.
virheellisest laskusta.

tmn tavaran.
I want to complain about

I would like to
.
.

return t
a faulty appliance.
poor quality.
{ a mistake in the bill.

this item.
1
vaihtaa exchang ~

Tss on kuitti. Here is the receipt.

Take the role of a client and


shop for clothes you need. ~"l-----HATTU ------- TALVI LAKKI
Choose between different colors KAULUS KAULALIINA
and materials. PAITA TALVITAKKI
SOLMIO NAPPI
HIHA K}\SINE
TAKKI SUKKA
VY SAAPAS
HOUSUT
SUKKA
KENK

VI-l5

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Imagine you have just bought yourself a new wardrobe. Describe what you've bought to your friend.
Match the item on the left with the material and quality in the two other columns.

Vaatekappale Kangas Laatu


Item Fabric Quality

talvitakki winter coat sametti velvet lmmin warm


pusero blouse puuvilla cotton raidall inen striped
housut pants villa wool viininpunainen maroon red
hame . skirt polyesteri polyester tummanruskea dark brown
puku dress sekoitekangas mixed fabric painettu printed
hattu hat vakosametti corduroy rypistymtn creaseproof
myssy kniUed hat silkki silk puhdas pure
ksineet gloves nailon nylon korkealuokkainen high quality
alusvaatteet underwear tweed tweed hyvnnkinen good looking,
potkupuku Dr. Denton's nahka leather smart
toppatakki quilted coat toppakangas quilted fabric huoleton sporty
turkishaUu fur hat gabardiini gabardine valkoraitainen white striped
sukat socks, stockings kotimainen domestic
bleiseri blazer pehme soft
sormikkaat knitted gloves pitkhihainen long sleeved
lapaset mittens lyhytlahkeinen short leg
iltapuku eveningdress kevyt light
aamutakki bathrobe vedenpitv waterproof
villatakki cardigan luonnonvalkoinen natural whi.te
sadetakki raincoat hyvnlaatuinen good quali ty
farkut jeans ruudullinen plai.d
maihari US army surplus paksu thick
coat pesunkestv washable
takki jacket, coat kutistumaton nonshrinkable
villapaita sweater yksivrinen plain colored

- Jos mlohonl ei pldll IlIslII lurklslo, nIIn mulslakaa ollA


elle huoli sIIli lokaisin. VI-16
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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. + 2. a) Take notes under the following headings.

Speakers Reason for the call Cantents af the parcel Outcame af the canversatian

b) Explain the contents of texts 1 and 2 in your own words.

3. Listen to the tape and fill in the appropriate information under the following headings.

The item the customer wants What size daes he want1 Price What's on sale1

4. Listen to the tape and write down the following information.

Speakers Where Why they are there


---

5. write down the pasitive and negative adjectives used by the speakers to describe the fabric.

Positive Negative

VI-17

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FUNCTION PRACTICES. Use these situations for conversation.

1. At the hairdresser/barber
with your teacher as the hairdresser/barber, discuss a new hairstyle/hair color
explain what you want done

2. The hairdresser/barber cuts your hair too short


ask to see the owner and make a complaint
ask for a refund
the owner otfers to lend you a wig, etc.

3. Taxi
find out where the nearest taxi stand is
order a taxi to your address
give detailed information about the Ioeation of your street
give your destination
no NOT GIVE A TIP~
4. The taxidriver can't find your destination
apologize tor having given him/her the wrong information
the meter is tieking away 'mittari ky koko ajan,' and you are getting nervous
when s/he finally finds your destination, you think the charge is too high

5. Lost and found department at stockmann's, tel. 12181


call and ask about your lost article
be speeific when deseribing your article

6. You hava picked up the wrong parcel at stockmann's


bring it back and exehange it for the right one
you have ta wait tor a long time; express your annoyance

7. Bring back an item which daes not fit


ask for your money back
the salesperson offers to take the item back, and explains that you ean't have your money
back, but that yo~ can buy something else tor the same value
argue about it:

VI-la
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READING

Hyv palvaa. Olen Ville Kotilainen, ja minulla on aika kello kymmeneksi tukan-
leikkausta varten.
- Mutta herrahan on puoli tuntia myhss. Nyt teidn tytyy odottaa puoli tuntia.
- Niin, olen pahoillani, en hernnyt hertyskelloni soittoon ja nukuin liian myhn.

- Nyt on teidn vuoronne, herra Kotilainen. Mill tavalla te haluatte tukkanne leikattavan?
- Haluaisin, ett tukkani pestn ja sitten ohennetaan joka puolelta mutta jtetn
takaa pitemmksi. Kuivataan fnaamalla.
- Hyv on.

- No, milt tm nytt?


- Sehn on aivan eptasainen.
- No, tasoitetaan tlt niskasta. Sopiiko tm?
- Mutta, hyvnen aika, minhn olen aivan kalju~
- Olen pahoillani, mutta te olette ensimminen asiakkaan!. Meill on tll
oikein hienoja hiuslisi herralle.
- En halua mitn hiuslisi vaan rahani takaisin~ Miss omistaja on?
Haluan tehd teist valituksen, ja samalla olette menettnyt yhden asiakkaistanne~

- Kyll teidn on Parturissa


lopetettava Parturi oli saanut tyns
politikoiminen valmiiksi ja piteli
asiakkaiden kanssa, niskapeili asiakkaan pn
Huttunen. takana.
- Onko nin hyv?
- Muuten kyll, mutta niskasta
saisi jtt hieman pitemmksi.

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UNIT VI
STRUCTURAL NOTES

VI-A PRESENT PASSIVE VOICB

1. Valuuttaa vaihdetaan tuossa kioskissa. Currency is exchanged at that kiosk.


Mihin aikaan tarjoillaan lounasta? At what time ~ lunch served?
Perill viivytn viikko. One stays at the destination for a week.

2. Mennn vain~ Let's 90:


otetaan viel lyhyemmksi. Let's have it a bit shorter at the back.

3. Me vain ei itse polteta. We just don't smoke ourselves.


Me voidaan tehd se ensi maanantaiksi. We can make it for next Monday.

How to forrn

passi ve marker ia -t-rv -d- or -tt-f'J -t-


note that -d- will assimilate with -1-, -r-, or -n- (see III-G, IV-E)
only one personai ending, -Vn, is used
use the weak grade of consonant gradation (when applicable)

a) 1 infinitive ends in -da/-d, assimilated -la/-l, -na/n, -ra/-r, or -t-a/-t-


add the personai ending -an/-n ta the 1 infinitive in the affirmative
use the 1 infinitive as such in the negative

1 info juo-da ol-la men-n pur-ra tavat-a


passive juo-da-an ol-la-an men-n-n pur-ra-an tavat-a-an
ei juo-da ei ol-la ei men-n ei pur-ra ei tavat-a

b) 1 infinitive ends in two different vowels


remove -n from the 1st person present (which gives you the weak grade)
add -taan/-tn in the affirmative
in the negative, remove the passive personal ending -Vn from the affirmative form

1 info oppi-a luke-a tunte-a viihty-


1st person sg. opi-n lue-n tunne-n vilhdy-n
passive opi-taan lue-taan tunne-taan viihdy-tn
ei opi-ta ei lue-ta ei tunne-ta ei vilhdy-t

VI-20
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c) 1 infinitive ends in -a-a/~-, i.e., the stern of the verb ends in -a-/--

remove -n from the 1st person sg. present and ehange the final vowel to -e-
add -taan/-tn in the affirmative
in the negative, remove the passive personaI ending -Vn from this affirmative
present passive form

1 info ymmrt- otta-a pyyt-


1st person S9 ymmrr!-n ota-n pyyd!-n
passive ymmrr~-tn ote-taan pyyd~-tn
ei ymmrre-t ei ote-ta ei pyyde-t

Note: Generally, the objeet of the sentenee or a loeative or adverbial phrase is plaeed at the
beginning of a passive sentenee.

Valuuttaa vaihdetaan tuossa pankissa. Money is exehanged at that bank.


Ruotsissa puhutaan ruotsia. Swedish is spoken in Sweden.
Sit ei kirjoiteta kahdella m:ll. It is not written with two m's.

the affirmative total objeet is in the nom./aee. for nouns or the aee. for personal pronouns

Tukka leikataan lyhyeksi. Hair will be eut short.


Hnet leikataan huomenna. He will be operated on tomorrow.

When to use

1. the passive is used


like the English passive with transitive verbs when the agent is indefinite and
not expressed

Lehti jaetaan huomenna. The paper will be delivered tomorrow.

unlike in English, the passive is also used with intransitive verbs


when the sUbjeet is indefinite and not expressed (one, they, people)

Tnn ollaan kotona. One stays at home today.

unlike io Eoglish, do not use the passive when the agent is expressed -by somebody,-
(see XII-B)
VI-21

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2. the present passive form also has the meaning Wlet's do X,w but
only at the beginning of a sentenee (see 1st person plo imperative in high style, XIV-G)

Mennn nyt kotiin: Let's go home now:


Ei menn viel kotiin~ Let's not go home yet~

Compare: Nyt mennn kotiin. NoW one goes/we go home.

3. in eolloquial speeeh, the passive ean be used with 'me' as a 1st person plo

Me mennn kotiin = Me menemme kotiin. We'll go home.


Me ei menn kotiin = Me emme mene kotiin. We won't go home.
Me mentiin kotiin = Me menimme kotiin. we went home.

VI-8 PLURAL QF NOMINALS

puut ovat vihret. The trees are green.


- etsivt poikla.
Tyt~
-
The girls were looklng for the boys.
Lasten ohjelma oli oikein hyv. The ehildren's program was very good.

How to form

the plural marker is tfor nominative and nom./aee. (for total objeet)
-1- for alI the other eases
-1- beeomes -j- between two vowels, i.e., ln the eonsonant position
at the beginning of a syllable
the plural marker -t is attaehed to the gen. sg. stern ln the nominative
for other cases, see the chart below

Note: Here are some hints to help your memory eoneerning consonant gradation in the pj.ural:

the strong grade in all plo forms for alI words ending in -e
osoite osoitteet osoit teiden
the strong grade in all plo forms for alI words ending in a consonant,
exeept in some gen. plo forms
tytr tyttret tyttrien
tytrten
VI-22

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Changes for plural stems before the marker -i-

depend on the nom. sg. (for type numbers, refer to the eNo, App. 111)
1. two-syllable words ending in -o/-, -u/-y
no change in the stern before -i- (type 15)

nom. sg. nom. plo gen. plo part. plo iness. plo illat. plo
(gen. stern + -t)

tytt tyt-t tytt-j-en tytt-j tyt-i-ss tytt-i-hin


talo talo-t talo-j-en talo-j-a talo-i-ssa talo-i-hin
koulu koulu-t koulu-j-en koulu-j-a kou-lu-i-ssa koulu-i-hin
syksy syksy-t syksy-j-en syksy-j- syksy-i-ss syksy-i-hin

2. two-syllable woeds ending in -a with -e , -i, or -a in the first syllable


change the last vowel -a- to -0- (type 1)

kala kala-t kal.2,-j-en kal.2.-j-a kalo-i-ssa kalo-i-hin


herra herra-t herro-j-en herro-j-a herro-i-ssa herro-i-hin
kirja kirja-t kirjo-j-en kirjo-j-a kirjo-i-ssa kirjo-i-hin

3. all two-syllable words ending in -, and those ending in -a with -0- or -u- in the
fiest syllable
drop the final vowel (types 2, 3)

pyt pyd-t pyt-i-en pyt-i- pyd-i-ss pyt-i-in


poika poja-t poik-i-en poik-i-a poj-i-ssa poik-i-in
rouva rouva-t rouv-i-en rouv-i-a rouv-i-ssa rouv-i-in

4. words ending in -nen


drop the final vowel of the stern (type 25)

nainen naise-t nais-i-en nais-i-a nais-i-ssa nats-i-tn


suomalainen suomalaise-t suomalais-i-en suornalais-i-a suomalais-t-ssa suomalais-i-in

VI-23

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5. words ending in -t, -as/-s or -is, -e
drop the final consonant (after -e the consonant has already disappeared)
drop the second vowel in the gen. sg. stern (see note below) (types 5, 30, 36)

nom.sg. nom.pl. gen.pl. part.pl. iness.pl. illat.pl.

kevt kev-t kev-i-den kev-i-t kev-i-ss kev-i-siin


kaunis kaunii-t kauni-i-den kauni-i-ta kauni-i-ssa kauni-i-siin
huone huonee-t huone-i-den huone-i-ta huone-i-ssa huone-i-siin

6. monosyllabic words
drop the first vowel of a diphthong (types 17, 18, 19)

tie tie-t te-i-tten/-den te-i-t te-i-ss te-i-hin


vy vy-t v-i-tten/-den v-i-t v-i-ss v-i-hin

Note: The general rule of THREE vowels: if three vowels would be required to come together in an
inflection, drop the first of the three. (see also monosyllabic verbs, IV-B, VII-C)

y-t tie-t kev-t (syn)


*y-i-t *tie-i-t *kev-i-t *(sy-i-n)
-i-t te-i-t kev-i-t ( s-i-n)

7. words ending in -i (see III-J

a) replace final -i- with -e-, except in gen. plo (types 6, 7)

pankki panki-t pankki-en pankk~-j-a pank!:.-i-ssa pankk!:.-i-hin

b) drop final -i- (types 8, 13, 14)

lehti lehde-t leht-i-en leht-i- lehd-i-ss leht-i-in

c) drop final -1- in two-syllable words with both vowel and consonant stems (types 9,
10, 11, 12)

pieni piene-t pien-i-en pien-i- pien-i-ss pien-i-in


pien-ten
lapsi lapse-t laps-i-en laps-i-a laps-i-ssa laps-i-in
las-ten
* hypothetical form VI-24
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8. words ending in -si (type 10)

vesi vede-t ves-i-en ves-i- ves-i-ss ves-i-in


vet-ten
9. mies (type 35)

mies miehe-t mieh-i-en mieh-i- mieh-i-ss mieh-i-in


mies-ten

VI-C GENITIVE PLURAL

Poikien autot ovat halpoja. The boysl cars are cheap.


Maiden nimet ovat hankalia muistaa. The names of countries are hard to remember.
Maitten nimet ovat hankalia muistaa.

Perunain hinnat ovat kohtuullisia. The price of potatoes is reasonable.


Yhdysvaltain suurlhetyst. The embassy of the United States.
Yhdysvaltojen suurlhetyst.

Lasten kirjat ovat hauskoja. Childrenls books are fun.


Lapsien kirjat ovat hauskoja.

Dow to form

different word types can have several different gen. plo endings (see also VII-C)
Learn to use one kind of ending actively: The others are given in the CND, App. 111.

Note: Gen. plo is usually -ten, -den/-tten in the words where part. sg. ends in
-ta/-t, -tta/-tt.

Miesten vaatteet ovat kalliita. Men1s clothes are expensive.


Teitten kunto on huonontunut. The condition of the roads has become worse.
Perheiden koko on pienentynyt. Family size has decreased.

VI-25

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VI-D PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN THE PLURAL

Amerikkalaiset ovat aina olleet aktiivisia. Americans have always been active.
Ovatko kaikki oppilaat diplomaattel!? Are alI the students diplomats?
Uutiset eivt en olleet tuoreita. The news were no longer current.

When to use

1. almost always in the part. plo

Suomalaiset ovat yleens vaaleita. The Finns are generally blond.


Kengt ovat kalliita Suomessa. Shoes are expensive in Finland.

2. only when the plo subject is a pair, the predicate noun and adjective are in the nom. plo

(Nm) kengt ovat hyvt. (These) shoes are goode


Sakset ovat tervt. The scissors are sharp.

3. only when the plo subject is alI inclusive, the predicate noun and adjective are in the nom.
p1.

Kaikki puut ovat jo vihret. AlI the trees are already green.

VI-E TRANSLATIVE -ksi/-kse-

1. Vain tulemalla vanhaksi voi el kauan. Only by becoming old can one live long.
Kuinka lyhyeksi leikataan? How short shall we cut it?
Otetaan viel lyhyemmksi. Let's have it a little shorter.

2. Voimme tehd sen maanantaiksi. We can make it for Monday.


Minulla on varattu aika kello kymmeneksi. 1 have an appointment at ten o'clock.

3. Onneksi ei sada. Fortunately it isn't raining.


Mit tm on suomeksi? What's this in Finnish?

4. Luulin hnt lkriksi. 1 thought he was a doctor.

Dow to form

- add -ksi to the gen. sg. stern


- before a possessive suffix, use the form -kse- Hosted for free on livelingua.com
VT-26
When to use

1. generally indicates a change from one state to another with verbs like:
tulla to become something
kasvaa to grow
valita to choose, eleet

Puu kasvoi nin suureksi 20 vuodessa. The tree grew to be this big in 20 years.
Ensimmisen kerran nainen valittiin For the first time, a woman was e1eeted
presidentiksi. president.

2. with time expressions (see V-B)

a) with motion verbs -for a time-

Menen sinne vuodeksi. 1 1 11 go there for a year.


Jn kotiin illaksi. 1 1 11 stay home for the evening.

b) by a eertain time

Se on valmis maanantaiksi. Itlll be ready by Monday.

3. idiomatically

miksi why
siksi thatls why
aluksi to begin with
lopuksi finally
onneksi luckily, fortunately
suureksi hmmstyksekseni to my great surprise

4. with certain verbs


luulla to presume
sanoa to say
kutsua to call

Luulin hnt Pekaksi. 1 mistook hirn for Pekka.


Kutsun hnt maisteriksi. 1 call hirn maisteri.

VI-27

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VI-F SOME ADDITIONAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------~-----
moni/monet (19 eNO) many

Moni ajattelee niin. Many think so.


Monel lhtivt aikaisin. Many people left early.
Kuinka monta viikkoa olet lomalla? How many weeks are you on holiday?

When to use

both in the singular and plural in alI cases

nom. gen. part. illat.

s9 moni monen monta moneen


plo monet monien monia moniin

both as adjective and pronoun


modified nominals and the following verb must agree appropriately
refers to both people and things

paljon much, aIot, many

Saimme paljon omenoita. We received aIot of apples.


Pekka sai paljon syntympivlahjoja. Pekka got aIot of birthday presents.

Note: When 'paljon' refers to masa nouns, use it with the part. 89.

syttek te paljon liha~? 00 you eat much meat?


Minulla on liian paljon tyt. 1 have too much work.

When to use

only as an adverb
always with the partitive in s9. and plo
refers to both people and things (countable nouns)
cannot be used with the subject of the sentence unless it is a Rthere are R expression
(see VI-G)

VI-28
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Compare: Kutsuissa oli paljon ihmisi. There were many people at the party.
Monet tulivat juhliin. Many people came to the party.

kaikki (#8 CNO) alI, everything

Tunsin kaikki vieraat. 1 knew alI the guests.


Kuulin kaiken sen Pekalta. 1 heard alI of that from Pekka.
En tied kaikkea. 1 don't know everything.
Kuulin kaiken Pekalta. 1 heard everything from Pekka.

When to use: both in the sg. and plo in alI cases

nom. gen. part. iness. illat.

sg. kaikki kaiken kaikkea kaikessa kaikkeen


plo kaikki/kaiket kaikkien kaikkia kaikissa kaikkiin

in the 5g. and plo nom., when used without a modifier, the meaning is "everything"
both as adjective and pronoun
modified nominals and the following verb must agree appropriately

muutama/muutamat (#3 CNO) a few

Meille tulee muutamia ystvi. We are having a few friendS coming over.
Muutamassa viikossa se on valmis. It'll be ready in a few weeks.
Muutamat ovat sit mielt. A few are of that opinion

.When to U5e

both in the sg. and plo in alI cases


both as adjective and pronoun
modified nominals and the following verb must agree appropriately

VI-29

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usea/useat (i20 CND) several

olin Englannissa useita vuosia. 1 spent several years in England.


Hn viipyi siell usean viikon. He stayed there for several weeks.
siell useat puhuivat suomea. Several people there spoke Finnish.

When ta use: the same as 'muutama/muutamat'

ers/ert ('30 CND) a, a certain, one of

Ers mies kveli Jerusalemista Jerikkoon. A certain man walked from Jerusalem to
Jericho.
Ern pivn one day

When ta use

both in the singular and plural in alI cases


mainly as an adjective
modified nominals and the verb agree must agree appropriately

This is an empty space. Fill it with your own material, as you wish.

VI-3D
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VI-G HOW TO EXPRESS -there are-
How to form

the subject is always in the part. plo


the verb 'olla' is in the singular
most often occurs with inverted word order
begin with a locative case, adverb, or question word

How to ask -are there- How to answer -there are-

Oliko kirjeess hyVi uutisia? Kyll, siin oli hyVi uutisia.


Was there good news in the letter? Yes, (in it) there was good news.

Mit uutisia oli kirjeess? Kirjeess oli uutisia kotoa.


what news was there in the letter? 1n the letter there was news from home.

Eik Suomessa ole jkarhu~? Suomessa ei ole jkarhu~.


Aren't there any polar bears in Finland? ln Finland there are no polar bears.

-There are things- How to continue talking about -the things-

Kadulla on auto~. Auto! ovat pieni.


There are ,cars on the street. The cars are samli.

Kirjeess oli hyvi uutisia. uutiset olivat kotoa.


There was good news in the letter. The news was from home.

Kutsuissa oli paljon suomalaisia. Monet puhuivat englantia.


There were many Finns at the party. Many spoke English.

VI-31

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VI-H SOME DERIVATIONAL NOTES

Haluatteko maistaa uusia perunoita? Do you want to taste new potatoes?


Ruoka maistuu hyvlt. The food tastes goode

Lapsi sy. The ehild is eating.


iti sytt lasta. Mother is feeding the ehild.

Parturi leikkaa tukan. The barber is cutting the hair.


Asiakas leikkauttaa tukkansa (parturilla). The eustomer has his hair eut.

How to form new words

- derivatives can be attached to the 1st person present sg. stern of a verb or
to some other form of a root word
-ta-/-t- or -tta-/-tt- to make transitive verbs (does get an objeet)
to make eausative verbs (to initiate an activity)
-utta-/-ytt- to make causative verbs (to have something done) (see App. 1)

1. intransitive transitive intrans. trans.

maistua (8)* maistaa (1) muistua ( 8) muistaa ( 2)


to taste to taste to eome to mind to remember

unohtua (8) unohtaa ( 2) nky ( 8) nytt ( 2)


to be forgotten to forget to be visible to show

kyd ( 11) kytt ( 2) nukkua ( 8) nukuttaa ( 2)


to visit to use to sleep to make somebody fal1 asleep

2. trans. causat. trans. eausat.

syd (10) sytt (2) muistaa (2 ) muistuttaa (2 )


to eat to feed to remember to remind

maksaa (1) maksattaa ( 2) juoda (10 ) juottaa ( 2)


to pay, eost to make someone pay to drink to have somebody drink

* eTY, App. II!


* in VI-32
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UNIT VII
SCENES 9 - 12

Nouns Substantii veja

accelerator kaasutin (23) cucumber (lava)kurkku (15) money order posti-


aerogram ilmakirje (5) dairy meijeri (7) osoitus (32)
a irma il lentoposti (6) direction suunta (3) motor, engine moottori (7)
air pressure ilmanpaine (5) dispatch (mail) lhetys (32) mushroom sieni (8)
apple omena (4) dri ver kuljettaja (3) oil ljy (15)
banana banaani (7) (commercial) orange appelsiini (6)
battery (wet) akku (15) entranee rappu (15) parcel paketti (6)
bean papu (15) express letter pikakirje (5) parking parkkeeraus (32),
berry nar ja (1) fault vika (1) paikoitus (32)
black currant mustaviinimarja fee (eharge, maksu (15) parsley pe r s il j a (4)
bluebercy mustikka (4) eost) pea herne (5)
bologna teemakkara (4) full/whole milk kulutusmaito (15) peach persikka (4)
break(s) jarru (15) frankfurter nakki (6) pear pryn (4)
bunch (of) nippu (15) fruit hedelm (3) penny penni (6)
bus ticket bussilippu (15) gasoline bensiini (6) perch ahven (22)
card kortti (6) gas station bensa-asema (3) piece pala (1)
carrot porkkana (4) generator generaattori (7) pike hauki (8)
carton gram gramma (1) plum luumu (15)
(of liquid) tlkki (6) ham kinkku (15) product tuote (5)
(of solid) pakkaus (32) jumper cables apukaapelit (7) radiator jhdytin (23)
caulif lower kukkakaali (6) kind, species laji (6) (ear)
cherry kirsikka (4) kilogram kilo (15) raspberry vadelma (3)
C.O.D. postiennakko (16) letter kirje (5) sausage makkara(4)
cold cut(s) leikkele (5) lingonbercy puolukka (4) seleetion valikoima (3)
conductor rahasta ja (3) liter litra (1) self-serviee itsepalvelu (15)
cooler (car) jhdytin (23) 1/10 of a liter desilitra (1) serviee huoltamo (15),
cottage raejuusto (15) low-fat milk kevytma Ho (15) huoltoasema (3)
cheese mark (money) markka (l) supermarket valinta-
cranberry karpalo (16) market place tori (6) myyml (4)
grape viiniryple (5) meat liha (1) stop (bus) pyskki (7)
grapefruit greippi (6) meter, gauge mittari (7) strawberry mansikka (4)
tank tankki (6)
tire, ring rengas (30)

VII-l

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Nouns, cont'd Substantiiveja

towtruck hinausauto (15) tune-up mraikais- whitefish siika (1)


transfer ticket siirtolippu (15) huolto (15) windshield tuuli.lasi (6)
trout taimen (22) turn vuoro (15) wiper pyyhin (23)
tune-up yleis- vegetable vi hannes (32)
tarkastus (32) whipping cream kuohukerma (1)

Verbs Verbej

ali.ght, nousta (15) fill (the tank) tankata (18) start kynnist (2) tr.,
get up remain, stay jd (9) intr. (a car) saada kyntiin (9),
check, tarkastaa (2) behind panna kyntiin (13)
inspect run (car) kyd (11) intr. stop pysytt (2) tr.
do, be good kelvata (18) send lhett (2)
enough

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

following, next seuraava (3) home deli vered koti in- non-fat rasvaton (24)
I
fragile srkyv (3)
incoming
kannettu (15)
tuleva (3)
ordinary
registered
tavallinen (25)
kirjattu (15)
insured vakuutettu (15)

Adverbs and others Adverbeja ja muita

less vhenunn under alle Iblown out puhki


I
out of order epkunnossa Ibroken rikki

VII-2
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SCENE 9

Bussissa In the bus

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Kuljettaja~ Meneek tm Meneeks t A. Driver: Does this bus go
bussi Hakaniemen torille? . ta the Hakaniemi market place?

B. Ei mene. Tm menee aivan Ei mee. T menee ihan. B. No, it doesn't. This one goes
eri suuntaan. Tm on T on in a quite different direction.
Munkkivuoren bussi. This is the bus to Munkkivuori.

2. jakso Sequence 2 .
A. pysyttk heti: Kuinka Mites A. stop at once~ How am 1 now going
min nyt psen Hmeentielle? ma to get to Hmeentie?

.
raitsikkaan.
B. Voitte jd pois seuraavalla B. You can get off at the next stop
pyskill ja vaihtaa kympin . and change to streetcar number
raitiovaunuun. ten.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Kuinka usein se kulkee? Mites A. How often does it run?
Kelpaako tm bussi lippu Kelpaaks t Is this bus ticket valid on the
raitiovaunussa? raitsikassa? streetcar?

B. Kahdeksan minuutin vliajoin.


Lippu kelpaa kyll, mutta

Kylse lippu kelpaa, mut
. B. Every eight minutes.
The ticket is valid alI right,
antakaa tm siirtolippu t . but give this transfer ticket to
rahastajalle. . the fare collector.

A. Kiitos, kiitos: Toivottavasti A. Thanks aIot: Let's hope 1 get


nousen oikeaan raitio- m nousen .. on the right streetcar.
vaunuun.

VII-3

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Use sequence 1 with these variations:

raitiovaunu Korkeasaaren laiturille? streetcar Korkeasaari pier?


bussi. Kauppatorille? bus the market place?
Meneek tm { juna Etelsatamaan? Does this { train go to South Harbor?
raitiovaunu Stadionille? steetcar the Stadium?

Use sequence 2 with the se these variations:

Erottajalle? Erottaja? 4 Munkkini.emi


Kuinka min nyt psen Mannerheimintielle? How do I M-tie? 5 Etu-Tl
{ Aleksanterinkadulle? now get to { A-katu? 10 Ruskeasuo
asemalle? the station? 3 Tl.

Substitute the number of the streetcar Ovi. avautuu pyshtymismerkinanto-


in sequence 2 (sentence B) with nappia painamalla.
the f9110wing numbers:

ykknen = numero 1 kuutonen (kutonen) = numero 6

kakkonen 2 seitsikko (seiska) 7

kolmonen 3 kahdeksikko ( kasi) B

nelonen 4 yhdeksikk (ysi) 9

viitonen (vitonen) 5 kymppi " 10

ykkstie route no. l

nelostie = route no. 4

viitostie route no 5

.'

VII-4
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SCENE 10
Kauppahallissa: Lihakoju At the market

M ::; myyj A ::; asiakas s = salesperson C = customer


4. jakso sequence 4
M. Kenen vuoro? Kenes vuoro? s. Who's next7

A. Minun. saisinko Mun. saisinks m. C. 1 am. Could 1 have some


leikkeleit? . cold cuts7

M. Mit lajia? S. What kind?

A. Teemakkaraa, kinkkua ja tuota,


200 grammaa kutakin.
. c. Bologna, ham, and some of that;
200 grams-of each.

Heijerituotteita nairy products

5. jakso sequence 5
A. Kilo munia. Onko tuoretta Onks C. One kilo of eggs. DO you
maalaisleip? Pantaisiin yksi
hapanlimppu. Ja pala tahko-
. have fresh country bread?
1 would take one sour rye loaf.
juustoa. And a piece of swiss cheese.

M. Sopiiko tm pala? se painaa sopiiks t s. Is this piece alI right? It


puoli kiloa. weighs 1/2 a kilogram.

A. Ehk vhn vhemmn. Ja tlkki


kevytmaitoa ja kahden desi-
. C. Perhaps a little less. And a
carton of low-fat milk and a
litran pullo kuohukermaa. . two-desiliter bottle of whipping
cream.

M. saako olla muuta? saaks olla s. Anything else?

A. Kiitos, ei muuta. . C. No, thanks.

VII-5

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Use sequences 4 and 5 with these variations.

grammaa

~
200 teemakkaraa? teet? 200 g bologna? tea?
kilon leikkeleit? juustoa? 1 kg cold cuts? cheese?
Saisinko puoli kiloa lihaa? munia? Could I have 1/2 kg af meat? eggs?

1 puolitoista kiloa
nel jnneskilon
makkaraa?
nakkeja?
sokeria?
kahvia?
1 1/2 kg
1/4 kg
sausage?
franks?
sugar?
coffee?

litran . kevytmaitoa.

l
1 liter low-fat milk.
Haluaisin puoli litraa kulutusmaitoa. I would like 1/2 liter of whale milk.
puolitoista litraa rasvatonta maitoa. to have ) 1 1/2 liters non-fat milk.

suuri maitoa a big

~
milk
pieni tlkki piim a small carton af buttermilk
litran
puolen litran tkefiiri
kermaa

kuohukermaa
a
a
one-liter
half-liter
buttermilk
cream

kahden desilitran tlkki a two-desiliter carton af whipping cream


puolen litran pullo kahvikermaa a half-liter bottle of caffee cream
litran pakkaus jtel a one-liter carton af ice cream

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VII-6
SCENE 10
Kalahallissa At the Helsinki fish market

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. saisinko kaksi kiloa Saisinks m kaks. C. Could 1 have 2 kilograms
tuoreita silakoita? kiloa . of fresh Baltic herring?

M. Rouva on hyv. S. Here you are.

A. Onko teill mateen mti? Onks . C. Do you have sorne turbot roe?

.
s.
M. Valitettavasti ei thn Unfortunately not at this
aikaan vuodesta. . time of year.

Kauppatorilla At the Helsinki open market

7. jakso Sequence 7
M. Uusia perunoita: Uusia S. New potatoes: New potatoes:
perunoita:

A. Minulle puoli kappaa noita Mulle C. For me, half a peck of those
valkoisia ja litra sokeri- . white ones and a liter of
herneit. . snow peas.

M. Pannaanko muita keskeitto- Pannaanks S. Would you like to have some


vihanneksia? . other summer soup vegetables?

A. Joo. Tuo pieni kukkakaali ja C. Ies, that small cauliflower


nippu porkkanoita ja pari lava- and a bunch of carrots and
kurkkua. . a couple of cucumbers.

M. Meill olisi jo metsmansikoita . olis jo S. We already have some wild


strawberries.

A. Nytk jo? No pannaan tuokkonen


nii t.
.. C. Already now? Well, let's have
a basket of them.

VII-7

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Use sequences 6 and 7 with these variations.

~ luumuja? salmon? plums?

~
Saisinko kilon lohta?
ahvenia? perch?
omenoita? apples?
haukea? appelsiineja? Could 1 have pike? oranges?
siikaa? banaaneja? a kilo of whitefish? bananas?
muikkuja? kirsikoita? whitefish? cherries?

~
mar joja. berries.
Haluaisin litran sieni. I'd like mushrooms.
uusia perunoita. a liter of new potatoes.
f sokeriherneit. snow peas.

~ ~
porkkanoita. carrots.
Haluaisin tilli. I'd like dill.
nipun persiljaa. a bunch of parsley.
selleri. celery.

ottaisin viel 1 would also like to take


kimpun kukkia. a bouquet of flowers.

Marjat Marjoja
the berries some berries

mustikka blueberry mustikoita


puolukka Ii ngonbe r ry puolukoita
vadelma raspberry vadelmia
lakka cloudberry lakkoja
karpalo cranberry karpaloita
musta- black currant mustaviini-
viinimarja marjoja
Kauppatori.
on edullinen ruokailupaikka.
Savusilakoita voi ostaa
suoraan veneest.

VII-8
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SCENE 11
Bensa-asemalla At the gas station

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Tankki tyteen~ .................... A. Fill i t up~

B. Minklaista? Millasta B. What kind of (gas)?

A. Ysikakkosta. A. 92 oetane.
Tai odottakaa: Vain kaksi- Vain kakskyt Or wait: Only twenty liters of
kymment litraa ysiysi. .. .. .
. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . 99

9. jakso Sequence 9
B. Tarkastetaanko ljy ja Tarkastetaanks B. Shall we eheek the oil and
. ilmanpaine? air pressure?

A. Kyll, ja pissapojassa ei Joo, .. A. Yes, and there is no water in the


ole vett. 00 .. windshield washer.

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Haloo, voitteko lhett voitteks te A. Hello, eould you send a tow truek?
hinausauton? En saa autoa m en saa. 1 eannot get the ear started.
kyntiin.

B. Vika voi olla akussa. Onko .. Onk s .. B. The problem may be in the battery.
teill apukaapelit? Do you have jumper cables?

A. On, mutta niist ei ollut ............................... A. Yes, but they didn't help. By the
apua. Muuten, paljonko se ............................... way, how much does it eost? How much
maksaa. Paljonko olen Paljonks m oon. do 1 owe you?
velkaa?

VII-9

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I

Use sequences 8, 9, and 10 by substituting for the under1ined words with the fo11owing variations.

Tankki tyteen ysikakkosta. Fill it up with 92 octane.


Viidenkympin edest ysikuutosta. For 50 marks of 95/96 octane.
Kaksikymment litraa ysiysi. Twenty liters of 99 octane.

jhdyttimen vesi? the water in the radiator?


generaattori? the generator?
Tarkastetaanko renkaat? Shall we check the tires?
{ jarrut? { the brakes?
valot? . the lights?

Akussa
Jhdyttimess
Tuulilasin pyyhkimess
lei ole vett. There's no water
in the battery.
~n the radiator.
{ 1n the windshield wiper.

TANKKAA ITSE ITSEPALVELU HUOLTAMO


self-service self-service service station

moottorissa. in the engine.


jarruissa. 1n the brakes.
Vika voi olla valoissa. The problem may be in the lights.
vaihteissa. in the gears.
generaattorissa. in the generator.
kaasuttimessa. 1n the accelerator.

Rengas on puhki. The tire is blown out/flat.


Jarrut ovat rikki/eivt toimi. The brakes are broken/not working.
Valot ovat epkunnossa. The lights are out of order.

VII-lO
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SCENE 12
ppostissa At the post offiee

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Minulla on lentopostikirje
Amerikkaan. Mit tm maksaa?
. A. I have an airmail 1etter to
the States. How much does it eost?
.Mit t

B. se on viel alle 20 grammaa. kakskyt B. It's still under 20 grams.


2 markkaa 40 penni. . 2 marks and 40 pennies.

A. sitten viel kymmenen taval- . A. And also ten ordinary stamps


lista kirjemerkki ja kaksi-
kymment merkki kortteihin.
.
.
and twenty stamps for post eards.

12. jakso Sequenee 12


A. Ja sitten tm paketti. Ja sit t A. And then this parcel.

B. paketteja otetaan vastaan B. parce1s are reeeived at


c-rapussa. pakettitoimisto entranee C. The paree1 offiee
on toinen oikealla. . is the second on the right.

13. jakso Sequenee 13


A. Tss paketissa on srkyv A. This parce1 eontains fragile
tavaraa. . goods.

C. Meneek se kirjattuna vai Meneeks se c. Will it go registered or


tavallisena lhetyksen? regu1ar mail?

A. Vakuutettuna kolmesta sadasta


markasta.
. A. Insured for three hundred marks.

14. jakso Sequence 14


A. Paketissa on lahja. Haluaisin Ma A. There is a gift in the pareel. I
lhett sen kotiinkannettuna. . wou1d like to send it home delivery.

C. Kotiinkantomaksu on kuusi kuus C. The home de1ivery fee is six marks.


markkaa.
VII-11

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POSTIMERKIT TULEVA POSTI LKHTEVX POSTI KIRJATUT LKHETYKSET POSTIOSOITUKSET
stamps Incoming mail Outgoing maU Registered mail Money orders

Use sequences 11 and 12 with these variations.

ilmakirje an airgram
Minulla on kirje Ame rikkaan. 1 have a letter to the States.
{
pikakirje { a special
deli very letter

erikoismerkkej? special
Saisinko tavallisia kirjemerkkej? May 1 have some regular stamps?
{ Punaisen Ristin merkkej? { Red Cross

Ertkoismerkeist
Euroopan ulkopuolelle
1 on lismaksu. There's an extra charge
for special stamps.
outside of Europe.
Pikakirjeest { for special delivery.

vakuutettuna certified
Meneek se kirjattuna lhetyksen? Will it go registered mail?
{ tavallisena { regular

kaavake. form.
Tyttk tm kortti. Fill out this card.
{ lomake. { form.

Use sequence 14, substituting for the underlined words.

postiennakkona. C.O.D.
Haluaisin lhett sen kotiinkannettuna. 1 would Itke to send it home delivery.
{ viisikymmenprosenttisena.
1 special handling.

VII-12
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USEFUL INFORMATION

study the chart. Then take the role of a client, select the right ticket for yourself, your wife, and
children.

HKL:n LIPPUJEN HINNAT ( HKL Helsingin Kaupungin Lii kennel ai tos)

nyt uusi
Kertalippu, aikuiset 4,20 mk 4,60 mk
lapset 1,60 mk 1,70 mk
sarjalippu, aikuiset 38,00 mk 41,00 mk
lapset 8,50 mk 9,00 mk
30 pv lippu, aikuiset 77 ,00 mk 85,00 mk
lapset 26,00 mk 28,00 mk
Vuosi lippu 770,00 mk 850,00 mk

HKL:lla on ensi vuonna 30 pivn lippu mys lapsille, invalideille ja sellaisille elkelisille, jotka
saavat tukilis ja/tai asumistukea. Lapsen ylikraja on 16 vuotta. Vanhat kerta-, sarja- ja
matkailijaliput ovat voimassa 13. 1. 1984 yliikenteen loppuun.
30 pivn liput ovat voimassa leimapivn asti.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilman
kuljettajaa
Kavcruksct olivat Lontoossll ja
.ajoivat ensimmist kertaa kak-
'sikerroksisella bussilla.
Toinen kiipesi ylkc,!ok-
seen, mut
ta tuli sa-
man tien
takaisin.
- Miksi
tulet pois?
toincn ky-
syi.
- Siell
ci ollut
kuljcttajaa.

Mit B siell teet, Isl? Olet sA vlisyny17

VII-13

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Bxplain how you, Kaarloi Liisa,
Marja, Kalle, Anna, Mikko
ja Matti would reach Orava.

1. Etelsatama

2. Erottaja

3. Korkeasaaren laituri

4. stadion

5. Katajanokka

6. Etu-Tl

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This is a list of some Bayleaf - laakerinlehti Ginger - inki vri
spices. use it as you like Caraway - kumina Mace - muskottikukka
according to your own Cayenne - cayennepippuri Marjoram - meirami
imagination. Chervil - kirveli Nutmeg - muskOttiphkin
Chili - espanjanpippuri poppyseed unikonsiemen
Chives - ruohosipuli Rosemary - rosmariini
Clove - neilikka Saffron - sahrami
Coriander - kor ianteri . S~ge - salvia
Cumin - kumina Sesame - seesami
Garlic - valkosipuli Thyme - timjami

Take a role of a customer buying these


products.

Explain the gist of the text on the


left, what it is about, and to whom it
ia addresaed.

VII-15

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I
study the instructions below. Then imagine that you find a 'lappuliisa' meter maid ticketing your
car. Explain that the meter ia malfunctioning, give a detailed account of the hour you fed the meter,
the amount of money, ete.

Paikoitusmittari ~uking meter


1 maksuvyhyke 1 pay zone
15 min. 50 p 15 min. - 50 pennies
30 min. - 1 mk 30 min. - 1 mark
60 min. - 2 mk (enintn) 60 min. -.2 marks (maximum)

Raha-aukko Coin sIat


Toimii vain 50 p:n ja 1 mk:n rahoilla Operates only with coins of 50 pennies and 1 mark

pyskimisohje Parking regulations


Arkipivisin 8 - 17 (8 -15) On weekdays parking is permitted
on pyskinti sallittu vain maksua only for a charge. Meter violation
vastaan. Mittarin vahingoittaminen is punishable by law.
on laillisen edesvastuun uhalla
kielletty.

Puhelinluettelossa keltaisilla sivuilla

.Hinausautoja Tow trucks

Autokorjaamoja Automobile repair shops

Huoltoasemia Automobile serviee


Autohuoltoasemia " "

Autoliikkeit Automobile dealers

Make up a story to go along with


the picture.

VII-16
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POSTI PAKETTI
POsTPAKET
IPAKETTI OSOITE KORTTI PAKETADREssKORT
llh.lIllln nimi 1. pOllioloil. Aillndaren. namn och po.ladren Po.llmorkkoll ml..
f6r IrJmllkon

UhlllIlI
Anlndar
lml 1. po.1l0.01l0
n.mn och p.. ,.dm. Yakuulusarvo
Anranlllrd.
Numoroln",.d .lIlrar IKlrJa)min. lI.d boksllY.r, mk

Vul.. nalllj.n nimi Ad"... lon. n.mn

~akeluolDil Uld.Jnlnglldro..

POSTlNUMIRO JA OSOJHTOIMIPAIKKA POmUMlIlR OCR ADRESSANSTAlT

TI.doa..lolo lIoddol.ndon SiIlIIn Inn.hlll

Paino VIki lIM6Iu,".lon no Tulol Il.lon no


A,gtng"ogl.lrol. nl Ankom.lregl.lrel. nl

L-- j'----- ----'--- ---L- L.- -'

Fill in the offieial


form for sending a pareel.
Note that in Finland
alI offieial forms are
bilingual: Finnish
and Swedish.

Explain the situation


in the eartoon and
what consequences it
has for the people.

VII-17

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COMPREHENSIN EXERCISES

1. Listen to this conversation and mark the box with true or fa1se, as appropriate. T F
1. The coup1e hasn't got enough gas.

2. The tires need checking.

3. The coup1e just passed a gas station.

4. The road is rough.

5~ The wife can't read because her husband's hat is in the way.

6. The hat turns out to be a wig.

2. Listen to the conversation on the tape and write down how the cities figure on the tape.

New York Ba1timore Washington

3. Listen to the conversation on the tape. Try to decide who is ta1king to whom, about what,
and with what resu1ts.

Who Where About what What results

4. Listen to the three conversations again, and then rete11 the whole sequence in your own way.

5. Listen to this short conversation and mark the appropriate box with true or false.
T F
1. The bus goes to the railway station.

2. Bus no. 31 goes to Munkkiniemi.

3. The bus runs every 20 minutes duririg the rush hour.


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VII-18
FUNCTION PRACTICES
Take the role of each person in the following exercises.

1. At a bus stop
ask the driver/fellow passenger what buses/routes and streetcars you have to take to get
to work/to Stockmann's/to the train station, etc.

2. On the wrong bus/train


thebus/train doesn't stop at your stop
go to the driver/fellow passenger to ask for an explanation
he/she says that the bus is an express bus and only stops at certain stops
ask him/her to advise you on how to get back to your own bus stop

3. Do your weekly shopping for


vegetables at the market
groceries at the supermarket
dairy products

4. Exchange
you have bought the wrong product
try to negotiate an exchange

5. At the service station


complain about brakes/lights/the engine boiling over/generator/oil level
ask the service man to check the above points
also ask for a tune-up

6. At the post office


you would like to send a registered/insured/ priority delivery parcel/letter
you would also like to get aorne special stamps--Red Cross, etc.

VII-19

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READING

PQSTI- JA ~ LENNXTINHALLITUS

Ryhmiinjako

Posti lhetykset on jaettu kuljetuksen ja jakelun 2. luokan postia ovat:


suhteen kahteen ryhmn: 1. luokan ja 2. luokan painotuotteet eli lhetykset, jotka on valmis-
postiin. 1. luokan posti kUljetetaan osoitetoimi- tettu painamalla, monistamalla tai valokuvaa-
paikkaan nopeimmalla mahdollisella postinkuljetus- malla. Ksin tai koneellisesti niihin voi olla
vuorolla ja jaetaan ensimmisell postinkantovuo- kirjoitettu yleens vain lhettjn ja vastaan-
rolla. ottajan nimeen ja osoitteeseen liittyvt mer-
kinnt. Painotuotteita ovat esim. kirjat,
Ensimmisen luokan posti sanoma- ja aikakauslehdet, kuvakortit, kutsu-
kortit, painetut kyntikortit, onnittelukortit,
1. luokan postia ovat: adressit, esittelylehtiset, mainoskortit, tava-
- kirjeet ja postikortit raluettelot ja -selosteet. Painotuotteet ovat
pikalhetykset avoimia lhetyksi.
posti- ja postiennakko-osoitukset
useammin kuin kerran viikossa ilmestyvt
sanoma- ja aikakauslehdet ja posti- ja len- Kokouskutsut, kutsukirjeet
ntinhallituksen erikseen mrmt harvemmin
ilmestyvt lehdet (esim. paikallislehdet). Posti painottaa erikoisesti sit, ett kokous-
kutsut ja kutsukirjeet, jotka lhetetn avo-
Toisen luokan posti naisessa kirjekuoressa ja joihin riitt pai-
2. luokan posti voidaan kuljettaa muullakin no tuotteen postimaksu, ovat 2. luokan postia.
kuin nopeimmalla mahdollisella postinkuljetus- Ikvien myhstymisien vlttmiseksi ne tulee
muodolla ja jaetaan yleens saapumispivn postittaa hyviss ajoin.
jlkeisen pivn.
Kutsun perilletuloa voidaan mys jouduttaa l-
hettmll se kirjeen eli maksamalla kirjeen
postimaksu.

VII-20
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UNIT VII
STRUCTURAL NOTES

VII-A PLURAL FORMS OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 'tm, tuo, se' this, that, it

tm this tuo that se it

nom. nm these nuo those ne they (mentioned before)


gen. niden noiden niiden
part. nit noita niit
esso nin noina niin
transl. niksi noiksi niiksi
iness. niss noissa niiss
elat. nist noista niist
illat. nihin noihin niihin
adess. nill noilla niill
ablat. nilt noilta niilt
allat. nille noille niille (for sg. forms, see III-F)

Note: Remember that 'ne' is colloquially used for humans as well as for nonhumans.

VII-B PLURAL FORMS OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 'kuka, mik' who, what, which

s9 plo s9 plo

nom. kuka who ketk mik what mitk


acc. kenet ketk
gen. kenen keiden mink continue as in the sin9ular
part. ket keit mit
esso ken kein min
transl. keneksi keiksi miksi
iness. keness/kess keiss miss
elat. kenest/kest keist mist
illat. keneen/kehen keihin mihin
adess. kenell/kell keill mill
ablat. kenelt/kelt keilt milt
allat. kenelle/kelle keille mille

Note: For the relative pronoun 'joka', see X-E.

VII-2l

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VII-C PLURAL FORMS OF LONGER WORDS

1. Uusia perunoita: New potatoesl

2. Saisinko kilon tuoreita silakoita? Could 1 have a kilo of Eresh 8altie herrings?

3. Torilla on paljon ostajia. There are many buyers at the market.


Siell oli mys opiskelijoita. There were also students there.

4. Torilla oli puutarhureita. There were gardeners at the market.

5. Ostan banaane~. 1 1 11 buy bananas.

How to form

words longer than two syllables may get various plo forms
alI variations are not listed 1n the eNO (whieh enabled us to eut down the number of
model categories from 82 to 38l)
ehoiee of the form depends on style, reg1.onal difEerenees, or personai preEerenee

Letls look at some examples in diEEerent eategoriesl You should aetively master one
form and understand the others.

1. declined both as 3 asema and as *4 Amerikka: peruna potato

nom.sg. gen.pl. part.pl. illat. plo

asema peruna asem/ien perun/ien asemia perunia asemi. 1.n peruniin


lain lain
Amerikka peruna Amerik/oiden perun/oiden Amerik/oita perun/oita Ame ri ko 1.h in perunoi.hi.n
joitten joitten /koja /oja
/kojen /ojen
/kain lain

VII-22
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2. declined as , 4 Amerikka: silakka Balt ie herring

nom.sg. nom.pl. gen.pl. part.pl. illat. plo

silakka silakat silak/oiden silak/oita sUakoihin


loitten Ikoja
Ikojen
Ikain

mustikka blueberry kirsikka cherry


mansikka strawber'ry persikka peach
puolukka lingonberry

3. declined as '3 asema: words ending in -ja/-j: ostaja buyer

ostaja ostajat ostaj/ien ostajia ostajiin


lain
kalastaja fisherman kantaja porter
laulaja singer matkustaja passenger

Note: Words ending in -lija/-lij (derived from frequentative verbs ending in -~) are
declined as Amerikka:

opiskelija opiskeli jat opiskelij/oiden opiskelijoita opiskeli joihin


(opiskella) loitten
lain
lojen

urheU ija sportsman kuuntelija listener


maanvil jel i j farmer katselija onlooker
virkail i ja civilian officer vierail i ja guest

ravintola restaurant (also follows this pattern)

VII-23

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4. declined as 7 ammatti: words ending in -ri: maisteri M.A.

nom.pl. gen.pl. part.pl. illat.pl.

puutarhurit puutarhur/ien puutarhure/ita puutarhureihin


/eiden /ja
/eUten
tohtori doctor
lkri physician/doctor

Note: These forms inflect like group 5. (see belowl insinri engineer
kuvernri governor

5. declined as # 6 pankki: banaani banana

banaanit .banaanien banaaneE banaaneihin

pankki bank
appelsiini orange

6. declined as 20 korkea: words ending in -ea/-e

makeat makei/den makeita makeihin sweet


/tten

pime dark
ruskea brown
vihre green

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. compare * 20: words ending in -ia/-i

asiat asioi/den asioita asioihin matter


/tten
asiain
laU iat latt ioi/den lattioita lattioihin floor
lUen
VIl-24
latt iain
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VII-D ESSIVE -na/-n as, in the capacity of, in the state of being x
1. Lapse~ asuin Suomessa. As a child (when 1 was a child), 1 lived in Finland.
Hn on opettajana Turussa. He is a teacher in Turku.
Meneek se kirjattuna kirjeen? Will it go as a registered letter1

2. Tulen tn iltana. 1'11 come this evening.

3. Sinuna en sanoisi mitn. If 1 were you, 1 wouldn't say anything.

How to form

drop the illati Ve ending -Vn/-seen


add -na/-n, according to vowel harmony, P-7

nom.sg. illat. sg. ess.sg.

poika poika-an poika-na boy


rakas rakkaa-seen rakkaa-na dear
When to use

1. to describe the state or capacity of the subject at the time of the action; translates as
as or sometimes as -ly, but note the difference

Mies si nlkisen. The man was hungry and ate. (state).


Mies si nlkisesti. The man ate hungrily. (manner)

2. in time expressions (see IV-K)

Viime kesn olin lomalla Kreikassa. Last summer 1 was on vacation in Greece.
Lauantaina kaupat ovat auki yhteen asti. On saturday the shops are open tilI one.

3. the English expression if 1 were you jos olisin sin can be expressed by
noun/pron. + essive + a conditional sentence

Sinu~ (Pekkana, hnen) tekisin tyt. If 1 were you (Pekka, hirn) 1 would work.

4. with some verbs

Pidin hnt ulkomaalaisena. 1 thought he/she was a foreigner.


VII-25

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VII-E ABESSIVE -tta/-tt

1. Kirje kannetaan lismaksutta. The letter is carried without extra charge.


Tein sen aivan suotta. 1 did it in vain (idiom).

2. Sanoin sen ajattelematta. 1 said it without thinking.


Hn oli kaksi piv symtt He spent two days without eating
ja juomatta . or drinking.

3. Hn ptti olla menemtt. He decided not to go.

4. En voi olla nauramatta. 1 can't help laughing.

Dow to form

add -tta/-tt to the genitive stern of a nominal (see example 1 above)

nom.sg. gen.sg. abess.sg. abess.pl.

poika poja-n poja-tta po j-i-tta boy


rakas rakkaa-n rakkaa-tta rakka-i-tta dear

- add -tta/-tt to the 111 info of a verb strong grade + -ma-/-m- + -tta/-tt
(see examples 2, 3, 4 above)

3rd pers pres. III info abessive

teke-e teke-m- teke-m-tt without working


sy sy-m- sy-m-tt without eating

When to use

1. - with nominals, the abessive replaces the preposition "without" 'ilman' + partitive
in literary style and some idioms; in spoken language only idiomatically

Suomesta psee Ruotsiin passitta/ One can get to Sweden from Finland
ilman passia. without a passport.

VII-26
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2. with verbs, the abessive has the meaning without doing-
very common both in spoken and literary language

Sanomatta paras. It's best not to say.

3. to negate the 1 infinitive -not to do something-


olla + 111 info + -tta/-tt

Hn ptti olla tulematta. He decided not to come.


Pyysin hnt olemaan nauramatta. 1 asked hirn not to laugh.

4. to express -can't help doing something W voida + olla + 111 info + -tta/-tt

En voinut olla nauramatta. 1 couldn't help laughing.

VU-F KUkIN

Saanko neljnneskilon kutakin? May 1 get 1/4 kilo each?

nom. kukin
gen. kunkin
part. kutakin
iness. kussakin
elat. kustakin
illat. kuhunkin
adess. kullakin
ablat . kultakin
allat. kullekin
esso kunakin
transl. kuksikin

When to use: in the singular only, but both as a noun and as an adjective

Hn oli siell kunakin pivn. He was there each day.


Henget olivat kukin jumalia. Each of the spirits were gods.

VII-27

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VII-G PAST PASSIVE TENSE

Lasitehdas perustettiin vuonna 1681. The glass factory was established in the year 1681.
Myytiink siell halkoja? was firewood sold there?
Ei myyty. NO, (it) was not sold.
Me saatiin paketti. We received the package.
Me ei saatu pakettia. We didn't receive the package.

Dow to form
1. in the affirmative
replace the present passive ending -daan/-dn (or assimilated -laan/-ln,
-naan/-nn, -raan/-rn) by the ending
-tiin

replace the present passive ending -taan/-tn by the ending


-ttiin
-tiin after -s (see VI-A)

1 info present passive past passive

syd sydn sytiin to eat


panna pan~ pantiin to put
tulla tullaan tultiin to come
olla ollaan oltiin to be

ymmrt ymmrretn ymmrrettiin to understand


ottaa otetaan otettiin to take
tavata tavataan tavattiin to meet

nousta noustaan noustiin to get up, riae

2. in the negative: ei + past pass. participle (see next page)

VII-2a
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VII-H HOW TO FORM THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Me ei saatu pakettia. We didn't receive the package.


Ei .!!!yy!.y. (It) was not sold.

How to form

the ending is -ttu/-tty when the past passive tense is formedby -ttiin
the ending is -tu/-ty when the past passive tense is formed by -tiin

past pass. past pass. participle past pass. negative

ote-tti in was taken ote-ttu taken ei ote-ttu was not taken


men-tiin was gone men-ty gone ei men-ty was not gone
tava-ttiin was met tava-ttu met ei tava-ttu was not met

When to use

to form the negative past passive


for other uses, see present and past perfect IX-A, IX-B, past conditional X-D,
past potential XIV-D, as an adjective XI-E, and after-clause XIII-E

VII-I SOME ADDITIONAL INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

1. Kumpaa haluat, kahvia vai teet? Which do you want, coffee or tea?
Jompaakumpaa. Either.

2. Haluan kumpaakin. I' 11 have both.

3. En halua kumpaakaan. I don't want either.

4. Haluan kumpaa hyvns/tahansa. Whichever.

5. Kummat kengt ovat mukavat? Which pair of shoes 1s comfortable?

6. Molemmat lapset oVac koulussa. Both children are at school.

VII-29

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which of the two both neither one both either one

nom. kumpi kumpikin ei kumpikaan molemmat jompikumpi

gen. kumman kummankin ei kummankaan moI em/pien jommankumman


/pain
part. kumpaa kumpaakin ei kumpaakaan molempia jompaakumpaa

iness. kummassa kummassakin ei kummassakaan molemmissa jommassakummassa

elat. kummasta kummastakin ei kummastakaan molemmista jommastakummasta

illat. kumpaan kumpaankin ei kumpaankaan molempiin jompaankumpaan

adess. kummalla kummallakin ei kummallakaan molemmilla jommallakummalla

ablat. kummalta kummaltakin ei kummaltakaan molemmilta jommaltakummalta

allat. kummalie kummallekin ei kummallekaan molemmille jommallekummalle

transl. kummaksi kummaksikin ei kummaksikaan molemmiksi jommaksikummaksi

esso kumpana kumpanakin ei kumpanakaan molempina jompanakumpana

when to use: both as pronouns and adjectives in all cases

singular 1. kumpi which (one of the two)


jompikumpi either (one of the two)
2. kumpikin each (one of the two), both
3. ei kumpikaan neither (one of the two)
4. kumpi tahansa/hyvns whichever (of the two) (as an answer)

Plural 5. when talking about a pair or about two groups, alI of these pronouns
may be used in the plural: kummat, jommatkummat, kummat tahansa
kummatkin, ei kummatkaan
6. molemmat both (only in the plural)

Note: 'ei ' inflects in alI persons as usual

En halua kumpaakaan. I don't want either one.


Emme ottaneet kumpaakaan. Hosted for free on livelingua.com
We didn't take either one. VII-3U
UNIT VIII
SCENES 13 - 16
Substantii veja

back selk (2) dressingroom pukuhuone (5) platform, benches lauteet (5) plo
bank box pankkilokero (16) exit uloskynti (6) (in the sauna)
bank draft pankkisiirto (15) exit (from a liittym (]) road sign ti envii tta (1)
beltway kehtie (17) highway) savings account sstti l i (6),
birch (leaf) vihta (1), experience kokemus (]2) talletust i l i (6)
whisk vasta (1) crossroads tienhaara (1) shortcut oi kotie (17)
brush harja (1) freeway ulosmenotie (17) steam hyry (15)
bypass ohitustie (17) freeway vyl (2) steam lyly (15)
case tapaus (]2) (channe1) Cin the sauna)
certificate mraikais- greetings terveiset (25) plo telegram shke (5),
of deposit talletustili (6) interest korko (15) shksanoma (3)
checking kytttili (6), (monetary) telegraph teletoimisto (16),
account shekkitili (6) loan laina (1) office lenntintoimisto
countryside maaseutu (15) night letter kirjeshke (5) (16 )
dead end umpikuja (2) overdraft tilinylitys (32) traffic liikenne (5)
debt velka (1) (of an account) washroom pesuhuone (5)
difference ero (15) per cent prosentti (6) western freeway Lnsivyl (2)

Verbs Verbej

be able to pysty (8) feel drowsy raukaista (15) study, tutkia (7)
beware, varoa (8) get used to tottua (8) research
look out heat, warm lnunit* intr. transfer siirt (3) tr.
be warm tareta (20) lift nostaa (2) throw water lyd (10) lyly
bill laskuttaa (2) overtake ohittaa (2) on the sauna
cross ylitt (2) roast paistua (8) intr. stove
deliver toimi ttaa (2) roast paistaa (1) tr. withdraw nostaa (2)
perille save sst (2) (money)
deposit tallettaa (2) stop pyshty (8) intr. wash pest (15)
experiment kokeilla (13)
Adjectives Adjektiiveja

accumulating karttuva (3) domestic kotima.inen (25) IlimitleSS rajaton (24)


l angry kinen (25) !
crazy hullu (15)

* lmmit, lmpi, lmpisi, lmminnyt, lmmittiin


VI II-l

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Adverbs and others Adverbeja ja muita

as niinkuin monthly kuukausittain still viel


by phone puhelimi tse I quarterly neljnnesvuosittain

Motoring words

AAA Autoli i tto (15) no entry kielletty (15) ajosuunta (2)


attention huomio (21) obligatory pakollinen (25)
bicycle path pyrtie (17) one way yksisuuntainen (25)
cease, end lakata (18) intr. overtaking ohittaminen (25)
curve (on tienmutka (2) pedestrian suojatie (17)
the road) crossing
customs tulliasema (3) pothole, bump kuoppa (2)
station prohibited kielletty (15)
detour kiertotie (17) rail, track raide (5)
driving ajo (15) railway rautatie (17)
driver's ajokortti (6) right of way etuajo-oikeus (33),
license etuajo-oikeutettu (15)
ferry lossi (6) speed ajonopeus (33)
first-aid ensiapuasema (3) stopping pyshtyminen (25), pysyttminen (25)
station traffic circle liikenneympyr (4)
general yleinen (25) traffic lights liikennevalot (15) plo
guarded vartioitu (15) traffic signs liikennemerkit (6) plo
height korkeus (33) turn knns (32)
highway maantie (17) unguarded vartioimaton (24)
international kansainvlinen (25) vehicle ajoneuvo (15)
intersection tienristeys (32) warning varoitus (32)
lane ajokaista (1) warning signal varoitusmerkki (6)
level tasoristeys (32) weight paino (15)
crossing

Types of vehicles
camper retkeilyvaunu pickup truck avolavapakettiauto
minibus ptkkubussi, station wagon farmariauto
pienoisbussi trailer truck rekka(-auto)
panel truck pakettiauto truck kuorma-auto
passenger car henkilauto
AJOKAISTA
lane
VIII-2

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SCENE 13

Pankissa At the bank

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Haluaisin avata shekkitilin. M haluaisin A. 1 would like to open a
checking account.

B. Minklaista tili olette Millasta te B. What kind of an account have


ajatellut? ootte ajatellu? you been thinking of?

A. Olen ulkomaalainen ja aion aSUq M oon ja m. A. 1 ' m a foreigner and 1 ' m golng
tll vain kaksi vuotta. " " " " " " kak s" " " .' to live here only for two years.

B. Siin tapauksessa suosittelemme me suositellaan B. In that case, we recommend a


kotimaista valuuttashekkitili. domestic currency checking
account.

2. jakso Sequence 2
B. Miss valuutassa haluatte avata B. In what currency do you want
tilin? to open the account?

A. Yhdysvaltain dollareissa. """" "" "" """"""" A. In US dollars.


Maksetaanko shekkitilille korkoa? Maksetaanks Do you pay interest on the
korkoo? checking account?

B. Ei. Valuuttatalletustilille B. No. We pay about 3% yearly


maksetaan noin kolme prosenttia interest on the currency
korkoa vuosittain. korkoo savings account.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Kuinka usein tililt voi nostaa A. How often can one draw money
rahaa? " """"""" """" """
from the account?

B. Shekkitililt rajattomasti ja B. An uniimited amount from the


"""" " """ "" """" "
talletustililt kaksi kertaa kaks checking account and two times
neljnnesvuosittain. """""""" " " " " " " " quarterly from the savings
account.

VIII-3

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Use sequences 1 and 2 with the following variations.

) kyttti. Ii. n. a checking account.


Haluaisin avata j tilin.
t ssttili.n.
1 would like to open
j an account.
. a savings account.

~ mraikaistalletustil i. a certificate of deposit.


Suosittelemme karttuvaa talletustili.
liuotollista shekkitili.
We recommend
l an accumulating savings account.
a checking account with overdraft
facil i ties.

neljnnesvuosittain. quarterly.
Korkoa maksetaan puolivuosittain. Interest is paid half-yearly.
1kuukausittain. 1monthly.

Ask for and provide the necessary information, using the expressions below.

maksaa pay
Mink summan haluatte tallettaa tilille? Which amount do deposit in the account?
1
panna you want ta 1 put
ottaa take
Paljonko haluatte nostaa t i.l ilt? How much do you withdraw from the account?
1
siirt want ta 1transfer

VIII-4

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SCENE 14

Shkeen lhettminen Sending a telegram

4. jakso Sequence 4
A. Voinko lhett shkeen Voinks m A. Can 1 send a telegram by phone?
puhelimitse? .
B. Voit kyll. Soita numeroon Joo voit B. Yes, you can. Oial number 021.
021.

5. jakso Sequence 5
C. Teletoimisto. Shksanomain
vastaanotto.
. C. The telegraph office. Telegraph
reception.

A. Haluaisin lhett shkeen M A. 1 would like to send a telegram


Yhdysvaltoihin. . to the United States.

c. Lhetttek sen tavallisena Lhettteks te C. Will you send it as regular


vai kirjeshkeen? . telegram or as a night letter?

A. Mik ero niill on? Miks niillon? A. Whatls the difference?

C. Kirjeshke tulee halvemmaksi, halvemmaks C. Night letter ta cheaper if it has


jos se on vhintin 22 sanaa. kakskytkaks at least 22 words

A. No, min lhetn sen kirje- No, m lhetn A. well, 1 1 11 send it as a night letter.
shkeen.

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. Miten se maksetaan? Mitesse A. How does one pay for it?

Me laskutetaan se C. We charge it to your telephone


C. Laskutamme sen puheltnlaskun
yhteydess. . bill.

VIII-5

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USEFUL INFORMATION

Use these additional expressions with sequences 4 and 5.

Se toimitetaan perille {puhelimitse. It will be delivered {b Y phone.


postitse. by mail.

Lhetttek sen korushkeen? Will you send it as a 'decorative* telegram?'


Lhetn. Koru(kaavake) numero 16. Yes. The form is number 16.

Make up a telegram to somebody in the United States. Spell the name/address/message, using the
Finnish telephone spelling below.

Vaikeat sanat on trkeiss puheluissa hyv tavata kirjain kirjaimelta

Aakkosnimist
Suomenkielinen tavausjrjestelm

A niin kuin Aarne K Kalle U Urho


B = Bertta L Lauri V Vihtori
C = Celsius M Matti W kaksinkertainen V
D = Daavid N Niilo X = ks
E ;: Eemeli 0 otto Y ;: Yrj
F Faarao P ;: Paavo Z ;: Tseta

G Gideon Q ;:
Kuu
A ;: ruotsalainen 0
H ;: Heikki R ;: Risto iti
I ;: I i var i S ;: Sakari = ljy
J = Jussi T Tyyne

* In Finland you will usually be asked whether you want your domestic telegram to go as
'tavallisena' "regular" or 'korushkeen' (on decorated paper at a surcharge). The decorative
telegrams are often used in place of greeting cards.

VIII-6
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SCENE 15
Matkalla maaseudulle On a trip to the countryside

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Olemmeko jo Ylittneet kehtien? Ollaanks me jo ylitetty A. Have we already crossed
Onko tm Lnsivyl? kehtie? Onks t the beltway? Is this the
western freeway?

B. En min tied. Jos ajaisit En m tii. Jos s ajasit B. I don't know. If you would
hitaammin, niin pystyisin niimm pystysin drive slower, I would be able
lukemaan karttaa. lukeen ....... to read the map.

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Jos kyttisit lukulasejasi, Jos s kyttsit lukula-. A. If you would use your reading
niin nkisit paremmin. sejas, ni in s glasses, you would see better

B. Sitten en nkisi lukea m en nkis lukee B. Then I wouldn't see to read


tienviittoja. . the road signs.

A. Minun olisi pitnyt tutkia Mun olis pitny A. 1 should have studied
karttaa kotona. . the map at home.

B. Varo: Tuo auto aikoo ohittaa. ..... Toi auto . B. Watch out: That car is going
Ja tuossa on risteys. tosson to pass. And there is
an intersection over there.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Katsoisitko kartasta mik tuo Katsositkos toi A. Would you look on the map what
liittym on? Olisikohan se Oliskohan exit that is? Could it be
oikot ie? . a shortcut, by any chance?

B. Jos olisit ajanut sivuun ja Jos s ajanu B. If you had driven to the side
pysyttnyt, niin olisin pysyttny, niimm and stopped, I would have seen
nhnyt tienviitan. nhny the road signe
Katso~ Nyt olet ajanut umpi- Kato~ Nyt s oot ajanu Look~ Now you have driven to a dead
kujaan: Miten me nyt psemme ... pstn . end: How do we get to the Pori
Porint ielle? . road now?

VIII-7

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Use these variations with sequences 7 and 9.

keh kolmosen? beltway three?


Olemmeko ylittneet

I keh ykksen?
nelostien?
ohitustien?
Have we crossed beltway one?
route four?
\ the bypass?

~
Itvyl?

~
eastern freeway?
Turunvyl? Turku freeway?
Onko tm Tuusulantie? 1s this the Tuusula highway?
Vihdintie? Viht i. highway?
Hmeenlinnanvyl? Hmeenli.nna freeway?

l
liittym exit?
Mik tuo tienhaara on? What is that fork in the road?
ulosmenotie 1freeway out of town?

Use these expressions in your conversation.

Lnsi.vyllle? the western f reeway?


Miten pstn Turunt ielle? How does one get to the Turku highway?
kehtielle? the beltway?
1 ykkstielle? 1 route one?

Kuinka pitk matka on lentokentlle? How far i8 it to the ai.rport?

VIII-8
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SCENE 16

Saunassa 1n the sauna


A = isnt B = vieras C = emnt A = host B = guest C hostess

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Tulkaa meille maalle saunaan.
Otetaan hyvt lylyt lauantai-
. A. Come to our sauna in the
country. Let's enjoy a hot sauna
iltana. on Saturday evening.

B. Kiitos~ Sehn olisi uusi kokemus ...... 01is uus . B. Thanks, that would be a new
minulle. mulle. experience for me.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Menevtk naiset vai miehet ensin? Meneeks A. 00 men or women go first?

c. Menk te miehet ensin. Min M C. You men go first.I'll make the


keitn saunakahvit sill aikaa. . sauna coffee in the meantime.

12. jakso sequence 12


A. Lydnk lis lyly? Lydnks A. Shall We throw some more water
on the stones?

B. l toki: Jo riitt:
Huh, onpa tll kuuma.
.
.
B. Oh, don't: That's enough:
Whew, it surely is hot here.

A. No mennn sitten ulos jhylie A. Well, let's go out then to


tai uimaan. . cool off or to swim.

13. jakso Sequence 13


A. Se teki hyv. Nyt otetaan Haluaks . A. That felt goode Let's have more
heat now. 00 YOU want to try the
lis lyly. Haluatko kokeilla
vihtaa? Sill kyl vetn tll
tavalle.
.. whisk? You whisk yourself
like this.

B. Jos en nyt viel tll kertaa.


En ole viel tottunut saunaan.

En 00
.
viel tottunu
B. Perhaps not this time yet.
1 am not yet used to the sauna.
VIII-9

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Use these variations with sequences 12 and 13.

Huh, onpa tll kuuma: Whew, it's hot here:


Kyllp tll tarkenee~ It's really warm enough here~
Onpa kiset lylyt: What a fierce heat:
Tllhn ihan paistuu~ One really gets roasted heret

l
lYlyyn. heat.
, En ole viel tottunut saunaan. I'm not yet accustomed to the sauna.
vihtaan.
vastaan.
1
whisk.

Expand sequence 14 by using the expressions below.

kirkosta. church.
Terveisi saunasta. Greetings from the sauna.
rapakon takaa. beyond the mud hole (America).
1 Liisalta. 1 Liisa.

Terveisi ~ Liisalle. Greetings to Li i.sa.


1Suomeen. Finland.

ki rkkokahvi t. coffee (after church).


Juodaan sauna kahvi t. Let's have coffee (after the sauna).
aamukahvit. morning coffee.
1 pivkahvH. 1 afternoon coffee.

Saunahullut

Nyt vieraillesi kuinka kuumaksi


tm saunasi lmpi. Paista
samalla pari ulkomaalaista.

VIII-IO
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14. jakso Sequence 14
A. Saanko pest selksi? Saanks m pest sun A. May 1 wash your back?
selks?

B. Voi, pesin sen jo, mutta B. Oh, 1 washed it already, but


anna minun pest sinun .mun pest sun selks. let me wash your back~
selksi:

A. Kiitos. Tss on harja. Tsson harja. A. Thanks. Here is a brush.

B. Terveisi saunasta: . B. Greetings from the sauna:

C. No, oliko hyvt lylyt? No, oliks hyvt C. Well, was it hot enough?

B. Hyvt lylyt ja kuumat. . B. Good and hot.

c. Nyt juodaan saunakahvit. C. Now we'll have coffee (after the sauna).

B. Kyllp mukavasti raukaisee. . B. 1 feel so pleasantly drowsy.

VIII-ll

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study the different stages of a sauna bath and then describe what the man does in the picture.

Saunomisen eri vaiheet:

1. 2. ja 3. Ensin istutaan lauteilla, totuteIlaan lylyyn ja hikoillaan. 4. Vihta haudotaan


kuumassa vedess. 5. Sitten lydn lyly. 6. Lylyss kylvetn vihdalla. 7. Vli.ll
kydn jhyll. 8. ja 9. Pesuhuoneessa peseydytn ja pestn naapurin selk. 10. ja 11.
Sitten huuhdotaan ja mennn takaisin lylyyn. 12. ja 13. Jos on mahdollista, kydn
uimassa. 14. Ptteeksi jhdytelln ja rentoudutaan.
VIII-12
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READING. Translate this with the help of the Glossary. Report what you are expected to do in emergency
situations here, and interview your teacher about emergency practices in Finland.

Sisasiainministerin pelastusosasto tiedottaa

Toimintaohjeet vaaratilanieen varalle


Maassamme on useita laitoksia ja tehtaita, jotka
valmistavat ja kyttvt vaarallisia aineita. Niden aineiden
maantie- ja rautatiekuljetukset ovat voimakkaasti Yleinen hlytysmerkki
lisntyneet ja tst aiheutuneet vaaratekijt kasvaneet.
Ydinvoiman rauhanomainen kytt saattaa mys aiheuttaa Yleinen hlytysmerkki:
vaaratilanteita. OpetteJe tuntemaan yleinen hlytysmerkki ja
nouseva ja laskeva, yh-
miten sinun tulee toimia vaaratilanteessa.
tmittainen sireenin ni
J\../'\.J
Kun kuulet hlytysmerkin torvi- tai pillityyppisen
hlyttimen lyhyit ni-
1 Sii~ry sislle ja j sistiloihin.
merkkej _
2 Sulje ovet. ikkunat. tuuletusau-
kot ja keskusilmastointilaitteet. viranomaisten kaiutinautosta antama hlytys.
3 Avaa radio. !. '

4 Toimi radiossa annettujen ohjei-


den mukaan.
Voit joutua odottamaan tietoja ja
ohjeita jonkin aikaa. l ky ulkona.

5 VlIltll puhelimen kytU~l


Puhelinverkko voi tukkeutua. eik
mahdollisia htpuheluja saada pe-
rille.
5 6 ..

IMI
6 l poistu alueelta ilman viran-
omaisten lupaal I Palohlytys annetaan yhtmittaisella tasaisella sireenin
Voit joutua vaaraan matkalla. Ylei- nell . Se toimii hlytyksen nimen-
sen hlytysmerkin jlkeen viran- omaan palokunnille.
omaiset ryhtyvt heti selvitystoi- 1
miin. Jos alue joudutaan tyhjent-
mn, siit ilmoitetaan radiossa ja
kaiutinautosta.

. . . . . . .;1

VI II-13

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,
You want to congratulate somebody on having a baby/a wedding/a birthday/an anniversary.
You want to express your condolences.
Select the appropriate form from the picture.

~
~ .~ II h l~ ~ .\ " l~ '1 \

1
SHKSANOMA

SAHKSANOMA

.7.

VI II-14
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You want to drive from point A to point 8. Explain the meaning of the traffic signs
you pass on the way.

VIII-15

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You want to go from point A to point B. Explain the traffic signs you pass on the way. Then do
the same thing by going from point C to point D and from B ta c.

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VIII-16
LENTOASEMA
Airprt

4 NE LOSTIE
Rout e Number 4

.-AUTOLAUTTA

-_ OH ITU STI E
Bypass

HELSINKI
How would you get out of
Helsinki if you wanted to go to:

a) Turku?
b) Pori?
c) Tampere?
d) Lahti?

Which freeways, highways, etc.,


do you use when you come to school?

VlII-l7

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SHKSANOMAIN
COMPREHBNSION EXBRCISBS
VASTAANOrrO 021
1. Listen to the dialog on the tape, and th~n write down the following information.

- the name and address of the person who sends the te1egram

the name and address of the person who receives it

the message

Answer the following questions.

- why 1s the te1egram sent7 .........................................................


- what kind of telegram is i t?

how many words are there in the telegram7 .........................................


what does it eost? ................................................................
2. Listen to the tape and eheck the appropriate box to mark your answer.
T F
1. The eustomer is asking about the possibi1ity
of having his monthly rent paid by the bank.

2. The bank has no boxes available until at the


end of the year.

3. The boxes are of two sizes.

4. The customer wants the biggest one.

5. The charge for a bank box 1s 30 mk a year.

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VIII-la
3. Listen to the tape and check the appropriate box to mark your answer.
T F
1. Beltway 3 is closed for 5 hours.

2. Beltway is closed betweenltvyl and Lahdentie.

3. Beltway is closed because of an accident.

4. Lauttasaari bridge will be closed after the weekend.

5. One lane towards the city is open on Mannerheimintie.

6. The second lane towards the city on Esplanadi i5 open


for the traffic.

4. While listening to this dialog in colloguial style, check the box to show
which comparative applies to which car.

a = Mosse b = Volkkari
T F
1. parempi

2. nopeampi

3. tyylikkmpi

4. taloUdellisempi

5. lujempi

KEY 2. lF 2T 3T 4T 5F
3. lT 2T 3F 4F 5T 6F
4. lb 2b 3b 4a 5a

VIII-l9

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FUNCTION PRACTICES

1. You are in a bank and want to find out


- what kind of account would be best
- in what currency
- what special services there are
- how to arrange far a bank box

2. While in the bank you want to know

- what the interest rate is


- what the minimum deposit is
- what the overdraft facilities are

3. Send a te1egram by phone and spell your name and address, and also those of the
recipient, using the Finnish telephone spelling.

4. Ask for and provide information on what 1a the best way to

- the Helsinki-Vantaa airport


- the home of Sibelius (Jrvenp, Tuusula)
- Turku

5. Sauna
- decline/accept an invitation to come to the sauna
- without offending your host, explain your reason for not coming
- decline/accept politely your host l s offer ta wash your back in the sauna

Useful information about cornmonly used abbreviations for the major Finnish banks.

KOP Kansallis-Osake-Pankki, Kansallispankki ('koo-oo-pee', 'Koppi')


Syp = Suomen Yhdyspankki ('syppi')
HOP Helsingin Osakepankki
PPOY = Peruspankki Oy
SKOP = sstpankkien Keskus-Osake-Pankki
Sp = sstpankki
OKO = osuuspankkien Keskuspankki Oy
Op osuuspankki
PSP Postipankki
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VIII-20
6. Role play the situation illustrated below, taking the following roles and explaining
your point af view ta the policeman.

the driver of the small car


the eyewitness
the driver of the minibus

VIII-2I

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READING

saunota ulkomaalaista neUvoen ja varovasti

Moni suomalainen sauna saa tnkin vuonna ulko-


maisia kesvieraita. Sauna-seuran puheenjohtaja,
professori Harald Teir pit trken, ett
vieraalle ennen saunomista perusteellisesti
selvitetn, mist on kysymys.
On kerrottava, ett kylvemme hygienian ja
rentoutumisen vuoksi. Vierassauna ei saisi olla
90 astetta kuumempi, ja lyly tytyy lyd
varovasti. Lylyyn voi valmistaa vierasta mai-
nitsemalla, ett kosteus tekee saunomisen miel-
lyttvksi.
Suomalaisen on hyv muistaa, ett monessa
maassa alastomuuteen suhtaudutaan eri tavalla
kuin meill. Yhteissaunominen on suomalaiselle
saunalle vierasta, vittkt saksalaiset lehdet
mit hyvns.
Sntjen mukaan ei viina eik makkaran pais-
to kiukaalla kuulu saunaan.
Lauteilla pit viipy vain kahdeksasta kym-
meneen minuuttia kerrallaan. Sen jlkeen vilvoi-
teIlaan. On suorastaan rikollist~ raahata vieras
jkylmn jrveen, Teir varoittaa.
Yhteenvetona voi sanoa, ett ulkomaalaista
tytyy kohdella kuin kokematonta lasta. Hnelle
ymprist on uusi ja outo.

VIII-22
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UNIT VIII
STRUCTURAL NOTES

VIII-A PAST ACTIVE CONDITIONAL -would have-

Olisin hernnyt, jos kello olisi soinut. 1 would've woken up if the clock had gone off.

Jos olisit ajanut sivuun ja pysyttnyt, If you had driven tothe shoulder and
olisin nhnyt tienviitan. stopped 1 would have seen the road sign.

Minun olisi pitnyt tutkia karttaa kotona. 1 should have studied the map at home.

How to form
olisi + past act. participle of the main verb (see IV-E
ei + olisi + past. act. participle of the main verb

Affirmative
(min) olisin ajanut 1 driven
(sin) olisit
hn olisi
Te olisitte ! pysyttnyt
nhnyt
nh~
you
he/she
you (polite) ! would have stopped
seen
seen

l
(me) olisimme ajaneet we driven
(te) olisitte
he olisivat
pysyttneet
nhneet
you
they
1would have stopped
seen

Negati ve

~ou
(min) en
(sin) et olisi ajanut \ wouldo' t have driven
hn
Te
ei
ette
1 olisi ajanut
he/she
you (polite)

(me) emme we
(te) ette olisi ajaneet you wouldn't have driven
he eivt 1 they \
When to use
to express -would have done x-
unlike in English, use the conditional also with 'jos' -if--clause (see V-F)

VIII-23

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VIII-B TENSES AND CONDITIONAL FORMS OF 'tytyy/pit/tulee' -must, have to, would have to-

pres. Minun tytyy soittaa. = Mun tarttee soittaa (collog.). 1 must call.
pit
neg. Minun ei tarvitse soittaa. = Mun ei tartte soittaa (collog.). 1 don't have to call.

past sinun tytyi soittaa. You had to call.


piti You were supposed to call.
neg. Sinun ei tarvinnut soittaa. You didn't have to call.

pres.perf. Hnen on tytynyt soittaa. He/she has had to call.


neg. Hnen ei ole tarvinnut soittaa. He/she has not had to call.

pres.cond. Meidn tytyisi soittaa.= Meidn tarttis soittaa. We should call.


pitisi
neg. Meidn ei tarvitsisi soittaa. We should not have to call.

past cond. Teidn olisi tytynyt soittaa. You should have called.
pitnyt
neg. Teidn ei olisi tarvinnut soittaa. You should not have had to call.
pitnyt

-to have- Heill pitisi olla auto. They should have a car.
pres. cond. tytyisi
neg. Heill ei- tarvitsisi olla autoa. They wouldn't have to have a car.

-to have- Minulla olisi pitnyt olla auto. 1 should have had a car.
past cond. tytynyt
neg. Minulla ei olisi tarvinnut olla autoa. 1 should not have had a car.

VIII-24
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VIII-C COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES

Kehtiet pitkin on pitempi It's a longer way on the beltway than


matka kuin suoraan. it is to go direct.

Poikamme on parempana tnn. Our son is better today.

Perunat ovat halvempia The potatoes are cheaper today


tnn kuin eilen. than yesterday.

Dow to form

take a gen. sg. stern


for the singular: add -mpi in nom. sg.
-mpa-/-mp-, -mma-/-mm- + case ending in other sg. cases
for the plural: add -mmat/-mmt in nom. plo
-mpi-, -mmi- + case ending in other plo cases
(see t 14 in the CND)

nom. sg. gen. ag. comp. nom. comp. ineas. comp. illat.

punainen punaise-n punaise-mpi punaise-mma-ssa punaise-mpa-an redder


uusi uude-n uude- mpi uude-mma-ssa uude-mpa-an newer
terve tervee-n tervee-mpi tervee-mm-ss tervee-mp-n healthier
rikas rikkaa-n rikkaa-mpi rikkaa-mma-ssa rikkaa-mpa-an richer

the final -a/- of the two-syllable words changes to -e- before the comparative
forms (see t 14 in the CND)

halp~ halva-n halv~-mpi halve-mma-ssa hal.ve-mpa-an cheaper


kyl~ kyl~-n kylm~-mpi kYlm~-mm-ss kylme-mp-n colder

Erikoistapaus: Erikoistapaus:

VIII-25 hyv parempi paras, parhain

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Exceptional comparativea

nom. gen. part. ineaa. illat.

hyv good

8g. parempi paremma-n parempa-a paremma-ssa parempaa-n better


plo paremmat paremp-i-en paremp-i-a paremm-i-ssa parempi-in

pitk long

8g. pitempi pitemm-n pitemp- pitemm-ss pitemp-n longer


plo pitemmt pitempien pitemp-i- pitemm-i-ss pitempi-in

lmmin warm

ag. lmpim-mpi lmpimmm-n lmpimmp- lmpimmm-ss lmpimmp-n warmer


plo lmpimmmt lmpimmp-i-en lmpimmp-i- lmpimmm-i-ss lmpimmp-i-in
lmpimmp-in

Note: To express parents, use the comparat. plo of 'vanha' old.

nom.pl. gen.pl. part.pl. elat.pl. illat.pl.

vanhemmat vanhemp-i-en vanhemp-i-a vanhemm-i-sta vanhemp-i-in


vanhemp-a-in

VIII-26
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When to use: you can express a comparison in two alternate ways with no difference in meaning

L comparat. + 'kuin' than

Matti on vanhempi kuin Pekka. Matti is older than Pekka.

2. part. preceding the comparat. form

Matti on Pekka~ vanhempi. Matti is older than Pekka.


Ruoka on entist kalliimpaa. Food is more expensive than before.
Hn on minu~ pitempi. He is taller than 1 am.

Lexicalization note: unlike in English, do not use a comparative form without a clear comparison
between people or things
use instead a -hko/-hk derivative or genitive + -puoleinen

Matti on vanhahko. Matti is an older man.


Matti on vanhanpuoleinen.

Note: Matti on hyvin vanha. Matti is very old.


Matti on paljon vanhempi kuin Pekka. Matti ia much older than Pekka.

VIII-D 'yht kuin'

With adjectives

Liisa on yht vaalea kuin Eeva. Liisa is as blond as Eeva.


Liisa ja Eeva ovat yht vaaleat. Liisa and Eeva are equally blond.

With adverbs

Pekka ajaa yht kovasti kuin hnen isns. Pekka drives -as fast -as his father.
He ajavat yht kovasti. They drive equally fast.

VIII-27

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VIII-E COMPARATIVE OF ADVERBS

Hn voi pian paremmin. He'll feel better soon.


Puhukaa hitaammin. Speak more slowly.
Hn ajaa nopeammin kuin min. He drives faster than 1 do.

How to form: replace the comparat. gen. ending -an by -in (see instruct. pl., XII-F)

comp. nom. comp. gen. comp. adverb


parempi paremm-an paremm-in

Lexicalization note: Pidn paljon teest. 1 like tea aIot.


Pidn enemmn kahvista. 1 like coffee better (lit., more).
Pidn eniten kaakaosta. 1 like chocolate best (lit., most).

VIII-F 80ME IDIOH8

"by something-: plo stern + -i- + -tse


Sovimme sen puhelimitse. We agreed to it by phone.

maitse by surface rautateitse by rail


pintateitse by surface postitse by mail
vesitse by boat meritse by sea

-how often, how much at a time-: plo stern + -i + -ttain/-ttin

Odotettavissa paikoittain sadekuuroja. scattered (lit., at places) showers are


to be expected.

pivittin daily ajoittain at times


viikoittain weekly kiloittain by kilos
kuukausittain monthly vuosittain yearly

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VIII-28
UNIT IX

SCENES 17 - 19
Nouns
- - Substantiiveja

accommodation majoitus (32) evening iltanyts (32) residence virka-


ad ilmoi tus (32) performance (officia1) asunto (16)
announcement fireplace (avo)takka (1) review arvostelu (16)
agreement sopimus (32) (open) row, line rivi (6)
treaty footstool jakkara (4) ski lessons hiihtokoulu (15)
amusements huvit (6) plo fraternity osakunta (2) ski lodge, hiihtomaja (1)
balcony parveke (5) (regional) ski cabin
bedroom makuuhuone (5) fuse sulake (5) ski trip hiihtomatka (1)
boiler keskuslm- garden puutarha (1) space (room) tila (1)
mityskattila (4) gas kaasu (15) stage nyttm (16)
box (in the aitto (21) heating lmmitys (32) storage varasto (16)
theater) idea, thought ajatus (32) suburb esikaupunki (1),
brothers veljekset (32) plo janitor talonmies (35) lhi (21)
camper asuntovaunu (15) kitchenette keittokomero (16)
trailer mattnee matinea (4), piv- summer cottage kesmkki (6)
central keskus- nytnt (16) switch katkaisi ja (4),
heating lmmitys (32) National Theater Kansallis- katkaisin (23)
eloset komero (16) teatteri. (7) telephone puhelin-
consumer kulutus- orchestra permanto (16) company yhdistys (32)
contract sopimus (32) ( seattng) tier (in the parveke (5),
criticism arvostelu (16) parking space paikoitustila (1) theater) parvi (8)
reviews platform laituri (7) second tier piippuhylly (15)
disco disko (15) (at the station) two-room kaksio (21)
district kauko- play nytelm (3) apartment
heating lmmitys (32) plumbing vesijohdot (15) plo vacation home loma-asunto (16)
drapes verhot (15) plo range (cooking) hella (1) vegetable kasvimaa (18)
efficiency yksi (21) real estate kiinteistn- garden
(apartment) broker vli ttj (3) vehicle kulkuneuvo (15)
electricity shk (15) rent vuokra (2) water heater vedenvaraaja (3)
yard piha (1)

IX-l

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Verbs Verbej

amuse huvitella ( 14) fetch hakea ( 4) redeem lunastaa ( 2)


catch trpt (18) organize jrjest (2) renovate, uusia (7)
dance tanssia (7 ) present, esitt ( 2) renew
decorate sisustaa (2) perform take care of hoitaa ( 2),
draw up, laat.ia (7) proceed menetell (14) pit ( 2) huolta
compile

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

arri ving saapuva (3) three-floor kolmi- unfurnished kalustamaton (24)


furnished kalustettu (15) kerroksinen (25) willing halukas (30)
one-floor yksi- two-floor kaksi- working, toimiva ( 3)
kerroksinen (25) kerroksinen (25 ) functioning
possible mahdollinen (25)

Adverbs and others Adverbeja ja muita

along with mukana

Railroad terma

local train paikallisjuna group ticket ryhmlippu


long-distance train kauko juna family ticket perhelippu
express train pikajuna touring ticket matkailulippu
special express train erikoispikajuna
electric train shkjuna dining car ravintolavaunu
light diesel train kiskoauto sleeper makuuvaunu
freight train tavara juna excursion car retkeilyvaunu
refreshments kahvilavaunu
one-way ticket menolippu through carriage pivvaunu
round-trip ticket meno-paluul ippu smokers' car tupakkavaunu

IX-2
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SCENE 17
Huoneiston vuokraaminen Renting an apartment

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Me haluaisimme vuokrata Me haluttais A. We would like to rent an
huoneiston. Miten olisi huoneisto.Miten olis apartment. What would be
parasta menetell? pa r as the best way to do it?

B. Tein min panisin lehteen m panisin B. lf 1 were you, I'd put an ad


ilmoituksen. Tai useaankin ilmotuksen in the paper, or in several
lehteen. . papers.

2. jakso Sequence 2
B. Kuinka suuren huoneiston
haluaisitte ja mist?
.
te haluaisitte
B. How big an apartment would
you like and where?

A. Tarvitsemme ainakin kaksi Me tarvitaan kaks A. We need at least two bedrooms

..
---
makuuhuonetta ja mieluum- and preferably in the center
min keskustasta. of town.

B. No, laaditaan ilmoitus B. Well, let's draw up an ad


heti. . immediately.

3. jakso Sequence 3
B. No, onko trpnnyt? No, onks trpnny B. Well, have you had any luck?
Saitko vastauksia ilmoi- saits . Did you get any answers to
tukseesi? ilmotuksees? your ad?

A. Sain kaksi. Menen katso- M sain kaks M meen A. 1 got two. 1'11 go to look at
maan vanhaa huoneistoa kattoon huoneistoo an old apartment in Kruunuhaka
Kruunuhaassa tn~n. . today.

4. jakao Sequence 4
A. Hyv palvaa, min olen .. Mi oon A. Good evening, 1 1 m Mika Honka
Mika Honka. Tulin sopi- M tulin As agreed, 1 came to look at
muksen mukaan katsomaan ~ kattoon the apartment.
huoneistoa. huoneistoo.

lX-3

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Act out sequences l and 2 by using these variations:

~
edustushuoneiston. a luxury apartment.

~
omakotitalon. a house.
Me haluaisimme vuokrata rivitalon. We would like to a townhouse.
paikoitustilaa. rent a parking space.
varastot ilaa. storage space.

l
lnsi suunnalta. in the western part of the city.

l
Haluaisin huoneiston lhist. I would like to in a suburb.
kantakaupungista. have an apartment in the city.
Tapi~la-Kauniainen in the Tapiola-Kauniainen area.
alueelta.

Draw up an ad for the


1 Etsliillne tysuhde'a5unnQksi
kind of accommodation ~uokrata halutaan
you would like to have. Lkriperhe pient- yksit. .
study the newspaper
. Asu~toj,a ...
hal. vuokrata H:ki-'-I:s~vantd-Blueel'
'ta. KlkRllluomioidilan, ,p.'
2 vuodeksi 3~5 H +K 605839 UW- lA/'Esplenaadln
samples on the right. ~UUjARH. n.mlesas. 20 km ok-, rt- taike'(r'Os- N9tilfJIiI~i. ~Y. Annank. 29 ' ,
~llt.'763649 Uskovien Apal,
talc~sla, .HELSIr'JG1ST JARJESTOslImeltl@.kand.)
~YKs10 'rAivAST. P..113982. tai LAHIYMPRIsr()S: etsU yksita tai kakslotamlel.
Lyhenteit I
H!i1n kantakaupungista, Yst.
';-rEC?L.~t.~~i.~ksiO m~s k~v. tA P: ~)9-461063:' vast. virka-alk.,p.. W8546 tai
\3Stl. 76 9.Ui dvien .val. HS pk. nimim. TyOnllfltaja ta
h = huone ,~ksl tyOsuhdeas. tupaIColm: kaa vuokranmakSun/A ,...._.
k = keitti
mOIIe. P.. 710476.
.YKsio TAI VAST:NUORELlE
. .. TYQS.U~.PE;" Halut,aan VI,lOkrBta omakotita-
. 10 tysuhdeasunnoksi. Tarvit-
kk = keittokomero .~1NSINORILLE. Y$T,. VAST.; . ASUNTO . . taessjl 15.0P0 ip~ ennak~oa .
KaikIiI. huinfoldilan.. Puh._
puh = puhelin
-5944001230 ARK. i=16. _.
~.1-2 h' + kllik aidille la tyttarel:
M~\hostoimlstoG.$.M. 3453~11. 896103 "
p = puhelin ~ le. Pianl P. '11OB61/K1vinen. .
i~oitto klo 18 jalk.. ... i.
2-1.h40netta ja. keLtti
KaritC!kaupun~ist... .
LUOTTAMUKSElIiIiTA VUOK"
/lAUSPALVEL!J1 10 25 VUOTo
parv :: parveke TA:tv\IK.EN,"A~. KOVA
":KEL\8MIEHET Oy h~l. vuokr.: . Pr.~28811, mys sun- KYSYt-rr,A. inyOS altv:as.
yst. :: ystvlliset i'YKSI N 1 ~-v;ksi. p,. 65\3.11-
;,iltaisin 101 32J1(a'rionl!n.. n'lJOt:!Iina. . '.. .. 763649 Uskovien As.vaUtys.
vast. :: vastaukset ,VALT. VIRKANAINEN ':~-t'dt; Vuokranantajat
miel. = mieluummin ~~~~IW'\~t~~6~GI;ST .~... KUlUITTA kunnon vuolcralai: 'VUOkrata halutaan
set ~ammi!. fv1y6s .ty~\Ih. Loma-asuntoja
mahd. = mahdollisesti KAKSIOT. VAST. VA1UoiA":': -.
m2 :: nelimetri ;.iVUOKRATAKUU: ENNAKKOA.
1Puh. 742480.
dea~~r\"ol~ak!lva kmtt ..
vuokr:multset. -fa uut
luottoti ti Valhd~.u t 18
r 2-6 h. talo maalta ympariv. 10-
:.Nainen ets. ~u- ill:,~ei\jp- _ 175375 mys arkFIlt. -18-20 makayttOOn Kuopion tai Jy-
,rnahdoll. asuntoa~ 'Vli$t'.Hll Pk,- .
. nim. "VuokraennakkobID11i!' , Huoneistokulma vaskylan 11Ihelta. Yst. vast. p.
5625286... _
I
;';TYOSUHDEASUNNOiK'jI'I.,....3 '. tA) Ikv Yli 20-v, asiantuntemus
H + K. Suomen Yri~k"dilll~ ,
l1US Oy. puh. 69475 2. ,

IX-4
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5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Minklaisessa kunnossa Millasessa A. In what condition is
vesi johdot ovat? on? the plumbtng?

B. Ne on vasta uusittu. . B. It was renovated recently.

A. Ent lmmitys? Minklainen Millanen A. And what about heating?


lmmitys teill on? teillon? What kind of heating do you have?


..
B. Se on ljyll toimiva B. It's central heating run
keskuslmmitys. Talon- by oil. The janitor takes
mies pit siit huolen. . care of it.

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. Minklainen hella teill Millanen A. What kind of a stove do
on, shk- vai kaasuhella? teillon you have, electric or gas?

B. Tm on kaasuhella. Meill T on Meillon B. This ts a gas range. We also


on mys kaasuvedenvaraaja. . have a gas water heater.

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Miten me saamme shkn ja Mites me saadaan shk,. A. How do we get the electricity,
kaasun ja puhelimen? kaasu ja puhelin gas, and telephone?

B. Teidn on parasta vuokrata


puhelin. Soittakaa Helsingin
Puhelinyhdistykseen, 6061,
..
..
B. It's best for you to rent
a telephone. Call the
telephone company of Helsinki,
kahdeksan ja neljn vlill. number 6061, between eight and four.

Energialaitoksen puhelin
on 6171. Siell voitte tehd te voitte
. The energy company ia 6171. There
you can make a new consumer service
uuden kulutussopimuksen. contract.

IX-5

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Aet out sequenee 5, using the following variations.

shklmmitys. electric heating.


Meill on kaukolmmitys. We have district heating.
1
ljylmmitys. 1
oU heating.

yksikerroksinen rambler.
Tm on
l
kaksikerroksinen
kolmikerroksinen
talo. This is a two-floor house.
1
three-floor house.

Tell how you would furnish the rooms below. The following sentences may be of help.

Sohva sopii tuohon ikkunan alle. The sofa fits over there under the window.
Me kalustamrn~ huoneiston. We furnish the apartment.
Lukulamppu tulee nojatuolien vliin. The reading larnp will go between the armchairs.
Kahvipyt ky sohvan eteen. The coffee table fits in front of the sofa.

lat ti atyyny hassoek


sohva eoueh
nojatuoli armchair
sohvapyt coffee table .: .
ruokapyt dining table
lipasto dresser
jalkalamppu floor lamp
ypyt night stand
astiakaappi ehina cabinet
snky bed
kahden hengen
vuode
seinvaate
double bed

wall hang i ng
I
keinutuoli rocking chair 1

~~~~~~~
hyllykk wall uni t
kaapisto wall unit
runkopatja box spring
peili mirror (-

IX-6

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SCENE 18

Ilta ulkona, treffit Evening out, date

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Hei Liisat Minulla on Moi Liisat Mullon A. Hi Liisat 1 have two tickets
kaksi lippua iltanyt6kseen kaks for the evening performance
Kansallisteatterin pienelle . on the small stage at the
nyttm61le. Olisitko halukas Olisit s National Theater. Would you
tul~maan kanssani] tuleen mun kanssa? like to come with me?

B. Mik nytelm siell menee] B. What play is on]

A. Siell esitetn Kiven


Seitsemn veljest. Se on
.. A. Kivi's Seven Brothers ts
being played there. lt has
saanut hyvt arvostelut. Sain M sain received good reviews. 1 got the tickets
liput kolmannesta rivist . for the third row in the balcony.
parvekkeelta. .
9. jakso Sequence 9
B. Tulen mielellni, ja nytelmn M tuun B. 1 would like to come, and after
jlkeen voisimme menn tanssi- me voitas menn the play we could go and dance
maan johonkin diskoon. tanssiin ........... at a disco

A. Hyv ajatus: Sopiiko jos tulen Sopiiks jos m tuun A. Good idea: ls it alI right if
hakemaan sinut kello "6? Teatteri- hakeen sut 1 come and pick you up at 6? The
liput tytyy lunastaa seitsemn
menness.
.. theater tickets must be
picked up by seven o'clock.

B. Kyll sopii. Tavataan alaoven B. It's alI right. We'll meet in


edess. . front of the door downstairs.

IX-7

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Act out sequences 8 and 9, using the fo110wing variations.

~ ~
matineaan. a matinee.
Minulla on liput . seitsemn nytkseen. I have tickets for the seVen 0'c10ck performance.
yhdeksn nytkseen. the nine 0'c10ck performance.
elokuviin. the movies.
1effaan. the movies.

~
ensi parve1ta.

~
the first tier.
Sain liput permanno1ta. I got tickets for the orchestra.
aitiosta. box seats.
piippuhyllylt. the second tier.

ykerhoon. a nightclub.
Menemme tanssimaan ravintolaan. We'll go dance at a restaurant.
{ osakuntaan. { the (regiona1) student union.

ADAMS puh. 605 906 BIO BIO puh. 638 240 MAXIM 1 puh. 177 337 Ritz puh. 449 383
Erottaja 15-17 Mannerheimintie 5 K1uuvikatu 1 E. Hesperiankat 22
Joka p. 19 ja 21 Joka p. 16.30118.45 & 21 Joka p. 17 ja 21 Joka p. 17, 19 ja 21
Poliisiopisto -K12- Hirvin morsian -K16- Matka Intiaan -K12- Uuno Turhapuro
Espanjassa -8-

ADLON puh. 442 733 BRISTOL 1 puh. 661 535 MAXIM 2 puh. 177 337 SAVOY puh. 628 020
Runeberginkatu 44 Mikonkatu 8 K1uuvikatu 1 Kasarminkatu 48
Joka p. 18.45 ja 21 Joka p. 16, 18.30 ja 21 . Joka p. 16.30, 19.30 Joka p. 19 ja 21
smaragdimets -K14- 007 ja kuoleman Amadeus -8- Konnajengi -K16-
katse -K16-

ARENA 1 puh. 753 1113 CINEMA puh. 494 827 MRRANO puh. 656 677 STUDIO 2 puh .. 643 422
Hmeentie 2 Museokatu 44 Viiskulma Mannerheimintie 6
Joka p. 18.30 ja 20.45 Joka p. 19 Joka p. 19 Joka p. 16.30
Kalpea ratsastaja-K16- Kirjava satama -K8- Mieletn, mieletn Tintti haijrve11 -8-
maailma -K8-

IX-8
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SCENE 19

Matkatoimistossa At the travel agency

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Hyv piv. Perheeni ja M haluaisin A. Good rnorning. My family and 1
min haluaisimme tehd perheen kanssa teh would like to make a skiing
hiihtomatkan Lappiin huhti- . trip to Lapland in April.
kuussa. Haluaisimme vied Me haluttas We would like to take the car
auton mukanamme. Onko se auto Onks se along with us. 1s it possible?
mahdollista? .
B. Kyll on. Helsingist RoVa- Joo .......... B. Yes, it iso There's an auto-
niemelle menee auto juna . train from Helsinki to
kerran pivss. Haluaisitteko Haluaisitteks te Rovaniemi once a day. Would
jrjest liput kauttamme? . you like us to arrange the
tickets?

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Kyll. Voisimmeko vuokrata Joo. Voitasko me A. Yes.Could we rent a ski
hiihtomajan keittomahdolli-
suuksineen viikon ajaksi?
.. cottage with cooking
facilities for a week's time?

B. Hiihtomajat ovat hyvin


edullisia perhemajoitusta


.. B. The ski cottages are very
reasonable for family
varten. Vuokra on 250 mk kymppi accommodation. The rent is
vuorokaudelta. . 250 Fmk per day.

12. jakso Sequence 12


A. Ottaisimme mielellmme osaa Me otettas A. We would like to take
hiihtokouluun. Hoidatteko te Hoidatteks te skiing lessons. Do you handle
paikanvarauksia kursseille? . registration for the classes?

B. Kyll vaan. Ja uusia kursseja


jrjestetn koko ajan. .. B. Yes. And new courses are being
or9ani~ed alI the time.

IX-9

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Use the following variations when acting out the previous scenes.

palkkal ipun. a seat.


Haluaisin varata
1
makuupaikkalipun.
lentoliput..

ensinunisess luokassa.
1 would like to book
l a sleeper.
airplane tickets.

first class.
Matkustaisin toisessa luokassa. 1 would travel in second class.
1 turist iluokassa. 1 tourist class.

~
kuukausi lipun. ticket.

~
monthlY
perhealennuslipun. family t icket.
Haluaisin koululaislipun. 1 would like to have a student (school) ticket.
opiskelijalipun. student (university) ticket.
ma tka ilulipun. touring t icket.

kesmk in? summer cot tage?


Voisimmeko vuokrata loma-asunnon? Could we rent a vacation home?
1asuntovaunun? 1 camper?

Tll vauhdilla me emme pse Kuala


TUPAKOITSIJOILLE RAVINTOLAVAUNU Lumpuriin milloinkaan.

TUPAKOIMATTOMILLE KABVILAVAUNU

IX-IO
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Take the role of a prospective tenant and act out an apartment rental situation, using the
pIan given below.

UIc.I,A.U I H.I, ml

1 r: ....
.A.... - ......... ~ -:- ..... . - ...
..
~:' ~'
"1\ '

1. tuuli kaappi vestibule 9. kirjasto library


2. eteinen hall 10. isnnnhuone study
3. olohuone Ii ving room 11. varasto storage
4. kei tti kitchen 12. makuuhuone bedroom
5. wc wc 13. autotalli garage
6. sauna, pesu- sauna bath, washing 14. vaatehuone walk-in eloset
ja pukuhuone and dressing room 15. kylpyhuone bathroom
7. uima-allas swimming pool 16. komero eloset
8. ruokailuhuone dining room 17. kattilahuone furnaee, boiler room

IX-ll

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Under the given headings, list the information on the available accomodation in the ads below.

Area Type of accommodation People offering People they Way to contact


accommodation want

study ,the ads and discuss which one would suit you best. Consider such things as
office location, transportation, etc.

IX-12
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Act out sequences 8 and 9, using
the variations on this page.
( Huveja )
r' ""
di 18n!811i!tBlttBri
Suuri n. 628582 639332
S1beHusAkalemlassa
ma 22. 9. klo 19.30
RISTO LAURIALA piano
Tnn tanssimaan Dipoliin

tlV~Et'LLE!
Bach-Beelhoven-Brahme
Ma 19.30
CHARLEYN TATI
TI19.30 ma 20. 10. klo 19.30
LEHTOLAPSI INKERI RANTASAlO laulu
PIen! n. 666738
PERTTI EEROLA piano Ilnterin
T119.30
Simon aray: IU 26. 10. klo 19.30 Juhlasalissa
PEUERA EIRA OJANEN lello lauantaina
MARGIT RAHKONEN piano klo 19.00--01
W1I!ensauna 666738 . lIIaplakorUI12 mk.
TlnUn 19.30:
HAAVIKKD-ILTA
.:rna 27. 10. klo 19.30
HELSINGIN KAMARIYHTYE
Ikraja 20 vuotta. A-olkeudel. Soittaa Rainer Tapolan orkesteri
Suomen LauluJaln Todellista tanssin iloa suurissa saleissa. Sisn Juhlaovesta. Bus.
UIUo sit.102 ja 102 laiturista 61. Liput 16 mk ,johon sisltyy iltapala ja
lippuja Haavlkko-Illaan lunlla Ia 8.11. klo 19.30 tJliki naulaan. A-oikeudet. Klo 1901. - Puh. 461811.
HEIMO HAITTO vlulu seuraavat suurl.llnssit 26.12.
".nnen ovella. . JAAKKO UNTAMALA piano
~IPI avoinna 14-19.30...,J
ma 10.11. klo 19.30 V DII)OIJ

.-
HANNU-HEIKKI
HAKULINEN laulu
(

PENTil KOSKIMIES piano
Nyttelyj ) KOHTA l ',PAIKKA
FREDA S1- 53
TEATTERI VANHALLA
Puh. 660211 L1ppup.043
Kassa avoinna klo 13-16
Ia 16. 11. klo 19.30
HELSINGIN KAMARIYHTYE

pe 21.11. klo 19.30


ATENEUM
Ranskalaista
TAIDEHALLI
~ervanderlnkatu a

:
NAISTEN
TANSSIT


:
Tlln. 15.00 komedia RISTO POUTANEN 181Io Vuoden talteUlja
YMPYRA
!lMO RANTA piano impressionismia :. 15--24
VlerallUana LIIsa Tuomi BERUNEH
20. 8.-21. 9. RAIMO KOSTI sEPpALA
Elllkef. Ja oplsk. 50 ero. I<AMMERSOLISTEN UTRIAINEN JOKKE HAKALA .
11 28. 10. Ja ke 29. 10. Kokoebna tunnettujen rallS- 22. 8.-21.9.
klo 19.30 K8upunglnlalo8la kalailten Impre.slonlsUme..
K0 M Hlmn'l. '1 10 30. 10. klo 19.30
Anlandlalalo...
tarelden maalauksia Ja ,r.
filkka. RaDBkan v8lUon ko-
Ark. 11-18, su 12--17,
ma luljettu. .
'. &
RAUNI PEKKALA
T E T , Elli p. 7011 610 JAHRGANG49 koelnilsta, mukana mm. Utriainen ellttelee LOUNASTA
ke 29. 10. Ja 10 30. 10. .Manet, Mone~Renolr, Del81 nlyttelyn klo 14.00 HAARIKKA-
William Shakespeare: klo 19.30 Kllllluurltaloua P1lsarro Ja Slsley.
Studio: :: KELLARISSA:
MYRSKY L1dkal kakli audlovlluaaU.. UIKENROTH
FInIancIalalo... ta ohlebnaa ImpreleJonlsml pUrustukala

~
tAnlUln klo 14. 1125.11. klo 20
Seur. es. 16. 17. 18, MARTTI TALVELA basso Ja Clzanne. SUKAHVIO
10 (tllynnl), 20, 21. 9. RALF GOntONI piano Avoinna arkleJn 8-17,
Liput tuntia ennen ovelta. keskivUkkolsln 8-20 Ja
sunnuntaiiin 11-17.

IX-13

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\
study the pictures and signs below. Explain what they mean and when you would use them.

SUOMEN KULKUNEUVOT TURISTI


(Kes-/talvituristi>
RAUTATIEAIKATAULUT, LAIVOJEN,
LENTOLIIKENTEEN JA LINJA-AUTOJEN
KULKUVUOROJA SEK KARTTA

MATKALIPPUJA KAIKKIIN JUNIIN

I
lHTEVT JUNAT II SAAPUVAT JUNAT II LAITURILLE I KULJETUS

~
0

Odotullhuon.
at
Matkatav. alllytyll
rif
Llhtevl
matkalllvara Saapuva
matkatavara
J."J.
Satama
.
1
() -.,.J
[ ) ~w

Fil
0
[J

U ~
,........... (jjJ
.........
PalkkaUpul
mln'ntII
Mekuu- ~a lepo-
-e
SlllytY.-lokero
V
L8yl6tavara
FV
L1nlaautonema
pal It

Shk junissa:

Vaara, lk no jatko oviin:

Tss vaunussa ei ole wc:t. Shk junaliikenne on nopearytmist. Liikenteen


joustavuuden ja matkustajaturvallisuuden paran-
Kyk peremmlle. Pitk tamiseksi pyydmme teilt ripeytt junasta
ovitila vapaana. poistuessanne ja junaan noustessanne.

Ripesti ovesta, olkaa hyv~

IX-14

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Below you see an extract from the Helsinki telephone book. Study it and find
out which section you should call when

you want to reserve a ticket to travel to Moscow by train


you want to take your car with you on the train
you would like to reserve a ticket to travel from Stockholm to Copenhagen by train
you would like to inform the station that you've 10st your umbrella on the train

VALTIONRAUTATIET Vaihde 8 - 21...................... 7071


- Aikatauluneuvonta ma - pe 7 - 2 la 7 - 18 su 9 - 18 ~ 659411
- Tavaraliikenteen neuvonta ma - pe 8.30 - 16 7073423
- Istumapaikat 7 - 21 636209 or 659511
- Makuupaikat 7 - 21 625216
Henkilautojen kulj. pikaj. ma - pe 8 - 18 669468
- Matkailu-, seurue-, perhe-, kuukausi- ja alennusliput,
65- ja 1-kortit, autojen vuokr. ma - pe 8 - 18 669468
- Paikanvarauks. Neuvostoliittoon ma - pe 8.30 - 16.30 664849
Matkatoimistojen ryhm- ja paikkavarauks. ulkom.
juniin ma - pe 8 - 16 7073406
Lhtev matkatav. 6.30 - 22.30 7073422
Saapuva matkatav. 7 24 7073412
Lyttav. ma -pe 9 - 17 7073216
- Tavarasilytys 6.15 - 23.30 7073413
- Painotuott. myynti ma - pe 8 - 16 7073408
- Lipputoirn. pll 625368

IX-15

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COHPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Listen to the tape and check the appropriate box to rnark your answer.
T F
a) The customer would like to have two tickets for a sleeper.

b) He gets them.

c) He would like to have tickets for reserved seats, one from


Helsinki and the other from Riihimki.

d) He would like to have two window seats facing each other.

e) He smokes.

f) He's already bought the passenger tickets.

2. Listen to the tape and check the appropriate box ta rnark your answer.
T F
a) The customer and her husband have just received a big
sum af money and bought an apartrnent.

b) They would like to decorate one room to look like a


French bistro.

c) The interior designer suggests that the walls and windows


be painted white.

d) The armchairs could be upholstered with green velvet.

e) The table could be round and white.

f) Behind the sofa the designer suggests a painting.

IX-16
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3. Listen to the tape and check the appropriate box to rnark your answer.
T F
a) The caller is a foreigner who would like to rent a roorn.

b) The roorn is already occupied.

c) Nobody wants to live there because of the long distance from downtown.

d) The caller lives on Taivaanvuohentie 5 A.


,
e) Taivaanvuohentie is on the sarne side of the street as the bus stop.

f) The landlady is delighted to have the roorn rented.

4. Listen to the tape and take notes under the following headings:

Who is talking to whorn About what Where

5. Listen to the tape,taking notes under the following headings:

Type and nurnber of train Arriving, departing, or late Track no.

IX-17

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ELOKUVA-JA
TEATTERIOHJELMAT 041
6. Listen to the Helsinki telephone service for movie programs. Take notes
and find out at what movie theaters and at what time the following movies
are shown:
Theater Time

a) The Fiendish Plot of Dr. FU Manchu, with peter sellers

b) The Bounty Hunter, with steve McQueen

c) The Blue Lagoon

d) The Aristoeats--a Walt Disney movie

e) The Wiz, with Diana Ross

7. Listen to the Helsinki telephone service for theater programs. Find out
at what theater and at what time the following plays are shown.

Day Theater Time

a) The Golden Pond, by Ernest Thompson

b) The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare

c) Annie, get your gun

d) The End of the Game, by Samuel Beckett

e) The Horsehlan, by Paavo Sallinen

KEY L aT bF eT dT eF fF
2. aF bT cF dF eT fF
3. aT bF eT dF eT fF

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IX-l8
FUNCTION PRACTICES

1. Rent an apartment
write an ad for a newspaper describing the kind of aecornrnodation you want to rent
tell a real estate agent what kind of accornrnodation you want, and where
inspect the apartrnent you intend to rent and find out alI the facts about the
utilities, public transportation, snow rernoval, etc.

2. Get your telephone fixed


VIKA-
call the repair serviee
explain that your telephone ia out of order ILMOITUS 01 9
Repair service
3. PIan an evening out
falk about various alternatives
decide what kind of seats you want and at what tirne you can pick up your tickets

4. PIan a vacation in winter/summer in Finland


talk to a travel agent to find out what kind of vacation houses/cottages are available,
how they are equipped, and how you get there (only by boat, along footpaths, ete.)

Look for serviees you need


under these headings in the
yellow pages.

MATlCATOIMlSTOJA Mat
KIINTEISTNVUTIJI K -.-.
VUOKRATTAVAT LOMAMKIT
VESI- JA i:AMPJOKTOUIKKElT Ves NISSIL. SOINI OY VIIKOIKSI JA VIIKONLOPUIKSI
Pohjoisesplanadi 21 A 5 Puh. 13113
Asunlo-ONldlelclett J- llllnteletllen .111tp.

S.HKASENNUSLJIKKEITA Sh
LallI- ,_ ltOteriattlMloldeA Ilol10.
LOMARENGAS
441346
Museokatu 5 B 12 puh.
SlSUSTUSARKKlTE/i1CJA JA
SISUSTUSARKKlTEHTUURITOIMISTOJA
S-.5 Vllltyk.....mm. my6. lomakylll
la tlyalholtoa ma_talolssa.

IX-19

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READING. Pay attention ta the words that you may find useful.

1. - Unohditko taas maksaa shklaskun?


- En tietenkn. Miksi sit kysyt?
- Koska talo on ihan pime ja mys kylm.
- No, se on kyll helppo selitt. Kun tulin kotiin tyst,
tunsin kaasun hajua. Panin lrnrnityslaitteen pois plt ja
katkaisin virran koko talosta, jotta ei tapahtuisi rjhdyst.
- Voit laittaa ne takaisin plle. Se mik tll haisi oli vain
maksalaatikko, jonka itini antoi meille.

2. - Mihin haluat ripustaa taulun?


- Haluaisin sen thn ikkunan viereen.
- No, entp tnne pianon ylpuolelle?
- No, se ei ole hullumpi. Ylettyyk lampun johto niin kauaksi?
Siin nurkassa on niin kamalan pime.
- Voimme aina polttaa kynttil, jolla valaisemme sen.
- Min pitelen naulaa ja sin lyt vasaralla. Xl ly sormiani.
Aijai. Sanoinhan sinulle, ett olisit varovainen. Sin srjit
kehyksen. Nyt meidn tytyy korjata se.

3. - Nautin esityksest suunnattomasti.


Niin, siin oli kaikkea, mist minkin pidn. Joskus minua
nauratti, joskus itketti, ja toisinaan halusin nousta yls
ja taputtaa.
- Silt minustakin tuntui. Sek laulu ett tanssi olivat paljon
parempia kuin olin osannut odottaa.
- Huomenna on uusintaesitys, ja minusta meidn olisi mentv
uudelleen.
- Olen samaa mielt. Katsotaan, voinko lhte tist vhn
aikaisemmin.

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IX-20
4. - Miten lomasi meni?
- Se oli melkoinen pettymys. Ilma oli huono, hotelli oli liian
kallis eik ruokakaan ollut erikoista. Ja mik viel pahempi,
viereisen huoneen asukkaat juhlivat joka y pikkutunneille asti.
- Sep ikv. Eik sinulla kuitenkin ollut hyv matka lomanvietto-
paikkaan ja takaisin?
- Menomatka ei ollut hullumpi, mutta tulomatka oli aivan eri asia.
Kahden makuuvaunuosaston sijasta, jotka olimme varanneet, saimme
vain yhden. Siit johtui, ett yhden lapsista tytyi nukkua lat-
tialla. Saimme tuskin nukutuksi.
- Eihn. Sano minulle, mit matkatoimistoa kytitte. Haluan vltt
sit.

5. - Mit te haluatte tehd tnn?


Mennn kvelemn metsn, koska on niin kaunis ja lmmin palva.
- Se ei ole kovinkaan hyv ajatus. Nyt on vilkkain metsstyskausi,
ja mets on tynn pyssymiehi.
- Se on totta. Veljeni meni tn aamuna aikaisin metslle. Olisi
paras tehd jotakin muuta.
- Minulla on idea. Mennn Korkeasaareen elintarhaan ja otetaan
kuvia elimist.

6. - Haluaisin ottaa autovakuutuksen.


No, niit on monenlaisia. Antakaapa minun selitt niit teille.
Kallein vakuutuksemme maksaa sek teidn ett toisen osapuolen
omaisuusvahingoista. Thn tysvakuutukseen kuuluu mys palo- ja
murtovakuutus.
-se kuulostaa juuri minulle sopivalta. Onko tm vakuutus voimassa
ainoastaan Suomessa vai suojaako se ulkomaillakin?
- Se on voimassa kummassakin tapauksessa. Jos pttte ottaa tmn
vakuutuksen, olkaa hyv ja istukaa ja tyttk tm kaavake.

IX-2l

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study the power of attorney statement below, which ia uaed very commonly in Finland.
Think of a aituation where you would need one, and then write your own.

Valtakirja

Tten valtuutan johtaja Aarne Kuusen vuokraamaan


omistamani asuinhuoneiston n:o A 47 talossa Lnnrotinkatu
49 Helsingin kaupungissa sopivaksi katsomillaan ehdoilla,
vastaanottamaan ja kuittaamaan puolestani vuokran sek
allekirjoittamaan puolestani vuokrasopimuksen.
Annettu Helsingiss 31. pivn maaliskuuta 1984

/?~ ()Lf~'1-
Signe Ahlqvist
Liikkeenharjoittaja, Helsinki

Todistavat:

?.d& !jj;,~
~~~

Are you ready to read the rental contract in Finnish? (see the Workbook)

IX-22
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UNIT IX
STRUCTURAL NOTES

IX-A PRESENT PASSIVE PERFECT TENSE

Nm johdot on vasta uusittu. These pipes have been recently renovated.

Lmmityst ei ole viel korjattu. Heating has not yet been repaired.

How to forrn

on + past pass. participle (see VII-H and XI-E)


ei ole + past pass. participle

IX-B PAST PASSIVE PERFECT TENSE

Ne oli jo uusittu ennen They hadbeen already renovated


viime vuokralaista. before the last tenant.

Taloa ei ollut korjattu vuosiin. The house had not been repaired for years.

How ta forrn

oli + past pass. participle (see VII-H)


ei ollut + past pass. participle

Affirrnative Negative
pres. pass. perf. on tehty has been done ei ole tehty has not been done
on oltu one has been ei ole oltu one has not been

past pass. perf. oli tehty had been done ei ollut tehty had not been done
oli oltu one had been ei ollut oltu one had not been

Note: The auxiliary verb should be in the active forrn 'ei ollut;'in colloquial speech you
can hear the form 'ei oltu.'

Taloa ei oltu korjattu vuosiin. The house had not been repaired for years.
Me ei oltu oltu Espanjassa ennen. We had not been in Spain before.
IX-23

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IX-C SUPERLATIVES QF ADJECTIVES

Kallein ei ole aina paras. The most expensive is not always the best.

Valitsen aina pisimmn kiertotien. 1 always choose the longest detour.

Dow to forrn

for the singular: the superlative marker is -in in the nom. sg., parta sg.
-impa-/-imp-, -imma-/-imm- in inElected Eorms
for the plural: the superlative marker is -imma-/-imm- in the nom. plo
-impi-, -immi- in inflected forms (# 26 in eND)

there are variations in the stern.before the superlative rnarker

a) in words ending in -o/- and -u/-y attach the marker to the gen. sg. stern

nom. 8g. gen. 8g. superl. nom. sg.

hullu hullu-n hullu-i-n craziest


tollo tollo-n tollo-i-n most idiotic
suosittu suositu-n suositu-i-n most popular
kysylli kysyty-n kysylY- i - n most in demand

b) i f the gen. sg. stern ends in -a/- or -e drop this Einal


vowel oE the stern beEore the superlative markers

Superlative

nom. 8g. gen. 8g. nom. 8g. parta sg. nom. plo parta plo

kuuma kuuma-n kuum-in kuum-in-ta kuurn-imma-t kuum-impi-a hottest


valkoinen valkoise-n valkois-in valkois-in-ta valkois-imrna-t valkois-irnpi-a whitest
rikas rikkaa-n rikka-in rikka-in-ta rikka-imma-t rikka-impi-a richest
pieni piene-n pien-in pien-in-t pien-imm-t pien-impi- smallest

c) in words ending in -is or -i ( # 6 in the eND) , replace both endings by


-e before the superlative -in

IK-24
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Superlative
nom. 5g. part. sg. nom. pl. parta pl.

kaunis kaun-e-in kaun-e-in-ta kaun-e-imma-t kaun-~-impi-a most beautiful


kallis kall-e-in kall-e-in-ta kall-e- imma-t kaU-e-impi-a most expensive
kiltti kilt-e-in kilt--;-in-t kilt-;-imm-t kilt-e-impi- nicest
ntti nt-e-in nt-e-=-in-t nt-e-imm-t nt-~=impi- prettiest

Note: -i- in the plural and superlative forms causes more or less the aarne changes in the stem.

Exceptional superlative forms

hyv parempi parhain, paras


gaad better best

nom. gen. part. iness. illat.

.26 s9 parhain parhaimma-n parhain-ta parhaimma~ssa parhaimpa-an


CND plo parhaimma-t parhaimp-ien parhaimpi-a parhaimmi-ssa parhaimpi-in
-ain
parhain-ten

.30 sg. paras par.!:!.a-an paras-ta par.!:!.aa-ssa par.!:!.aase-en


CND plo par.!:!.aa-t par.!:!.ai-den par!!ai-ta par.!!.ai-ssa par.!!,aisi-in

pitk pitempi pisin uusi uudempi uusin


long longer longest new newer newest

When to use

1. in general, in the same way as in English

2. to indicate the highest degree af superlative, i.e., the absolute superlative


mit + superlative

Hnell oli mit parhaimmat suositukset. He had the be5t (p055ible) recommendations.

IX-25

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3. idiomatie expressions of the type -at one's best- are formed by
plo superl. + -lla/-ll + possessive suffix

piv on pisimmilln keskuussa. The day is at it's longest in June.


-ns

Note: kaikkein suurin the biggest of alI


tO,iseksi paras the seeond best
kolmanneksi kallein the third most expensive

IX-D SUPERLATIVE 'OF ADVERBS

1. Pirjo lauloi kauneimmin. Pirjo sang most beautifully.

2. Volkkari maksoi vhiten. The 8eetle (Volkswagen) eost the least.

Dow to forrn

replaee the superlative gen. sg. ending -an with -1n (see example 1 above)

superl.norn. superl. gen. S9. superl. of adverb


parhain parhaimm-an parhaimm-in in the best way
helpoin helpoimm-an helpoimm-in in the easiest way

replaee the endin9 -n in the superlative nom. sg. by -ten

superl.norn. superl. of adverb


parhai-n parhai-ten
vhi-n vhi-ten
eni-n eni-ten
helpoi-n helpoi-ten

Note: Pidn eniten kahvista. lIike eoffee best (lit., most).

when to use

1. type 1 is most eornmonly used and follows the English u3age

2. eolloquially, type 2 is used mainly in the examples above


IX-26
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3. the absolute superlative is also used as an adverb

Hn tervehti meit mit lmpimimmin. He greeted us in the warmest possible way.

4. to modify the superlative of an adverb, use 'kaikkein'

Pekka juoksi kaikkein nopeimmin. Pekka ran fastest of alI.

IX-E PREPOSI'l'IONS

When to use

English prepositions are largely replaced in Finnish by case endings

Me asumme talossa. We live in a house.

English prepositions are often replaced in Finnish by postpositions (see IX-F)

there are, however, a few prepositions which are used with the partitive case

ilman without Hn on taas ilman rahaa. He is without money again.

ennen before Tulemme ennen joulua. We'll come before Christmas.

keskell center/middle Asun keskell kaupunkia. 1 live in the center/middle


of the city.

lhell near to Asun lhell asemaa/ 1 live near the station.


Asun aseman lhell.
pitkin* along Kvelimme pitkin katua/ We were walking along the street.
Kvelimme katua pitkin.

* can also be used as a postposition, i.e., gen. + lhell


** can also be used as a postposition, i .e., part. + pitkin

IX-27

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IX-F POSTPOSITIONS

"hen to use

postpositions often replaee English prepositions


postpositions are used with different eases, whieh are also reflected in the question

Kenen kanssa pelaat lentopalloa? With whom do you play volleyball?


Ket vastaan pelasitte? Against whom did you play?

with personai pronouns, the gen. ean sometimes be replaeed by a poss. suffix attaehed to
the postposition

Sinun kanssasi/kanssasi on hauska jutella. It's niee to ehat with you.

1. genitive + a postposition

jlkeen . after Liisan jlkeen on Pekan vuoro. After Liisa, it's Pekka's turn

kanssa with He ovat kotona idin kanssa. They are at home with (their)
mother.

mukaan aeeording to Radion mukaan sataa. Aecording to the radio, it'll raino

kautta through/via Posti kulkee Lapin kautta. Themail goes via/through Lapland.

suhteen with respect Tmn asian suhteen emme voi With respeet to this matter, we
to tehd mitn. ean't do anything.

vuoksi/-kse- for (the sake Teen sen huvin vuoksi/ 1 do it for fun.
takia of X) takia.

yli* aeross Menimme kadun yli/yli kadun. We went aeross the street.

pst** after Koulu loppuu viikon pst. School will end after a week.

* ean be used as a preposition as well


** 'pst' eannot be used with possessive suffixes, sinee it is not used together with a personai
pronoun

IX-28
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2. partitive + a postposition

kohti per ... henke kohti ... per person

varten for Tm on teit varten. This is for you.

vastaan against Hn oli minua vastaan. He was against me.

vastapt opposite Posti on koulua vastapt. The post office is opposite the school.

vaille/ of/to Kello on viitt vaille yksi. It's five of one.


vailla

3. genitive + a postposition indicating location

the locative case endings, which reflect the motion expressed by the verb, are
used with postpositions indicating location (see II-G)
the case ending of the postposition is reflected in your question as well

Mi~k alla se kirja on? Under what is the book?


Kenen luona olit eilen? At whose house were you yesterday?

Motion to No motion Motion from

lhelle lhell lhelt near

alle alla alta under, underneath

plle pll plt on ( top of)

ulkopuolelle ulkopuolella ulkopuolelta outside

ylpuolelle ylpuolella ylpuolelta above

alapuolelle alapuolella alapuolelta underneath

sislle sisll sislt inside


sisn sisss sisst

IX-29

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vierelle vierell vierelt next to
viereen vieress vierest

eteen edess edest in front of

phn pss pst after

luokse luona luota near

taakse takana takaa behind

4. postpositions with time expressions

gen. + postposition
aikana during En ole tavattavissa loman aikana. I'm not available during vacation.

pst Tulen viikon pst. 1'11 come after (a period of time)


a week.

kuluttua after Kuinka pitkn ajan kuluttua? After how long a time (has passed)?

jlkeen Tulen joulun jlkeen. 1'11 come after (a point of time)


Christmas.

nom. + postposition
sitten ago Kvin siell vuosi sitten. 1 visited there a year ago.

elat. + postposition
asti Olen ollut tll elokuusta asti/ 1 have been here since August.
saakka since saakka/lhtien/alkaen.
lhtien
alkaen

illat. + postposition
asti until/till Olen siell jouluun asti/saakka. 1'11 stay there until/till Christmas.
saakka

menness by certain time Sade lakkaa iltaan menness. It will stop raining by evening.

IX-3D
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Note: In standard Finnish, the poss. suffixes should be used with alI of these
gen. + postpositions when used with personaI pronouns, while the colloquial leaves them outo

standard: Ystvni ky (minun) luonani. My friend visits me (lit., with me).


Colloq. : Ystvni ky mun luona.
Standard: Pekka lhti (minun) luotani. Pekka left my place (lit., from me).
Colloq. : Pekka lhti mun luota.
Standard: Hn tulee (minun) luokseni. She will come to my place (lit., to me).
Colloq. : Hn tulee mun luokse.
Hn tulee mun luo.

IX-G ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ton/-tn, -maton/-mtn '-less, un-/in-'

1. Pekka on tytn. Pekka is ~employed (lit., jobless).


Hn on koditon. He is homeless.

2. Se on uskomaton asia. It's an unbelievable thing.

How to form

attach -ton/-tn to the gen. stern of a noun (see example 1 above) and inflect it in
the following way (t 24 in the CND)

nom. ge n. part. elat. illat.

89 koditon kodittoman koditonta kodittomasta kodittomaan homeless


plo tyttmt tyttm-ien tyttmi tyttmist tyttmiin unemployed

attach -ton/-tn to the II! info of a verb (see example 2 above) (see IV-J)

I info 3rd person s9 II! info stern adjective

usko-a usko-o usko-ma- usko-ma-ton unbelievable


lyd- ly ly-m- ly-m-tn unbeatable
tehd- teke-e teke-m- teke-m-tn undone
nky- nky-y nky-m- nky-m-tn invisible

IX-31

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When to use

1. These adjectives are translated into English with -less, non-, un-, or in- as a
prefix.

2. This form is either active or passive in its meaning:

Active
Kangas on palamatonta. The fabric is noninflammable.
(Kangas ei pala).

Kangas on rypistymtnt. The fabric is creaseproof.


(Kangas ei rypisty).

Passive
Se on uskomaton asia. It is an unbelievable thing.
(Asiaa ei uskota).

Meill kvi kutsumaton vieras. We were visited by an uninvited guest.


(Vierasta ei kutsuttu).

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IX-32
UNIT X
SCENES 20 - 22
Nouns Substantii veja

ambulance sairasauto (15) first-born esikoinen (25) physieal fitness kuntourheilu (15)
aneestor esi-is (2) fosterchild kasvatuslapsi (12) (sports)
anesthetie nukutus (32) godparent kummi (6) plaster kipsi (6)
ankle nilkka (1) grass widow kesleski (8) reeipe lkemrys (32),
bachelor vanhapoika (2), gymnasties voimistelu (15) resepti (6)
poikamies (35) gymnasties with jytjumppa (2) root juuri (9)
belly maha (1) music root-eanal juurihoito (15)
bride, morsian (23) head p (18) treatment
fianeee headache pnsrky (15) round, loop lenkki (6)
bridegroom, sulhanen (25) heart sydn (23) siblings sisarukset (32) plo
fianee heart disease sydnsairaus (33) 'skating luistelu (15)
buddy kaveri (7) hitchhiking peukalokyyti (6), skating rink luistinrata (1)
liftaus (32)
cavity reik (2) hospital sairaala (4) skiing hiihto (15)
crowd tungos (32) illness sairaus (33) ski trail latu (15)
erown kruunu (15) jogging hlkk (2) spinster vanhapiika (1)
eycling pyrily (15) jogging path pururata (1) splint lasta (1)
darling kulta (2) loeal paikallis- stretcher paarit (6)pl
dentist hammaslkri (7) anesthetic puudutus (32) swimming uinti (6)
departure lht (15) maritaI status siviilisty (15) symptom oire (5)
diet dieetti (6), marriage aviolii tto (15) tennis tennis (32)
ruokavalio (21) medieine lke (5) tennis court tenniskentt (2)
disease tauti (6) namesake kaima (1) tooth hammas (30)
doctor's vastaanotto (15) nation kansa (1) toothache hammassrky (15)
office nausea pahoinvointi (6) tribe heimo (15)
duty pivystys (32) neek kaula (1) veterinarian elinlkri (7)
(for a day) (nape of) neck niska (1) wedding ht (18) plo
ear korva (2) open marriage avolii tto (15) widow, widower leski (8)
engagement kihlaus (32) operation leikkaus (32) wisdom tooth viisauden-
epidemie kulkutauti (6) patient potilas (30) hammas (30)
extended suku (15) pension elke (5) youth nuoriso (16)
family pharmacy apteekki (6) X-ray rntgen (7)*
fever kuume (5)
filling paikka (1)

*inflect like any other foreign word


X-l

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Verbs Verbej

be (get) erota (17) intr. do gymnastics voimistella (14) retire jd (9) intr.
divorced fall kaatua (8) intr. elkkeelle
become tulehtua (8) fill (a cavity) paikata (18) rinse huuhtoa (8)
infected fracture murtua (8) intr. run juosta (16)
can be spared joutaa (2) have as a hobby harrastaa (2) set asettaa (2).
cycle pyrill (13) heal parantaa (3) tr. skate luistella (14)
deduce, draw ptell (14) heal parantua (8) intr. ski hiiht(2)
conclusions hurt koskea (4) intr., slim (down) laihduttaa(2) tr.
die kuolla (13) srke (4) intr. spU sylke (4)
diet noudattaa (2) jog hlkt (18) sprain nyrjht (2) intr.
ruokavaliota, light vala i sta (15) strain venht (2) intr.
olla (13) marry vihki (7) tr. swell turvota (19)
dieetill must (go) joutua (8) intr. travel matkustaa (2)
dislocate menn (13) play (a game) pelata (18) trouble vaivata (18)
si joiltaan wash (dishes) tiskata (18)

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

lean laiha (1) sore kipe (20) tender hell (2)


!
sick sairas (30)

Adverbs and other particles Adverbeja ja mutta apusanoja

alive elossa broken poikki

X-2
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SCENE 20

Kuntourheilu Physical fitness

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Kultaseni, arvaapas, Arvaas, Virtanen A. Darling, guess whose turn it
kenen vuoro on tiskata . is to wash the dishes?
astiat? .
B. En milln. Min olen .. H oon 8. No way, baby. 1 am going jogging.
lhdss hlkkmn. . hlkkn.

A. Joko taas~ Juokse paikal- Juokse paikallas: A. Not again~ Run in place:
lasi: .
B. Kaverini odottaa minua Mun kaveri mua 8. My buddy is waiting for me on
pururadalla. Me aiomme Me aiotaan the jogging track. We are going
tehd 10 kilometrin lenkin. lenkki. to do a 10-kilometer course (loop).

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. Min pelaisin mieluummin M A. 1 would prefer playing tennis, but
tennist, mutta sit voi
pelata vain sisll ja
.. you can only play it inside and
there's a long line (lit., big crowd)
halleihin on kova tungos. . at the (indoor) courts.

B. Miksi et ala harrastaa Mikset s ala 8. Why donlt you take up cycling?
pyrily? .
A. Odotan talvea, jotta voin M ootan talvee, jotta A. 1 1 m waiting for winter so that
hiiht ja luistella. m voin 1 can ski and skate.

X-3

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\
Act out sequences 1 and 2, using the following variations.

~ l
pyrilemn. biking
Olen lhdss p~laamaan tennist. 1 1
m about to go' pl~y ~ennis.
Ulmaan. sWlmmlng.
luistelemaan. skating.

~
urheilupuistossa. the sports park.
Kaverini odottaa
minua
tenniskentll.
uimahallissa.
My buddy is
waiting for me
~ at
at
at
the
the
tennis court.
swimming hall.
luistinradalla. at the skating rink.
Stadionin kuntosalissa. at the gym in the stadium.

hlkk/hlkkmist. jog.
voimistelua/voimistelemista. exereise (do gymnastics).
Harrastan hiihtoa/hiihtmist. 1 ski.
uintia/uimista. swim.
luistelua/luistelemista. skate.
jytjumppaa. do exereise to musie.

~
path

~
pururata. for jogging
Pirkkolassa on avattu kuntolatu. A new ski track has been opened
uusi pyrily tie. bicycle path in Pirkkola.
valaistu latu. lighted ski trail

X-4
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SCENE 21

Terveydenhoito Hedicine
Hiihto-onnettomuus Sk iing accident

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Apua~ Nyt taisi kyd pahasti. Perskeles, nyt tais kyd A. Help: Something dreadful
Jalkaani koskee. En pse huonosti. Mun jalkaan happened . My leg hurts.
yls. sattuu. M en pse 1 can't get upo

B. Odota, niin teemme paarit. Oota, niin me tehdn B. wait, we'll make a stretcher.
Onko tll lkri? Onks . Is there a doctor here?

4. jakso Sequence 4
C. Miks jalalle on tullut? . C. What has happened ta your leg?

A. Kaaduin mess. M kaaduin . A. 1 fell on the slope.

C. Se saattaa olla poikki tai


murtunut. Pannaan siihen


.. C. 1t might be snapped or
fractured. Let's put a
nyt lasta. . splint on it now.

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Joudunko min nyt sairaalaan? Joudunks m nyt A. Do 1 have to go to the
lasarettiin? hospital now?

C. Me soitamme sairasauton ja Me soitetaan c. We'11 call an ambulance and


se vie teidt ensiapuasemalle. . it will take you to the
emergency clinic.

6. jakso Sequence 6
C. Rntgenkuvasta ptellen
teilt on sriluu katkennut.

.. C. Judging by the X-ray, your
shinbone is broken.

A. Tytyyk se leikata? Tytyyks se A. Must it be operated on?

C. Se tytyy vain asettaa pai-


koilleen ja jalka pannaan
.. C. I t will just have to be set back
in it's place and the leg
kipsiin. . wiU be set in plaster.

X-5

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Act out sequences 3 and 6, and the scene below with the following variations.

Vatsaan
Kteen
~ koskee. My
6tomaCh
hand/arm hurts. Nilkkani on
venhtnyt.
nyrjhtnyt. My ankle is
strained.
sprained.
Phn
Selkn
1
head
back
mennyt sijoiltaan.
tulehtunut.
turvonnut.
dislocated.
infected.
swollen.

Voitteko lhett Tohtori Hmlisen


lkrin? Poikani vastaanotto Haluaisin varata
on ajan tohtori
Hmliselt.

Doctor's office Could you send What's wrong with Doctor Hmlinen's 1 would like to
on duty. a doctor? My son you? What symptoms office make an appointment
is UI. do you have? with Doctor Hmlinen.
My stomach hurts.

kurkkuansa. throat. pnsrky. 1 have a headache.


niskaansa. neck. pahoinvointia. 1 feel nauseous.
Hn valittaa mahaansa. He complains belly. Minulla on kuumetta.
vatsaansa.
korvaansa.
about his stomach.
ear.
kurkku kipen.
ysk.
1 have~:a cough.
:~;:\hroat.
nuha. a cold.
flunssa. the flu.

X-6
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Hammaslkriss At the dentist

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Olen herra Virtanen. Maan A. I'm Mr. Virtanen.
Minulla on aika kello 3. Mullan 1 have an appointment at 3 o'clock.

B. Odottakaa hiukan. ........ vhn. B. Wait a moment.


Tohtorilla on juuri potilas. . The doctor is attending to a
patient right now.

B. jakso Sequence B
B. Teidn vuoronne. Teidn vuoro B. You r turn.

A. Minulta lhti paikka tlt Multa A. l've lost a filling from down here
alhaalta oikealta. on the right.

c~ Tuota hammasta ei en voi Tota C. We can't fill that tooth any more.
paikata. Te tarvitsette
juurihoidon.

.. You need a root canal.

9. jakso Sequence 9
C. Tuo viisaudenhammas joutaa Ta i . C. That wisdom tooth dan he taken
pois. Vedettisiink se pois
tnn?
..
outo Should we pull it out today?

A. Voi ei, minun tytyy ajaa Mun tytyy A. Oh, no, 1 must drive home
kotiin. En voi ottaa puudu- M en voi 1 can't take anesthetic.
tusta.

C. Me olisimme kyttneet vain Me olis kytetty . C. We would have used only loeal
paikallispuudutusta. . anesthetie.

X-7

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Act out sequencea 2 and 3, using the following variations.

~
~ ylhlt. crown tooth

~
nastahammas at the top.
Minulta lhj:i paikka tlt vase~alta. 1 lost a filling from here on the left.
kruunu edesta. crown { in front.
pala hammasta takaa. piece of tooth in back.

Hammasta l srkee. My ~ tooth aches.


pt ~ I
head

Helsingin kaupungin terveyskeskuksen pivystysnumeroita.


The emergency phone numbers of the Health Center in the city of Helsinki.

Lkripivystys OOB Doctor on duty OOB


Hammaslkripivystys 736166 Dentist on duty 736166
Elinlkripivystys 778833 Veterinarian on duty 778833

Lkemrys viedn apteekkiin. The prescription ia taken to the pharmacy.


Resepti

Yliopiston Apteekki on auki lpi vuorokauden. Huuhtokaa~


The University Pharmacy ia open 24 hours. sylkek: Avatkaa
suunne~
Yliopiston Apteekilla on ypivystys.
The University Pharmacy is on nigh~ duty

APTEEKKI . - Rinse:
Spit out ~ Open
your mouth:

... IS that the


new water drill?

X-B
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SCENE 22

Suku Kinship

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Vielk vanhempanne ovat elossa? Vielks tein vanhemmat A. Are your parents still alive?
on hengiss? .

B. Eivt en, mutta minulla on Ei en, mut mullon B. No more. But 1 have many other
paljon muita sukulaisia. relatives.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Muuten appi vanhempani tulevat mun appiukko ja A. By the way, my parents-in-law are
meille huomenna. Apellani on anoppi tulee coming to us tomorrow. My father-in-
jotain asiaa tnne. Appiukolla on law has something to do here.

B. Olenko tavannut anoppisi? Oonks m tavannu sun a- B. Have 1 met your mother-in-law?
noppis?

A. Ehk. Hn oli tll viime kuussa Se oli A. Perhaps. Last month she stayed
lankoni luona. mun langon luona here with my brother-in-law.

12. jakso Sequence 12


B. Mit lankosi tekee? sun lankos B. What is your brother-in-law doing?

A. Voi, hn on elkkeell. Hn ji se on. Se ji A. Oh, he i5 now retired. He retired


elkkeelle viime vuonna. Hn vain ~ se vaan last year. He just travels for fun.
matkustelee huvikseen. .
13. jakso Sequence 13
B. Sithn meidn kuopuksemmekin kuopuskin B. That's what our Junior is doing.
tekee. Keskeytti koulunsa ja mat-
kustaa peukalokyydill ympri
.. Dropped out of school and travels
hitchhiking around the world.
maailmaa. .
A. No, nuoriso on aina sellaista. semmosta A. Well, that's always the way
with youth.
X-9

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study the picture with the names. Ask for
and provide information like this.

Mit sukua maisteri Pekka Virtanen on Minna


Koivulalle?
Hn on Minnan lanko. Minna on hnen klyns.

1. Maisteri Pekka Virtanen


2. Rouva Liisa Virtanen, o.s. Koivula
3. Tuomari Matti Virtanen
4. Rouva Anni Virtanen, o.s. Tikkanen
5. Kerttu Koivula, Liisan veljentytr
6. Minna Koivula, Liisa Virtasen sisar
7. Ville ja Maija Virtanen, Pekan ja Liisan lapsi
8. Kalle Tikkanen
9. Lasse Koivula, Liisan nuorin veli

USEFUL WORDS

is father leski widow, widower


iti = vanhemmat mother = parents sukulainen relative
isois grandfather eno maternal uncle
isoiti = isovanhemmat grandmother = grandparents set paternal uncle
appi father-in-Iaw tti aunt
anoppi = appivanhemmat mother-in-Iaw parents-in~law serkku cousin
mini daughter-in-Iaw pikkuserkku second cousin
vvy son-in-Iaw lapsenlapsi grandchild
veljen vaimo kly sister-in-law ispuoli stepfather
sisaren mies = lanko brother-in-Iaw itipuoli stepmother
sisaren tytr niece tytrpuoli stepdaughter
veljen tytr niece poikapuoli stepson
sisaren poika nephew orpo orphan
veljen poika nephew ottolapsi adopted child
vauva baby sisar, sisko sister
kummi godparent veli brother
kummiset godfather sisarukset siblings
kummitti godmother

X-lO
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Choose a physical fitness course
of your liking and make the
necessary arrangements by phone,
using the information on this
page.

Voimistele,
virkisty,
HELSINGIN KAUPUNKI
Urheilu' Ja ulkoIluvirasto ryhdisty

Liikunnan Ohjelmoinnissa kunnon testaus,


yksilllinen ohjelma,' snnllinen
kurssipalveluja harjoittelu, ohjaus ja tarkkailu.
Ryhmi naisille ja miehille pivisin

aikuisille ja iltaisin.
Palvelukaudet
- TalvlkausI17.1. -15. 4.
Lajivalikoimassa: Rentoutus, Ilmoittautuminen ao. salilla
kansanlanssi, kurssit kilokkaille, la 18.12.1976 klo 9 - 16
kurssit synnyttneille, uimaopetus, Ma 20.12.1976 klo 13 - 20
tennis (keskausina), hlkk - Syyskausl12. 9. -16.12.
(kuntoilu ulkona kevtkaudella), Ilmoittautuminen ao. salilla
pujottelu. La 13. 8. klo 9 - 16
Ma 15. 8. klo 13 - 20

Nmli kuntosalit palvelevat Sinua:


Liikuntapalvelu
Ky tai soila. Neuvo lytyy.
Kontula Ostostie 4 301 133
Koskela Voudintie 6 798 406
Tarjolla karttoja ja esittell. Pirk.kola urheilupuisto 745022
- Yrjnkatu 21, uimahallitalo Si/tamki Jousimieh.\. 363421
- Avoinna ma-pe 10-13 ja 14-17 Stadion P. Stadion\. 497 954
- Puhelin 607 271 Yrjnkatu Yrjnkatu 21 647801

X-ll

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Pick up a course that suits your child's age and that he/she might Iike.
Pind out at what time and where it's offered.

TY t t j a p 0 j a t

KESLLX URHEILUKOULUUN

Urheilu- ja ulkoiluviraston ohjaustoimisto jrjest ohjattua urheilutoimintaa


kesll. Urheilukoulu on tarkoitettu helsinkilisille 7 - 15 -vuotiaille nuo-
rille.

Kirj~amismaksu 5,- maksetaan 1. 6. ensimmisell tunnilla ohjaajalle toiminta-


paikalla. Ohjaaja jakaa harjoittelijat opetusryhmiin.

Ilmoittautumiset ja listiedot toukokuussa arkisin klo 9 - 11 urheilu- ja ulkoi-


luvirasto, ohjaustoimisto, Leena Pusa puh. 4029 292.

JALKAPALLOKOULU
Tln pallokentt klo 10 - 14

YLEISURHEILUKOULU
Elintarhan urheilukentt klo 10 - 14

PESPALLOKOULU, yhteistyss SVUL:n Helsingin piirin kanssa


Tiistaisin, keskiviikkoisin ja perjantaisin
Meilahden urheilupuisto
Ti klo 10 - 12, ke klo 13 - 15, pe klo 10 - 12

MELONTAKOULU, yhteistyss lajin seurojen kanssa


11 - 16 -vuotiaille, uimataito vlttmtn

JUDOKOULU, yhteistyss lajin seurojen kanssa


Varusteet: alussa riitt verryttelypuku ja
jalkineet (esim. varvasvlisandaalit)

TENNISKURSSIT
10 - l~ -vuotiaille
Varusteet: oma maila ja 3 uutta palloa

X-12

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EXTRACT FROM THE HELSINKI TELEPHONE BOOK

Study the following, and find out how you would help your friend if he/she had
a fishbone in his/her throat/a sudden earache/internal bleeding/an electrical
shock/burns

Helsingin kaupunki
Helsingin kaupungin virastoja ja niiss ksiteitAviA asioita koskevat tie-
dustelut 1692278 1692279 (Helsinki-halli Mannerheimintie 17) ma-pe
8.30-18 iJu 12-16.
Kaupunginvaltuuston ja kaupunginhallituksen ptksist tiedustelut
1692300.
Kaupungin virastojen ja laitosten vlelnen virka-alka 8.30-16 ma 8.30-16.30 la sulj.
Puhelinnumerot vaihteen suljettuna ollessa ennen j~ jlkeen vlrka-ajan ovat suluissa.

Erittin kiireelliset sairastumis- ja tapaturmatapaukset


SAIRASAUTO tilataan puhelinnumeroista 0066 tai 008 (lkripivystys) tai 000 (yleinen
hlytysnumero)..
EI HELSINKILISET kuljetetaan ensisijaisesti Helsingin yliopistollisen keskussairaalan poli-
klinikoille, jotka on merkitty'idrjaimella X.
Pivystvt sairaalat:
KIRURGISET SAIRAALAT:
Malmin sairaala ensiapuasema Malmi Malmin sairaala ensiapuasema Malmi synnyttjien vastaanotto poliklinik-
Sairaalat. 3'. . . . . . . . . . . " 364211 Sairaalat. 3. . . . . . . . . . . .. 364211 ka Haartman.k. 2 . . . . . . . . 4711
Marian sairaala ensiapuasema Meche- Marian sairaala ensiapuasema Meche- Ktilopiston naistentautien sairaala
lin.k. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 60991 'lin.k. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. 60991 synnyttjien vastaanotto naistentau-
klo 21-7 6099213 klo 21-7 6099213 tien poliklinikka Sofianlehd.k. 6. . 790411
X Kirurginen sairaala pivystysasema X Meilahden sairaala pivystyspolikli- MUUT PIVYSTVT SAIRAALAT:
Kasarmik. 11-13 . 17371 nikka Haartman.k. 4. . . . . . . . 4711 HermO- ja mielitaudit:
X Meilahden sairaala pivystyspolikli- . LASTENSAIRAALAT: Hel?perian sairaala pivystyspoliklinik-
nikka Haartman.k. 4. . . . . 4711 Lasten kirurgiset ja siataudit: ka Vlskr.k. 2. . . . . . . . , . . 440091
Vaikeat tapaturmat: Auroran sairaala pivystyspoliklinikka
X Tln sairaala tapaturma-asema Nordensk.k. 20 . . . . . . . . 413411 Korva-, nen ja kurkkutaudit:
Tlnk. 40 " 499610 Lasten sistaudit: X Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautien kli-
X Kirurginen sairaala pivystysasema X lastentautien klinikka pivystys- nikka pivystyspoliklinikka Haart-
Kasarmik. 11-13 . . . . . . . . . 17371 poliklinikka Stenbck.k. 11 . . . . 4711 .man.k. 4 E . . . . . . . . . . . 4711
SISTAUTISAIRAALAT: NAISTENTAUTlEN- JA Silmtaudit:
Kiveln sairaala . . . . . .. Vaihde 440091 SYNNYlYSSAIRAALAT: X Silmtautien klinikka ensiapupoli-
- Ensiapuasema SibGliuksenk. X Naistentautien- ja synnytysklinikka klinikka Haartman.k. 4 C. . . . . . 4711
12-14 4021221

X-13

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Ohjeita potilaan kuljettamiseksi oikeaan sairaalaan:
Sairaus tai tapaturma Aikuiset Lapset (alle 16 vuotiaat)
Haavat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kirurginen sairaala, Malmin, Marian ja Auroran sairaala, Kirurginen sairaala
Meilahden sairaalat
Halvaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperian, Kiveln. Malmin; Marian ja Auroran sairaala. Lastentautien klinikka
Meilahden sairaalat
Hukkumlnen . . . . . Lhin sairaala Lhin sairaala. Auroran sairaala,
Lastentautien klinikka
Korvasrf(y killinen Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautien klinikka Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautien klinikka
KourlstuskohtaUa . . Hesperian. Kiveln. Malmin, Marian ja Auroran sairaala, Lastentautien klinikka
Meilahden sairaalat .
Kouristuskohtaus raskauden aikana .. Naistentautien ja synnytysklinikka,
Ktilopisto .
Leukamurtumat . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kirurginen sairaala Kirurginen sairaala
LIIkennetapaturmat . . . , " . . Tln sairaala Tln sairaalan tapaturma-asema.
Kirurginen sairaala Auroran seiraala
Luunmui1umat nyrjhdykset . Kirurginen sairaala, Auroran. Meilahden ja Tln
Malmin. Marian, Meilahden ja sairaalat
. TOln sairaalat
MIelenhiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperian sairaala Hesperian sairaala
Myrf(ytykset alkoholl- lkealne- tms. . . . . Hesperian sairaala (mys kouluikilisat) Auroran sairaala, Lastentautien klinikka
(pikkulapset)
Palse pahanlaatuinen. , Kirurglnan sairaala, Malmin, Marian ja Auroran sairaala
Meilahden sairaalat
Palovamma . . . . . , , Kirurginen sairaala, Malmin ja Marian Auroran sairaals" Lastentautien klinikka.
sairaalat Kirurginen sairaala
Purema tai pisto kolren- kllllrmeen.
mehilisen- tms. . . . . . . . Kirurginen sairaala, Malmin, Marian ja Auroran sairaala, Lastentautien klinikka
Meilahden sairaalat
SIImAvamma . . , Silmtautien klinikka SIlmtautien klinikka
Sydlnkohtaus . . Kivliln, Malmin. Marian ja Meilahden Auroran sairaala, Lastentautien klinikka
sairaalat

Synnytys keskenmeno . Naistentautien ja synnytysklinikka,


Ktilopisto
Shkisku .. . Lhin sairaala Lhin sairaala, Auroran sairaala.
Lastentautien klinikka
Tajuttomuustlla Lilhin sairaala Lhin sairaala. Auroran sairaala.
Lastentautien klinikka
Tarttuvat taudit . . . Lkri kutsutaan kotiin Lkri kutsutaan kotiin
Trooppiset taudit. . . . . . . , , , . , , , . . , Lkri kutsutaan kotiin Lkri kutsutaan kotiin
Tukehtumlnen vieras esine
henkltorveaa . . . . . , . . . . , . . , , ..' . Lhin sairaala Lhin sairaala
Korva-, nenll- ja kurkkutautien klinikka Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautien klinikka

VaUaklpu likillinen. . . . . . . Kirurginen sairaala, Malmin. Marian ja Auroran sairaala, Lastentautien klinikka
Meilahden sairaalat
Verenoknnnus verelllyksy
keuhkoista . . . . . . . , , .' Kirurginen sairaala. Malmin, Marian ja Auroran sairaala. Lastentautien klinikka
Meilahden sairaalat
Verenvuoto nenst. , , . . . Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautian klinikka Korva-. nen- ja kurItkutautien klinikka
Verenvuoto synnytyselImist . . . . . . . Naistentautian ja synnytysklinikka,
Klltilopisto .
. Vieras esine kurf(UQ8 esim. ruoto. . . . . , .' . Korva-. nenil- ja kurkkutautien klinikka Korva-, nen- ja kurkkutautien klinikka
X-14

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Listen to this conversation and mark the box with true or false, as appropriate.
T F
a) A is looking for a thermometer.

b) The names of the doctors are listed in the telephone book.

c) You can also find the office hours in the telephone book.

d) You can find the dentists listed in the yellow pages.

e) The list of doctors is more expensive than the list of


dentists.

2. Your interpreter is talking to a nurse. Listen to the conversation and write


down the following information:

Location of the first scene Location of the second scene Location of the third scene

Procedure Procedure Procedure

X-15

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3. Listen to the dia10g and write down what kind of sporta the peop1e are interested in.

A B JAANA

4. Try ta extract essentia1 information from the dia1og.

A B

KEY 1. aF bF cF dF eT

X-16
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FUNCTION PRACTICES

1. Find out and talk about hobbies/sports/fitness

hobbies of your fellow students


your own interest in sports/physical fitness/outdoor activities
what facilities are available in your neighborhood
the national pastime in Finland
the national pastime in America in summer/winter
Interview your teacher about the attitudes in Finland towards physical fitness/
dieting/heart disease/cholesterol, etc.

2. Sickness and emergencies

You are in a situation where somebody needs urgent medical care. How would you go about
finding it in Helsinki/here?
Your dog needs emergency medical care. Arrange for it by phone.
A member of your family is sick; call the doctor on duty and arrange for a house call.
Tell your dentist about your present tooth trouble and accept/reject her treatment.

3. Family backgrounds

Find out the family backgrounds of your fellow students.


Find out where they live.
Compare differences in background between Finland and America.
Make your own family tree, writing down the names of your cousins, in-laws, etc.

Arvoitus Juuret
Kumpi on lheisempi suku- - Sin olet mahdoton kerskailemaan sukupuullasi.
lainen, veljen vaimon Kohta varmaan vitt, ett esivanhempasi olivat
anoppi vai tdin kummin mukana Noakin arkissa.
kaima? - Arkissako? Eivt toki, heill oli oma vene.

X-17

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CONVERSATION PRACTICES

- Pick up your favorite sport from the list below and tell your classmates aboutit.

- Follow the international games in newspapers and, using the vocabulary


below, talk about what's going on.

- Tell who the famous American athletes are and what kind of sport they represent.

Useful words

badminton sulkapallo meet urheilukilpailu


baseball pespallo middle distance keskimatka
baseball game pespallope I i
basketball koripallo pentathlon nykyaikainen viisi-
bicathlon ampumahiihto ottelu
boxing match nyrkkeilyottelu pole vault seivshyppy
cross-country murtomaahiihto relay skiing race viestinhiihto
skiing riding rat~astus
decathlon kymmenottelu track & fields, yleisurheilu
downhill laskettelu athletics
f igure skating taitoluistelu run juoksu
high jump korkeushyppy ski jump mkihyppy
triple jump kolmiloikka shot put kuulantynt
hurdles aitajuoksu soccer, football jalkapallo
ice hockey jkiekko speed skating pikaluistelu
javelin throwing keihnheitto table tennis pyttennis
broad jump pituushyppy hammer throw moukarinheitto
marathon maraton volleyball lentopallo
slalom pujottelu

X-l8

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READING

1. - Joko bussi on mennyt?


- En usko. Olen odottanut puoli tuntia ja yhtn bussia ei ole nkynyt.
- Olisivatkohan ne lakossa?
- Tss kaupungissa on vaikea sanoa. Silloinkaan, kun ei ole mitn lakkoa, ne tuskin
kulkevat.
- Mihin suuntaan minun pitisi menn, jotta psisin sairaalaan?
- Tm bussi menee sinne. Oletteko sairas? Haluatteko istua?
- En ole sairas. Miksi kysytte? Nytnk kalpealta?
Koska se tuli puheeksi, olette vhn kalpea. Silmnne vuotavat. Vapisevatko ktenne aina
tuolla tavoin?
- Tehn kuulostatte ihan lkrilt.
- Se on ystvllisesti sanottu, mutta olen lukenut vain muutamia lketieteellisi kirjoja.
- Nyt bussi nytt tulevan. Voinko pit pakettianne, kun nousette bussiin? Se nytt
painavalta. Mit siin on?
- Se on vain vauvani, joka menee klinikalle jlkitarkastukseen.

2.
Suomessakin on tarinoita pahasta itipuolesta ja anopista kuten muuallakin maailmassa. Tll
hetkell kuitenkin monet nuoret parit elvt -avoliitossa- avioliiton sijasta ja silloin heill ei
ole appi-vanhempia. Mit taas itipuoleen tulee, tm on hyvin yleinen, koska on paljon eronneita
ja uudelleen naineita vanhempia lapsineen. Niinp perheess Voi olla miehen lapsia, vaimon lapsia
ja niden yhteisi lapsia, -minun, sinun ja meidn lapsia-.

3.
Billill kvi hyv viuhka tansseissa, kunnes tytt saivat tiet, ett hn olikin naimisissa.
Bill ei nimittin pid vihkisormusta, ja kaikki luulivat, ett hn oli vapaa mies, naimaton. Kun
Billin vaimo sai tiet tst, hn osti miehellens sormuksen ja pani tmn kyttmn sit
vasemman kden nimettmss, kuten kaikki muutkin suomalaiset naimisissa olevat tekevt.
Maisterinsormusta Bill ei sentn hankkinut.

" Kihloissa "'Syotyoyt.


Vlhltt,YJi
Llhel)'llGneuVOl .Jukka BnaJund'Ji 'SolJC..Maarla
JuJckQ Srpplnen Kostia'24. 3. 84 Hc1alngful. Syntynyt pikku~eU:J"kolle
J. sihleeri MerikapteenI 'Vilberm' Halkai. 1. 3. 84, , ,
nita YltliJ
Lontoo 24. 3. 1984
Ja tolmfttaJa" Pirjo-U1aa 'Veenkari MJmosa ja Jussi VI,kkuntn.
24. 3:.84 Helaingisil.
X-19

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UNIT X
STRUCTURAL NOTES

X-A FOURTH INFINITIVE

1. Harrastan uimista. My hobby is swimming.


Puhumme nyt hiihtmisest. We are talking about skiing now.

2. Tenniksen pelaaminen on hauskaa. Playing tennis is fun.

3: Pidn tenniksen pelaamisesta. lIike playing tennis.

4. Onko teill mitn sanomista? Do you have anything to say?

How to foem

take the 3rd person plural present tense


replaee -vat/-vt by -minen, whieh is the IV infinitive marker

he teke-vt they do he pelaa-vat they play


teke-minen doing pelaa-minen playing

ean be infleeted in alI eases, see the CND t 25 for words ending in -nen

Note: he o-vat they are


ole-minen being

"hen to use

1. the IV infinitive is a pure noun, generally translated with -ing

2. The objeet of the IV infinitive must preeede it and it must be in the genitive
with/without a possessive suffix.

Lehtien lukeminen on trke. Reading newspapers is important.

Odotimme hnen tulemista-an. We were waiting for hirn to eome.


hnen tulemista-nsa.

X-20
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3. to express -to like-

a) pit + IV infinitive (or a proper noun) + -sta,


since Ipit l -to like, to be fond of something calls for -sta ending,
which cannot be added to the 1 infinitive

Pidn tanssimisesta. 1 like dancing.


Pidn tanssista. 1 like dancing.

b) to express -to like to do X-


haluta + 1 info to want
a main verb + mielell(ni) with pleasure

Tanssin mielellni. 1 like to d~nce.


Haluaisin tanssia. Ild like to dance.

4. -anything to do, to say, etc. or -something to do, to say, etc.- can be expressed by
mitn + IV info in part. anything to X
jotain + IV info in part. something to X

Ostan jotain juomista. 1 1 11 buy something to drink.


Pojilla ei ole mitn tekemist. The boys have nothing to do.

Note: If a genuine noun exists, it is better style to use it instead of the IV infinitive.

tulo + part. Odotimme hnen tuloaan. We were waiting for hirn to come.
Odotimme hnen tulemistaan.

hiihto + part. Harrastan hiihtoa. My hobby is skiing.


Harrastan hiihtmist.

tennis + elat. Pidn tenniksest. 1 like tennis.


Pidn tenniksen pelaamisesta. 1 like playing tennis.

X-21

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X-B PRESENT PASSIVE CONDITIONAL would be done

Lkri sanoi, ett hnet leikattaisiin The doctor said that he would be operated
ensi viikolla. on next week.

Vedettisiink hammas pois tnn? Would the tooth be pulled out today?

Jos lhdettisiin nyt, pstisiin If we (one) would leave now, we would


ajoissa perille. arrive on time.

Jos hnelle ei sanottaisi mitn If he were not told anything

Dow ta forrn

the passive stern -tta-/-tt, -ta/-t + -isi- + -Vn (passive ending)

X-C HOW TO FORM THE PASSIVE STEM

Dow to forrn
replace the past passive -tUn with -ta-/-t-
-tUin with -tta-/-tt-

I info pres.pass. past pass. pass.cond.

ol-la ol-laan ol-tiin ol-ta-isi-in


to be we are/one is we were/one was we would be/one would be

anta-a anne-taan anne-ttiin anne-tta-isi-in


to give is given was given would be given

ei + pass. stern of the main verb + -isi in the negative

ei ol-ta-tsi we would not be/one would not be


ei anne-tta-isi would not he given

When to use
in forrning the present passive conditional, see X-B
in forming the present passive potential, see XIV-B
in forming the present passive participle, see XII-C
X-22
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X-D PAST PASSIVE CONDITIONAL

1. Tm peli olisi voitu voittaa helposti. This game could have been won easily.

Tt uutista ei olisi uskottu todeksi. This piece of news would not have been
believed to be true.
2. Jos me ei olisi lhdetty ajoissa, If we wouldn't have left on time, we
olisi myhstytty. would have been late.

How to form: olisi + past passive participle (see VII-H)


ei olisi + past passive participle

olisi oltu we would have been/ olisi otettu we would have taken/
one would have been would have been taken
ei olisi oltu we would not have been/ ei olisi we would not have taken/
one would not have been otettu would not have been taken

When to use

1. used as passive normally both with transitive and intransitive verbs


2. colloquially with me -we- instead of the active form

me olisimme kyttneet we would have used


me olisi kytetty we would have used (colloq.)

X-E RELATIVE PRONOUN joka" -who/that/which-

Siin on vauvani, jonka vien tarkastukseen. That's my baby whom I'm taking for a check-up.

Tulin bussilla, jonka kuljettaja oli nainen. 1 came on a bus whose driver was a woman.

Tuo oli se poika, jolta kysyin tiet. That's the boy whom 1 asked for directions.

Ostin sen siit kaupasta, jossa 1 bought it in the shop that we visited day
kvimme toissapivn. before yesterday.

X-23

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Dow to form

sg. plo 5g. plo


nom. joka jo-t-ka iness. jo-ssa jo-i-ssa
gen. jo-n-~ jo-i-den elat. jo-sta jo-i-sta
part. jo-ta jo-i-ta illat. jo-hon jo-i-hin
transl. jo-ksi jo-i-ksi adess. jo-lla jo-i-lla
essive jo-na jo-i-na ablat. jo-lta jo-i-lta
allat. jo-lIe jo-i-lle

When to use

must agree in number with the noun to which it refers in the main clause

tytt, joka asuu tll the girl that lives here


ne tytt, jolka asuvat tll the girls who live here

must be in the plural if the noun to which it refers has "psychological" plural

ne kolme tytt~, jolka asuvat tll those three girls that live here

the case of the verb in the relative clause determines the case of 'joka'

Ostin auton, josta puhuimme 1 bought the car that we talked about
viime viikolla. last week.

can form any part of speech in a relative clause

subject Tuo on tytt, joka asuu tll. That's the girl who lives here.
object jonka tunnen. whom 1 know.
adverbial jolle soitin. to whom 1 phoned.
adverbial josta puhuin. about whom 1 spoke.

as an adverb: 'jonne' "(to) there", 'jolloin' "at which time"

Note: Uninflected 'joka' has the meaning of "every."

Kyn siell joka viikko. 1 visit there every week.

X-24
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UNIT XI
WEATHER s1O\

Nouns Substantiiveja

air ilmastointi (6) flow, eurrent virtaus (32) power shkkatko (15)
eonditioning fly krpnen (25) failure
antifreeze pakkasneste (5) fog sumu (15) provinee maakunta (2)
blizzard, lumimyrsky (15) forest mets (2) return of takatalvi (6)
broken road kelirikko (15), freezing eold pakkanen (25) winter
eonditions rospuu tto (15) frost halla (1) sanitation puhtaanapito-
elear spell pouta (2) (killing) department laitos (32)
elimate ilmasto (15) gnat mkrinen (25) shower kuuro (15)
eompulsion pakko (15) hail rae (5) (weather)
eondition keli (6) haze, mist utu (15) situation tilanne (5)
(road) height korkeus (33) sky, heaven taivas (30)
eraek in the railo (15) hot weather helle (5) sleet rnt (2)
iee, rift hurrieane hirmumyrsky (15) slush sohjo (15),
erust of snow hanki (8) ieebreaker jnmurtaja (3), loska (2)
biting wind Vllma (1) jnsrkij (4) snowdrift kinos (32),
degree aste (5) lightning salama (4) nietos (32)
depression lama (1) minus degree miinusaste (5) solid iee kiintoj (18)
distriet lni (6) mosquito itikka (4), south etel (3)
(administr.) sski (6) southeast kaakko (15)
direetion ilmansuunta (2) noise melu (15) southwest lounas (30),
(point of north pohjoinen (25) lounainen (25)
eompass) northeast koillinen (25) speed nopeus (33)
dog days mtkuu (16) nothern lights revontulet (9) plo storm myrsky(15)
downpour rankkasade (5) northwest luode (5) temperature lmptila (1)
drifting iee ajoj (16) oeeanographie merentutkimus- thaw suoja (2)
driving snow- tuisku (1) institute lai tos (32) thunder ukkonen (25)
storm open water avovesi (10) thundering, jyrin (4)
drizzle tihkusade (5) overtime ylity (17) rumble
fire tulipalo (15) paek iee ahtauma (3) tornado pyrremyrsky (15)
(uneontrolled) power voima (2) veloeity kiihtyvyys (33)
whirling snow pyry (15)

XI-l

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Nouns Substantiiveja
- -
visi.bilHy
warning
nkyvyys (33)
varoitus (32)
I
weather
weather bureau
s (18) , ilma ( 1)
Ilmat i.eteen
I
west
wind
lnsi. (ll )
tuuli ( 9 )
wave aalto (15) , laitos (32)
laine ( 5 )

Verbs Verbej
- -
become lauhtua (8 ) flood tulvia ( 8) intr. sand hiekoittaa ( 2)
milder freeze jty ( 8) intr. shovel (snow) luoda (10 ) lunta
be included sislty (8) intr. freeze (cause palelluttaa (2) tr. snow (driving) tuiskuttaa (2 )
frost damage) snow pyrytt ( 2)
be valid olla (13) voimassa melt sulaa ( 2) intr. (whirling)
continue jatkua ( 8) intr. move siirty ( 8) intr. spoU pilaantua ( 8) intr.
darken pimet (20) intr. predict ennustaa ( 2) stay (put) pysy ( 8)
ease off hell itt ( 2) promise luvata (18) tend tahtoa ( 8)
enjoy nauttia (7) dse kohota (17) , tighten kiristy ( 8) intr.
fear pelt (18) nousta ( 15) wake up hert (18 ) i.ntr.
flash salamoida (9) rot mdt (20) intr.
(lightning)

Adjectives Adjektiiveja

angry vihainen (25) foggy sumuinen (25 ) sinking upottava (3)


bright kirkas (30) gusty puuskainen (25) slippery liukas (30)
calm tyyni (9) humid kostea (20) soft pehme (20)
chilly kolea ( 20) magnificent upea (20) sultry painostava ( 3)
clear selke (20) mUd lauha (1) (oppressive)
cloudy pilvinen (25) muggy hiostava (3) thawing nuoska ( 2)
cool viile ( 20) pretty siev ( 2) windy tuulinen (25)
even tasainen (25)

Adverbs & others Adverbeja & muita

at times ajoittain etc. jne = ja niin even vaikka


covered over ummessa, umpi-* edelleen

* in compound words only


XI-2
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WEATHER

s kesll Weather in summer

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Kuulitko stiedotuksen? Kuulit sa A. Did you hear the weather forecast?
Millaista st luvattiin? Millasta What kind of weather was forecasted?

B. Kuulin. Kaunista ja lmmint Joo, m kuulin B. 1 did.


ja hellett. Nice and ~ and hot.

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. En tiennyt, ett Suomessa M en tienny A. 1 didn't know that it could be this
.
voi olla nin kuuma.
Ja nin paljon itikoita. .
hot in Finland.
And so many mosquitoes.

B. Joskus kesll on helleaalto. B. Sometimes in the summer there is a


heat ~.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Nyt on varmasti ukkosta ilmassa.
On hiostava ja painostava ilma.
.. A. There must be thunder in the air.
It's muggy and oppresaive (sultry)
weather.

B. Niin taitaa olla. Minullakin on Mullakin on B. It may well be. 1 too have a headache.
pnsrky. .

4. jakso Sequence 4
A. Pelkvtk lapset ukkosta? Pelkks lapset A. Are the children afraid of thunder?

B. Nuorin pelk jyrin. . B. The youngest fears the rumble.

XI-3

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Act out sequence 1, using these variations.

Millaista st luvattiin? What kind of weather was {promiSed?


{ ilmaa ennustettiin? forecast?

ukkosta. l
~
A thunderstorm
Luvattiin kovaa tuulta. Heavy wind was promised.
vaihtelevaa tuulta. Variable wind
pilvisyytt. Cloudiness

Ask for and provide information like this:

Minklainen {S tnn on? What is the weather like today?


ilma

(On) kaunis ilma. It's beautiful weather.


(On) ruma ilma. It's nasty weather.

Millaista nyt on ulkona? What is it like outside now?

kosteaa.

~ ~
lmmint. :~;~~.
On viile. It' s coo!.
koleaa. chilly.
hellett. hoL

pilvist. cloudy.
kirkasta. bright.
selke. clear.
On puolipilvist. It's partly cloudy.
sumua. foggy (lit., there's some fog).
sumuista. foggy.
poutaa. fair.

On tuulista. It's {Wind Y


{ tyynt. calm.

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XI-4
WEATHER

s kesll Weather in summer

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Tosiaankin, radio lupasi radio lupas A. Indeed, the radio predicted
ukkoskuuroja. . thundershowers.

B. Kun ei tulisi rankkasadetta tai Kun ei tulis B. If only we didn't get a downpour
raesadetta. Se pilaisi tomaatit pilais or a hailstorm. It would spoil
the tomatoes.

6. jakso Sequence 6
B. Viel pahempi olisi halla. . olis . B. Even worse would be a frost.

A. Mik halla on? Miks A. What is 'halla'?

..
B. Se on ypakkanen kesll ja se B. It is a night frost in the summer
palelluttaa kasveja. and it freezes plants.

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Nautitaan nyt poudista niin
kauan kuin niit on.
.. A. Let's enjoy the fair weather now
as long as it lasts.

B. l sure. Ei ne kauan kest.


Jos alkaa sataa, voi tulla
.
. B. Don't worry~ It won't last long.
If it begins to rain there can be
hyvinkin kolea ja ikv ilma. . very chilly and nasty weather.

XI-5

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Act out sequence 5, using these variations.

~ ~
sadetta. raino
Radio lupasi rankkasadetta. The radio forecast was a downpour.
tihkusadetta. drizzling raino
rntsadetta. wet snow, sleet.

Ukkoqen jyrisee. Salamoi, ukkostaa. It's thundering. It's lightning, there's thunder.
On kova ukkonen/ukonilma. There's a severe thunderstorm.

Ask for and provide information like this:

Miss ilmansuunnassa New York on? In which direction is New York?

Se on koillisessa. It's in the northeast.

Ilmansuunnat Compass points

N
Pohjoinen

NW Luode KoiHinen NE

W Lnsi It E

SW Lounas Kaakko SE

Etel
S

XI-6
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WEATHER
s talvella Weather in winter

8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Tulkaa Slsaan lmmittelemn~
Saisiko olla kuppi kuumaa?
.
Saiskos
A. Come in and get warm~
Would you like to have a cup
of something hot?

B. Kiitos, se tekisi hyv. se tekis B. Thanks. That would be great.


Kyllp onkin kova pakkanen: . It sure is very cold:

A. Olisi jo aika sen hellitt. Olis jo A. It's time it eased off.

..
B. Mutta radion mukaan pakkanen B. But according to the radio it's
vain kiristyy. just getting colder.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Millainen keli oli teill ja Millanen A. What was it like on the roads
kaduilla? and streets?

B. Viel on liukasta, mutta


ptiet on jo hiekoitettu.
hiekotettu.. B. It was still slippery, but the
main roads have already been
sanded.

A. Onhan teill talvi renkaat ja A. You do have snow tires and


pakkasnesteU? antifreeze, don't you?

B. Pakkohan se on olla. Eihn B. It's a necessity. You don't dare


niit ilman uskalla eik or aren't allowed to drive
saakaan ajaa. without them.

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Mutta nyt on hyvt hiihtokelit,
jos ei tule suoja.
ei .
tuu
A. But now the ski conditions are
good if it doesn't thaw.

B. No, voihan sit hiiht vaikka . B. Well, one can always ski even with
vesikeli ll. . watery conditions.

XI-7

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state the weather conditions, using these variations.

tuliPalopakkanen. bitingly cold.


On kova pakkanen. It's intensely eold.
{ pikkupakkanen. {
slightly eold.

kiristyy. inereases.
Pakkanen hellitt. Cold (weather) slaekens.
{ { gets milder.
lauhtuu.

Ask for and provide information like this. state the state of road eonditions, using these
patterns.

stiedotus the weather foreeast


Mit hiihtokelitiedotus lupasi? What did the skiing foreeast promise?
{ { the iee foreeast
jtiedotus

hyv keli. good eonditions.


vesikeli watery eonditions.
On nuoska keli. It's thawing eonditions.
vitikeli powdery eonditions.
jkeli. iey conditions.
kova keli. hard eonditions.
upottava keli. soft (sinking) eonditions.

kelirikko. bad road eonditions.


On rospuutto. It's broken road conditions.
{ { frozen ground.
routa.

XI-8
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WEATHER

s talvella Weather in winter

11. jakso sequence 11


A. Viime viikolla satoi paljon lunta. . sato . A. Last week it snowed heavily.

B. Joo, oli kova lumi tuisku. Ja kova . B. Yes, there was a heavy driving
tuuli. Juoksutti tiet umpeen. . snowfall (b1izzard). And heavy
winds. Driving snow c10sed the
roads.

A. Liikennehn se oli lamassa. .


.
A. Traffic rea11y was paralyzed.
Ei pssyt minnekn puoleen
pivn. . One cou1dn't get anywhere for
half a day.

12. jakso Sequence 12


B. TVH:lla oli ylitit.
pitolaitoksella.
Ja puhtaana- .. B. TVH worked overtime. And so did
the sanitation department.

A. Minkin hersin aamulla kamalaan Mkin A. 1, too, was awakened by a


meluun. Talonmies loi lunta kadulta Talkkari horrib1e noise in the morning.
The jani tor was c1earing the
snow from the street.

13. jakso sequence 13


B. Muuten huomasitteko, ett yll oli Muuten huomasitteks B. By the way, did you notice
upeat revontulet1 te upeet that there were magnificent
Northern lights last night1

A. Voi, en osannut edes odottaa niit. Voi, m en osannu A. Oh, 1 didn't even know to expect
oottaa them.

B. No, jospa ne nkyvt taas tn ne nkyy B. We11, maybe they can be seen
iltana. . again tonight.

XI-9

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Act out sequence 11, using these variations. Lmpmittari
lumimyrsky. blizzard.
Oli myrsky. There was a storm. F c
t hirmumyrsky.
pyrremyrsky. {
hurricane.
tornado.
110

100
L50
~.AQ.
kylm tuuli.
Oli vi hainen viima. There was a
cold wind.
biting wind.
- -- - -
{ puuskainen tuuli. { gusty wind. 90

80 ,30
lumikuuroja. oGcasional snow showers.
On ukkoskuuroja. There are thundershowers.

t
70
{ sadekuuroja. showers. ,20
kuuroja. showers. 60

50 10
Sataa lunta. It's snowing.
Pyrytt (lunta). It's whirling snow. 40
Tuiskuttaa (lunta.) It's blowing snow.
Juoksuttaa (lunta). ~
It's drifting snow. 3
20
JQ.
10
Kaava, jolla Fahrenheit muutetaan Celsiukseksi
0
c x 9 (F - 32) x 5
= + 32 I~
F c = 10
5 9
20
1
30
30
TVH = tie- ja vesirakennushallitus Road and Water Administration
40 40
TVL = tie- ja vesirakennuslaitos Road and Water Institute
~ ~

XI-lO
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Study the following charts in order to understand Finnish forecasts. Use the vocabulary
in your own sentences.

------~-----------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
pohjoistuuli, lnsi-, koillis-, luoteis-, kaakkois-, it-, etel- ja lounaistuuH
north(erly) wind W NE NW SE E S sw wind

Tuulen nopeus wind velocity

Metri sekunnissa 10 metrin korkeudella metera per second at 10 meters


Mailia tunnissa miles per hour

m/sek 0,3 0,3 - 1,5 1,6 - 3,3 3,4 - 5,6 5,5 - 7,9 8,0 - 10,7
ml/t 0-1 1 - 3 4 - 7 8 - 12 13 - 18 19 - 24

m/sek 10,8 - 13,8 13,9 - 17,1 17,2 - 20,7 20,8 - 24,4 24,5 - 28,4
ml/t 25 - 31 32 - 38 39 - 46 47 - 52 53 - 63

m/sek 28,5 - 32,6 32,7 tai enemmn/or more


ml/t 64 - 75 yli/over 75

Kovan tuulen varoitus 14 - 20 m/sek high winds warning 14 - 20 m/sec


Myrskyvaroitus 21 - 32 rn/sek storm warning 21 - 32 m/sec
Hirmumyrsky yli 32 rn/sek hurricane over 32 m/sec

XI-ll

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Translate this weather forecast. Then rephrase it.

stiedotus:

Tiedotukseen sisltyy metspalo- Metspalovaroitus on voimassa


varoitus. edelleen Turun ja porin, Uu-
Norjan merell oleva korkeapaine denmaan ja Hmeen lniss
pysyy paikallaan ja luoteinen sek Ahvenanmaan maakunnassa.
ilmavirtaus jatkuu maassamme.
pivlmptila kohoaa vhn per-
jantaiksi maan etel- ja keski-
osissa.

Odotettavissa iltaan asti:

Etel- ja Keski-Suomessa:
yll heikkoa tuulta, pivll
kohtalaista pohjoisen ja luoteen
vlist tuulta, vaihtelevaa pil-
visyytt ja poutaa, verrattain stiedotus merenkulkijoille:
yleisesti hallaa. Pivn ylin
lmptila Lnsi-Suomessa 13 - 15 Odotettavissa sunnuntai-iltaan
astetta, It-suomessa 10 - 12 asti:
astetta Suomenlahden itosa: yll kaak- 1. Ahvenanmaan maakunta
Oulun lniss ja Lapin lnin koistuulta 3 - 6 rn/s, utuista ja 2. Turun ja Porin lni
etelosassa: kohtalaista lnnen aamuyst alkaen ajoittain sa- 3. Uudenmaan lni
ja luoteen vlist tuulta, detta, mahdollisesti ukkosta. 4. Kymen lni
vaihtelevaa pilvisyytt ja pivll lounaaseen kntyv 5. Hmeen lni
enimmkseen poutaa, paikoitellen tuulta 5 - 8 rn/s. Ja parempi n- 6. Vaasan lni
hallaa. pivn ylin lmptila kyvyys. 7. Keski-Suomen lni
10 - 12 astetta. Suomenlahden lnsiosa ja Pohjois- 8. Mikkelin lni
Lapin lnin pohjoisosassa: Itmeri: aluksi eteln ja kaakon 9. Kuopion lni
vhn voimistuvaa lnsituulta, vlist tuulta 4 - 7 rn/s. utuista 10. Pohjois-Karjalan lni
perjantaina luoteistuulta, vaih- ja lnnest alkaen sadetta. pi- 11. Oulun lni
televaa pilvisyytt ja pivll vll tuuli kntyy lounaaseen ja 12. Lapin lni
paikoittain sadekuuroja. pivn nkyvyys paranee.
ylin lmptila 8 - 10 astetta.

XI-12
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USEFUL INFORMATION

Find out on the map what the iee eonditions are like in various plaees and where
the ieebreakers are.
kiintoj solid iee
tasaista jt fIat iee
D kllntoJlIItl uutta tai heikkoa jt new or weak iee
1==1 ta.ala,a ajo jt drifting iee
t::::1 JlIlItll ahtautumia paek iee
~ uutta taI
EI heIkkoa JlIlItl railo eraek in the iee
slush
BJ a,JoJlltll
sohjoa
avovett open water
~ ahtautumla
0,allo

~.OhJoa
Itmeri Baltie Sea
.avol/.UII Suomenlahti Gulf of Finland
Selkmeri Bothnian Sea
SAMPO Merenkurkku Quark
JUTlLANNE 16.2.1982 Permeri Bothnian Bay
--VV-J"''' TARMO MEIINTUTICIIIIUILAITOI
Gulf of Bothnia
MIINTYLUOTO Pohjanlahti
VARMA
RAUMA

Sisu, Usko, Apu, Varma; Sisu, Usko, Apu, Varma, ete.


jne ovat jnmurtajia. are ieebreakers.

XI-13

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Read about 's maa-asemilla', Translate the weather forecast,
using the complete words with the help of the glossary.
in the place of abbreviations. 11odotubeea lWItyy kelivuoi-

........
SII sWe

Helsinki Kaisaniemi -3 5W
heikko lumillldeua. Turku -0 I 7
'6
USEFUL INFORMATION

N pohjoinen
tili ja wulivaroitubia.
Norjan mertl" oleva Iyvl mata-
lapaine liikkuu nopeuti iWn koh-
ti Kakl-Skandinavlaa. Matalapei-
neeseen liittyv. sadealue IeviU
heikk. lumisadeua. Maarianhami- NNE - pohjoiskoillinen keskiviikkona koko maahan ja
NE koillinen IImptjla kohoa nollan yllpuolcl-
... 0 IIW 7 utUII. Pori -J ISW 9 Ie maan etel.- ja IInsiolissa.
tihkuudeua. Nnisalo -2 MW 5 ENE - itkoillinen
heikk. lumiudetta. Tampere Pirk- Odotettavissa
kala -2 8 tihkuudeua, Jokioi-
E it
nen -2 IIW 9 rintlladeua. Uht.I ESE - itkaakko ....nd
-4 I S heikk. lumiladeua, Lap- SE kaakko Ahvenanmaalla ja Thruu ja Po-
peenranta -6 S heikk. lumisa-
etelkaakko rin IUnialsekl Uudenmaan W
detta. Milld.l"':""S I 7 heikk. lumi- SSE - uin IlmiosasA: kohtalaista tai Dl-
udeua. Uoman.. --6 I 6 lumisa- S etel vaUu etelin ja 100...... vlliltl
I deua. Joemuu -7 I 7 ~. lumi- SSW - etel lounas hJulta ja ajoittain lumisadelta. nn-
udeua. Kuopio lentok. -:"5 I 8 SW lounas/lounainen nikolla ja Ahvenanmaalla myl
heikk. Iwn.iudetta. Viituuri --4 vesisadetta. PiivIn ylin IImpOlila
aw 7 lumiwiskua. Jyvlskyll len- WSW - lnsilounas O... plus 2 utc:tr.
'tok. -4 I 7 helkk. lumisadella. W lnsi Uudenmaan IIInln itlolusa.
Ahtlri -3 IW 6 heiU. lumiudet- WNW- lnsiluode Kymen ja Mikkelin WnisaI seka
ta. Kauhava -J IIW 8 heikk. lu- Pohjois-Karjalan IAlnin elellosas-
misadeua. Vaasa Ientot. -J ssw,7 NW luode/luoteinen sa: heiUoa tai lohtalaisIa etellin
lumisadeua. Nivala -2 I S heiU. NNW - pohjoisluode ja lounaan vIIistl tuuha, pilvisll
lumisade.... Kajaani --4 5 8
heikk. lumisadetta, Oulu lento".
jllumiladetta. etellnnnikolla rIn-
W. Pilvin yUn IImpftlila O...-2
-2 I 9 lumisadetta. Pudasjlrvi-4 minus miinus lltetta. etellnnnikolla YIhIn nol-
I 7 lumisadetta. SuomUllllmi -S (pakkasasteita) lan ylllpuolella. .
5SW 7 lumisadetta. KuUllll10 -S I plus plus HAmeen, Keski-Suomen ja Kuo-
7 lumisade"a, Kemi -2 I II lumi- pion Ilnissi seka Pohjois-Karja-
sadetta. Rovaniemi lentok. -4 ssc' (lmpasteita) lan lnin pohjoisosassa: kohtalais-
JO lumisadetta. Pello -3 ue 6 Iu- ta lai navakkaa eteltuulta, pilvis-
miAdclta, SaUa -5 se 6 lumisa- Iyvli ja lirmestl lumi5ltdelta. illa-
Ieua. Sodankyll--4 IIC 8 lumill- pivll ajoillain. Pivin ylin lim-
Ieua. Muonio --4 ase 6 lumilull- pOlila O...-2 astella.
kua, KilpiljiIYi -S se 5 heikk, IlIr Vaasan ja Oulun IiInisd: ne-
misadetta. Ivalo --4 ue 6 heikko vakkaa etelituulla, pilviltyvll ja
lumisadetta, Uujokl Kevo -.5 esc IInneal lumisadeUa, paikoin run-
8 Jumisadeua. uaIti. Piivin ylin limplila
-1 ...-3 astella, rannikolla 001-
!usa lai vihAn sen ylipuoleIla.
lapin lniss: navakkaa eteln
ja idn vllisl lUulta, pilvUlyvi ja
Innesl sakeaa lumisadellB. Um-
plila laskee -3 jll ~ uleen vl-
~11e.

XI-14

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Ask for and provide information using the chart below.

Mik kuukausi oli {lmPimin Helsingiss? What {month was the {warmest in Helsinki?
{ vuosi kylmin year coldest

Ilman lmptilan kuukausi ja vuosikeskiarvot Helsingiss


vv. 1964--1978 .
.... ....
I I
....... ,. I
o ....III
ee :s:s e :s
I
:s ,.:.:6 :s
II) I I III I
I I
:s ;~ :s 1 :s :s nI :s
:.:::nI :s='
~ 5 -5,.:.::s:s
;n1 Ul ::s ,.:.:
Vuosi -GJ,.:.::s ...r:: :s :s :s III :s .... :s ,.g :s ~:s ,.:.: :s o 0
n1,.:.: :S,.:.:
:r: 0":': ~,.:.: GJ,.:.: ~,.:.: 0,.:.: n1,.:.:
~ ~
n1":':
f-I :r: ::E f-I :r: r/'J":': ~
~ -,

1964 -1.9 -7.8 -3.4 2.8 9.5 14.7 17.2 15.2 11.1 8.2 0.8 -0.8 5.5
1965 -2.7 -6.6 -2.5 3.5 7.3 15.1 14.9 14.8 13.3 6.7 -2.9 -2.4 4.9
1966 -11.6 -12.1 -1.7 0.1 9.1 16.6 18.0 15.2 10.0 6.0 3.1 -3.2 4.1
1967 -9.7 -4.3 LI 3.7 9.4 13.7 16.8 16.3 13.5 9.5 4.4 -8.1 5.5
1968 -12.7 -4.1 -0.3 4.5 7.6 16.3 15.7 16.7 11.7 3.6 -0.6 -1.2 4.8
1969 -8.0 -8.8 -5.7 3.3 8.2 15.8 16.9 17.3 10.6 6.2 . 1.3 -5.6 4.3
1970 -8.6 -11.2 -1.5 1.9 9.6 17.1 16.3 16.3 10.7 5.2 0.3 -1.5 4.6
1971 -1.3 -4.9 -4.0 2.3 9.8 14.1 17.2 15.8 10.1 5.7 -0.2 -0.9 5.4
1972 -7.1 -3.6 -2.4 2.2 9.0 16.4 20.4 17.0 11.1 5.6 1.7 2.8 6.1
1973 -1.0 -3.2 -0.3 3.1 9.9 16.8 20.2 15.6 8.4 3.5 -1.3 -5.2 5.6
1974 -1.9 0.2 -0.2 3.4 7.6 14.7 16.2 14.9 13.3 6.7 3.4 1.8 6.7
1975 -0.3 -2.0 0.6 3.7 11.7 13.9 18.1 17.2 13.6 5.9 2.3 -0.6 7.1
1976 -8.4 -5.8 -3.9 2.3 ILO 13.2 16.1 15.6 9.0 3.0 1.4 ....3.1 4.2
1977 -5.4 -8.2 -1.8 1.6 9.3 14.5 14.9 15.1 8.9 6.0 2.6 -2.7 4.6
1978 -4.7 -10.1 -2.1 2.2 10.4 14.5 15.9 14.5 9.7 4.9 3.2 -11.1 3.9

XI-l5

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COMPREHENSI0N EXERC1SES

A. Listen to the tape and take notes under the following headings.

Temperature Wind velocity Air pressure Weather forecast for the day

B. Listen to the tape and circle the right answer. sAA.


nEDOTUS 038
1. Weather forecast unti1 tomorrow a) morning
b) noon
c) evening
d) night

2. ln Ahvenanmaa, in the southern part of Turku and Pori district, and in Kymi district:
weak or moderate a) S wind
b) N wind
c) SW wind
d) NW wind

3. Tomorrow wind turning to a) W


b) E
c) SW
d) NW

4. ln the northern part of Turku and Pori district, and in Vaasa district:
moderate wind turning to a) S
b) SW
c) SE
d) E

5. Highest temperature of the day a) 12 degrees


b) 18 degrees
c) 22 degrees
d) 28 degrees

XI-l6
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6. Lowest temperature at night a) 18 degrees
b) 12 degrees
c) 8 degrees
d) 22 degrees

7. 1n the southern part of Mikkeli, Keski-Suomi, Kuopio, Pohjois-Karjala, and Oulu district:
moderate wind between a) W and NW
b) W and SW
c) Sand SW
d) N and NW

8. a) first cloudy and still some rain in places


b) rain diminishing
c) some showers
d) some thunderstorms
9. a) mainly clear weather
b) cloudy weather
c) rain
d) variable cloudness

10. 1n the northern part of Oulu district, and in Lappi district:


weak or moderate a) N wind
b) E wind
c) NE wind
d) wind changing direction

------------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------------------
KEY 1b 2c 3a 4a 5b 6b 7b Ba 9a 10d

C. Listen to the tape and circle the right answer.

1. Turku N, NNW, NNE, WNW

2. Maarianhamina W, WSW, S, WNW

3. Pori WSW, SW, W, NW

XI-17

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4. Tampere S SW W NW

5. Hmeenlinna S SW W NW

6. Ilomantsi S SE SW W

7. Viitasaari SW W NW NNW

8. Kajaani N NW NE E

9. Pudasjrvi N NNW NNE NE

10. Suomussalmi E N ENE ESE

11. Kuusamo N S NNE NSE

12. Pello W NW NNW NNE

13. Salla E ENE ESE W

14. Muonio NE NW N E

15. Ivalo N NNE NNW SE

16. Utsjoki, Kevo NNW NNE N ENE


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY 1. NNW 2. WSW 3. W 4. W 5. SW 6. S 7. NW 8. NE 9. NNE 10. ENE
11. NNE 12. NNW 13. ENE 14. N 15. NNE 16. NNW

D. Listen to the weather forecast on the tape for the sea areas, and circle the right answer.

In the northern areas of the Baltie Sea and in the Gulf of Finland:
1. Slightly inereasing wind between 2. At night in some plaees
a) Sand SW a) rain and thunder
b) W and NW b) showers and hail
e) W and SW e) mist and fog
d) Sand SE d) elear or misty

3. Visibility a) poor in daytime


b) improving
c) better XI-18
d) good
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Jn the Bothnian Sea:
4. Jnereasing wind between a) W and SW
b) S and SW
e) S and SE
d) W and NW

5. Wind turning to a) north during the day


b) west
e) southwest
d) south

6. Visibility a) improving
b) better
e) good
d) poor

7. Jn the Quark and the southern part of Bothnian Bay:


slightly inereasing wind between a) S and SW
b) S and SE
eI W and SW
d) W and NW

8. Jn some plaees a) rain and fog


b) fog or mist
e) fog or rain
d) snow or sleet

9. Jn the northern part of Bothnian Bay:


wind from a) NE
b) NW
e) N
d) changing directions

10. Visibility a) zero


b) poor
c) good
d) excellent

KEY 1e 2e 3d 4b 5b 6b 7e 8e 9d 10b

XJ-19

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E. Listen to the weather forecast and find out what kind af weather is forecast for Finland in

South West East North

F. Look at the weather report below, while listening to it on the tape. Try to explain what
kind of weather is forecast for Helsinki, Oulu, etc.

.......

~.
f~

Nin luet merkkej:


\ I
~
-" 0-"
/ \
selke ~vaihtelevaa
I \ '\
Dvesi sadetta

~ pilvist ~ pilvisyytt V kuuroja


~ puolipilVist

\ I
" \ / AC)/
.:::~ selkenev~"pilvistyv ~ lumisadetta
//\,,--} )

XI-20
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READING
Are you prepared to start your car in sub-zero temperatures1 Here are the instructions. Try to
explain them to someone else in Finnish.

STARTING HINTS IN COLD WEATHER

To avoid problems connected with starting the car,


read these general rules.:

1. When pressing the c1utch down press it alI the way


to the f1oor~

2. Manual choke: Pull out the the knob alI the way,
don't press the gas pedal.
Automatic choke: Press the gas peda1 one time
way down, don't touch it after that.
Or, if your car has an automatic fuel injection-system,
don't touch the gas pedal.

3. start the motor for 5 seconds. If it doesn't turn over


wait 5 to 10 seconds before trying again.

4. Once the motor has started don't rev the engine too
much because the lubrication is sluggish in a cold
engine.

5. If despite alI efforts the motor doesn't start, don't


leave the run-down battery in the cold. A frozen battery
can be damaged beyond repair.

XI-21

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FUNCTION PRACTICES

1. There has been a heavy thunderstorm in your area.


Your basement has flooded/you've had a power failure/a tree has fallen on your roof.
Call the appropriate service company.
Explain what has happened and ask them to come and examine the damage.

2. You have planned to go sailing in the Finnish archipelago with your friend.
1n a weather forecast you hear of a warning for a storm with gusty winds.
Call your friend to tell him/her about this.
Caneel/postpone the trip 'peruuttaa/lykt'.

3. Your Finnish friend has invited you to dinner in his/her house outside Helsinki.
You drive there but the road turning from the main road is closed beeause of frost heaves
'routavahinkoja'~
Call your friend and explain why you can't come.

4. You have rented a summer eottage on an island outside Helsinki.


You find out that beeause of broken pack ice 'rospuutto' you can't get there.
Call your friend and cancel the party you had planned for the weekend.
Explain that because of the spring thaw, the iee is too weak to carry a car
but too thick for boats to pass.

XI-22
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UNIT XI
STRUCTURAL NOTES

XI-A ORDINAL NUMBERS

Ensimminen syyskuu taka? The first af September?

Tm on seitsems kerros. This is the seventh ~loor.


Olemme seitsemnness kerroksessa. We are on the seventh floor

Koulu alkaa elokuun kahdeksantenatoista. . School will begin on August 18th.

How to form

1. nominati ve
remove -n from the genitive stern of the cardinal number
add the ordinal marker -s
the ordinals tor 1 and 2 are 'ensimminen' or 'yhdes', 'toinen' or 'kahdes'

ensimminen/eka tirst yhdestoista 11th


toinen/toka second kahdestoista 12th
kolmas third kolmastoista 13th
neljs fourth neljstoista 14th
viides fitth viidestoista 15th
kuudes sixth kuudestoista 16th
seitsems seventh seitsemstoista 17th
kahdeksas eighth kahdeksastoista 18th
yhdekss ninth yhdeksstoista 19th
kymmenes tenth kahdeskymmenes 20th

kahdeskymmenesensimminen tai -yhdes 21st


kahdeskymmenestoinen tai -kahdes 22nd
kahdeskymmeneskolmas 23rd
kolmas kymmenes 30th
neljskymmenes 40th

sadas lOOth kahdestuhannes 2000th


sadasyhdes lOlst miljoonas 1,OOO,OOOth
kahdessadas 200th kahdesmil joonas 2,OOO,OOOth

XI-23

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2. inflected forms (see t 34 in the CND)
the ordinal marker is -s only for nom. sg. seitsems
-tta/-tt for the part. sg. seitsemtt
-nte- for esso and illat. sg. or seitsemnten
-nne- for other sg. cases seitsemnnen
(when the following syllable is closed)

nom. nelj-s kolma-s elat. nelj-nne-st kolma-nne-sta


gen. nelj-nne-n kolma-nne-n illat. nelj-nte-en kolma-nte-en
part. nelj-tt kolma-tta adess. nelj-nne-ll kolma-nne-lla
e88. nelj-nte-n kolma-nte-na ablat. nelj-nne-lt kolma~nne-lta
transl. nelj-nne-ksi kolma-nne-ksi al1at. nelj-nne-lle kolma-nne-l1e
iness. nelj-nne-ss kolma-nne-ssa abess. nelj-nne-tt kolma-nne-tta

the plural marker is -nsi- except in nom. pl., where it is -nne-

nom. plo nelj-nne-t kolma-nne-t elat. plo nelj-nsi-st kolma-nsi-sta


gen. plo nelj-nsi-en kolma-nsi-en illat. pl. nelj-nsi-in kolma-nsi-in

'ensimminen' and 'toinen' are declined like alI the words ending in -nen
(see t 25 CND)

'-toista' remains unchanged, and the ordinal marker is only in the first part of
the numeral

from 20th onwards, each part of the number has the ordinal endings and inflects in alI cases
. kahde~kymmene~kolma~ 23rd

"hen to use

1. answers the question 'kuinka mones, monesko' -how manieth-, -which one in a series of
numbered items
2. the ordinal agrees with the number and case of the noun (see the cardinal numbers in II-R)

Note: Nowadays there is a tendency to inflect only the last part of the compound number.

vuoden kolmannestasada~stakahde~stakymmenennestkolmannestapivst lhtien


vuoden kolmesataakaksikymmentkolmannesta pivst lhtien
starting from the 323rd day of the year XI-24
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Practional numbers

1/3 yksi kolmasosa kolmannes (1 32 in CNO) 2/3 kaksi kolmasosa-a


1/4 yksi neljsosa neljnnes 3/10 kolme kymmenesosa~
1/6 yksi kuudesosa kuudennes 5/7 viisi seitsemsosa-a
1/10 yksi kymmenesosa - kymmenennes
1/100 yksi sadasosa sadannes

X1-B PART1C1PLES AS ADJECT1VES

You have learned about participles as part af the main verb form for negative past, present, and
past perfect: 'en tullut, olen tullut, olin tullut,' etc. 1n addition, participles are used also
as adjectives, which of course are placed immediately before the noun they modify and agree with its
case and number.
tullut juna the arrived train
tulleessa junassa in the arrived train

Since participles are verb forms, they get the modifiers that verbs normally get, like where,
when, why, how, and what which are placed before the participle when it is used adjectively.

Helsingist tullut juna the train that arrived from Helsinki


(lit., the from-Helsinki arrived train)
autoa ajanut mies the man that drove the car

X1-C PRESENT ACT1VE PART1C1PLE AS AN ADJECT1VE

Miss ovat lhtevt junat? Where are the departing trains?


Matti tulee Oulusta saapuvassa junassa. Matti will come in a train arriving from Oulu.

Dow to form (see I 3 CNO)

take the 3rd person present stern (strong grade)


attach -va-/-v- in the singular cases and the nom. plo
-vi- in alI other plural cases
attach respective case endings to these markers

tehd (hn) teke-e he does palata (he) palaa-vat they return


-v doing -va returning
-vi-ss -vi-ssa
XI-25

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precedes the noun it modifies and follows its number and case like alI adjectives
the modifiers precede a participle as an adjective

Matti tulee - - - - ~ junassa Matti comes in a train

saapuvassa t in the arriving train

When to use
Oulusta t in the train arriving from Oulu

1. replaces the relative clause expressing simultaneous/future action, and/or corresponds


to the -ing form.

Tuolla istuvat nuoret ovat oppilaitani = The young people (who are) sitting over
Nuoret, jotka istuvat tuolla, ovat oppilaitani. there are my students.

2. more common in written text or formal speech, while in colloquial speech some
other expression is used instead

Matti tulee junassa, joka saapuu Oulusta. Matti comes in a train that arrives from Oulu.
Matti tulee Oulun junassa. Matti comes in Oulu's train.

Lexicalization note: The word following the -va/-v form has to be the subject or agent
of the participle.

Nen tuon kirjoittavan tytn. 1 see the girl who's writing.


But: Nen tuon kirjoit~pydn. 1 see that writing desk.

XI-D PAST ACTlVE PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE

Matti tuli Oulusta saapuneessa junassa. Matti came by the train that arrived from Oulu.

Dow to form

the past act. participle -nut/-nyt in sg. nom. (for assimilated consonants see IV-E)
-nut/-nyt- + -ta/-t in sg. part.
-nee- in a11 other sg. cases and in nom. plo
-ne- + -i- in a11 other plo cases (see 38 in the CND)
XI-26
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nom. ag. gen. sg. part. sg. gen. pl. part. pl. illat. pl.
saapu-nut saapu-nee-E. saapu-nut-ta saapu~-..!.-den saapu-~-..!.-ta saapu-ne-.!.-siin

precedes the noun it modifies and agrees with its number and case like alI adjectives
the modifiers precede it

Matti tulee - - - - ..... junassa Matti comes in the train

saapuneessa +(that) arrived

When to use
Oulusta
+ from Oulu

1. this construction replaces the relative clause expressing completed action

2. occurs mainly in the written language, while in everyday speech a relative clause is used

3. as an adjective exactly like present active participle (XI-C), but the meaning ia
that of an accomplished, finished action

XI-E PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE AS AN ADJECTIVE

Urheiluvirasto jrjest ohjattua The sporta bureau organizes directed


urheilutoimintaa. sports activities.

Uiminen on suosituin liikunnanmuoto. Swimming is the most popular form of exercise.

Onnettomuus tapahtui vartioidussa The accident occurred in a guarded grade


tasoristeyksess. crossing.

Haluaisin tiet maanantaiksi sovitusta 1 would like to know about the meeting that
kokouksesta. has been agreed on for Monday.

XI-27

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Dow to forrn

use the past passive participle (see IX-A)


inflect in the singular or plural like any other word ending in -u/-y (t 15 in the eND)

eg. plo 89 plo


nom. vartioitu .vartioidut iness vartioidussa vartioiduissa
gen. vartioidun vartioitujen elat. vartioidusta vartioiduista
part. vartioitua vartioituja illat. vartioituun vartioituihin
transl. vartioiduksi vartioiduiksi adess. vartioiduUa vartioiduilla
esso vartioituna vartioituina ablat. vartioidulta vartioiduilta
allat. vartioidulle vartioidui lle

aa an adjective, inflects also in comparative and superlative forms

suosittu suositumpi suosituin


popular more popular most popular

precedes the noun it modifies and agrees with its number and case like alI adjectives

- - - - ...
the modifiers precede it

soitan pydst 1 1 m ca11ing about the table

varatusta Jf t reserved

When ta use
eilen If t yesterday

1. more common in the written text or formal speech, whilein colloquial speech a relative
c1ause ia used instead

Konferenssiin kutsuttu puhuja The speaker invited to the conference


saapui myhn. arrived late.
puhuja, joka oli kutsuttu konferenssiin The speaker that had been invited to
saapui myhn. the conference arrived late.

2. the meaning refers to action that is completed wdone,w wwas done,w or whad been done w
3. use this form only when the agent (subject) is not expressed; see lagenttipartisiippi l , XII-B

XI-28
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UNIT XII
GEOGRAPHY MAANTIEDETTX
Nouns Substantiiveja

almanac almanakka (1) flood tulva (2) ocean valtameri (9)


Antarctica Etelmanner (22) glacier jtikk (16) peninsula niemi (9)
Antarctic Ocean Etelinen globe maapallo (15) place, point kohta (2)
jmeri (9) globular map pallokartta (1) plateaiJ ylnk (16)
archipelago saaristo (16) gravel sora (2) position asema (3)
architect arkkitehti (6) halfway puoli vli (6) region seutu (15)
architecture arkkitehtuuri (6) hemisphere pallon- ridge harju (15)
Arctic Circle napapiiri (6) (geographic) puolisko (16) sea meri (9)
bay, gulf lahti (8) hill mki (8) shore ranta (1)
border raja (1) hill vaara (1) South Pole etelnapa (1)
bottom pohja (2) (arctic) space avaruus (33)
canal kanava (3) interaction vuorovaikutus (32) stone kivi (8)
coast rannikko (16) isthmus kannas (32) straits salmi (8)
continent manner (22)*, lake jrvi (8) stream, virta (1)
mantere (5) landscape maisema (3) current
daylight- kesaika (1) latitude leveysaste (5) style tyyli (6)
saving time length pituus (33) swamp suo (17)
defense puolustus- longitude pituusaste (5) Tropic of Kravun
organization liitto (15) lowland alanko (16) Cancer kntpiiri (6)
Earth maa (18) member jsen (22) Tropic of Kauriin
eclipse kuunpimennys (32) moon kuu (18) Capricorn kntpiiri (6)
(of the moon) mountain vuori (9) tundra tundra (2)
eclipse auringon- nature luonto (15) waterfall koski (8),
(of the sun) pimennys (32) neighbor naapuri (7) putous (32)
economic talous- North Pole pohjoisnapa (1) width leveys (33)
organization jrjest (16) Northern pohjoinen pallon- valley laakso (15)
equator pivntasaaja (3) Hemisphere puolisko (15) village kyl (2)
fjeld** tunturi (7)
Verbs Verbej

be in accord, mytill (13) design suunnitella (14) join liitty (8) intr.
follow dig kaivaa (1)
belong kuulua (8) draw piirt (3) be situated si jaita (19)
count laskea (4) (design) be visible nky (8)

* mainly in compound words: -r ending word but inflects like 'askel'


** barren plateau of the Scandinavian uplands
XII-l

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Adjectives Adjektiiveja

bare paljas (30) geographical maantieteellinen (25) partial osittainen (25)


continental mannermainen (25) historical historiallinen (25) political poliittinen (25)
eastern, itmainen (25) neutral, puolueeton (24) round topped pyrelakinen (25)
oriental impartia. swampy soinen (25)
perfect, tydellinen (25) partial puolueellinen (25) western lnsimainen (25)
complete

Adverbs & others Adverbeja & muita

closely lheisesti literally kirjaimellisesti

Geographical nouns

Africa Afrikka Ivory Coast Norsunluurannikko


Asia Aasia Japan Japani
Australia Australia Middle East Lhi-it, Etu-Aasia
Bahamas Bahama-saaret Mexico Meksiko
Bedng Strai t Beringin salmi Near East Lhi-it
BrazU Brasilia New Zealand Uusi-Seelanti
British Brittilinen North America Pohjois-Amerikka
Commonwealth kansainyhteis Pasific Ocean Tyyni valtameri
Cambodia Kamputsea South Africa Etel-Afrikka
Canada Kanada South America Etel-Amerikka
China Kiina Southeast Asia Kaakkois-Aasia
Egypt Egypti spitzbergen Huippuvuoret
Ethiopia Etiopia United States Amerikan Yhdysvallat
Far East Kaukoit of America
Greenland Grnlanti USSR Sosialististen neu-
Gulf Stream Golfvirta vostotasavaltojen
Hawaii Havaiji liitto
India Intia White Sea Vienan meri

XII-2
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GEOGRAPHY

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Huomasin kartasta, ett Suomi M A. 1 noticed from the map that Finland
sijaitsee 60. ja 70. leveys- is located between 60 and 70 degrees
piirin vlill.
Hui, se on kamalan pohjoisessa: .. latitude.
Whew~ It's terribly far north~

B. Niin on, mutta Suomen ilmasto Joo, B. It is, but the climate in Finland is
on paljon lauhempi kuin Alaskan. . much milder than that of Alaska.

2. jakso Sequence 2
B. Kuinka kaukana etelss
Washington on?
.. B. How fai south is Washington?

A. Se on Italian ja Vlimeren kor- . A. It's at the latitude of Italy and the


keudella. Paljon etelmpn
kuin Suomi.
.. Mediterranean. Much farther south
than Finland.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Ent mill pituuspiirill
Helsinki on?
.. A. And at what longitude is Helsinki?

B. Se on 25 astetta itist
pituutta. Helsingiss on sama
aika kuin Kapkaupungissa.
... B. It ia ~ degrees eaatern
longitude. Helsinki has the same
time as Cape Town.

4. jakso Sequence 4
A. Mik aikaero on Helsingin ja
Washingtonin vlill?
.. A. What ia the time difference between
Helsinki and Washington?

B. Se on 1 tuntia. seittemn B. It ia 7 houra.

XII-3

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Ask for and provide information like this, using a globular map.

Mik on Helsingin maantieteellinen asema? What is Helsinki's geographical position?

Se on noin 25 astetta itist pituutta ja It's about 25 degrees east longitude


60 astetta pohjoista leveytt. and 60 degrees north latitude.

Mill {PituusPiirill se on? At what {lOng i tude is it?


leveyspii r 1l1 latitude

Se on 10 astetta itist pituutta. It's 10 degrees east longitude.


lntist II west II

{ pohjoista leveytt. { north latitude.


etelist II south II

Kuinka kaukana Oulusta Jyvskyl on? How far from Oulu is Jyvskyl?

Se on Helsingin ja Oulun puolivliss. It is halfway between Helsinki and Oulu.

Use a globular map to name the coordinatea of your home state,


famoua cities, the North Pole, etc.

Choose the appropriate words from the word block


and name the marked areas and lines'on the map.

XII-4
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GEOGRAPHY

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Kuuluuko Suomi Skandinaviaan? A. Ooes Finland belong to Scandinavia?

B. Poliittisesti se lasketaan pohjois- B. Politically it's included in the Nordic


maihin. Maantieteellisesti se kuuluu countries. Geographically it belongs
Fennoskandiaan ja historiallisesti to Fenno-Scandia, and historically to
Skandinaviaan. Scandinavia.

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. Onko Suomi NATO:n jsen? A. Is Finland a member of NATO?

B. Suomi ei kuulu sen enemp NATO:on B. Finland does not belong either to NATO
(Pohjois-Atlantin Puolustusliittoon) (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
kuin Varsovan puolustusliittoonkaan. or to the Warsaw Defense Pact.
Se on puolueeton kuten Ruotsi. It's neutral, like Sweden.

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Ent mink talousjrjestn jsen Suomi A. And what economic organization is Finland
on? a member of?

B. Suomi on ollut vuodest~ -61 alkaen B. Since the year '61 Finland has been an
liitnnisjsenen Euroopan Vapaakaup- associate member of the European Free
pajrjestss, Eftas~~. Se ei kuulu Trade Organization (EFTA). It does not
Euroopan Talousyhteisn, EEC:l1el1. Se belong to the European Economic Community
kuuluu kyll OECO:hen, Taloudellisen (EEC). lt belongs, however, to the OECD
yhteistyn ja kehityksen jrjestn. (Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Oevelopment).

A. Ent YK, Yhdistyneet Kansakunnat? A. And how about the UN, the United Nations?
Onko Suomi YK:n jsen? Is Finland a member of the UN?

B. Totta kai. Ja lisksi Suomella on oma B. Of course. And in addition, Finland has her
YYA-sopimus, ystvyys-, yhteisty- ja Treaty of Mutual Friendship, Cooperation
avunantosopimus, Neuvostoliiton kanssa. and Assistance with the Soviet Union.

XII-5

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Ask for and provide information about EUrope and European countries, using the materia1 on this
and the previous page.

Europe Eurooppa EUROOPPA


Austria Itvalta
Belgium Belgia
Denmark Tanska
East Germany It-Saksa
England Englanti
Estonia Eesti, Viro
Finland Suomi
France Ranska
Faro Islands Fr-saaret
Greece Kreikka
Holland Hollanti
Hungary Unkari
Iceland Islanti
Ireland Irlanti
Italy Italia
Kola Peninsula Kuolan niemimaa
Norway Norja
Poland Puola
Portugal Portugali
Romania Romania
Scotland Skotlanti
Soviet Union Neuvostoliitto
Spain Espanja
Sweden Ruotsi
Turkey Turkki
West Germany qnsi-saksa
Yugoslavia Jugoslavia

"
Archipelago of Aland Ahvenanmaan saaristo English Channel Englannin kanaali
Arctic Ocean Pohjoinen jmeri Mediterranean Vlimeri
Atlantic Ocean Atlantti, Atlantin North Sea pohjanmeri
valtameri
Baltic Sea Itmeri Saimaa Canal Saimaan kanava
straits of Gibraltar Gibraltarin salmi

XII-6
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GEOGRAPHY

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. Mitk ovat Suomen naapurit? on A. Who are the neighbors of
Finland?

B. Suomen naapurit ovat Ruotsi on B. The neighbors of Finland are Sweden


lnness, Norja pohjoisessa, in the west, Norway in the north, the
Neuvostoliitto idss ja Viro Soviet Union in the east, and Estonia
etelss. in the south.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Millaista maisemaa Suomi on? Millasta A. What is the landscape like in Finland?

B. Meill on paljon jrvi,


metsi ja saaria.
.. B. We have many lakes, woods, and islands.

10. jakso Sequence 10


A. Onko Suomessa vuoria? Onks A. Are there mountains in Finland?

B. Ei kovin korkeita vuoria.


Korkein kohta on Haltia-
.. B. Not very highmountains.
The highest point is Haltiatunturi,
tunturi, 1324 m. . 1324 meters.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Ent suot? Onko Suomessa pal- Ents A. And what about swamps? Are there
jon soita? . many swamps in Finland?

B. On aika paljon lhinn Pohjan-


maalla. Pohjanmaa on vanhaa .. B. Quite a few, mainly in Ostrobothnia.
Ostrobothnia is an old seabed (lit.,
merenpohjaa. bottom of the sea).

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Ask lor and provide information about various countries and places, as in sequences 8, 9, 10,
and 11. Alao uae the appropriate words found in the word block.

Miss Helsinki on? Where is Helsinki?

~
I t is farther south than Kuopio.

~
etel Se on etelmpn kuin Kuopio.
pohjoinen pohjoisempana kuin Suomenlahti. north than the .GUlf of Finland.
it idempn kuin Tukholma. east than Stockholm.
lnsi lnnempn kuin Leningrad. west than Leningrad.

If you are interested in eclipses, talk about them with the help of the information below.

Pimennyitset vuonna 1986 Kytetyt koordin..tit


Leveys pohj. pivntas. Pituus itn Greenwichist
Vuonna 1986 saltuu maapallolla nelj pil.. rnn~.~. Helsinki 60 9',7 24 57'.3
I huhtikuun 9. Osittainen auringonpimennys Jyvskyl' 62 13'.0 25 44'.0
II huhtikuun 24. Tydellinrn kuunpimenn)"s Oulu 65 1'.0 25 30'.0
111 lokakuun 3. Tydellinen auringonpimennys Sodankyl 67 25'.0 26 35'.0
IV lokakuun 17. Tydellinen kuunpimennys Utsjoki 69 52'.0 27 0'.0
Pimennys I (huhtikuun 9.) on osittainen auringonpimennys, joka nkyy
mm. Australiassa, mutta ei Suomessa.
Pimennys II (huhtikuun 24.) on tydellinen kuunpimennys, joka nkyy
Tyynellmerellja sen ympristss, mutta ei Suomessa.
Pimennys 111 (lokakuun 3.) on tydellinen auringonpimennys, joka on
hetken rengasmainen. Osittaisena pimennys nkyy Pohjois-Amerikassa ja
Pohjois-Atlantilla. Pimennys ei ny Suomessa. Grcenwiehin Observatorion Nautical Almanae Offiee ja WashinRtonin
Pimrnnys IV (lokakuun 17.) on tydellinen kuunpimennys, joka nkyy American Ephemeril and Nautical Almanae ovat antanrtt kytettviksi
Suomessa. Maan varjo koskettaa kuuta klo 19.30. Ty<Jellinen pimennys almanakan thtitieteellisen osan laatimisessa tarvittavia tietoja. Apuna on
alkaa klo 20.42, on syvimmiUn 21.19 ja pttyy 21.56. Kuu irtoaa maan kytetty mys Leningradiua julkaistua A.JJlOnomitlheskij- Jezhtgodnik
valjolta klo 23.08. SSSRteosta.

XII-8
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GEOGRAPHY

. Kaupunkikuva City picture

12. jakso Sequence 12


A. Olin Yllttynyt, kun nin moderneja A. I was surprised when 1 saw modern
rakennuksia Helsingiss. Luulin, ett buildings in Helsinki. 1 thought
Suomen arkkitehtuuri olisi lhinn that Finnish architecture was mainly
itmaista. oriental.

8. Ei suinkaan~ Suomi on kuuluisa lnsi- 8. Not at all~ Finland is famous for


maisesta arkkitehtuurista. Itmaista western architecture. There is, however,
vaikutusta on kyllkin vanhemmissa oriental influence in older buildings,
rakennuksissa, esimerkiksi ortodoksi- in orthodox churches and the Cathedral,
sissa kirkoissa ja Tuomiokirkossa. for instance.

A. Niin. Juuri lnsimainen ja itmainen A. Yes. It is the western and oriental


vuorovaikutus tekee Helsingist niin interaction which makes Helsinki so
mielenkiintoisen. interesting.

13. jakso Sequence 13


A. Olen huomannut, ett Suomessa luonto A. 1 have noticed that in Finland nature
ja arkkitehtuuri liittyvt hyvin and architecture are very closely
lheisesti yhteen. intertwined.

8. Kyll vaan. Suomalaisille luonto pn B. Yes indeed. Nature is very important


hyvin trke. Arkkitehtuurin tytyy for the Finns. Architecture must follow
mytill luontoa. Sen takia meill nature. That1s why we have buildings
on rakennuksia, jotka on kirjaimel- which have been literally carved from the
lisesti kaivettu kallioon. rock.

XII-9

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Ask for and provide information like this about some famous buildings in your area.

Mit tyyli tm arkkitehtuuri on? What style is this architecture?

uusklassista tyyli. neoclassical

~ ~
kansallisromanttista tyyli. nationalistic-romantic
Se on jugendtyyli. It is jugend (Art Nouveau) style.
talonpoikaistyyli. rural vernacular/rustic/country
bysanttilaista tyyli. Byzantine

Ask for and provide information like this, using the name of the architect and the building.

Kenen piirtm Finlandia-talo on? Who designed Finlandia Hall


(lit., by whom designed Finlandia Hall is)?

Se on Alvar Aallon piirtm. It is designed by Alvar Aalto.

Helsingin keskusta - Carl Engel Eduskuntatalo - Johan Siren


Kansallismuseo - Eliel Saarinen* Finlandia-talo - Alvar Aalto
Rautatieasema - Eliel Saarinen Otaniemen kappeli - Kaija ja Heikki Siren
stytalo - Gustav Nystrm Temppeliaukion kirkko - Tuomo ja Timo Suomalainen

*Huomautus: Kansallismuseo on Geselliuksen, Lindgrenin ja saarisen suunnittelema.

XII-lO
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Study the chart. Then, using the Finnish calendar I Almanakka, j find (jld ; 'i. Haig the daY$ .," ,., "
var10us places 1n P1nland.

KESXLLX mf6hcmmln aikaisemmin


zomlft 10mln tomi" 20 m1n

Aurinko nousee Utsjoella 16. toukokuuta kello 0.43 ja laskee


seuraavan kerran vasta 26. heinkuuta kello 24.04.

Aurinko nousee Sodankylss 29. toukokuuta kello 0.37 ja las-


kee vasta 13. heinkuuta kello 24.07.

Aurinko nousee Helsingiss 21. keskuuta kello 2.54 ja laskee


21.50

TALVELLA

Aurinko laskee Utsjoella 25. marraskuuta kello 12.30 ja nousee


vasta 17. tammikuuta kello 11.56.

Aurinko laskee sodankylss 20. joulukuuta kello 12.13 ja nou-


see 23. joulukuuta kello 12.07.

Aurinko nousee Helsingiss 20. joulukuuta kello 9.23 ja laskee


kello 15.13.

'fjtt;;='-cteL~;:------t.>-oL.-~;;;;;:---:;;IO",ln
.lk.IHmmln

XII-ll

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
A. Listen to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the sentences below are
true or false.
T F
1. An Israeli patrol boat was sunk by a Palestinian guerilla boat.

2. The Israeli patrol boat was on its usual patrol, and was heading
towards the Israeli coast.

3. The guerillas opened fire.

4. Their boat destroyed and sank the patrol boat.

5. This was told by the Israeli military spokesman.

6. He did not mention how many Israelis were in the patrol boat.

B. Listen to the news and choose the right answer.

1. The Bangladesh Air Force planes began to drop food to the areas a) under flood water.
b) isolated by the flood water.
2. Over a) a quarter
b) half of Bangladesh is covered by monsoon rains.

3. The flood is a) receding.


b) rising.

4. It has been announced that a) 1800


b) 1200 people have died in the flood.

5. Over half the capital, Dacca, is a) under flood water.


b) outside the flooded area.

6. According to officials, a) 78,000


b) 72,000 square kilometers out of 142,000 square kilometers
are under flood water.
7. There are over a) 13
b) 30 million people living in the flooded area.

XII-12
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C. Listen to the tape and choose the right a1ternative.

1. Assam is in a) NE
b) SE India.

2. Recurring floods have lasted for a) 6 weeks.


b) 16 weeks.

3. Starving peop1e were seen looking for food in several cities near the a) West Benga1
b) Bangladesh border.

4. The floods have affected over a) 100,000


b) 1 mil1ion peop1e.

5. People have asked the Assam government to provide food and he1p to fight a) stray dogs.
b) contagious diseases.

D. Listen to the tape and choose the right answer.

1. on has been found in a) Eng1and.


b) Norway.

2. Oil has been found a) in the sea.


b) on land.

3. Arbet Oil Company is comp1etelY in the hands of the a) British.


b) Norwegians.
c) NOA.

4. Arbet Oil Company is a) 12' Norwegian.


b) 18' Br! tish.

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E. Listen to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the sentences below are true
or false.
T
1. The syrtan government blames Iraq for an exploston tn Damascus.

2. Eight died and more than 60 were injured.

J. According to the statement, the Iraqi government opposes the


syrian revolutionary organization.

4. Relations between Iraq and syrta are expected to improve.

5. A large part of Iraqi oil and other goods are transported via
Syria.

F. Listen to the guide on yourtour around Helsinki and take notes under the following headings:

Building Architect Style

KEY A. lF 2F 3T 4T 5T 6F
B. lb 2b 3b 4b 5b 6a
c. la 2a Ja 4b 5b
D. la 2b 3c 4a
E. lT 2F JF 4F 5T

XU-14
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READING. What is the main gist of the article1 And what is your own opinion about the subject1

VIHATTU LAATIKKOARKKITEHTUURI KUMOTAAN YLLKTYKSILLK JA HUUMORILLA

MIRJA SASSI erittelee uutta kansainvlist ilmit (Helsingin Sanomat)

Samaan aikaan kun Suomessa yh keskustellaan toisenlaisen arkkitehtuurin tarpeesta,


muualla jo tehdn sit. Yhdysvalloissa, Japanissa ja vhitellen nyt mys Keski- ja
Etel-Euroopassa uusi radikaalilla tavalla vapaa, snntn ja salliva arkkitehtuuri
on saamassa yh enemmn jalansijaa ja vhitellen mys paisuvaa huomiota kansainvli-
siss arkkitehtuuri julkaisuissa ja alan kirjallisuudessa.

Kysymyksess on postmodernismi, jlkimoderni arkkitehtuuri, jonka piiriss on jo


vuosia syntynyt monenlaista tutusta modernista muotokielest poikkeavaa. Kuitenkaan
ei puhuta jlkimodernismista jonakin tiettyn arkkitehtuurin tyylisuuntana, vaan
jlkiteollisen, jlkikapitalistisen maailman jlkimodernina kulttuuri-ilmapiirin,
josta on kummunnut muutakin kuin arkkitehtuuria.

Suomalaiset arkkitehdit ovat seuranneet kehityst etlt ja oudoksuen, jotkut sul-


keutuvan torjuvasti, suorastaan karttaen keskustelua ksitteest jlkimodernismi.
Usein hiljaisuus osoittautuu tietmttmyydeksi. Helsingin juhlaviikoilla Rakennus-
taiteen museo sentn jrjesti yllttvn ennakkoluulottomasti nyttelyn tmn pi-
vn amerikkalaisista arkkitehtuuripiirustuksista, joista useat olivat uuden suunta-
uksen piirist. Samalla museo kutsui Suomeen toistakymment tunnettua arkkitehti
Yhdysvalloista ja Euroopasta keskustelemaan pienen valikoidun suomalaisryhmn kanssa
tmn pivn arkkitehtuurinkemyksist eri puolilla Atlanttia.

Kovin paljon nist nkemyksist ei kantautunut ulkopuolisten korviin. Mieliinpainu-


vimmaksi ji newyorkilaisen arkkitehdin Gerald Allenin huomio, ett Alvar Aallon
tyyli nytt jo jotenkin vanhentuneelta. Itse nyttely ei synnyttnyt keskustelua,
vaikka tm lienee ollut museon perimminen tarkoitus. Vasta viimeisin Arkkitehti-
lehti antaa enemmn tilaa risteilyn osanottajien vastakkaisille ajatuksille ja uu-
delle arkkitehtuurille.

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FUNCTION PRACTICES

1. Your home state/the country of your last assignment

- where is it situated?
- what kind of climate/landscape does it have?
- what is the main type of industry (teollisuus)?
- what do people do in their free time, etc.?

2. crossing the Equator/Arctic Circle/North Pole, etc.

- when/why did you do it?


- how did it feel?
- find out from your teacher about his/her similar experiences.

3. NATO

- explain what NATO ia


- which countriea belong to it
- where Finland/the US stand as to NATO/the Warsaw Pact

4. Eclipse of the sun/moon

- recount your experiences


- interview your teacher about the same

5. European economic organizations

- interview your teacher about Finland'a role

6. Architecture

- your likes and dislikes of certain buildings


- their architecture/architects
- city planning

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UNIT XII
STRUCTURAL NOTES

X11-A EHBEDDED SENTENCES 'LAUSEENVAST1KKEET'

A complete subordinate clause (containing a subject and a verb), either in the active or passive
voice, is often replaced with a so-called 'lauseenvastike' -embedded sentence.- This permeates
the written and media language, but is less common in the spoken language. 1t is important for you
to learn to spot these structures as complete units when decoding Finnish text. 1n this book, we
will deal with only the most common embedded sentence structures.

Dow to decode embedded sentences

1. subject
expressed by the genitive when it is a different noun than the subject of the main clause
by personaI pronoun (+ poss. suffix) when it is a different personaI pronoun
by poss. suffix alone when it is the same personaI pronoun as in the main clause
precedes the verb which is usually in a participle form

2. participle/infinitive
the verb is usually in a participle form, although several infinitive forms are
also used
generally in one of the following cases: genitive, partitive, inessive, or translative

X11-B 'AGENTT1PART1S11PP1' EHBEDDED SENTENCE

Kenen piirtm Eduskuntatalo on1 The Parliament house is designed by whom1

Se on Sirenin piirtm. It's designed by Siren.

Tm on idin tekem kakku. This is a cake made by mother.

Lhetin eilen kirjoittamani kirjeen. 1 sent the letter 1 wrote yesterday


(lit., written by me yesterday).

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Dow to form

in the nom. sg., 'agenttipartisiippi' is the 111 info of the verb (see IV-J)
precedes the word it modifies and agrees with its number and case like alI adjectives

Toin idin tekemt kakut. 1 brought the cakes that mother made.

the agent, i.e., the subject, in the genitive case must always be expressed and
must precede the participle (see XII-A)

En usko .=.P.::::e.:.:k-=a.:.:n~k-=e..=.r-=t-=o.:.::m.=.i-=a_j-=u-=t..=.t-=u.Lj.=.a. 1 don't believe the stories told by Pekka.


hnen kertomiansa/kertomiaan juttuja.
En usko ==":;;=-----:':"::"::'''::''::'===''-:...:..:''::'::'''::'::'==:'':'-'-<''';;';'''::'::'.::.0<.';;;' 1 don't believe the stories he tella.
Pekka ei usko kertomiaan juttuja. Pekka doesn't believe the stories
kertomiansa. he himself tells.
"hen to use

1. both as an adjective modifying a noun and as a predicate adjective expressing completed action

Maistoin idin tekem kakkua. 1 tasted the cake made by mother.


Ne ovat Sirenin piirtmt. - They are designed by Siren.

2. rnodifiers of a verb precede it

Toin"- - - - - - - ~ kakut 1 brought the cakes


If
idin - - - - -..~~ tekemt t made by mother

kotona t at home

eilen II t yesterday

3. you can always translate 'agenttipartisiippi' as a relative clause

Sain (sinun) lhettmsi paketin eilen. 1 got the package that you had sent yesterday.

4. when the agent is not expressed, use the past pasa. participle form instead (see XI-E)

Compare: Tm on isn tekem sauna. This is a sauna made by father.


Tm on Suomessa tehty sauna. This is a sauna made in Finland.

XII-la

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XII-C PRESENT PASSIVE PARTICIPLB

1. Me puhuttiin tehtvist tist. We were talking about the jobs to be done.

2. Minun on kytv viel kaupassa. 1 have to go to the store still.


Ty olisi tehtv tnn. The work should be done today.

3. Onko kenellkn mitn listtv? Does anybody have anything to add?

Dow to form

the passive stern -tta-/-tt- + -va/-v (see x-el


-ta-/-t- + -va/-v
When to use

1. as an adjective modifying a noun and as a predicate adjective

the meaning is generally that of -to be done,- implying necessity or lack of an option
used mainly in the written language, while everyday speech uses a relative clause instead

Opettaja puhui meille ensi viikolla The teacher told us about the chapter
opiskeltavasta luvusta. = to be studied next week. =

Opettaja puhui meille luvusta, The teacher told us about the chapter
jota tytyy opiskella ensi viikolla. that must be studied next week.

2. on/oli/olisi + prQsent passive participle = 'tytyy/pit/tulee' in the


corresponding tenses + 1 info

Minu~ 2rr soitettava kotiin. = 1 have to call home.


Minun tytyy soittaa kotiin. 1 must call home.

Lasku olisi maksettava tnn. = The bill should be paid today.


Lasku pitisi maksaa tnn. The bill should be paid today.

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3. the expression 'onko teill mitn sanomista?' (see X-A) ean be replaeed by
jotain, mitn + present passive participle + -a/- (part.)

Onko teill mitn sanottavaa? Do you have anything to say?


Onko teill mitn sanomista?
Pojilla ei ole mitn tehtv. The boys have nothing to do.
Pojilla ei ole mitn tekemist.

XII-D 'ett' - CLAUSE AS AN OBJECT IN THE ACTIVE VOICE EMBEDDED SENTENCE

1. Nin sinun nousevan bussiin. = 1 saw you getting on the bus.


Nin, ett sin nousit bussiin. 1 saw that you got on the bus.

2. Kuulin sinun tulleen kotiin. = 1 heard that you've eome home.


Kuulin, ett olet tullut kotiin. 1 heard that you've eome home.

How to form

1. to express ongoing or future action

-va-/-v- + -n = present aetive participle + -n (see XI-C)


Tiedn Jaanan tapaa-va-n hnet. 1 know that Jaana will meet hirn.
Nin hnen juokse-va-n. 1 ~ hirn running.

2. to express completed action (completed before the action of the main clause)

-nee- + -n = past active participle + -n (see XI-D)


(for assimilated consonants see IV-E)

Luulin tavan-nee-~i hnet jossakin. 1 thought that 1 had met hirn somewhere.
Kuulin sinun tul-leen takaisin Suomesta. 1 heard that you had eome back from Finland.

Note: The subject of the embedded sentenee is in the gen. (see XII-A), and
not in the usual object case of the aee.

Nin sinun nouseva~ bussiin. 1 saw that you were getting on the bus.
Nin sinut bussissa (objeet). 1 saw you on the bus.
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When to use

1. with certain verbs only: uskoa to believe nhd to see


luulla to think, to believe
otaksua, jne. to presurne, etc. tiet to know

2. in spoken language, rnainly in sorne idiornatie expressions


Sano minun sanoneen: Mark rny words:

3. in written language, this atructure ia very common. Learn to identify it as a complete unit:

4. a similar conatruction ia posaible in the pasaive voice aa well, but it ia very forrnal

XII-E 'ett' - CLAUSE AS A SUBJECT EMBEDDED SENTENCE

1. Min nytn olevan tiell.= 1 seem to be in the way.


Nytt, ett min olen tiell. r It seerns that 1 1 m in the way.

Min nyn olevan tiell. = 1 seem to be in the way.


NkYf, ett min olen tiell. It seema that 1 1 m in the way.

2. Se kuuluu tulleen kotiin. = They say that he has come home.


Kuuluu, ett se on tullut kotiin.

Ne nkyvt kyneen tll. = They seem to have viaited here.


Nkyy, ett ne ovat kyneet tll. It aeema that they have visited here.

Dow to form

to express ongoing or future action -va-/v- + -n = present active participle + -n


(see exarnple 1 above)
to express completed action -nee- + -n = past active participle + -n
(see exarnple 2 above) (see XI-D)
the subject stays in the nominative

When to use
1. generally used with intransitive verbs: nky it seems nytt i t seerns like
kuulua itls heard tuntua i t feels like
2. cornrnon in spoken language

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XII-F 1NSTRUCTIVE -(i)n

1. Vedin kaksin ksin. 1 pulled with both hands (by two hands).
sit ei voi nhd paljain silmin. It cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Tulin jalan. 1 carne by f oote

2. Vastasit aivan oikein. You answered quite right.

3. Lapsi tuli sisn itkien. The child carne in crying.


Menin ostoksille kvellen. 1 went shopping -by walking.-

DoW to foern

1. + 2. with nouns and adjectives


for the singular: like the gen. case (see II-F)
for the plural: attach -n to the plo -i- with respective changes
in the stern (see VI-B)

3. with verbs
attach -n to the II info marker -e- (see XIII-e)

When to use

1. answers'the question 'miten/kuinka' -how-]

2. many commonly used adverbs are formed by instructive case, but otherwise it is not
widely used in spoken language

oikein correctly hyvin very


vrin wrong paljon much
usein often, etc.

3. the II info instructive is usually translated with -1ng

Hn tuli huoneeseen nauraen. she/he entered the room laughing.

XII-22
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UNIT XIII

HOLIDAYS AND CHURCH JUHLAPXIVXT JA KIRKKO

Nouns Substantii veja

Al1 Saints' Day pyhinpi v (2) gatecrasher kuokkavieras (30)


Annunciation Marian (ilmestymis-) Good Friday pitkperjantai (18)
piv (2) greeting tervehdys (32)
archbishop arkkipiispa (1) holiday juhlapiv (2),
Ascension Kristuksen taivaaseen- loma (2)
astumisen piv (2), Holy Week hiljainen viikko (15)
helatorstai (18) hortzon horisontti (6)
atheist ateisti (6) Independence Day itsenisyyspiv (2)
baptism kaste (5) invited guest ku~suvieras (30)
Baptist bapti sti (6) John the Baptist Johannes Kastaja (4)
cantor, music kanttor i (7) joy ilo (15)
director of a parish law laki (6)
church kirkko (15) Lent paastonaika (1)
church holiday kirkkopyh (2), arki- manse, parsonage pappila (4)
pyh (2) Maundy Thursday kiirastorstai (18)
ei vil register siviilirekisteri (7) May Day vappu (15)
comrnunion (religious) ehtoollinen (25) Memorial Day (of fallen kaatuneiden muisto-
confirmation konfirmaatio (21) soldiers) piv (2)
Day of Prayer rukouspiv (2) Methodist metodisti (6)
diocese hiippakunta (2) midsumrner juhannus (32)
Easter psiinen (25), minister (clergyman) pastori (7)
psiispiv (2) Mother's Day itienpiv (2)
Epiphany loppiainen (25) name day nimipiv (2)
eve aatto (1) New Year's Day uudenvuodenpiv (2),
faith, denomination uskontokunta (2) uusivuosi (10)
flag lippu (15) obituary kuolinilmoitus (32)~
flagpole lipputanko (15) muistokirjoitus (32)
freethinker vapaa-ajattelija (4) Palm Sunday palmusunnuntai (18)
funeral hautajaiset (25) plo parish seurakunta (2)

XIII-l

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Nouns Substantiiveja

Pentecostalist Church Helluntaiseurakunta (2) sermon saarna (1)


party kutsut (1~) plo sorrow, mourning suru (15)
juhlat (2) plo, pidot (15) plo Sunday school pyhkoulu (15)
period ajanjakso(15), kausi(lO) synagogue synagoga (3)
priest (ehaplain) pappi (6) Thanksgiving 'kiitospiv' (2)
religion uskonto (16) wedding ht (18) plo
Roman Catholie roomalaiskatolinen (25) Whitsunday helluntai (18)
Salvation Army Pelastusarmeija (4) veteran veteraani (6), rintama-
Shrove Tuesday laskiainen (25), mies (35), aseveli (8)
laskiaistiistai (18) vicar kirkkoherra (1)

Verbs Verbej

baptize kastaa (1) fly a flag liputtaa (2)


eelebrate viett (2) greet tervehti (7)
condole valittaa (2) surua, invite kutsua (8)
ottaa (2) osaa suruun legislate st (3)* laki
congratulate onnitella (14) lower laskea (4)
end ptty (8) intr o preach saarnata (18)
fast paastota (17) raise, hoist nostaa (2)

Adjectives Adjektii veja

Anglican anglikaaninen (25) Mohammedan, Moslem muhamettilainen (25)


customary vakiintunut (38) offieial virallinen (25)
eccelesiastic kirkollinen, (25) orthodox ortodoksinen (25)
holy pyh (2) Roman Catho1ic roomalaiskatolinen (25)
Jewish juutalainen (25) secular, lay maallinen (25)
Lutheran luterilainen (25) uninvited kutsumaton (24)
Methodist metodistinen (25)

* a180 has the past form 'sti'

XIII-2
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HOLIDAYS

1. jakso Sequence 1
B. Katsotaan nyt suomalaista Katsotaans ny B. Let'a look at the Finnish almanac.
almanakkaa. .
A. Siin on paljon asiaa. Siinnon A. Well, it has many things in it.

B. Niin on. Nimipivt ja auringon Joo B. Yes. Name days and the times of the
nousun ja laskun ajat viiden . sunrise and sunset according to
eri horisontin mukaan. . five different horizons.

2. jakso Sequence 2
B. Huomatkaa, ett meill on seit- . B. Notice that seven times a year
semn kertaa vuodessa kaksois- . we have double church holidays.
kirkkopyh. Tmn lisksi on Tn lisks 1n addition, there are two so-called
kaksi na. (niin sanottua) . 'secular' holidays: the first of
-maallista- juhlapiv: toukokuun
1. piv, vappu, ja joulukuun 6.
.
.
May, May Day and the 6th of December,
1ndependence Day.
piv, itsenisyyspiv. .
A. Vietetnk Suomessa itienpiv? . A. 16 Mother's Day celebrated
in Finland?

B. Tietysti: Toukokuun toisena sun- B. Of course: On the second Sunday of


nuntaina. May.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Ent kiitospiv? Vietetnk Ents kiitospiv A. How about Thanksgiving? 1s i t
sit? . celebrated?

B. Kiitospiv ei vietet eik B. Thanksgiving ia not celebrated,


myskn veteraanien piv. and neither is Veterans Day.

X1II-3

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Act out sequence 1, using these variations.

almanakkaa. almanac.
Katsotaan
1allakkaa (colloq.).
kalenteria.
Let's have a look at the
lalmanac.
calendar.

hiljaista viikkoa? Holy Week


Milloin vietetn psiisviikkoa? When is Easter week celebrated?
1paastonaikaa? 1 Lent

Kirkolliset juhlapivt
Loppiaista vietetn tammikuun 6. ja 12. pivn vlisen lauantaina.
Marianpiv maaliskuun 22. ja 28. pivn. vlisen sunnu.ntaina, tai
jos tm sunnuntai on palmusunnuntai tai psiispiv, palmusunnun-
tain edellisen sunnuntaina. Kristuksen taivaaseenastumisen piv vie-
tetn rukoussunnuntain edellisen lauantaina. Rukoussunnuntai on
viides psiisen jlkeinen sunnuntai. Helluntain valmistuspiv viete~
tn helluntain edellise"n .lauantaina. Johannes Kastajan piv viete-
tn keskuun 20. ja 26. pivn vlisen lauantaina ja pyhinpiv
lokakuun 31. ja marraskuun 6. pivn vlisen lauantaina.

Viikkonumerointi
Kansainvlisen standardisoimisjrjestn (ISO:n) mukaisesti Suomi
siirtyi uuteen viikkonumerointijrjeste1mn' 1973. Uuden jrjestelmn
mukaan viikko(lumero tarkoittaa aina 7 pivn ajanjaksoa ja viikko 1 on
vuoden ensimminen viikko johon sisltyy vhintn 4 uuden vuoden
piv. Viikon ensimminen piv on aina maanantai.

XIII-4
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HOLIDAYS

4. jakso sequence 4
B. Kaatuneiden muistopiv vietetn B. Memorial Day is celebrated
toukokuun kolmantena sunnuntaina. on the third Sunday of May.
Silloin liput ovat puolitangossa. Sillon liput on Then the flags are at half masto

A. Olen aivan ymmll siit, M oon ihan ulalla A. 1 am quite puzzled as to when
milloin Suomessa liputetaan. to fly flags in Finland.

B. Almanakasta nkyvt yleiset Allakasta nkyy B. One can see the general
liputuspi vt. flag days in the almanac.

5. jakso Sequence 5
A. Unohdin kysy, onko teill M unohdin kysyy A. 1 forgot to ask if you have
Halloween. onks Halloween.

B. Ei toki. Pahat henget ovat Eihn toki B. Oh, no: Evil spirits are moving
liikkeell kiirastorstaiyn.
Silloin -rullit- vierailevat
.. in the night of Maundy Thursday.
Then the 'trolls' are visiting
barns. But that's no fun,
navetoissa. Mutta se ei ole
hauskaa, pinvastoin.
Sensijaan laskiaistiistai on
. seioo.. on the contrary.
Shrove Tuesday, instead, is a
hauska piv. Kaikki, jotka fun day. Then alI who are able
kynnelle kykenevt, laskevat mke. kykenee go riding on the slopes

6. jakso Sequence 6
A. Onko teill erityisruokia juh- Onks teill A. Do you have special dishes on
lapivin? erityisii ruokii holidays?

...
B. Laskiaisena sydn laskiais- B. On Shrove Tuesday we have Shrove
pullia ja psiisen mmmi. Tuesday buns, and on Easter we
Vappuna taas juodaan simaa have malt-rye pudding. On May Day
tippaleipien kera. Ja jouluna
on kinkkua, lipekalaa, riisi-
...
we drink 'sima' with drop cookies.
And at Christmas there is ham,
puuroa ja joulutorttuja. lutefish, rice porridge, and
Christmas tarts.

XIII-5

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Flying the flag in Finland ia regulated and tied to holiday celebrations. It is important for you to
know about these customs. study the liat of days on which the flag is flown, and interview your
teacher about the circumstances.

Uputuspivi
VIralII. .:
Kaleval~.~ I?iv~.' sU~!1'~laisen kulttuurin piv . helmik. 28. 0

yapunpalVa, tyon palva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. toukok. 1.


Aitlcnpiv 0 0 toukok. toinen sunn.

Puolustusvoimain lippujuhla kesk. 4.


Suomen lipun piv juhannuspiv 0

1tsenisyyspiv ; 0 jouluk. 6.
Virallisia liputuspivi ovat mys ne pivt, joina kansanedustajain vaalit toimitetaan
sek piv, jolloin tasavallan presidentti astuu toimeensa.

VakiintUneet:
R~ne bergm. ..... '..: '':
. palva 0
heI ml.
'k 5. ,

Mikael A~nc~!a~ palva , huhtik. 9.


Snellma"!tn palva.... OM:
'': . . . . . . . . . . . . . . toukok. 12.
Kaat~nel~ten m.?ls~opalva toukok. kolmas sunn.
AleksiS Kiven palva , lokak. 10.
Svenska dagen (ruotsalaisuuden piv) ..... ~ . . . .. marrask.6.
Liputus alkaa kaikkina vuoden aikoina klo 8 ja pttyy auringon laskiessa, kuitenkin
viimeistn kello 21.
KaatuneiUen muistopivn liput lasketaan normaaliliputuksesta suruliputukseen
klo 10-14 viliRbi ajabi. Suomen lipun pivn liputu. aJkaajojuhannusaauonakio 18
ja pUttyy vasta juhannuplivlni klo 21. 1tsenisyyspivini liput lasketaan klo 20.

Lippu on {tangossa. The flag is {hoisted.


puolitangoBsa. at half-mast.

lipunnosto Lippu nostetaan. hoisting of a flag The flag is hoisted.


lipunlasku Lippu lasketaan. lowering of a flag The flag ia lowered.

XIII-6
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CHURCH

7. jakso Sequence 7
A. Onko Suomessa valtionuskonto? Onks Suomess A. ls there a state religion in
Finland?

B. Suomessa on voimassa uskonnon-


vapauslaki, joka sdettiin
.. B. In Finland there's a law for
religious freedom made in 1923.
v. 1923. .
8. jakso Sequence 8
A. Mutta kirkkoa ei ole erotettu kirkkoo A. But church has not been separated
valtiosta, vai mit? . from state, has it?

B. Ei ole. Heill on kaksi ns. Ei Heiilon kaks B. No. We have two so-called
valtionkirkkoa: Suomen evanke-
lisluterilainen kirkko ja orto-
00.
.. state churches: the Finnish
Evangelical-Lutheran Church and
doksinen kirkko. . the Orthodox Church.

9. jakso Sequence 9
A. Eik teill ole muita uskonto- Eiks teilloo A. Don't you have any other
kuntia lainkaan? denominations at alI?

B. On toki. Heill on pieni B. Yes, indeed. We have a small


roomalaiskatolinen kirkko sek
useita pieni ns. vapaakirkkoja.
.. Roman Catholic church and several
small, so-called free churches.

XIII-7

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Ask for and provide information, using this pattern.

~
kastetoimitus. christening

~
Kirkossa on ht, vihkitoimitus. There's a wedding at the church.
menossa konfirmaatio. confirmation
ehtoollisjumalanpalvelus. communion service
hautajaiset. funeral

pyhkoulussa. in sunday school.


Lapset ovat rippikoulussa . The children are ~n confirmation school.
{ uskontotunnilla. { ln a scripture class.

metodistikirkkoon. Methodist church.

~
baptistiyhdyskuntaan. Baptist church.
Kuulun helluntaiseurakuntaan. 1 belong to the Pentecostalist church.
pelastusarmeijaan. Salvation Army.
siviilirekisteriin. civil register.

Hannu ei kuulu kirkkoon. Hannu doesn't belong to any/a church.

vapaa-ajattelija. a freethinker.
Hn on kirkosta eronnut. He is separated from the church.
{ ateisti { an atheist.

XIII-8
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The Finnish 'Almanakka' is an interesting source of information. Study this page and talk about
what kind of information you can find.

TAMMIKUU 1987
Helsinki Jyvlbkylll Oulu Sodankylll Uu~oU
Piv Anna, oi Jeesus Aurinko Aurinko Aurinko Aurinko Aunnko
rauha ja menestysl nous. lask. nous. lask. nous. lask. nous. lask. nous. lask.

IT * Uudenvuodenpivll
Plo 121: H. - Ap.l. 4:8'12. - Lu.... 2:21.
v. 1 9.24 15.23 9.43 14.58 10.26 14.17 1\.32 13.02

2P Aapeli 9.24 15.24 9.42 15.00 10.24 14.20 11.28 13.07


Almanalla 3L
4S
Eimo, E.Imer
* Uudenv.p. jlllk. sunn. Ruul ucr
9.23 15.26 9.42 15.02
9.23 15.28 9.41 15.03
10.23 14.22 11.24 13.12
10.22 14.24 11.20 13.17
P.. 84: 28. I/-IJ. - Room. 12: Il. - Lu'" i: 42l2

vuodeksi 5M Lea. Leea o lh. 0 cr v. 2 9.22 15.29 9.40 15.05 10.20


10.18
14.27
14.30
11.16
11.12
13.22
13.27
6T Hani 9.21 15.31 9.38 15.07
7K AukuSli. Augusl. Aku () 9.20 15.33 9.37 15.09 10.16 14.32 11.08 13.32

1987 8T
9P
10 L
Hil~a
Vei 0, Veli, Veijo
* Loppiainen. Nyyriklti
9.19
9.18
9.17
15.35
15.37
15.39
9.36
9.35
9.33
15.12
15.14
15.16
10.14
10.12
10.10
14.35
14.38
14.41
11.04
11.00
10.56
13.37
13.42
13.47
5

Pl. 72: '.J. lon - JtI. 60: 16. - .11"".2: 112.


jlkeen II S * 1. loppiaisen jlllk. s. Kari, Kani 9.16 15.41 9.32 15.18 10.08 14.44 10.52 13.52
Vapahtajamme Kristuksen Plo 7J: 2J28. - flJl. J: 47. - MalI. J: 1 J.I7.

syntymn 12 M Toini ~ yl. d 0 v. 8 9.14 15.43 9.30 15.21 10.05 14.4 7 10.47 13.57
13 T Nuulli 9.13 15.45 9.29 15.23 10.03 14.51 10.43 14.02
14 K Sakari, Saku 9.12 15.47 9.27 15.26 10.01 14.54 10.39 14.06
15 T Solja 0, \llnl. 0 9.10 15.49 9.25 15.28 9.58 14.57 10.35 14.11
16 P Ilmari, Ilmo 9.08 15.52 9.23 15.31 9.55 15.00 10.31 14.16
17 L Anllo. Toni. Anlon, Anlloni 9.07 15.54 9.21 15.34 9.53 15.04 10.27 14.21 11.52 12.53
18 S *
2. loppiaisen jlllk. sunn. Laura
Pl. 107: 16, 202/. - Room. 12: 616. -Joi.. 2: 111.
9.05 15.56 9.19 15.36 9.50 15.07 10.23 14.25 11.37 13.08

19 M HeiUi. Henrik, HenriUi. Henri v.4 9.03 15.59 9.17 15.39 9.4 7 15.11 10.19 14.30 11.26 13.20
20 T Henna, Henni, HenriilrJ.a 0:::: klo 17 9.02 16.01 9.15 15.4 21 9.44 15.14 10.15 14.35 11.17 13.30
21 K AUlle, Auni 9.00 16.04 9.13 15.44 9.42 15.18 10.11 14.39 11.08 13.39
'l2T Visa 11.58 16.06 9.10 15.4 7 9.39 15.21 10.07 14.44 11.00 13.47
Julkaistu suomenkielisen ensimmisen kerran 23 P Eini. Eine, Enni () 8.56 16.08 9.08 15.50 9.36 15.25 10.03 14.49 10.53 13.55
24 L Senja \1 d 11 8.54 16.11 9.06 15.53 9.33 1528 9.59 14.53 10.46 14.03
vllod"ksi 1705
25 S * 8. loppiaisen jlllk. sunn.
Paavo, Pauli, Paavali. Paul
8.52 16.14 9.03 15.56 9.30 15.32 9.55 14.58 10.40 14.10

Julhissut h 102: 162J. ~ Cal. 2: IY20. - Mali. 8: I/J. I


Helsingin yliopisto
WElLlN+GS
26
27
M
T
Raino. Raine
Viljo
II cr, 11 cr v. 5 8.50
8.48
16.16 9.01 15.59
16.19 8.59 16.02
'.27 "." ." ".0'1'0." 14.111
9.23 15.39 9.47 15.07 10.27 14.23
28 K Kaarlo, Kalle, Kaarle. Mies 8.4616.21 8.56 16. 05 1 9.20 15.42 9.43 15.11 10.21 lUO
Fspoo 1986
29
30
31
T
P
L
Vailleri
Ir~a
Ali

~ cr IIUI
8.4316:24 8.54 16. 08 1
16.27 8.51 16.10
8.39 16.29 8.48 16.13
9.17
9.14
9.11
15.4:19,39
15.49 9.~5
15.53 9.31
15.16 10.15
15.:1110.10
15.24.10.04
14.36
14.421
14.48
Kuun ilmi,. 1I0U5111 ja laskul s. 28-33

XI II-9

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I
on this page you can find the different festival days on the Jewish, Moslem, and
orthodox calendars.

OrtodoklilM!n kirkon juhla. vuonna 1986 Juutalaisten blenteri


Tammik.l. Uudenvuodenpiv, Herran ympril.eikkaus Tammik. II I Shvat (5746) Syysk. 5 I Eh,l
-6. Herran kaste, loppiainen Hclmik.1O I Adar I !.okak; 4 I Tishri (5747)
Helmik.2. Herran temppeliintuominen Maalisk. 12 I Adar II - 4-5 1-2. Uudenv.juhlapiv
Maalisk. 25. Neitseen Marian ilmestys Huhtik.1O I Nisan -13 Sovintojuhla
-24toukok. I I~. Psiispiv -18-19 1-2. Lehtimajajuhlapiv
-23. Palmusunnuntai -10 Iljar -25 !.ehtimajajuhlan loppu
-2S. Suuri perjantai, pitkperjantai Ktsk.8 I Sh'an -26 Lakijuhla
-30,31. Herran Psiinen, Kristuksen ylsnousemus -13-14 1-2. Elonkorjuujuhla Marrask. 3 I f1eshvan
Toukok. S. Herran laivaaseenasluminen, helatorstai Hdnk.8 I Tammus JouJuk. 3 1 Kislev
-IS,19. Hellunlai (lS. 5. Pyhn Kolminaisuuden piv, 19.5. Pyhn Elok.6 I Av -27 1. Hanukka, Temppelin
-14 Temppelin hvilys vihkiminen
Hengen piv)
Kesk.24. Johannes Kaslajan syntym
-28. Pyhilljist Sergei ja Herman Valamolaiset
(Valamon luostarin perustajat)
-29. Pyhien apostolien Pielarin ja Paavalin piv
Heink.20. Profeetta Elian piv
MuhametcUai.ten blenteri
Elok.6. Kristuksen kirkastuminen Tammik.12 I DJumada' I-,ila (1406) Heink.8 I Dhu'l-kada
-15. J umalansynnyttlijn Neitseen Marian kuolonuneen Hdmik.11 1 DJumada' Ihira Elok.7 I Dhu' I-hiddja
nukkuminen Maalisk. 12 I Radbb Syysk.6 I Moharram (1407t
-29. Johannes Kastajan mestaus Huhtik. II J Shaabn Lohk.6 I Safar
Syysk. /J. JumalansynnYlljn Neitseen Marian syntym Toukok. 10 I.Ramadn Marrask .. I Rabi'u I-auwal
Kesk.9 1 Shawwl Jouluk .. I Rabi'u J-hir
-14. Kunniallisen ja elvksitekevn Ristin ylentminen
Lokak.l. Neitsyt Marian suojelus
Marrask: 1. Karjalan pyhilljin ja valistajain piv
-21. Neilseen Marian temppeliin kyn ti
Jouluk.6. Pyhn Nikolaoksen piv
-25,26. Kristuksen synlym (25.12.).)oulu

XIII-IO
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Look up how your own church/denomination/faith is represented in Finland. Compare the sizes between
the established churches and other churches in Finland.

Uskontokuntien jsenyys Suomessa 1. 1. 1980


,
Suomen Evankelisluterilainen Kirkko 4 318 271 90.30
Suomen Ortodoksinen Kirkko 59 011 1. 23
Jehovan todistajat 11 529 ~24
Suomen Vapaakirkko 9 915 .21
Suomen Adventtikirkko 4 909 .10
Myhempien Aikojen Pyhien Jeesuksen Kristuksen Kirkko 3 795 .08
Katolinen Kirkko 3 100 .06
Metodistikirkko 2 323 .05
Olaus Petri-kyrka (Ruotsin kirkon seurakunta) 1 972 .04
Baptistiyhdyskunta 1 832 .04
Juutalaiset Seurakunnat 1 356 .03
Yksityiset kreikkalaiskatoliset kirkolliset yhdyskunnat 1 131 .02
Viipurissa (Moskovan patriarkaatin alaisia Helsingiss)
Suomen Islam-seurakunta 939 .02
Suomen vapaa evankelisluterilainen seurakunta 756 .02
Tunnustuksellinen luterilainen kirkko 394 .01
Suomen Baha'i Yhdyskunta 274 .01
Anglican Church in Finland 230
Suomen Vapaa Katolinen Kirkko 124
Suomen Kristillinen Yhdyskunta 80
Suomen uusapostolinen kirkko 27

Noin 360 000 henke (jotkut muiden kuin yll mainittujen uskontokuntien jseni) kuu-
luu siviilirekisteriin.

Suomenkieliset nimet Helsingin puhelinluettelon mukaan

XIII-11

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study the Finnish Christmas greetings on this page and then write your own.

HAUSKAA JOULUA

Jouluiloa
ja
Hyv Uutta Vuotta

~~ 9(Jufua,
14
Onttdti4ta Uttt4l'uo(t4.

~~~
.
r
~~'7~
USEFUL INFORMATION
diolil". jdll/ud On hyv tiet, ett:
1" Liikkeet ovat suljettuina lauantaina ja
maanantaina juhlapivn takia. Pankit,
dlYV4ti Vlulla Vllolld. posti, toimistot ja kaupat ovat kiinni.
Vain asematunnelin kaupat ovat auki.
tcirfx} A111- jft tn ltT Uudenvuoden-, joulu- ja juhannusaattona
kaupat suljetaan kello 3.

XIII-1 4
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Here is a formal dinner invitation and the requested answer. Study them and then write your own.

Kutsu
Johtaja ja rouva Matti MiettiaellA
on kunnia kutsua
Professori ja Rouva Veikko Virtanen
plivalliaelle kotiinaa
keskivUkkona elokuun 11. plivlnll983 kello 20.00

Tumma puku V.p. puh. 123 '-%


5arjenniemi ,

Vastaus Professori ja rouva Veikko Virtanen kiittvt


kunnioittavasti Johtaja ja Rouva Matti Miettist
heidn ystvllisest kutsustaan pivlliselle
keskiviikkona elokuun 17. pivn kello 20.00.
He noudattavat sit mielihyvin.
(He valittavat suuresti, etteivt aiemman lupauk-
sensa vuoksi voi sit noudattaa.)

frakki white tie juhlapuku formal dress


smokki black tie kunniamerkit decorations
shaketti morning coat ilman kunniamerkkej without decorattons
tumma puku business suit P.M. ~ pro memoria as a reminder
arkipuku casual dress muistutukseksi as a reminder
V.p. = vastausta R.S.V.P.
pyydetn

XIII-13

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Study this social page from a newspaper.
USBPUL EXPRESSIONS

l
What does it tell you about birthdays and
titles in Pinland?

Sydmelliset onnittelumme
Onn.! ttelen syntympivnne johdosta.
Parhaat onnittelut hpivnne johdosta.
Onneksi olkoon

Our warmest congratUlations}


My congratulations on your birthday.
Best wishes on your wedding day.
Congratulations

Otan osaa (suruunne). I express my condolences.


Valitan (suruanne). I express my condolences.

ristiiset. a christening party.


nimipi vt. ~ name day party.
Pidmme syntympi vt. We are a birthday party.
ht. having a wedding.
vihktiset. a wedding.
hautajaiset. a funeral.

Suomalainen sananlasku
Ei niin pieni pitoja, ettei kuokkavieraita.

Kuollaan sit viel meillkin, sanoi mtes,


kun naapurin hautajaisiin ji kutsumatta.

XrII-14
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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Listen to the news item on the tape and mark the box with true or false, as appropriate.
T F
1. Finland is adopting daylight-saving time (DST).

2. AlI the Eurppean countries use DST.

3. Finland has used DST since 1942.

4. Finland experimented with DST:in 1942.

5. DST makes it possible for Finnair to continue


the winter timetable globally.

2. Listen to the tape and choose the right answer.

1. Mannerheim died
a) 40
b) 30 years ago.

2. The various civic organizations laid their


a) individual
b) joint wreath on Mannerheimls monument.

3. Mannerheim was the


a) fifth
b) sixth president of Finland.

4. After the function at the graveside, about 100


a) invited
b) invited and uninvited guests moved to the Mannerheim Museum.

5. Starting Thursday, the Museum will be open ta


a) selected guests.
b) the public.

XIII-15

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3. Listen to the news item on the tape and mark the box with true or false, as appropriate.
T F
1. The German library in Helsinki will celebrate its centennial.

2. It started when 18 families formed a reading circle.

3. They gave their books to the German school.

4. The German government gave the library a small gift in 1979.

5. The present library has about 45,000 books.

6. The Fennica collection has alI the books published in Finnish


about Germany.

4. Listen to the tape and take notes under these headings.

The sun 1s up from to

Tomorrow in Utsjoki 1n Helsinki

1n summer in Utsjoki in Helsinki

The effect of day11ght-saving time 1n Utsjoki

The 'kaamos' -darkness of the winter- lasted in Utsjoki

hours weeks months

XIII-16
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READING. Explain, point by point, what the situation is in the US.

Suomen valtion ja valtion kirkkojen suhde on mielenkiintoinen ja tarkoin m-


ritelty. Valtiolla on niss kirkoissa mrttyj oikeuksia ja velvollisuuksia.
Niinp tasavallan presidentti nimitt piispat kolmesta papiston valitsemasta
ehdokkaasta. Valtio yllpit teologista tiedekuntaa ja ortodoksista pappisse-
minaaria. Valtio sallii mys kirkollisveronkannon kunnallisen verotuksen yhtey-
dess: kukin kirkkoon kuuluva maksaa mrprosentin (noin 1.5 %) verotettavasta
tulostaan. Uskonnonopetus on pakollisena aineena kaikissa kouluissa alaluokilta
lukion lpi. Eduskunnan tytyy hyvksy mrtyt kirkkoa koskevat lait; niinp
esim. Raamatun suomennoskomiteassa ja Virsikirjan uudistuskomiteassa istuu edus-
kunnan mrmi jseni.

Tst hyvst valtio saa mrt vuodessa neljn rukouspivn tekstit, jotka on
luettava kaikista saarnastuoleista. Kirkko puolestaan pit yll ehk maailman
parhainta vestrekisteri. Kaikkien kirkkoon kuuluvien ja siihen kuuluneiden
suomalaisten syntymaika, kaste, konfirmaatio, avioliitto, rikokset ja vielp
isorokkorokotus on tarkoin kirjoitettu ns. kirkonkirjoihin. Niiden, jotka eivt
kuulu kirkkoon, on pakko kuulua siviilirekisteriin. Kirkko pit yll mys hau-
tausmaat sek hautaa jsenens.

KEY 1. lT 2F 3F 4T 5F
2. lb 2b 3b 4a 5b
3. lT 2F 3F 4F 5T 6W
4. check the answers against the text, App. VI

XIII-17

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PUNCTION PRACTICES

1. Holidays
interview your teacher about Finnish holidays
describe the true American holidays, e.g., Thanksgiving, Halloween, Veterans' Day, etc.
interview a Finn on Finnish Christmas
point out sorne differences between American and Finnish Christmas customs
explain what the Fourth of July is
compare the way the Fourth of July and Finnish Independence Day are celebrated
what does this tell you about Finnish/American character?

2. Birthdays and narnedays


interview your teacher about the Finnish customs of celebrating birthdays/name days

3. Explain to a Pinn the Arnerican custom of flying the flag.

4. Church and state


explain the relationship between church and state in the US
tell how a typical American church/synagogue is run
find out how the two established churches affect everyday life in Finland

XllI-l8
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UNIT XIII
STRUCTURAL NOTES

XIII-A PIRST INPINITIVB -kse- (longer form) -in order to


1. Opiskelen suomea puhuakseni sit Helsingiss. = 1 study Finnish in order to speak it in Helsinki.
Opiskelen suomea, jotta puhuisin 1 study Finnish so that 1 would speak it

2. Pekka matkusti Savoon viettkseen Pekka travelled to Savo in order to eelebrate


joulua kotonaan. Christmas at home.
Pekka matkusti savoon viettmn Pekka travelled to Savo to spend Christmas
at home.
3. Tietkseni hn puhuu hyvin suomea. As far as 1 know, he speaks Finnish well.

How to form: 1 info + -kse- + possessive suffix


(-kse- is the translative ending -ksi- when used with a possessive suffix)

tehd-kse-ni in order (for me) to do ymmrt-kse-mme in order (for us) to understand

when to use

1. can .replace jotta so that sentence (if the subject is the same as in the main elause)

jotta teen so that 1 do jotta ymmrrmme so that we understand

2. if the main verb expresses motion, use the 111 infinitive illative form,
'viett-mn', instead of 'viett-kse-en'

Menin toimistoon puhumaan hnen kanssaan. 1 went to the offiee to speak with hirn.

3. to express as far as, which is very common in spoken language, use the following:

Ksitt-kse-ni perceive,
Tiet-kse-ni know,
Muistaa-kse-ni huomenna on As far as 1 remember, tomorrow is the
Ymmrt-kse-ni talvisodan muisto- understand, memorial day
Luulla-kse-ni piv. know, for the Winter War.
XIII-19

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XIII-B SECOND INFINITIVE

1. Hn oppi suomea nukkuessaan. He/sne learned Finnish while sleeping.


Nitk sen filmin ollessasi lomalla? Did you see that film when you were on vacation?

2. Poikani tuli koulusta itkien. My son came from school crying.

3. Asiasta neuvoteltaessa ei psty While the matter was being discussed, no agreement
yksimielisyyteen. was reached.

Dow to form

Active
remove the final -a/- from the 1 infinitive
replace the -a/- with -e (if the stern of the verb ends in -e, change this to -i
add the case ending -ssa/-ss for inessive (see example 1 above)
add the case ending -n for instructive (see XIII-C) (see example 2 above)

Passive
the passive stern -tta/-tt, -ta/-t + -e + -ssa/-ss (see example 3 above)

Active Passive
anta-a to give anne-ta-an one gives
-e-ssa-ni/kun annoin while/when 1 gave -tta-e-ssa/kun annetaan while one gives

palat-a to return pala-ta-an one returns


-e-ssa-si/kun palasit when you returned -tta-e-ssa/kun palataan when one returns

vied- to take out vie-d-n one takes out


-e-ss-mme/kun veimme when we were taking out -t-e-ss/kun viedn when one takes out

laske-a to count laske-ta-an one counts


-i-e-ssa-ni/kun laskin while I counted -tta-e-ssa/kun lasketaan when one counts

When to use

1. in an embedded sentence to replace a "while" clause (see XIII-D)


2. the instructive case indicates "how/in what way" (see XIII-C)

XIII-20
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XIII-C SECOND INFINITIVE INSTRUCTIVE -e-n -by doing something-

Juosten ehtii bussiin. By running, you can make it to the bus.

Kvin kaupassa mennen tullen. 1 went to the store (when) going and
coming. (i.e., on my way out and back)
Dow to form

remove the final -a/- from the 1 infinitive


replace the -a/- with -e- + -n
(if the stern of the verb ends in -e, change this to -i) (see Xi~I-B)

laula-a to sing juost-a to run itke- to ery


-e-n by singing -e-n by running -i-e-n by crying

When to use

1. gives an answer to the question -how/in what way,- which is often translated with -ing

Menin sinne kvellen. 1 went there walking.

2. used idiomatically

Mik laulaen "tulee, Easy come, easy go. (lit., what comes in
se vihelten menee. singing, goes out whistling)

XIII-D -WHILE- CLAUSE EMBEDDED SENTENCE

1. Kyn kaupassa tullessani tyst. = 1'11 go to the store when coming


Kyn kaupassa, kun tulen tyst. home from work.

Postitin kirjeet mennessni tyhn. = 1 mailed the letters when 1 went to work.
Postitin kirjeet, kun menin tyhn.

2. Tyhn ajettaessa satoi lunta. = While one was driving to work, it snowed.
Kun ajettiin tyhn,satoi lunta.

Aina joulusta puhuttaessa tulee koti-ikv. = When Christmas is talked about,


Aina kun puhutaan joulusta, tulee koti-ikv. one always gets homesick.
XIII-21

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How to forrn

Active: use II infinitive inessive (see XIII-B) (see exarnple 1 on previous page)
asu-a to live itke- to ery
-e-ssa while living -i-e-ss while crying

the subjeet preeedes the II info and is expressed:


by the genitive when it is a different noun than the subject of the rnain elause
by a personal pronoun + poss. suffix when it is a different personal pronoun
by the poss. suffix alone when it is the sarne personal pronoun as in the rnain elause

presidenti~ puhuessa kaikki kuuntelivat. While the president was speaking,


everybody listened.

Minun tullessani kaikki istuivat jo When 1 earne, everybody was already sitting at
pydss. -- the table.
Katsoessani Tv:t syn helposti liikaa. While watching TV, 1 easily eat too rnueh.

Passive
use the passive stern -tta/-tt, -ta/-t + -e- + -ssa/-ss (see X-C)
(see exarnple 2 on previous page)

no possessive suffix (as passive is irnpersonal)

Asiasta keskustelta-e-ssa hn oli hiljaa. While the matter was being discussed
he was quiet.

When to use

1. replaees a wwhile w elause, in whieh the aetion takes place at the sarne tirne as in the
main elause (eompare with Wafter W elause, in which the action has been eornpleted by the
time of the rnain clause, see XIII-E)

Active Tullessani tyhn nin Pekan. = While eoming to work 1 saw Pekka.
.Kun tulin tyhn, nin Pekan. When 1 eame to work 1 saw Pekka.

Passive Asiasta keskusteltaessa unohdin sanoa sen. = While the matter was being
Kun asiasta keskusteltiin, unohdin sanoa sen. diseussed, 1 forgot to say it.

2. used rnainly in literary style, but you should learn to identify it in written text while
using complete sentences in spoken language XIII-22
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XIII-E EMBEDDED SENTENCE

Vuokrattuaan talonsa mies muutti pois. = After renting his house, the man moved away.
Kun mies oli vuokrannut talonsa, hn After the man had rented his house, he

Kuultuani siit soitin heti kotiin. = After hearing about it, 1 called home immediately.
Kun olin kuullut siit, After 1 had heard

Lasten tultua kotiin lksimme uimaan. = After the children had come home, we went swimming.
Kun lapset olivat tulleet kotiin, Afterthe children had come

Dow to form

-ttu-/-tty-, -tu-/-ty- + -a/- + poss. suffix (when applicable) =


the past passive participle in partitive (see XI-E)

Pekan lue-ttu-a after Pekka had read


tava-ttu-a-mme after we had met

the subject (see XII-A) precedes the participle and is expressed:


by the genitive when it is a different noun than the subject of the main clause
by a personaI pronoun + poss. suffix when it is a different personaI pronoun
by the poss. suffix alone when it is the same personaI pronoun as in the main clause

Pekan tultua After Pekka came home


Hnen tultuaan kotiin simme pivllist. After he came home we had dinner.
Hnen tultuansa

Tultuamme kotiin si~ pivllist. After we came home we had dinner.

When to use

1. expresses action that has been finished by the time of the action in the main clause
(compare this to while structure XIII-D)

Tultuani tyhn nin Pekan. = After coming to work 1 saw Pekka.


Sen jlkeen kun/kun olin tullut tyhn, After 1 had come to work 1 saw Pekka.

2. very common in written Finnish. Learn to identify it, but don't use it in spoken languaget

Note: This is a passive verb form substituting for a purely active sentence.
XIII-23

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This is an empty page. Pill it with your own material, as you wish.

XIII-24
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FINNISH SOCIETY SUOMALAINEN YHTEISKUNTA

Nouns Substantii veja

appellate court hovioikeus (33) fine sakko (15)


Bachelor of Arts hum.kandi (6) (humanis- franchise (voting right) nioikeus (33)
tisten tieteiden kan- fringe benefit luontoisetu (15),
didaatti) lisetu (15)
balance tasapaino (15) government hallitus (32)
bankruptcy konkurssi (6) graduate (high ylioppilas (30)
breathalyzer test puhalluskoe (5) school)
cabinet hallitus ("32), group, team ryhm (2)
valtioneuvosto (16) guardian (legal) holhooja (3)
center keskusta (4) guardian (caretaker) huoltaja (3)
checks and balances vallan tasapaino (15) interpellation vlikysymys (32)
system (of power) immigrant siirtolainen (25)
child subsidy lapsilis '(2) jail putka (2)
coat of arms vaakuna (4) joint session tysistunto (16)
college opisto (16), yliopisto (16) judictal power tuomiovalta (1)
cornrnittee valiokunta (2), junior high school peruskoulun
komitea (20) yl-aste (5)
composition kokoonpano (15) justice, court, right oikeus (33)
comprehensive school peruskoulu (15) kindergarten lastentarha (1)
court of law tuomioistuin (23) poli tical Left vasemmisto (15)
degree, grade arvosana (1) legislative power lainsdntvalta (1)
diagram kaavakuva (2) lite sentence (see adjectives)
district/ kihlakunnanoikeus (33), main subject paine (5)
circuit court krjt (3) plo Master of Arts filo kandi (6) (filoso-
dispute kiista (1) fian kandidaatti),
drunken dri ving rattijuoppous (33) maisteri (7)
education koulutus (32) maternity leave itiysloma (2)
elector valitsijamies (35) member of Parliament kansanedustaja (3)
emigrant siirtolainen (25) ministry ministeri (21)
examination tutkinto (16) municipal court raastuvanoikeus (33)
executive power toimeenpanovalta (1) oath vala (1)
faculty tiedekunta (2) parliamentary eduskuntavaalit (6) pl.,
federal government liittohallitus (32) elections valtiolliset vaalit (6) plo

XIV-l

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Nouns Substantiiveja

party (political) puolue (5) sentence, judgment tuomio (21)


paternity leave isyysloma (2) session istunto (16)
pension (from work) tyelke (5), social security sosiaaliturva (2)
(from Social Security) kansanelke (5) social welfare sosiaalihuolto (15)
performance, execution toimitus (32) society yhteiskunta (2)
police raid poliisiratsia (20) speaker, spokesperson puhemies (35)
preschool esikoulu (15) state (part of a valtio (21), osa-
presidential election presidentinvaali (6) federation) valtio (21)
press balcony lehtimiesparveke (5) statistics ti lasto (16)
primary school ala-aste (5) subject, essay aine (5)
prime minister pministeri (7) supreme court korkein (26) oikeus (33)
prison, castle linna (1) system of government hallitusjrjestelm (3)
prison vankila (4) tax vero (15)
public health care kansanterveyshuolto (15) trade school ammattikoulu (15)
poli tical Right oikeisto (15) trade union ammattiyhdistys (32)
school system koulujrjestelm (3) university korkeakoulu (15),
senior high school lukio (21) yliopisto (16)
vote of confidence luottamuslausenestys (32)

Verbs Verbej

appeal a sentence vali ttaa (2) form muodostaa (2) tr.


be found lyty (8) intr. get (into) pst (15) intr.
be caught joutua (8) kiinni mix sotkea (4) tr.
lose (for good) menett (2) nominate nimi tt (2)
depend on riippua (8) organize jrjest (2)
describe kuvata (18) provide work tyllist (2)
elect valita (19) seek admission pyrki (7)
experience kokea (4) sue a person, summon haastaa (1) oikeuteen
follow seurata (18) tell kertoa (8)

Adjecti ves Adjektii veja

academic yliopistollinen (25), life sentence elinkautinen (25) (vankeus)


akateeminen (25) medical lketieteellinen (25)
age .ikinen (25) mere pelkk (2)
direct vlitn (24) poor varaton (24), kyh (2)
indirect vlillinen (25) poor (quali ty) huono (15), kehno (15) XIV-2

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FINNISH SOCIETY

Koulu Education

1. jakso Sequence 1
A. Mit koulua poikanne ky? tein poika A. what school does your son attend?

B. Hn ky Vuosaaren peruskoulua. Se ky B. He attends Vuosaari comprehensive


psi ylasteelle viime kevn. ps school. He got into junior high
last spring.

2. jakso Sequence 2
A. Kuinka vanhana lapset menevt . menee A. At what agedo children enter
kouluun Suomessa? . school in Finland?

B. Seitsemn vuoden ikisin. Seittemn B. At the age of seven. Pekka, however,

..
Pekka tosin kvi esikoulua sit went to preschool for a year before
ennen jo vuoden. that.

3. jakso Sequence 3
A. Ent tyttrenne? Onko hn viel teidn tytt? A. And your daughter? Is she still in
lukiossa? Onks se senior high1

B. Ei en. Hn kirjoitti ylioppi- Ei, se B. Not any more. She graduated a year
laaksi vuosi sitten ja opiskelee
nyt yliopistossa.
... ago and now studies at the
university.

4. jakso Sequence 4
A. Mit aineita hn opiskelee? se A. What subjects does she study?

B. Luonnontieteit kemia paineena.


Hn aikoo pyrki lketieteelli-

Se
. B. Natural sciences, chemistry as her
main subject. She is going to seek
seen tiedekuntaan. . admission to medical school.

XIV-3

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Act out sequences 1 - 4 - telling about your ovn schooling
- telling about your children's schooling
- explain1ng the school system 1n Finland and 1n your ovn state

Yleinen oppivelvollisuus
Compulsory education

19
Yliopisto ja muut
korkeakoulut
15
12
lukio Lukio Ammattikoulu

..
ylaaste
9
Tohtorin
tutkinto

ala-aste Lisensiaatin
tutkinto
7 ikvuotta

Lastentarha Filosofian kandidaatin tutkinto

YLIOPISTOLLINEN ARVOSANA
SUOMEN KOULUJRJESTELM

XIV-4
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FINNISH SOCIETY
Suomen hallitus Government

5. jakso sequence 5
A. Minulla oli mielenkiintoinen Mulloli A. 1 had an interesting experience
kokemus tnn. . today.

B. l nyt~ Kerro~ . B. Really~ Tell me~

A. Olin eduskunnan lehtimiespar- M olin A. 1 followed the presidential


vekkeella seuraamassa presi- . election procedure from the press
dentinvaalitoimitusta. . baleony in Parliament.

6. jakso sequence 6
A. Min sotken aina vlilliset M A. 1 always eonfuse indireet and
ja vlittmt vaalit. Mink- Mimmonen direet eleetions. What is the
lainen presidentinvaali on? t ............ presidential eleetion like?

B. Vlillinen. Ensin valitaan JOI


valitsijamiest, jotka sitten .. B. Indirect. First, 301 eleetors
are elected, who then eleet the
valitsevat presidentin. . president.

7. jakso
A. Miten kuvaisit Suomen hallitus-
..
sa
sequenee 7
A. How would you deseribe the
jrjestelm? . Finnish system of government?

B. virallisesti sit kutsutaan


parlamentaariseksi hallitus-


.. B. Officially, it is ealled
a parliamentary system of
jr jestelmksi. . government.

8. jakso sequence 8
A. Miten hallitus muodostetaan? Ja mitenk A. How ia the government formed7

B. presidentti nimitt halli-


tuksen, mutta vasta sen jlkeen
.
.
B. The president appointa the
government, but only after the
kun eduskunnan puolueryhmt
ovat sopineet sen kokoonpanosta.
.
on sopineet
party groups have agreed on its
eomposition.
XIV-5

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Act out sequence 7 and ask for and provide information, using these variations.

tysistuntoa. jOint session.


Olin seuraamassa vlikysymyskeskustelua. 1 attended the interpellation discussion.
{ { vote of confidence.
luottamuslausenestyst.

edUskuntavaali t parliame.ntary elections


valtiolliset vaalit parliamentary elections
Kuinka usein { yleiset vaalit toimitetaan? How often are the general elections held?
kunnallisvaali t { municipial elections

Kuinka usein presidentinvaali toimitetaan? How often is the presidential election held?

Eduskuntavaalit} '" .. Ii l' Presidentinvaali - vlillinen


Valtiolliset vaalit vahttom t vaa It

Keskusta

Vasemmisto

Valtioneuvosto = ministerit + oikeuskansleri

Hallitus = pministeri + 17 ministeri


valmistelee '1
presidentin 'Iparlamentaarinen nimitt
ptettvksi' tvastuu
EDUSKUNTA
200 kansanedustajaa 4 v.
IPresidentti I~ IEduskunta I
ptt antaa
hallituksen esitykset
LAINSKDNTVALTA eduskunnalle; vahvis- TOIMEENPANOVALTA
legislative power taa lait (veto-oikeus) executive power

XIV-6

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FINNISH SOCIETY

Laki ja oikeus Law and justice

9. jakso Sequence 9
B. Kuulitko, ett Pekka joutui Kuulit s joutu B. Did you hear that Pekka was
..
illalla kiinni rattijuoppou- caught for drunken driving
desta'? last night?

A. Eihn, min luulin, ett Maija l, m luulin A. Oh no, I thought that Maija
aJoI. Hnhn ei maistanutkaan ajo. Sehnei was driving. She didn't even
alkoholia. maistanukkaan viinaa. taste alcohol.

10. jakso Sequence 10


B. Pekka joutui poliisiratsiaan joutu B. Pekka was caught by the police,
ja ottamaan puhalluskokeen. . and he had to take the balloon
test.

A. Lytyik liian paljon promil- Lytyks A. was there too much alcohol'?
leja? . (lit., were too many per milles found?)

B. Kyll ja nyt hnet haastetaan Joo ja nyt se B. Yes, and now a suit is being brought
oikeuteen. . against hirn.

11. jakso Sequence 11


A. Mit Pekalle voi tapahtua? sille voi A. What can happen to Pekka?

B. Tm on jo toinen kerta, joten


Pekka ei pse pelkill sakoil-


.. B. This is already the second
time, so Pekka will not get
la. Hn ehk menett ajokort- Se away with just fines. He will
tinsa ja joutuu vankilaan. lusimaan. probably lose his driver's
license and to go ~o prison.

XIV-7

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Act out seguences 10 and 11, using these variations.

oikeuteen. court.
Pekka haastettiin krjille. Pekka was summoned to dtstrtct court.
{ raastupaan/-rosikseen.- { dtstrict court.

~
putkaan. jaU.
Hn joutui vankilaan. He had to go to prison.
linnaan. { prtson.
istumaan/lusimaan (collog.). -sit.-

Sakkotuomion. fine.
Hn sai elinkautisen tuomion. He got a life sentence.
{ vankeustuomion. { prtson sentence.

K o R KE 1 N o 1 KE US
Supreme Court
~
Turun hovioikeus Kuopion hovioikeus

Vasan hovioikeus Helsingin hovioikeus

Kouvolan hovioikeus Rovaniemen hovioikeus

YLI 0 1 K E U D E T
higher courts, appellate courts
,~

Raastuvanoikeus Kihlakunnanoikeus
Municipal Court District/Circuit Court

A L 101 KE UD E T
lower courts

TUOMIOVALTA
judtcial power

XIV-8

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FINNISH SOCIETY

Sosiaaliturva Social Security

12. jakso Sequence 12


8. Miten sosiaaliturva on jrjes-
tetty Amerikassa?
.. 8. How is social security organized
in America?

A. Se riippuu kustakin osavalti-


osta. Liittohallitus vastaa
.. A. It depends on each state. The
federal government is responsible
kansanelkkeest. . for the social security pension.

13. jakso sequence 13


8. Millaisia eroja on Suomen ja
Amerikan sosiaaliturvajrjes-
telmien vlill?

Millasia

..
8. What kind of differences are there
between the Finnish and American
social security systems?

A. Amerikassa ei viel ole lapsi- Ameriikassa A. There are no child support,


lisi eik itiys- ja isyys-
lomia. A~oterveydenhuolto
.Julkinen terveyden-. maternity, or paternity leaves.
Public health care only covers
kattaa vain vanhat ja varatto- huolto the old and the poor.
mato .
H. jakso Sequence 14
A. Verot ovat vastaavasti on ait A. Taxes are correspondingly
pienempi. pienemmt lower.

B. Ja tyelkkeist ja liseduista
vastaavat ammattiYhdistykset,
sen min tiedn.

semm
.. B. And the trade unions are
responsible for pensions
and fringe benefits, that I know.

XIV-9

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Study this chart. Then interview your teacher about the structure of the Finnish social
security system, interpreting your teacher's answers into English. Then explain the social
security system in your own country.

Kaavakuva sosiaaliturvajrjestelmn rakenteesta.

,
Sosiaali- ja terveysministeri

Sosiaalihallitus
I
, Lkinthallitus
Sosiaalihuolto-osasto Terveydenhuolto-osasto
t t
Elke-, sairaus-, tapa- Sosiaalihuoltoa, huoltolaitoksia, Terveydenhuoltoa, terveyden-
turma-, tyttmyys- ja sosiaaliavustuksia (ja sosiaali- ja sairaanhoidon laitoksia,
muuta sosiaalivakuutus- turvan keskusvirastoa) koskevat lkehuoltoa (ja lkinthal-
ta koskevat asiat* asiat litusta) koskevat asiat
t
'" I
Lninhallitusten sosiaali- ja terveysosastot
t
Kuntien sosiaali- ja terveyslautakunnat\

* Kullakin sosiaalivakuutusjrjestelmll "on oma lakisteinen keskushallintonsa. Tm joh-


tuu siit, ett kansanelke- ja sairausvakuutusta lukuunottamatta sosiaali vakuutus on
toimeenpantu yksityisen sektorin vakuutuslaitosten, erilaisten stiiden ja avustuskasso-
jen puitteissa.

XIV-10
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Study the names of the Finnish ministries. What are the heads of the ministries called1

Valtioneuvostossa on seuraavat ministerit:

Valtioneuvoston kanslia pministeri


UlkoCasiain)ministeri ulkoCasiain)ministeri

Opetusministeri Ympristministeri
S05iaali- ja terveysministeri Sis(asiain)ministert
Liikenneministeri Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeri
Maa- ja metstalousministeri Puolustusministeri
Valtiovarainministeri Tyvoimaministeri
Oikeusministeri

Study the names and abbreviations of the political parties. What was the biggest/smallest
party in 19831 Dow are the parties seated in Parliament1 (see next page)

Suomen eduskuntaryhmien voimasuhteet 1983 eduskunnassa

SDP Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue 57


Kok Kansallinen 'Kokoomus 44
Kesk Keskustapuolue, Kepu 38
SKDL Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto* 27
~P Suomen Maaseudun Puolue 17
RKP Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue** 11
SKL Suomen Kristillinen Liitto 3
Vihr Vihret 2
POP Perustuslaillinen Oikeistopuolue 1

200

* Thn kuuluu mm. SKP (Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue).


** Yksi edustajista edustaa Ahvenanmaata.

Muut puolueet:
SKYP Suomen Kansan Yhtenisyyden Puolue

XIV-II

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en 1 9 8 3
ty $ ""'Od "//I
j/ l" J e s
l$ tu m a /II., "ltlt/O/14/"
"ltl'$/II"
/$ k .p u
Sdp

lla/Jitu~ / /'l'ulk
ki

~ ak O it ta ja t
l'ik i<i e" kOroke

~""eh:" V
. Puhelllieh
koroke Vi<kailliat
! 'u h e l l l '"
YleIs- V
teeri
lllPI sih
. Va""'-h.e.J
sihteeri

XIV-12
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FINNISH SOCIETY

SUOMEN KANSALLISLAULU

1. Maamme
J. L. Runeberg. Suom.
F. Pascills (1809 - 1891)

I
syn-nyin-maa! 'Soi sa-na kul-Iai-nen!
kuo-res - laan ker - ran - kin puh-ke - aa;
.J. 1 1
f > > >

dim. dim.

Ei laak-5o - a, ei vei - t'a, ran - laa


Suomen vaakuna vie!' lem -pem-me saa loi-vois, rie - mus

Suomen tasavallan presidentit


1982 - Mauno Koivisto
1978 - 1982 U.K. Kekkonen l
1974 - 1978 U.K. Kekkonen
1968 - 1974 U.K. Kekkonen
1962 - 1968 U.K. Kekkkonen rakkaampaa kuin ko - Ii - maa t poh-joi - nen. maa
1956 - 1962 U.K. Kekkonen lois-Ios-saan. ja ker - ran lau - lus, synnyin - maa, kor-

1950 - 1956 J.K. Paasikivi 11 ff 1


1946 - 1950 J.K. Paasikivi
1944 - 1946 C. G. Mannerheim
1943 - 1944 Risto Ryti
kuin ko - Ii - maa Ui kai - Hs.
Ja ker-ran lau - lus kor-
1940 - 1943 Risto Ryti
1937 - 1940 Kysti Kallio
1931 - 1937 P.E. Svinhufvud kai -lis i - - si - - en. -en.
1925 - 1931 Lauri Kr. Relander kim] kai - un saa. saa.
1919 - 1925 K.J. Stahlberg

XIV-13

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For those of you Iwho need to know legal terma, here are some key words. Explain what they mean.

'Oikeussanastoa'

ASETUS: asetuksella annetaan mryksi KRJKUNTA; kihlakunnanoikeuden tuomiopiiri,


lakien tytntnpanosta, soveltamisesta joka ksitt yhden tai useamman kunnan,
. ja toiminnoista LAUTAMIES: kihlakunnanoikeuden maallikkojsen:
ASIANAJAJA: ammattimaisesti asianajotoimintaa lautamiehen kauan toiminut voi saada heras-
harjoittava, asianajajaluetteloon merkitty tuomarin arvon
tuomari MAISTRAATTI: hoitaa vanhoissa (ennen 1960
ASIANOSAINEN: oikeudenkynniss osallisena perustettu) kaupungeissa hallinto-oikeudellista
oleva lainkytt
EHDOLLINEN TUOMIO: rangaistus, jonka tytn- IKEUSNEUVOS: Korkeimman oikeuden (KKO) jsen
tnpanoa lyktn mrajaksi ja raukeaa, OIKEUSNEUVOSMIES: raastuvan oikeuden tai
jos tuomittu koeajan kyttytyy nuhteettomasti maistraatin jsen
EHDONALAINEN VAPAUS: tuomitun vapauttaminen OIKEUSTIEDE: = juridiikka (ennen lakitiede)
rangaistuslaitoksesta ennen rangaistuksen PROSESSI: oikeudenkynti
loppuun krsimist RIKOSPROSESSI: oikeudenkynti rikosasiassa
HAASTE: mrys saapua tuomioistuimeen vas- SIVIILIPROSESSI: oikeudenkynti riita-asiassa
taamaan kanteeseen tai kuultavaksi, (esim. (yksityisoikeudellisissa asioissa)
syytettyn, todistajana, asianomistajana) SYYTTJ: viranomainen joka virkansa puolesta
JURISTI: lainoppinut, lakimies esitt vaatimuksen rangaistuksesta
JVI: = esteellisyys; esim. seikka, joka TUOMIOKUNTA: yhden tai useamman krjkunnan
est tuomioistuimen jsenen osallistumisen muodostama kihlakunnantuomarin virkatoimialue
asiain ksittelyyn asian koskiessa hnt it- TYTT YMMRRYST VAILLA = vhentyneesti syyn-
sen tai lhisukulaisial mys todistaja voi takeinen, esim. luonteeltaan poikkeava, luon-
olla jvi (ja lisksi moni virkamies) nonvikainen (psykopaatti), jolle rangaistus
KANNE: kantajan oikeudenkynniss esittm tuomitaan alennetun asteikon mukaan
vaatimus VARATUOMARI: arvonimi, joka on oikeus saada
KANNEVISKAALI: virallisiin syyttjiin kuu- tuomarinvirkaan oikeuttaneen tutkinnon
luva virkamies (oikeustieteen kandidaatti) suorittaneen
KANTAJA: vaatimuksen tai syytteen esittj henkiln, jolla on kylliksi tuomion-
KAUPUNGINVISKAALI: syyttjviranomainen raas- istuinharjoittelua
tuvanoikeudessa VETO ('kielln'): yksityisen tai yhteisn oi-
KIHLAKUNTA: lni pienempi hallintoalue keus est tehdyn ptksen voimaantulo tai
KORKEIN HALLINTO-OIKEUS (KHO): ylin tuomio- viivytt sit
istuin hallinto-oikeudellisissa asioissa VIRALLINEN SYYTTJ: = yleinen syyttj:
KRJT: kihlakunnan oikeuden toimiaika: syyttj kaikissa syyttjn virkapiiriss
lakimrisi ovat syys- ja talvikrjt: tehdyiss rikoksissa (esim. nimismies, kaupungin-
tarvittaessa pidetn vlikrjt ' viskaali jne)
XIV-14
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USEFUL INFORMATION. Translation

TODISTAJAN VALA

Min Pertti Artturi Virtanen lupaan ja vannon kaikkivaltiaan ja kaikki tietvn Jumalan
kautta, ett min todistan ja kerron kaiken totuuden tss asiassa siit mitn salaamatta
tai siihen mitn lismtt taikka sit muuttamatta.

TODISTAJAN VAKUUTUS

Min Mai ja Meiklinen lupaan ja vakuutan kunnian ja omantuntoni kautta, ett min
todistan ja kerron kaiken totuuden tss asiassa siit mitn salaamatta tai siihen mitn
lismtt taikka sit muuttamatta.

ASIANTUNTIJAN VALA

Min Maija Meiklinen lupaan ja vannon kaikkivaltiaan ja kaikki tietvn Jumalan kautta,
ett olen parhaan ymmrrykseni mukaan tyttv minulle annetun tehtvn.

.-AJ ASIANAJAJIA Asianajajia LAKI"SIAINTOIMISTO


PEKKA REINIKAINEN
Gesterbynpolku 9
02410 Kirkkonummi 2 puh. 2988249
AVIOERO-, KOLARI.,

PERUNKIRJOIT., RIKoa, VERO,
PESNSELVITY8, VALITUS ,m.
a.lat. Albartlnk. 31 B (Kalavank.
kulma) VARATUOMARI.
Puh. 804023 S I H V 0 L A

Asienejajeleln 1 :n 1 mom.:
..Asienejaje on se. joke on meen
yleisen esienejejeyhdlstyksen j-
senen merkitty esienejejeluet-
- perhe ja perintoikeudl\lIiset asiat
- velkomisasiat
- kauppakirjBt ja sopimukset
- rikosasiet
- liIkenneasiat
- asunto-, rakennus- ja kiinteistasiat
teloon."
- yhtioikeudelliset asiat.

XIV-15

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On the following three pages, parts of the structure of the social security system in Finland are
shown. Compare these with the system in your home country. Deecribe the American system, ueing
Finnish terms.

Kuka vastaa mistkin?

Valtio Yksityiset

ELKE

Eduskunta, (valtioneuvosto, presidentti)

nimittvt

Kansanelkelaitos Elketurvakeskus

Kansanelke Tyelke (TEL)

TYTTMYYS

Tyvoimaministeri Valtakunnalliset tyttmyyskassat

Tyttmyyskassojen keskuskassa
Tyttmyyskorvaukset
tyttmyyskassoihin Tyttmyysvakuutukset
kuulumattomille
----------------------------------------------~-------
----------------------------------------------
SAIRAUS

Kansanelkelaitos

Tytulovakuutus sairaanhoitovakuutus

Elketurvakeskus on yksityiseen sektoriin luettavien elkelaitosten keskuselin. Sen


hallintoelimet muodostuvat valtiovallan, tynantaja-, tyntekij- ja yrittjjrjestjen
edustajista. XIV-16

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Kuka saa mitkin

Valtion elkejrjestelm Yksityisen sektorin tyelkejrjestelm

KANSANEL}\KE TYEL}\KE (TEL)

Tuloista riippumaton peruselke 65 v. Tuloista riippuva tyelke


(pohjaosa) Vanhuusvakuutus 65 v.

Lis Tuki- Asumis- Apu- Rintama-


osa lis tuki ja lis
hoito-
lis

Tykyvyttmyysvakuutus Tykyvyttmyysvakuutus
Tyttmyysvakuutus Tyttmyysvakuutus
Perhe-elke vakuutus Perhe-elkevakuutus

Kansanelkejrjestelm sislt vanhuus- ja tykyvyttmyyselkkeen sek (vuodesta 1969 lhtien)


perhe-elkkeen ja (vuodesta 1971 lhtien) tyttmyyselkkeen. Jrjestelmn suoraan tai vlillisesti
liittyy viel vhvaraisille 60 - 64 -vuotiaille yksinisille naisille maksettavat vanhuudentuet,
o - 15 -vuotiaille pitkaikaisesti sairaille lapsille maksettavat hoitotuet, 55 - 64 -vuotiaille
pienituloisille rintamasotilaille maksettavat sotilaselkkeet sek vastaavasti 65 vuotta tyttneille
maksettavat rintamalist. Yleinen elkeik on 65 vuotta.

Yksityisen sektorin tyelkejrjestelm sislt mys vanhuus-, tykyvyttmyys-, tyttmyys- ja


perhe-elkevakuutuksen. Elke-etuuksien suuruus tss jrjestelmss riippuu elkkeensaajan
aktiiviaikaisesta palkasta ja palvelusvuosista.

XIV-17

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TRANSLATION
PERHEPOLITIIKKA

PERHEPOLIITTISET TULONSIIRROT PERHEPOLIITTISET PALVELUT

Elatusavun ennakko Kodinhoitoapu

Elatustuki Kouluterveydenhoito ja -ateriat

Erityislapsilis Lasten ja itien lomat

Kodinperustamislainat Lasten pivhoito

Lapsilis (alle 16 v.) itiys- ja lastenneuvolatoiminta

Lapsiperheiden asumistuki

Lapsivhennykset verotuksessa

Lapsenhoitotuki

Kansanelkkeen lapsikorotus

Perhelis

itiysavustus, isyysavustus

itiysrahat

Perhe-elkkeet

- Ja kun .en nosta. pyelvvn,l8 . .1100:


"PIIvAhollaj'l" ..

XIV-18
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study this page and find out how the Finnish social security system is financed.
Compare the information with what you know about your own social welfare system.

Sosiaaliturvajrjestelmn rahoitus

Rahoituksen suhteen Suomen sosiaaliturvajrjestelm rakentuu pasiassa siten,


ett sosiaalivakuutuksen rahoituksesta vastaavat lhinn tynantajat ja tynte-
kijt palkkasummaan tai veroyriin sidottujen sosiaali vakuutusmaksujen muodossa.
Edellmainittujen tahojen lisksi valtio osallistuu tyttmyysvakuutuksen ja
kansanelkevakuutuksen rahoitukseen. Osa kansanelkejrjestelmn rahoituksesta
lankeaa mys kuntien osalle. Sosiaali vakuutusta lukuunottamatta muun sosiaali-
turvan niin toimeenpanosta kuin rahoituksestakin vastaa julkinen sektori, valtio
ja kunnat, verovaroiliaan. Osa sosiaalipalvelujen tuottamisesta aiheutuneista
kustannuksista peitetn palvelusten kyttjilt perityill kyttmaksuilla.

Sosiaalipolitiikan osa-alueiden SOSIAALIPOLITIIKAN RAHOITUSOSUUKSIEN KEHITYS VUOSINA 19fiO-l~76


kustannus jakauma vuonna 1977

%
100 Joo
I'INJ 15,~ Z
80 80

'.l... n ~2,9 I
60 60

40
".y...,...,. JO 2~, 5I

20 20

o o
1960 62 64 66 6lI 70 72 7~ 1976

XIV-l9

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READING. study the text below, paying special attention ta the way the cabinet is formed.

report on the way the cabinet is formed in the US


compare presidential power in Finland and in the US
explain what is meant by the checks and balances system ('vallan tasapaino') in the US
interview your teacher about 'vallal kolmijako' in Finland.

suomen tasavallassa on parlamentaarinen hallitusjrjestelm. Lainsdntvalta


kuuluu 200-jseniselle eduskunnalle yhdess Tasavallan Presidentin kanssa. Eduskun-
taan valitaan kansanedustajat neljksi vuodeksi kerrallaan vlittmill vaaleilla.
Suomessa kytetn suhteellista vaalitapaa (suhteellisen edustuksen periaate). Toi-
meenpanovalta kuuluu presidentille ja hallitukselle eli valtioneuvostolle. Presi-
dentti antaa hallituksen muodostamisen jonkun mieleisens henkiln tehtvksi, ja
tm yhteistyss eduskunnan puolueryhmien kanssa laatii ministerilistan. Jos tmn
henkiln onnistuu saada aikaan hallitus, presidentti nimitt hnet yleens pmi-
nisteriksi ja muut listalta ministereiksi. Hallituksen tytyy nauttia eduskunnan
luottamusta, ts. sill tytyy olla eduskunnan enemmist takanaan. Eduskunta voi
tehd mist asiasta tahansa ns. luottamuskysymyksen, ja jos hallitus ei saa nten
enemmist, se vakiintuneen tavan mukaan pyyt eroa presidentilt.
Presidentci on suomen valtionpmies. Presidentti valitaan kuudeksi vuodeksi
kerrallaan vlillisill vaaleilla. Presidentti on puolustusvoimien ylipllikk ja
sen lisksi hnell on suuri joukko muita valtaoikeuksia. Presidentti osallistuu
lainsdntn antamalla hallituksen lakiesitykset eduskunnalle, vahvistamalla
eduskunnan hyvksymt lait ja antamalla asetuksia. Hn voi kutsua eduskunnan yli-
mrisille valtiopivi11e sek hajoittaa sen ja toimituttaa uudet vaalit kesken
vaalikautta. Presidentti johtaa maan ulkopolitiikkaa. Hn mys nimitt korkeimmat
virkamiehet.
Kaikilla 18 vuotta tyttneill kansalaisilla on nioikeus. Suomi antoi ylei-
sen nioikeuden naisille ensimmisen maana maailmassa vuonna 1906, jolloin tuli
voimaan laki yleisest ja yhtlisest nioikeudesta.

XIV-20
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COHPREHENSION EXERCISES

1. Listen to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the comment 1s true or false.
T F
1. Preschool children in Raahe have special day care.

2. The first and second graders have to stay at home alone


when their parents leave for work.

3. The early morning day-care program for school-aged children


is being carried out in half the city schools.

4. The system is becoming expensive for the city.

5. Parents pay for this care.

6. Teacher's aides and female custodians look after the


children.

2. Listen to the tape and take notes under these headings.


Then compare your notes with those of the other students.

Place where the People who are speaking Subject matter Elicited
action happens and their positions information

3. Listen. to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the comment 1s true or false.
T F
1. According to the 1980 census, 6.3 % of Finland's population
were Swedish-speaking.

2. In 1980 there were 65 purely Swedish-speaking counties in


Finland.

3. 55 % of Swedish-speaking Finns live in areas where Swedish


is the major language.

4. Proportionately, there are more Swedish-speaking people in


the higher age-group than in the younger age-group.
XIV-21

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T F
5. The population pyramid gives a favorable p1cture of the
future of Finnish Swedes.

6. The decisive factors for this are mixed marriages, high


birthrates, and irnmigrat10n.

4. Listen to the tape and take notes under these headings. Then
compare your notes with those of the other students.

Subject of Decision of Decision of The committee The cabinet


the dispute the comrnittee the cabinet voted for, and voted for, and
_ _ against __ against

5. Listen to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the comrnent is true or false.
T F
1. Finnairia pilota will be on atrike for 24 houra.

2. A Finnair pilot can retire at the age of 52.

3. He/ahe 1s allowed to continue with Finnair unt11 the age of 60.

4. Finnair trains all the Finnish commercial pilots.

5. The Commercial Pilots' union belongs to the Central League


of Trade Unions.

6. The Commercial Pilota' Union ia willing to raiae the


retirement age for new pilots to 55.

IrI'V-22

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6. Listen to the tape and check the box which indicates whether the comment is true or false.
T F
1. The paternity-leave period will remain as one month.

2. The labor unions wanted to get two months' leave, but the
cabinet approved only one month.

3. The ordinance was passed on Friday.

4. The period for maternity daily allowances will be extended


by one month to 258 weekdays, not counting sundays.

5. At the time of the child's birth, the father is allowed to


take leave for from six to 18 weekdays, not counting Sundays.

6. During the last six months of the mother's maternity leave, the
father is allowed to stay home to take care of the baby from
one to two months.

7. Listen to the tape and decide how the Appellate Court acted in the
Suomenlahti Kone bankruptcy case. Specify the sentence under these headings:

Decreased Confirmed Freed Appeal rejected

KEY 1. lF 2T 3T 4F 5F 6T 3. lT 2F 3T 4T SF 6F
5. 1T 2T 3F 4T 5F 6T 6. lF 2F 3T 4T SF 6T
7. for exercises 2, 4, and 7, check the text in App. VI.

USEFUL INFORMATION
attorney general - oikeusministeri
secretary of agriculture and forestry - maa- ja metstalousministeri
secretary of defense - puolustusministeri
secretary of education - opetusministeri
secretary of foreign trade - ulkomaankauppaministeri
secretary of health and welfare - sosiaali- ja terveysministeri
secretary of commerce and industry - kauppa- ja teollisuusministeri
secretary of interior - sisasiainministeri
XIV-23

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secretary of labor - tyvoimaministeri
secretary of state - ulkoasiainministeri
secretary of transportation - liikenneministeri
secretary of treasury - valtiovarainministeri

PUNCTION PRAC~ICBS

1. School
- interview your instructor about the school system in Finland. Brief your teacher
about the school system in your home state

- defend the American public education against an attack by a critical Finn. For
comparison, point out the weaknesses of the Finnish system

2. Politics and government


- interview your teacher about the system of government in Finland. Brief your
teacher about the federal government of the US

- brief your teacher about the way the American presidential elections are held

- stage an election campaign, choosing a party, making campaign speeches, preparing


posters, etc.

- interview your teacher about the Finnish political party system. Brief your
instructor about the American party system

3. Social welfare system


- brief a Finnish labor leader about the pay, fringe benefits, pensions, etc. of a
typical auto worker/government worker 'valtion virkamies' in the US

- interview your teacher about the social security system in Finland. Also, brief
your teacher about the federal social welfare system in the US

- interview your teacher about the system of the health and hospital insurance
in Finland. Brief your teacher about health/hospital insurance in the US

4. Judicial system
- interview your teacher about the judicial system in Finland
XIV-24

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UNIT XIV
STRUCTURAL NOTES

XIV-A PRBSENT ACTIVEPOTBNTIAL

Hn menettnee ajokorttinsa He may lose his driver's license


ja joutunee vankilaan. and have to go to prison.

Hn ei joutune vankilaan. He may not have to go to prison.

How to form

the potential marker is -ne-


I info stern + -ne- + a personaI ending in the affirmative
ei + 1 inf. stem +. -ne in the negati ve

teh-d to do oppi-a to learn anta-a to give


-ne-n 1 may do -ne-mme we may learn -ne-tte you may give

the potential -ne- assimilatea with the consonant (see past active participle, IV-E

a) the assimilated potential markers are -lIe, -nne, -rre if the I info ends in
the assimilated form -la/-I, -na/-n, -ra/-r

tul-Ia to come pur-ra to bite pan-na to put


-le-n 1 may come -re-e it may bite -ne-mme we may put

b) the assimilated potential marker is -nne- if the I info enda in -t-a/-t-

pala-t-a to return tava-t-a to meet halu-t-a to want


-n-ne-n 1 may return -n-ne-mme we may meet -n-ne-mme we may want

c) the assimilated potential marker ia -sse- if the verb enda in -sta/-st

nous-ta to get up pes-t to waah juos-ta to run


-se-mme we may get up -se-t you may waah -se-mme we may run
(-ne-mme) (-ne-t) (-ne-t)

XIV-25

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- 'olla' -to be- has a special form of the present active potential

(min) lie-ne-n 1 may be en liene 1 may not be (me) lie-ne-mme emme liene
(sin) lie-ne-t you may be et liene you may not be (te) lie-ne-tte ette liene
hn, se lie-ne-e etc. ei liene etc. he lie-ne-vt eivt liene

Note: a common expression in spoken language, with a connotation of consternation

Mik hn lie(nee) miehin: What kind of a man is he, 1 wonder.


Miss lie(nee) koko koira~ Where might that dog be:

When to use
1. impIies that something is possible, probable, or likely
2. potential is a very literary expression that is not used in spoken language
3. in spoken language, the potential mood is replaced

by the verbs "may/might" saattaa taitaa mahtaa


by the adverbs ehk kai
by the endings -han/-hn -pa/-p

4. "1 wonder i f ... " can he translated into Finnish in several ways:

literary: Tietnevtk he 1 wonder if they (may) know


colloquial: Tietvtkhn/tietkhn ne
Mahtaakohan ne tiet

XIV-B PRESENT PASSIVE POTENTIAL

Ajokortti menetettneen. The driver's license may be lost.

Ajokorttia ei menetettne. The driver's license may not be lost.

How to form

the passive stern + -ne- + -en (see X-C for the passive stern) in the affirmative
'ei' + the passive stern + -ne in the negative
'olla' "to be" has a regular present passive potential: 'ol-ta-ne-en, ei ol-ta-ne'

when to use: the aarne as for present active potential (see previous page) XIV-26

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XIV-C PAST ACTIVB POTBNTIAL

Lienen joutunut poliisiratsiaan. 1 may have gotten to the/a police checkpoint.


Lehdet lienevt olleet myhss. The papers may have been late.

Maija ei liene kuullut siit. Maija may not have heard about it.

How to form

lienee + -nut/-nyt, -neet in the affirmative (for the assimilated consonants in


the past active participle endings, see IV-E)

ei + liene + -nut/-nyt, -neet in the negative


When to use: see present active potential (XIV-A)

XIV-D PAST PASSIVB POTBNTIAL

Poliisiratsiaan lienee jouduttu. He may have been caught at a police


checkpoint.

Siit ei liene kuultu. One might not have heard about it.

Dow to form

lienee + -ttu/-tty, -tu/-ty in the affirmative (= past pass. participle of the


main verb, see VII-H)

ei liene + -ttu/-tty, -tu/-ty in the negative (= past pass.participle of the


main verb, see VII-H)

When to use

see present potential (XIV-B)

XIV-27

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XIV-E REVIEW OF PASSIVE TENSES

Type -da/-d, -la/-I, -ra/-r, -na/-n, -s-ta/-s-t

I inf ini t i ve teh-d to do


present teh-dn is done/one does*
past -tiin was done/one did
present cond. -t-isi-in would be done/one would do
present potential -t-ne-en may be done/one may do
present perfect on teh-ty has been done/one has done
past perfect oli -ty had been done/one had done
past cond. olisi -ty would have been done/one would have done
past potential lienee -ty may have been done/one may have done

!lee -ea/-e, -ia/i Type -aa/- Type -t-a/-t-

I infinitive luke-a anta-a "to give" pela-t-a "to play~


present lue-taan** anne-taan** -taan
past -ttiin -ttiin -ttiin
present cond. -tta-isi-in -tta-isi-in -tta-isi-in
presentpotential -tta-ne-en -tta-ne-en -tta-ne-en
present perfect on lue-ttu on anne-ttu on pela-ttu
past perfect oli -ttu oli -ttu oli -ttu
past cond. olisi -ttu olisi -ttu olisi -ttu
past potential lienee -ttu lienee -ttu lienee -ttu

* in English the indefinite subject one may also be expressed by we, you, they
** for translation, see 'tehd' above

XIV-2a

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XIV-F COHITATIVE -ne-

Nin kadun kulkijoineen. 1 saw the street with its pedestrians.

Vappuna nkee ylioppilaita On May Day you see students with


lakkeineen ja ilmapalloineen. their caps and balloons (lit., and their ).

Presidentti puolisoineen oli lsn. The president and his wife were present.

Dow to form

the plural partitive stern + -ne + poss.suffix (see part. plo in eND)
change the plural marker -j- (if there is any) to -i-
vaimo-j-a wifes
vaimo-i-ne-ni with my wife(s)
in case there are two different stems for the part. pl., use the one with the strong
grade of consonant gradation

When to use

think in terms of -A and his/her/its 8 or 8's- to translate the comitative

conveys the meaning that somethingtakes place in the presence of two or more things
or people which are closely associated

always used in the plural form, even when the meaning is singular

Maisteri Aro vaimoineen on matkoilla. Mr. Aro and his wife are away on a trip.

a very literary expression, except for some idiomatic expressions:

Hn tuli kimpsuineen kampsuineen. He came with his belongings.


Hn sai lhte niine hyvinens. He had to go none the better off.
Sika sydn nahkoineen (proverb). A pig ia eaten with ita skin.

XIV-29

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XIV-G IHPBRATIVB PIRST PERSON PLURAL

Tehkmme tyt Suomen hyvksi~ Let us work for the good of Finlandl
lkmme vsyk: Let us not get tiled:

How to form
1 infinitive stem + -kaamme/-kmme in the affirmative
teh-d to do
-k-mme let's do

lkmme + 1 info stem + -ko/-k in the negative (see IV-I)


lkmme teh-k let's not do

When to use: only in high literary stylel in spoken language use the present passive 'tehdn'
(see VI-A)

XIV-H IMPERATIVB THIRD PERSON SINGULAR -let him do X, may he do x-


Ostakoon itse autonl Let hirn buy a ear himselfl
lkn aina pyytk kyyti: He should not always be asking for alide:
(lit., let him not )
How to form

the 1 info stem + -koon/-kn in the affirmative


teh-kn let him do

lkn + 1 info stem + -ko/-k in the negative


lkn teh-k let hirn not do it

Note: In the affirmative, the 3rd person imperative ealls for the total objeet in gen./aee. ease,
and not in the nom./aee. like alI other imperative fOlms.

Ostakoon itse auto~~ Let him buy a ear himself~ lkn ostako itse autoal
Ostakaa auto~ BUy a ead lk ostako autoa:

When to use: very eommon in spoken language with a eonnotation of irritation, eonsternation, ete.

XIV-JO
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XIV-I 1MPERATIVE THIRD PERSON PLURAL -let them do X, may they do X-

Katsokoot itse elokuvant Let them watch the movies themselvest

lkt kysyk muilta~ They should not ask the others (lit., let
them not ask the others)t
DoW to form

the 1 info stern + -koot/-kt in the affirmative


teh-kt let them do
lkt + 1 info stern + -ko/-k in the negative
lkt teh-k let them not do

When to use: very common in spoken language with a connotation of irritation, consternation, etc.

XIV-J IMPERATIVE PASSIVE -let X be done, may X be done-

Annettakoon asian jd~ Let the matter be dropped:

Auto ostettakoon: May the car be houghtt

Tt uhria ei koskaan unohdettako: This sacrifice should never


he forgottent
DOW to form

the passive stern + -koon/-kn in the affirmative (see X-C)


ty teh-t-kn letthe work be done
ei + pass. stern + -ko/-k in the negative
tyt ei teh-t-k let the work not be done

When to use: in high literary style only

At this stage you don't need to use these structures actively, but you should learn to
recognize them~

XIV-3l

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APPENDIX 1

DOW FINNISH FORMS WORDS

Finnish forms new words by either combining two or more words into one compound word or through
derivation.

Compound words

the first word in a compound word is most often in the nominative


rivitalo row house vanhapoika bachelor
kirjahylly bookshelf sadetakki raincoat

the first word can also be in the genitive


sateenvarjo umbrella isnmaanrakkaus patriotism
idinkieli native language kaupungintalo city hall

most often, only the latter word of a compound word is inflected in case and number
Katselimme rivitaloja. We were looking at row houses.
Puhelinluettelo on kirjahyllyll. The phone book is on the bookshelf.

in the first word of a compound word, the ending -nen changes to -s


nainen woman kansallinen national
naisasia women's rights kansallislaulu national anthem

suomalainen Finnish
suomalais-englantilainen Finnish-English

some numbers have special forms in compound words


kolme three nelj four
kolmivuotias a three-year-old nelivuotias a four-year-old

Dow to write a compound word

the combined words are most often written together

use a hyphen when the first word ends in the same vowel as the following word begins with

loma-aika vacation time


aamu-uutiset morning news
App. 1-1
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the first word is a proper noun
Aarne-set Uncle Aarne
Haginot-linja Haginot line
the two words are of equal value
suornalais-ruotsalainen sanakirja Finnish-Swedish dictionary
Derivation

A word is formed by derivation when a derivational ending or marker ia attached to a base


word (which can be a root word or another derived form of the root word). 'Nykysuomen sana-
kirja' -The Dictionary of Current Finnish- lists 80 different words derived from the word
'kirja' -book.- For example:
kirjasto library
kirje letter
kirjain letter of the alphabet
kirjoittaa to write
kirjoittautua to enroll
kirjailla to embroider, etc.

Base words can be nouns, adjectives, or verbs


kirja book
kirj + oitta-a to write

oppia to learn
oppi + las pupU

opettaa to teach
opeha + ja teacher

hyv good
hyv + ksy- to accept, to approve

New derivational markers can also be attached to another derivative


kirja book
kirj + oitta-a to write
kirj + oitta + utu-a to enroll

haava wound
haav + oitta-a to wound
haav + oitt + u-a to get wounded

App. 1-2

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ystv friend
ystv + llinen friendly, kind
ystv + lUs + yys kindness

uskoa to believe
usko + nto religion
usko + nno + llinen religious
usko + nno + llis + uus religiousness

This book will give you only the most common derivational forms. Remember, though, that you
cannot apply these markers and endings automatically to every word and expect to come up with a new word
which really means something.

Train yourself to be able to spot the base word and separate some of the derivational markers.
Decode the meaning by deduction, even when you know only the meaning of the first one or two syllables
of any long word.

NOUNS FORMED THROUGH DERIVATION

MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

Derivatives indicating agent


-ja/-j verb opettaa to teach agents can be
opettaja teacher formed from
every verb
johtaa to direct
johtaja director

-ri verb leipoa to bake mostly old


(-uri/-yri) leipuri baker names for
a trade
ajaa to drive
ajuri driver

-Kko/-kk verb hirit to disturb


-ikko/-ikk noun hirikk a rowdy person
poliitikko politician

App. 1-3
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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

-las/-ls verb oppia to learn not very


oppilas pupil productive

-ilas/-ils lhett to send


lhettils envoy

-lainen/ noun suku extended family indicates


-linen sukulainen relative position or work

kansa nation indicates belonging


kansalainen citizen to something

Amerikka America
amerikkalainen American

Derivatives indicating the instrument with which the verbal action might be done

-in verb avata to open very productive,


avain key mainly technical words

polkea to pedal
poljin pedal

-e verb koristaa to decorate very productive,


koriste decoration indicates a substance,
medium, or purpose
huumata to drug
huume drug

Names for an activity, results of an activity, or object of an activity

-maj-m verb el to live same as the 111


elm life infinitive marker

tapahtua to happen
tapahtuma event

App. 1-4

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MARKER BAsE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-nta/-nt verb istua to sit -nto is more
istunto session concrete than
-nta/-nt
-nto/-nt lukea to read
luento lecture
luenta reading

hallita to govern
hallinto government

-nti verb tuoda to bring, to import


tuonti import

vied to take out, to export


vienti export

-e verb monistaa to duplicate very producti ve


moniste copy

palauttaa to return
palaute feedback

Names for places where verb'a action ia done, or where noun ia to be found

-la/-I noun mummo grandmother indicates a place,


mummola grandmother's place used in last names -
Ikola
kahvi coffee place where "noun" is
kahvila cafe to be found"

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-mo/-m verb huoltaa to service a place where the
huoltamo gas station verb's action is done

korjata to repair
korjaamo garage

App. 1-5
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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

Collective words
-kko/-kk noun ranta shore
-ikko/-ikk rannikko coast

aste degree
asteikko scale

-sto/-st saari island used in last names


-isto/-ist saaristo archipelago - Koivisto

kirja book
kirjasto library

Diminuti ves
-(Unen noun kirja book not very common
kirjanen little book except in last names
- Lehtinen
lehti newspaper
lehtinen leaflet

Results of verb's action


-s verb elehty to make an error names for concrete
erehdys error results

leipoa to bake
leivos pastry

-os/-s verb kiitt to thank abstract results


kiitos thanks

ostaa to buy
ostos purchase

-us/-ys verb leikata to cut names for concrete


leikkaus operation results

poiketa to deviate
poikkeus exception
App. I-6

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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

-mus/-mys kysy to ask


kysymys question

aikoa to intend
aikomus intention

-o/- tehd to do
teko act, deed

ajaa to drive
ajo drive

-u/-y laulaa to sing


laulu song

puhella to chat
puhelu telephone call

-uu/-yy vastata to answer


vastuu responsibility

palata to return
paluu return

-us/-ys adjective kaunis beautiful


kauneus beauty

-uus/-yys noun ystv friend


adjective ystvyys friendship

is father
isyys fatherhood, paternity

itseks selfish
itsekkyys selfishness

App. 1-7
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ADJECT1VES FORMED THROUGH DER1VATION

MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS


-inen noun talvi winter
talvinen wintry very productive

kiire rush
kiireinen busy

adverb sken recently


skeinen recent

-llinen noun paikka place very productive


paikallinen local

hyty use
hydyllinen useful
------------------------------------------------------
-~--------------------------------------------
-lainen adjective mik what
participle minklainen what kind expresses likeness
noun
pronoun vastaava corresponding
vastaavanlainen equivalent

ers a, a certain
ernlainen a kind of

kaikki all
kaikenlainen every kind

-mainen noun kissa cat


adjective kissamainen feline expresses likeness

halpa cheap
halpamainen mean

-nainen pronoun ulko exterior


adverb ulkonainen external

koko size
kokonainen whole
App. 1-8

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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS
-uinen/ adjective pitk long indicates similarity
-yinen (with genit i ve) minun pituiseni as tall as 1

suuri big
suuruinen of the size

-isa/-is noun kala fish indicates abundance


kalaisa rich in fish

leikki play
leikkis playful

-ias/-is verb (frequentative) antaa to give indicates a perrnanent


annella to give frequently characteristic
antelias generous

-kas/-ks noun vara(t) means indicates


varakas rich possessiveness

ik age
iks old

-hko/-hk adjective suuri big


suurehko quite big moderating

vanha old
vanhahko oldish

-ton/-tn noun jrki reason very productive,


jrjetn senseless indicates
lack of sornething
-maton/-mtn verb uskoa to believe
uskomaton unbelievable
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-va/-v verb tulee to corne present participle,
noun tuleva future, next mainly possessive

tila space indicates abundance


tilava spacious
App. 1-9
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VERBS PORMED THROUGH DERIVATION

MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

Causative and transitive verbs


-ta-/-t- noun j iee mainly transitive
verb jt to freeze

lmmit to get warm


lmmitt to warm up

hvit to disappear
hvitt to destroy

-tta-/-tt- verb toivoa to hope


toivottaa to wish

jty to freeze (intransitive


jdytt to freeze (transitive)

-oitta-,-otta- verb alkaa to begin (intransitive) mainly eausative


noun aloittaa to begin ( tr. )

haava wound
haavoittaa to wound

-uutta-/-yytt- noun valta power


valtuus authority
valtuuttaa to authorize

-utta-/-ytt- verb leikata to eut, to operate


leikkauttaa to have eut

-hdutta-/-hdytt- pyshty to stop (intransitive)


pyshdytt to stop (transitive)

App. 1-10

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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

-nta-I-nt- noun suomi Finnish


adjective suomentaa to translate into Finnish

pitk long
pident to lenghten
-sta-I-st- noun arvo value
-ista-I-ist- adjeetive arvostaa to appreciate

apu help
avustaa to assist

kaunis beautiful
kaunistaa to beautify

Verbs expressing one-time aetion


-aise-I-ise- verb aueta to open (intransitive) transitive,
-oise/-ise- noun aukaista to open (transitive) nonmomentary

kyd to visit
kvist to visit quickly

adjeetive sokea blind


sokaista to blind eausative

rohkea brave
rohkaista to encourage

-ahta-I-ht- verb liikkua to move mainly intransitive,


often liikahtaa to make a move some indicate
unelear momentary motion or
sound
lent to fly
lennht to fly up

Frequentative and eontinuative verbs


-ele-, -ile- verb matkustaa to travel reflexively
matkustella to travel frequently frequentative,
reeiprocal
App. 1-11
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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

opettaa to teaeh
opetella to learn

taistella to fight

kiist to deny
kiistell to argue

-ntele-, juosta to run


-skele-, juoksennella to run about

-skentele- mietti to think about


mietiskell to muse

tyskennell to work

Curative verbs, ef. eausative verbs -tta-/-tt-, -utta-/-ytt-


-tta-/-tt- verb ajaa to drive
ajattaa to have something driven

tehd to rnake
teett to have sornething made

-utta-/-ytt- odottaa to wait


odotuttaa to keep somebody waiting

rakentaa to build
rakennuttaa to have something built

1ntransitive and reflexive verbs


-ne- adjeetive stern pitk long
indieates state pidet to get longer
pitenee it gets longer

auki open
aueta to open
aukenee it opens

App. 1-12

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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

-u-/-y- verb kaataa to fel! intransiti ve


kaatua to fal!

jatkaa to continue ( transitive)


jatkua to continue (intransitive)

-pu-/-py- verb syd to eat intransitive


sypy to become corroded

-tu-/-ty- turmel!a to spoil


turmeltua to get spoiled

-htu-/--hty- iloita to be glad


ilahtua to become delighted

-utu-/-yty- verb avata to open ( transitive) reflexive


noun avautua to open (intransitive)

kielt to forbid
kieltyty to refuse

ADVERBIAL DERIVATIVES

Indicating place
-s alas down movement to
ulos out

-( i) tse meritse by sea indicates Wwhat way,


puhelimi tse by telephone through what W

-kkain/-kkin alakkain one below the other


-ttain/-ttin pareittain in pairs
-tusten/-tysten pertysten one after another
-tuksin/-tyksin pertyksin one after another

App. 1-13
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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS

Indicating time
-in ilta evening instructive plo
illoin in the evenings derivative

-(i)sin adjective aamuinen mornings habitually


aamuisin in the mornings at the indicated time

kesinen summerlike
kesisin in the summer

Indicating manner, quantity, etc.


-sti adj. nopea fast the most common adverbial
nopeasti fast, quickly derivative

ansaittu deserved
ansaitusti deservedly

numeral kaksi two


kahdesti twice

-lti laaja wide


laajalti widely

paljon much
paljolti to a large degree

-ttain/-ttin noun in plo paikka place very productive


paikoittain at places indicates location,
position, manner,
quantity
puolue party
puolueittain party by party

kilo kilogram
kiloittain by kilogram

App. 1-14

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MARKER BASE WORD EXAMPLES REMARKS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-tellen vhitellen little by little
gradually indicates quantity
vuorotellen in turn

PARTICLES

PARTICLE BASIC MEANING EXAMPLES

-ko/-k interrogative Tulet. Tuletko? You come. Do you come?

-kin also, after alI Minkin tulen. Also I will come.


Min tulenkin. After alI, I will come.

-kaan/-kn negative either, Minkn en tule. I won1t come either.


negative after alI Min en tulekaan. After alI, I will not come.

-han/-hn emphatic, unconcern Astuhan syrjn. Just step aside.

-pa/-p emphatic viel vielp still and even/moreover

-s casual Tule tnne: Tulepas tnne: Come here:


Mennnk()s oluelle? Shall we go for a beer?

App. 1-15

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This is an empty page. Fi11 it with your own materia1, as you wish.

App. 1-16

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APPENOIX II

SOORT REVIEW OF INFINITIVES ANO PARTICIPLES

INFINITIVES

Active I II II! IV

tehd tehd-e-ss teke-m-ss teke-minen


-st -mise-n
-n -mis-t
tehd-kse-ni tehd-e-n -ll -mise-ss
-tt -mise-st
-mise-en
-mise-ll
teke-m* -mise-lt
-idin tekem- -mise-lle
-mise-ksi
-mise-n
Pa8sive teht-e-ss

PARTICIPLBS

Present Paet
1 partisiippi II partisiippi

Active teke-v teh-nyt

Passive teht-v teh-ty

Note: * Gen. + 111 info er 111 info + pess.suff. is 'agenttipartisiippi ' (see App. 11-7).

App. lI-l
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WBEN TO USE INFINITIVES

I INFINITIVE

1. some verbs + I info


tehd to do

Haluan tehd sen. I'd like to do it. (I want to do it.)


Aion lukea sen. I intend to read it.
saanko polttaa? May I smoke?
Voinko ostaa sen? Can I buy it?
Osaan puhua suomea. I know how to speak Finnish.
Aloin itke. I began to cry.

Minun tytyy tehd se. I must do it.


Minun on vaikea tehd sit. It's hard for me to do it.

2. I info + -kse- + poss. suff.


tehdi-kse-ni in order to do

Kyn koulua opiskellakseni kielt. I go to school in order to study the language.


Hn vuokrasi auton ajaaksensa Hesassa. He rented a car in order to drive in Helsinki.
Teitte sen saadaksenne rahaa. you did it in order to get money.
Juon unohtaakseni. I drink in order to forget.

II INFINITIVE

1. a) II info + -ss.t-ss + poss.suff.


tehd-e-ssi-ni while I was doing

Kuuntelin radiota sydessni. I listened to the radio while eating.


Hn oppii suomea nukkuessaan. she learns Finnish while sleeping.
Nimme Nehrun ollessamme Intiassa. We saw Nehru when we were in India.

gen. + II info + -ssa/-ssi


Pekan tehd-e-ssi while Pekka was doing

Kutsuin koiraa Pekan katsoessa. I called the dog while Peter was looking.
Pesin astiat presidentin puhuessa. 1 washed the dishes while the president
was speaking.
App. II-2

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b) passive stern + -e- + -ssa/-ss
teht-
teht-e-ss while one is doing

Asiasta keskusteltaessa While the matter is being discussed

2. II info + -n
tehd-e-n by doing

Lenten olisitte jo perill. By flying you would be there already.


Hn tuli juosten. He came running.
Lapsi tuli koulusta itkien. The child came from school crying.

III INFINITIVE

3rd person sg. stern + -ma-/-m- + case ending: -ssa/-ss, -sta/-st, -an/-n, -lla/-ll,
-tta/-tt
teke-m + -ss in making

1. with motion verbs indicating direction of motion:


'menn, tulla, ajaa, jd, nousta, juosta', etc.

Tulen symst. 1 come from eating.


Menen symn. 1 go to eat.
Nouskaa seisomaan. stand upo
Jin kotiin laittamaan ruokaa. 1 stayed home to cook.
Tuleeko hn kymn tll? will he come to visit here?

2. III info (-ma-/-m) + -ssa/-ss to emphasize the ongoing nature of the action, which in
English is usually expressed by "to be ~ing"

olin symss, kun hn soitti. 1 was eating when he called.


olitko jo nukkumassa? were you already sleeping?

3. III info (-ma-/-m) + -lla/-ll to express "by doing something," or -tta/-tt


to express "without doing something"

Lukemalla paljon By reading aIot


symtt ei el. without eating one doesn't live.
Anna sen olla sanomatta. Don't say it (lit., leave it without saying).
App. 1I-3
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4. 111 info (-ma-/-m) + -an/-n with eertain verbs
Opin ajamaan autoa. 1 learned to drive.
satuitko kuulemaan sit? Did you happen to hear it?
Ryhdyimme lmmittmn saunaa. We started to warm up the sauna.
Rupesimme lmmittmn saunaa. we started to warm up the sauna.

5. 111 info (-ma-/-m) + -an/-n to express -an objeet + inf.- in Engli5h

Kutsun hnet symn. 1'11 invite hirn to eat.


Opetan hnet puhumaan suomea. 1'11 teaeh hirn to speak Finnish.
Panin heidt tekemn sen. 1 made them todo it.
sain hnet nauramaan. 1 got hirn to laugh.

IV INFINITIVE a verbal noun

3rd person 5g. stem + -minen + eaSe ending


teke-minen doing

Suomen opiskeleminen on hauskaa. Studying Finnish is fun.


Minulla ei ole mitn tekemist. 1 have nothing to do.
Pidn tanssimisesta. 1 like daneing.
Onko teill mitn symist? DO you have anything to eat?

WBEN TO USE PARTICIPLES

PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE as an adjeetive to describe ongoing or future action

for the sg. : 3rd person sg. stern af a verb + -va/-v + case ending
teke-v- doing
for the pl.: 3rd person sg. stem af a verb + -vi + case ending
teke-vi- doing

Tuolla istuva tytt on ystvni. The girl sitting over there is my friend.
Nen tuolla istuvan tytn. 1 see the girl sitting there.
Pidn tuolla istuvista tytist. lIike the girls sitting OVer there.

App. II-4

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PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

1 inf. stern of a verb + -nut/-nyt/-nee-

lo as an adjective to describe compl.ted action


1 inf. stern + -nut/-nyt (in '10m. and part. sg. only)

for the sg.: 1 inf. stern + -nee- + case ending


teh-nyt, teh-nee-
for the p1.: 1 inf. stern + -nei- + case ending
teh-nei-

Tuolla istunut tytt meni kotiin. The girl who was sitting over there went home.
En tunne tuolla istunutta tytt. 1 don't know the girl who was sitting there.
Tunsin tuolla istuneen tytn. 1 knew the girl who had been sitting there.
Tuolla istunee11a tytll oli radio. The gir1 sitting over there had a radio.

2. to form the negative past tense


negation verb (in corresponding personai form) + -nut/-nyt (in sg.)
+ -neet (in pl.)

en/et/ei teh-nyt I/you/he/she did not do


emme/ette/eivt teh-neet we/you/they did not do

En asunut siell kauan aikaa. 1 did not live there for a long time.
Hn ei sanonut mitn. He did not say anything.
Ettek te ostaneet uutta autoa? Didn't you buy a new car?

3. to form the present or past perfect tense


'olla' (in corresponding tense and personal form) + -nut/-nyt (in sg.)
+ -neet (in plo)

olen/olet/on teh-nyt I/you/he/she has done


olemme/olette/ovat teh-neet we/you/they have done

Olen asunut siell kauan aikaa. 1 have lived there for a long time.
Me emme ole ostaneet uutta autoa. We have not bought a new car.
Hn ei ollut sanonut mitn. He had not said anything.
He olivat tulleet Lontoon kautta. They had come via London.
App. II-5

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PRESENT PASS1VE PART1C1PLE

1. as an adjeetive to deseribe ongoing or future aetion

for the sg.: passive stem + -va/-v + ease ending


teht-v to be done
for the pl.: passive stem + -vi + ease ending
teht-vi- to be done

Miss on se luettava kirje? Where is the letter to be read?


Heill ei ole mitn sanottavaa. They have nothing to say.
Minulla on paljon vastattavia kirjeit. I have many letters to be answered.

2. to express -must-
gen. + 'on' (in eorresponding tenses) + present passive partieiple
Minun on tehtv paljon tyt. I must do aIot of work.
Minun on ollut tehtv paljon tyt. I have had to work aIot.
Pekan oli kirjoitettava hnelle. = Pekka had to write hirn.
Pekan tytyi kirjoittaa hnelle. - - - - -
PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

1. as an adjeetive to deseribe eompleted aetion when no agent is expressed


passive stem of a verb + -~u/-ty or -ttu/-tty + ease ending
teh-ty done
anne-ttu given

Hn on tunnettu henkil. He is a well-known person.


Pidn hyvin kirjoitetusta kirjeest. lIike a well-written letter.
se oli eilen leivottua leip. That was bread whieh was baked
yesterday.

2. to form the negative past tense in the passive


'ei' + past passive partieiple

Sit ei tehty tt varten. It was not made for this.


Siit ei kirjoitettu paljon. Not mueh was written about it.
Me ei oltu kotona, kun We were not at home, when
App. 11-6

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3. to form the present and past perfeet tense in the passive
'on' (in eorresponding tenses) + past passive partieiple

Meille on/oli luvattu palkankorotus. we have/had been promised a pay raise.


Sit ei ole/ei ollut tehty tt varten. It was not made for this.
Siit ei ole/ei ollut kirjoitettu paljon. Not mueh has been written about it.
Asiasta on/oli keskusteltu jo aikaisemmin. The matter has/had been discussed earlier.

'AGBNTTIPARTISIIPPI'

'AGENTTIPARTISIIPPI' - as an adjective to deseribe completed action by somebody when


the agent is expressed

for the sg. and nom. pl.: gen. + 111 info of the verb (-ma-/-m-) + ease ending,
or 111 info (-ma-/-m-) + ease ending + poss. suff.
jonkun tekem- made by somebody
teke-m-si made by ybu

for the pl.: gen. + -mi- + ease ending, or -mi- + ease ending + poss. suff.
jonkun tekemi-

Se on isn tekem vene. It's a boat made by father.


sain lhettmsi kirjeen. 1 reeeived the letter sent by you.
Pekan lhettmiss kirjeiss In the letters sent by Peter
Kuuntelin presidentin pitm puhetta. 1 listened to the speech given by
the president. .
Kenen ostama tm kakku on? This cake is bought by whom?
se on idin tekem. It is made by mother.

Note: There is a difference when the agent i8 expressed or not expressed.

Se on hyvin tehty vene. It's a well-made boat.


se on isn hyvin tekem vene. It's a boat well-made by father.

sain eilen lhetetyn kirjeen. 1 received the letter sent yesterday.


sain eilen lhettmsi kirjeen. 1 received the letter (which was)
sent by you yesterday.

App. 11-7
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Postitetuissa paketeissa oli vr osoite. The address was wrong in the mailed
packages.
Postittamissasi paketeissa oli vr osoite. The address was wrong in the packages
that you mailed.

BHBBDDBD SBNTBNCBS

EMBEDDED SENTENCES substitute 'kun' - sentence

1. action takes place at the same time as in the main sentence


a) II info + -ssa/-ss + poss. suff.
menn-e-ss-ni while I'm going

Mennessni tyhn luen bussissa. = when/while I go to work I read on the bus.


Kun menen tyhn, luen bussissa.
Ajaessani autoa kuuntelen radiota. = While driving 1 listen to the radio.
Kun ajan autoa, kuuntelen radiota.
b) gen. + II info + -ssa/ss
Pekan menn-e-ss while Pekka was going

presidentin tullessa ihmiset seisoivat. = when/while the President was coming, the
Kun presidentti tuli, ihmiset seisoivat. people stood.

Puhelimen soidessa olin suihkussa. = when/while the phone was ringing, 1


Kun puhelin. soi, olin suihkussa. was in the shower.

2. action has already been completed before action in the main sentence takes place
a) past pass participle + -a/- + poss. suff.
tehty--ni after 1 have/had done

Luettuani sen menen kotiin. = After 1 have read it 1 will go home.


Kun olen lukenut sen, menen kotiin.
Luettuani sen menin kotiin. = After 1 had read it 1 went home.
Kun olin lukenut sen, menin kotiin.

App. lI-8

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Tultuani kotiin menin nukkumaan. After 1 eame home I.went to sleep.
sytyni pesin astiat. After 1 had eaten 1 washed the dishes.

b) gen. + past pass. participle + -a/-


Pekan tehty- after Pekka has/had done

Junan lhdetty palasin kotiin. After the train left 1 returned home.
presidentin puhuttua panin radion After the President had spoken, 1 turned
kiinni. off the radio.

EMBEDDED SENTENCES substitute 'ett' - sentenee as an objeet

with verbs like 'tiedn, uskon, nen, kuulen, sanon, muistan, luulen, ett '
"1 know, believe, see, hear, say, remember, presume that "

1. aetion takes place at the same time as in the main sentenee

a) pres. act. participle (-va/-v) + poss.suff.


teke-v-ni that 1 do

uskon oppivani suomea. = 1 believe (that) 1 will learn Finnish.


Uskon, ett opin suomea.
Luuletko tapaavasi hnet huomenna? DO you think (that) you will meet hirn tomorrow]

b) gen. + pres. act. participle (-va/-v) + -n


tule-va coming

Nen hnen tulevan. = 1 see that he is eoming.


Nen, ett hn tulee. 1 see hirn eoming.

Tiedn hnen olevan kotona. 1 know he is at home.


Nimme poikien juoksevan. We saw the boys running.
sanoin heidn tulevan. 1 said they were eoming.

2. action is already completed before action in the main sentence takes place
a) past act. participle (-nee~) + poss. Guff.
tehnee-ns having done

Muistan lukeneeni sen. 1 remember having read it.


Muistan, ett olen lukenut sen.
Hn uskoi olleensa oikeassa. He believed that he had been right. App. 11-9
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b) gen. + paat act. participle (-nee-) + -n
heidn tehneen them having done

Nin hnen tulleen. = 1 saw that he had come.


Nin, ett hn oli tullut.
Luulin junan saapuneen. 1 thought that the train had arrived.
Pekka luuli minun kuulleen siit. Pekka thought 1 had heard about it.
Uskon heidn tietneen. 1 believe they knew (lit., had known).

EMBEDDED SENTENCES substitute 'ett' - sentence as subject

to indicate it seems, feels, looks like , 'nytt, tuntuu, nkyy '

1. action takes place at the same time as in the main sentence


nom. + pres. act. participle (-va/-v) + -n
teke-v-n

Vesi nkyy kiehuvan. = It looks that the water is boiling.


Nkyy, ett vesi kiehuu.
Hn tuntuu olevan oikeassa. = It seema like he/she is right.
Tuntuu, ett hn on oikeassa.
2. action is already completed before action in the main sentence takes place

nom. + past act. participle (-nee-) + -n


teh-nee-n

Vesi nkyy kiehuneen. = It seema that the water was boiling.


Nkyy, ett vesi on kiehunut.
Hn nytti olleen oikeassa. He/she seemed to have been right.
Juna nkyi saapuneen. It seemed that the train had arrived.

App. 11-10

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APPENDIX III
CBART 0' NOftINAL DECLBNSIONS
SINGULAR PLURALl
NOIll. 59 Dictionary
ends in: !2!!!!. Genitive Partitive Illative 2 Partitive Inoaaive Genitive
1. _a 3 ilta 111a-n ilta-a ilta-an iltoj-a illoi-ssa ilt/ojen, -ain
2. -a/- 4 poika poja-n poika-a poika-an poiki-a poji-ssa poik/ien, -ain
3. -a/- 5 asema asema-n asema-a asema-an asemi-a asemi-ssa asem/ien, -ain
4. -af-ii Amerikka Amerika-n Amerikka-a Amerikka-an Amerik/oita, -koja 'Amerikoi-ssa Amerik/oiden, -oitten, -kojen,
-kain
5. -e taide taitee-n taidet-ta taHee-seen taitei-ta taitei-s88 taitei/den, -tten
6. -i pankki panki-n pankki-a pankki-in pankkej-a pankei-ssa pankk/ien, -ein
7. -i ammatti ammati-n ammatti-a ammatti-in ammat/teja, -eita ammatei-ssa ammat/tien, -eiden, -eitten
B. -i joki joe-n joke-a joke-en joki-a joi-ssa jokien
9. -i pieni piene-n pien-tli piene-en pieni- pieni-ssli pien/ien, -ten
10. -si vesi vede-n vet-t vete-en vesi- vesi-ssli vesien, vetten
11. -si lnsi lnne-n lnt-tii lnte-en lnsi- lnsi-ss ln/sien, -tten
12. -si lapsi lapse-n las-ta lapse-en lapsi-a lapsi-ssa lapsien, lasten
13. -si kaksi kahde-n kah-ta kahte-en kaksi-a kaksi-ssa kaksien
14. -empi, comparati ve suurempi suuremma-n suurempa-a suurempa-an suurempi-a suuremmi-ssa suuremp/ien, -ain
15. two-syllable,-o/-, sakko sako-n sakko-a sakko-on sakkoj-a sakoi-ssa sakkojen
-u/-y,-tu/-ty 6
16. -o/-, -u/-y, laatikko laatiko-n laatikko-a laatikko-on laatik/koja, -oita laatikoi-ssa laa ti k/kojen, -oiden, -oitten
-ttu/-tty,6 annettu annetu-n annettu-a annettu-un annet/tuja, -utta annetui-ssa annet/tujen, -uiden, -uitten
17. monosyUable, ty ty-n ty-t ty-hn ti-t 7 ti-ss 7 ti/den, -tten 7
diphthong
18. monosyllable, -11, maa maa-n maa-ta maa-han mai-ta mai-ssa mailden, -tten
-aa/-, -uu/-yy
19. -aa/-, -uu/-yy vapaa vapaa-n vapaa-ta vapaa-seen vapai-ta vapai-ssa vapai/den, -tten
20. -ea/-e, -ta, -ua korkea korkea-n korkea/ta,-a korkea-an korke/ita, -oita korkei-ssa korke/iden, -i tten, -ain,
-oiden, -oi tten
21. -io/-i radio radio-n radio-ta radio-on radioi-ta radioi-ssa radioi/den, -tten
22. -el~ -er, -en manner mantere-n manner-ta manteree-seen O manteri-a manteri-ssa man/terien, -nerten
23. -in puhelin puhelime-n puhelin-ta puhelime-en puhellmi-a puhelimi-ssa puheli/mien, -nten
24. -ton/-tn 10 onneton onnettoma-n onneton-ta onnettoma-an onnettomi-a onnettomi-ssa onnettom/ien, -ain, onnetonten
25. -nen nainen naise-n nais-ta nai se-en naisi-a naisi-ssa nais/ien, -ten
26. -in, superlative pahin pahimma-n pahin-ta pahimpa-an pahimpi-a pahimmi-ssa pahimp/ien, -ain, pahinten
27. liimmin lmpim-n lmmin-t lmpim-n lmpimi- lmpimi-ss lmpim/ien, -in, lmminten
28. -n seitsemn seitsem-n seitsem- seitsem-n seitsemi- seitsemi-ss seitsem/ien,-in
29. -r tytr tyttre-n tytr-t tyttre-en tyttr i- tyttri-ss tyttrien, tytrten
30. -s, -as/-lis rikas rikkaa-n rikas-ta rikkaa-seen rikkai-ta rikkai-ssa rikkai/den, -tten, rikasten
31. -s ruis rukll-n ruis-ta rukll-seen rukii-ta rukll-ssa rukii/den, -tten, ruisten
32. -09, -us/-ys, -es 11 vastaus vastaukse-n vastaus-ta vastaukse-en vastauksi-a vastauksi-ssa vastau/ksien, -sten
33. -uus/-yys, -us/_ ys 12 kalleus kalleude-n ka11eut-ta ka11eute-en ka11euksi-a kal1euks i-ssa kalleuksien
34. -s13 vlldes viidenne-n vlldet-t vlldente-en vlldensi- vlldensi-ss vlldens ien
35. mies miehe-n mies-t miehe-en miehi- miehi-ss mie/hien, -sten
36. -t kevt kev-n kevt-t kev-seen kevi-t kevi-ss kev/iden, -itten, -tten
37. olut olue-n olut-ta olue-en olui-ta olui-ssa olui/den, -tten
30. -nut/-nyt 14 sanonut sanonee-n sanonut-ta sanonee-seen sanonei-ta sanonei-ssa sanonellden, ~tten
App. 1II-l
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CONJUGATIONAL TYPB8 OF VBRB8

ACTIVB PAS8IVB
Verba ending in 1 infinitive
DietionarJ' 1st Pers. 3rd Pers. Past Past Present
'or/ll 5g. Present 5g. Past Partic1ple Present !.lli. PUtic1ple Partic1ple

1. -aa 15 anta-a anna-n antoi .anta-nut anne-taan anne-ttUn anne-ttu anne-ttava


2. -aa/-Iili otta-a ota-n otti ot.ta-nut ote-taan ote-ttUn ote-ttu ote-ttava
3. -aa/-li pyytli-Ii pyydli-n pyysi pyytli-nyt pyyde-tliin pyyde-ttUn pyyde-tty pyyde-ttliv
4. -ea/-e luke-a lue-n luki luke-nut lue-taan lue-ttUn lue-ttu lue-ttava
5. tunte-a tunne-n tunsi tlJnte-nut tunne-taan tunne-ttUn tunne-ttu tunne-ttava
6. lhte- lhde-n lii/hti, -ksi llihle-nyt lhde-tliin lhde-ttiin llihde-tty llihde-ttlivii
7. -ia/-ii oppi-a opi-n oppi oppi-nut opi-taan opi-ttUn opi-ttu opi-ttava
8. -oa, -ua/-yli kaatu-a kaadu-n kaatui kaatu-nut kaadu-taan kaadu-ttUn kaadu-ttu kaadu-ttava
9. -da/-dli myy-d myy-n myi myy-nyt myy-dlin myy-tUn myy-ty myy-tivli
10. juo-da juo-n joi 7 juo-nut juo-daan juo-tUn juo-tu juo-tava
11. kliy-d kliy-n kiivi ky-nyt kiiy-dliiin kliy-tUn kiiy-ty kiiy-tv&
12. teh-d tee-n teki teh-nyt teh-dlin teh-tUn teh-ty teh-tlivii
13. -Ha/-lli, -nna/-nnli, tul-la tule-n tuli tul-lut tul-llian tul-tl1n tul-tu tul-tava
-rra/-ui
14. -e11a/-ellli 16 eaitel-lli esittele-n esitteli eaitel-lyt eaitel-llilin eaitel-tUn eaitel-ty ea1tel-tlivi
15. -ata/-at noua-ta nouae-n nouai noua-aut noua-taan noua-tl1n noua-tu noua-tava
16. juoa-ta juokae-n juoksi juoa-aut juoa-taan juoa-tUn juoa-tu juoa-tava
17. -ta/-ti halut-a halua-n haluai halun-nut halu-taan halu-ttUn hdu-ttu halu-ttava
18. pelit-i pelki-n pelkisi peliin-nyt pelli-tlilin pel-ttUn pelll-tty pel&-ttvll
19. valit-a valitae-n valitsi valin-nut vali-taan vali-ttUn vali-ttu vali-ttava
20. vaiet-a vaikene-n valkeni vaien-nut vaie-taan va1e-ttUn va1e-ttu vale-ttava

1) When there are alternative plural forma, the eaae endinga are not indieated by -
2) Thla ia the aame atem aa the eaaive and poaaeaaive auffix with theae aia eaaea: Nom, Nom/Aee, Gen, Gen/Aee in the 8g., NOIII, and NoD/Aee
ln the Plo
3) Two-ayllable worda like kala, herra and ilta. The -a ehanges to -0 before the plural marker -i-
4) Two-ayllable worda: if th; final vowel i8 -i, it drops before the plural marker -i, if the vowel in the first syllable i8 -u- or -0-,
the -a- dropa in the plural
5) Alao lneludea preaent partieiple, whieh ends ln -vAI-vii
6) Alao paat paaa. partieiplea
7) One-ayllable words with a diphthong: the "three-vowel-rule"--three vowels eannot eooeeur beeause of a grammatieal operation (like plural
or paat tenae), ao the firat of the three vowels ia dropped in one-ayllable worda.
8) Inatead of the illative form mantereen of ~ , the illative form mantereeaeen from the alternative nominative mantere (type '5)
la uaed
9) Includea teehnieal worda ending in -ln
10) Includea verb derivativea which end in -maton/-mitn
11) Theae are mainly abatract nouna derived from verba
12) Theae are mainly abatract nouna derlved from adjectivea or nouna
13) Theae are ordinal numbera atarting from 3, i.e., kolmaa, neljlia, viidea,etc.
14) These are paat aetive partieiplea
15) Two-ayllable verbs with -a- - - a- in both ayllables in whieh the seeond -a ehanges to -0 before plo -i-
16) lncludes -ella/-ellli frequentative verbs

HOW TO U5B TB15 CHART Look for the ending of a word in the dictionary form. Try to match that with a word on the chart.
Often the only difference between eategoriea ia in the plural.
App. 111-2

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WHEN TO USE THE VARIOUS CASES

Nominative Kuppi on pydll. as a subject The cup is on the table.


Se on~. as a predicate noun or adj. It's a cup.

Nom./Acc. as a tota1 sg. object


ota kuppi! - with 1st and 2nd person Take a/the cup~
imperative
Kuppi otetaan. - in the passive voice The cup is taken.
Minun tytyy ottaa kuppi. - with 'tytyy' 1 must/have to take a cup.
Accusative Nen hnet. as a total object 1 see him/her.
Kenet tapaat huomenna? - perso pronouns & 'kuka' Whom do you meet tomorrow?

Genitive KUpi~ hinta on halpa. possession The price of the cup is cheap.
Gen./ACc. Ostan kupi~. as a tota1 sg. object 1'11 buy a/the cup.

Partitive Haluan kahvia. as a partial object 1 want coffee.


En halua kuppi~. as a ne9ative object 1 don't want a/the cup.
as an object af
Rakastan sinua. - emotional verbs 1 love you.
Kuuntelen radiota. - frequentative vexbs 1 listen to the radio.

Inessive Olen koulu~. no motion - inside, in 1 am in school. .


Elative Tulen koulusta. motion - from inside 1 am coming from school.
Illative Menen koulu.!:!.!!. motion into 1 am going to school.
Adessive Olen asemalla. no motion - on, at 1 am at the station.
Minulla on auto. - ta express "ta have R 1 have a car.
Tulen autolla. - by, with 1 come by car.
Ablative Tulen asemalta. motion - from on 1 am coming from the station.
Saan sen hnelt. - from a person 1'11 get it from him/her.
Allative Menen asemalle. motion onto 1 am 90in9 to the station.
Soitan hnelle. - ta a person 1'11 call hirn/her.
Tm on teille. - for a person This is for you.

Essive Lapse~ olin suomessa. as something As a child 1 was in Finland.


Translative Hn tulee vanhaksi. ta become something He is becoming old.'

Instructive Hn soittaa hyvin. by means of, adverbs He plays well.


Abessive En voi el rahatta. without 1 can't live without money.
Comitative Tulen lapsineni. plo forms - with 1'11 come with my child/children.
App. 1II-3
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NOMINAL DECLENSIONS (SAMPLE)

singular Plural singular Plural

Nominative lukko (15) lukot suuri (9 ) rengas (30) suuret renkaat


lock big ring

Nom./Acc. lukko lukot suuri rengas suuret renkaat

Partitive lukkoa lukkoja suurta rengasta suuria renkaita

Genitive lukon lukkojen suuren renkaan suur/ten,-ien renkai/qen, -tten


Gen./Acc. lukon suuren renkaan

Inessive lukossa lukoissa suuressa renkaassa suurissa renkaissa


Elative lukosta lukoista suuresta renkaasta suurista renkaista
Illative lukkoon lukkoihin suureen renkaaseen suuriin renkaisiin

Adessive lukolla lukoilla suurella renkaalla suurilla renkailla


Ablative lukolta lukoilta suurelta renkaalta suurilta renkailta
Al1ative lukolle lukoille suurelle renkaalle suurille renkaille

Essive lukkona lukkoina suurena renkaana suurina renkaina


Translative lukoksi lukoiksi suureksi renkaaksi suuriksi renkalksi

Instructive lukoin suurin renkain


Abessive lukotta lukoitta suuret ta renkaat ta suuritta renkaitta
comitative lukkoine + suurine renkaine +
poss. suffix poss. suffix

App. 1II-4

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APPENDIX IV

WHIC8 STBN TO USB WIT8 NONINALS

NOMINALS ENDING 1N A VOWEL BUT NOT IN -e poika, lapsi, komea

Genitive s9. stern


alI singular cases except poja-n, -lla, -lIe, -lta,
nominative, partitive, essive, -ssa, -sta, -ksi
and illative
plural nominative poja-t, lapse-t, komea-t
comparative of adjectives with komea-mpi
some vowel changes*

partitive s9. stem


s9. nominative, partitive, essive, poika, poika-a, -na, -an
and illative** komea, komea-a, komea-na, k6mea-an

Partitive pl. stem


pl. partitive, essive, genitive, poiki-a, -na, -en, -in, -ne-
illative, and comitative lapsi-a, -na, -en, -in, -ne-

NOHINALS ENDING IN A CONSONANT OR IN -e*** rikas, perhe

Genitive sg. stern


alI singular cases except rikkaa-n, -lla, -lIe, -lta, -ssa,
nominative and partitive -sta, -seen, -na, -ksi
plural nominative rikkaa-t, perhee-t
comparative of adjectives rikkaa-mpi

Partitive sg. stem


nominative and partitive rikas, rikas-ta

Partitive pl. stern


alI plural cases except nominative rikkai-ta, -ssa, -sta, -lla, -lIe,
-lta, -na, -ksi, -siin

Note: *1n two-syllable words ending in -a/-, there is a vowel change, -a changes to -e.
**Nominals of the type 'vesi' have slight variations in the part., ess., and illat.:
'vett, veten, veteen'.
***There are some exceptional words ending in -e: 'nalle, -n, -a;
ale, -n, -a; kolme, -n, _af. Hosted for free on livelingua.com
App. 1V-l
WUICH STEM TO USE WITB VERBS

VERBS ENDING IN -a/- -aa/- -da/-d -t-a/-t-


oppia antaa juoda tavata

1st person s9. present stern opi-n anna-n juo-n tapaa-n


- present tense ne9ative en opi en anna en juo en tapaa

familiar imperative opi anna juo tapaa


affirmative and ne9ative l opi l anna l juo l tapaa

- passive forms if opi-taan anne-taan*


1 infinitive ends in
two vowels

3rd person 59. present stern oppi-i anta-a juo tapaa

- III infinitive oppi-maan anta-maan juo-maan tapaa-maan

IV infinitive oppi-minen anta-minen juo-minen tapaa-minen

- present active participle oppi-va anta-va juo-va tapaa-va

- present active conditional opp-isi-n** anta-i8i-n jo-isi-n tapa-isin


with some vowe1 changes

3rd person sg. past stem joi kvi

- present active conditional joi-ain kvi-ain


in one-syllable verbs with vei-sin
two different vowels

Note: *There is a vowel change in type -aa/-: ann~taan.


**The last 1etter -i- of the atem i8 contracted into the conditional marker -isi-.

App. IV-2

Hosted for free on livelingua.com


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 infinitive stern oppi-a anta-a juo-da tavat-a

longer form of 1 inf.* oppi~-kse-ni antaa-kse-ni juoda-kse-ni tavata-kse-ni

II inf ini ti ve oppi-e-ssa anta-e-ssa juod-e-ssa tavat-e-ssa

past active participle oppi-nut anta-nut juo-nut tavan-nut**

present potential oppi-ne-n anta-ne-n juo-ne-n tavan-ne-n**

passive form
in -t-a/-t- verbs (vowel + -t-a/-t-) tavata-an***
in -da/-d verbs or assimilated forms juo-daan
ol-laan
men-nn
affirmative and negative imperative

2nd person plo oppi-kaa anta-kaa juo-kaa tavat-kaa


lk + oppi-ko anta-ko juo-ko tavat-ko

1st person plo oppi-kaamme anta-kaamme juo-kaamme tavat-kaamme


lkmme + oppi-ko anta-ko juo-ko tavat-ko

3rd person sg. oppi-koon anta-koon juo-koon tavat-koon


3rd person plo -koot -koot -koot -koot
lkn + oppi-ko anta-ko juo-ko tavat-ko

Note: *The 1 infinitive is in the complete form with its marker -a/-.
**ln -t-a/-t- -verbs, the final -t of the stern becomes -no
***Passive form 1s in the weak grade:

Active Passive
present Ein 1 learn oE,itaan one learns
past Ein 1 learnt 0Ei ttiin one learnt
cond. 0.E.E isin 1 would learn Eittaisiin one would learn
potent. 0.EE.inen 1 may learn Eittaneen one may learn
imperat. 0.E.E.ikoon let hirn learn o,Eittakoon let one learn
App. IV-3
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This is an empty page. Fill it with your own material, as you wish.

App. IV-4

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APPENDIX V
TAVALLISIMPIA SUOMALAISIA LYHENTEIT

A div = divisioona G
a = aari(a) dl = desilitra(a) g = gramma(a)
A ampeeri, asetus doll dollari
agr. = agronomi H
AKAVA Akateemisten ammatil- E ha hehtaari(a)
linen valtuuskunta ed. = edellinen, edell, harv. = harvinainen, harvoin
akt. = aktiivi(nen) edustaja hist. = historiallinen
alik. = alikersantti EEC = Euroopan talousyhteis HKL = Helsingin Kaupungin
amer. amerikkalainen EFTA = Euroopan vapaakauppa- Liikennelaitos
ao = asianomainen liitto hl = hyrylaiva, hehtolitra
ap = aamupivll ekon. = ekonomi H.1. = Hmeen lni
apu!. apulainen, apulais- eKr ennen Kristuksen HM hallitusmuoto
arava = asuntohallituksen syntym HOP = Helsingin Osakepankki
laina em = ennen mainittu hra = herra
arvo = arvoisa EM = Euroopan mestaruus HUK = hum.kand. = humanis-
as. = asunto, a~ema, ent. entinen tisten tieteiden kan-
asemasta epp = ennen puoltapiv didaatti
atk automaattinen tieto- erik. = erikoinen, erikoisesti huom. huomaa, huomautus
jen ksittely esim. = esimerkiksi hv = nevosvoimaa
AUK aliupseerikoulu et. = etel HYY Helsingin Yliopiston
ay = ammattiyhdistys ev. = eversti Ylioppilaskunta
ev.- evankelis-luterilainen
B lut. 1
BRD = saksan liittotasavalta ev. = everstiluutnantti il = i.l. = ilman lismaksua
btn = bruttorekisteritonni luutn. ins. = insinri
evp = erossa vakinaisesta ip = iltapivll
c palveluksesta ISO Kansainvlinen standar-
C = Celsiusta disoimisjrjest
eI senttilitra(a) F it. itinen, ilmatorjunta
cm = senttimetri() F = Fahrenhei tia
fi!. = FK = filosofian J
D kand. kandidaatti jatko = jatkoa, jatkuu
DDR = saksan demokraattinen fiL l"M = f i losof ian jhk = johonkin, johonkuhun
tasavalta maist. maisteri jk = jokin, joku
dem. demokraattinen, fiL = FL = filosofian lisen- JK = Jk = jlkikirjoitus
deminutii vi lis. siaatti jKr jlkeen Kristuksen syntymn
dipl. diplomi-insinri fi!. = FT = filosofian jksk = joksikin, joksikuksi
ins. trL tohtori jllak jollakin, jollakulla App. V-l
fr frangi(a) jllek = jollekin, jollekulle
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
jltk joltakin, joltakulta
jms = ja muuta sellaista KO kihlakunnanoikeus mh = makuuhuone, myyntihinta
jne ja niin edelleen Kok. Kokoomuspuolue miel. = mieluummin
jpp = jlkeen puolenpivn komm. : kommunisti(nen) min :: minuutti(a)
jssk = jossakin, jossakussa KOO : korkein oikeus mk :: markka(a)
jst jostakin, jostakusta KOP Kansallis-Osake-Pankki mm = millimetri(),
jtk jotakin, jotakuta korpr. korpraali muun muassa
julk. ::; julkaissut, julkaisija kp .. kansanpuolue, kone- MM maailmanmestaruus
pistooli Mmk .. mmk :: miljoona markkaa
K kph = kylpyhuone mpk meripeninkulma
k ::; katu, kuoli, kuollut kpl = kappale(tta) mrd ::; miljardi(a)
kans. = kansanomainen, -sesti .kr = kruunu(a) MTV : Mainostelevisio
kapt. = kapteeni kr.kat.: kreikkalaiskatolinen murto : murteellinen
kato :: katolinen ks :: katso mv : maanvil jeli j
kd. kansandemokraatti(nen) kumpp. = kumppani(t)
ke = keskiviikko(a) N
kenr. kenraali L n. noin
Kepu Keskustapuolue 1 = litra(a), lni, NATO Pohjois-Atlantin
KERA = kehitysaluerahasto eli, lauantai, laki Puolustusliitto
kers. = kersantti la : lauantai nide nidottuna
Kesk. Keskustapuolue lehto = lehtori nim. : nimittin
kg kilogramma, kilo(a) lk. :: luokka nimim.: nimimerkki
kh kylpyhuone LK :: lket.kand. = lke- nk niin kutsuttu
KHO korkein hallinto- tieteen kandidaatti NMKY :: Nuorten Miesten Kris-
oikeus LKP Liberaalinen Kansan- tillinen Yhdistys
khra kirkkoherra puolue NNKY = Nuorten Naisten Kris-
KHT Keskuskauppakamarin LL lketieteen lisen- tillinen Yhdistys
hyvksym tilin- siaatti n:o = numero
tarkastaja luutn. ltn. = luutnantti ns : niin sanottu
kiire = kiireellinen lvv. : liikevaihtovero nti = neiti
kirjo :: kirjataan lyh. lyhenne, lyhennetty nyk. : nykyinen, nykyisin
kk kuukausi, lh. lhemmin, lhettj
kirkonkyl, kansakou- o
lu, konekivri, M OAJ = Opettajien Ammattijr-
keittokomero m .. metri(), malli jest
kko = kirkko m 2 = nelimetri oik. oikeastaan, oikealla
kl :: kevtlukukausi m3 kuutiometri 01 0.1. = oulun lni
klo :: kello ma :: maanantai om. omistaja
km .. kilometri() maist. : maisteri os. : osoite
kni kumppani(t) maj. : majuri o.s. omaa sukua
ko :: kyseess oleva ME = maailmanenntys oto = oman toimen ohella
App. V-2

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ovh = ohjevhittishinta rva rouva soto =sotilaskielt, sotilas
oy = OY = osakeyhti ry = r.y. = rekisterity SPR = suomen Punainen Risti
yhdistys srk = seurakunta
P rykm = rykmentti STK = Suomen Tynantajain
P = penni(), piv, Keskusli i tto
puhelin S stm '" sotamies
par. = paremmin 5 '" sek unti (a) , STT '" Suomen Tietotoimisto
past. '" pastori sivu, syntynyt STTK = suomen Teknisten Toi-
pat! pataljoona s:a = sama mihenkiljrjestjen
pe '" perj. = perjantai SAK '" suomen Ammattiliitto- Keskusliitto
pj = puheenjohtaja jen Keskusjrjest su '" sunn. = sunnuntai
pk = pikakivri sd = sosiaalidemokraatti(nen) SUPO suojelupoliisi
pl = PL = postilokero SDP = Suomen Sosialidemo- synt. syntynyt
plk palkkausluokka kraattinen Puolue SYP = Suomen Yhdyspankki
pn = p:n '" pivn SE '" Suomen enntys
po p.o.'" pit olla, SF = suomi-Finland T
puheena oleva sek '" sekunti(a) t = tunti(a), tonni(a),
prof. professori seur. = seuraava tai, tytr
PS P.s. = jlkikirjoitus sido = sidottuna tav. tavallisesti
psta = puolesta sit. = sitoutumaton tb = tuberkuloosi
ptk = pytkirja skand. skandinaavinen ti tiist.= tiistai
puh. = puhelin SKDL = Suomen Kansan Demo- tjs = tai jotain sellaista
puhek.= puhekieli kraattinen Liitto tk = tt kuuta, tmn kuun
pv '" piv, SKL Suomen Kristillinen tkm '" tykkimies
pienvil jeli j Liitto tl = teelusikallinen
pvm '" pivmr SKP = suomen Kommunistinen Tl '" Turun ja Porin lni
pys. = pyskki Puolue tmi t:mi = toimin imi
SKYP '" suomen Kansan Yhteni- tms = tai muuta sellaista
R syyden Puolue tn = tonni(a)
rek. rekisteritonni(a) sl syyslukukausi, sananlasku to = torstai
tn sm = suomi, suomalainen toim. = toimittaja, toimit-
res. = reservi(n) SM '" suomen mestaruus tanut
rkl = ruokalusikallinen Smk = suomen markka TPSL = Tyven ja Pienvilje-
RKP = Ruotsalainen Kansan- SMP = suomen Maaseudun Puolue lijin sosialidemo-
puolue s:n samoin kraattinen Liitto
rl = r.l. = rajoitettu li- SNTL sosialististen neuvosto- tri = tohtori
smaksuvelvollisuus tasavaltojen liitto ts toisin sanoen
RO = raastuvanoikeus so s.o.= se on tsto toimisto
RUK = Reserviupseerikoulu sos. sosialisti, sosiaalinen tv = TV = televisio
runo = runollinen, runo- 50S. = sosiaalidemokraat- TVH tie- ja vesirakennus-
kieless dem. tinen hallitus App. V-3
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
TVK = Toimihenkil- ja Vir- vt virkaa toimittava
kamiesjrjestjen VT :;: Vanha testamentti
Keskusliitto vnr. = vnrikki
vp. = vpeli
U
UK = upseerikoulu Y
UKK = urho Kaleva Kekkonen yht. = yhteens
UL = U.I. = uudenmaan lni YK = Yhdistyneet Kansakunnat
ula = ultralyhyetaallot yks. = yksikk
us. = usein, usea y!. = yleinen, yleisesti,
USA = Amerikan yhdysvallat yleens
UT = uusi testamentti ylik. = ylikersantti
yli!. = yliluutnantti
v ylim. = ylimrinen
v = vuotta, yliopp.= ylioppilas
vuonna, vuosina yliv. = ylivpeli
v voltti(a) ym = ynn muuta
W = watti(a) yms = ynn muuta sellaista
va :;: vliaikainen yo = ylioppilas
vak. vakinainen yp ylempi palkkausluokka
Valmet = Valtion metallitehtaat, YTL = Yleinen Toimihenkilliitto
Valmet OY
VALPO = Valtiollinen poliisi X
valtiot. Xl> = lykkyysosamr
kand. = VTK = valtiotieteiden nt. = ntmys, ntyy
kandidaatti
vh = vaatehuone
vk = viime kuuta, viime kuun
vko = vHkko(a)
V!. = V.I. = Vaasan lni
VL Virkamiesliitto
V.p. = vastausta pyydetn
VPK :;: vapaaehtoinen palokunta
VR Valtionrautatiet,
vapauden risti
vrk :;: vuorokausi
vrt :;: vertaa
vsk = Vuosikerta
vss = vestnsuojelu
App. V-4

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APPPENDIX VI

TEXTS POR THE TAPED COMRBHENSION EXERCISBS

The following are the texts for the comprehension exercises in each unit. Listen to the
tape first without looking at the text or reading it. This way you get the full benefit
of the comprehension exercise.

The texts may include some new words. Don't worry about that, because the purpose of the
exercise is for you to get the overall meaning first.

UNIT 1

Hearing it 1 D

1. Hyv huomenta, tuomari saari.


2. Hyv huomenta, herra Virtanen.
3. Saanko esitell,-vaImoni, suomen opettaja.
4. piv, hauska tutustua.
5. Tss on uusi SUomen oppilas, rouva Tammi.
6. Tervetuloa. Olkaa hyv ja istukaa.
7. Kiitos. Anteeksi, mik olikaan nimenne?
8. Anteeksi, en kuullut.
9. Mit vaimollenne kuuluu?
10. Kiitos kysymst, hnelle kuuluu vain hyv.

Hearing it II D

1. Miss poikanne nyt ovat?


2. He ovat tyttremme kanssa.
3. Miten miehenne voi?
4. Kiitos hyvin, mutta tyttremme ei voi hyvin tnn.
5. Mist pin Suomea te olette kotoisin?
6. Helsingist, mutta asun nyt Kuopiossa.
7. Miss te olette tyss?
8. Ilmavoimissa.
9. saarihanon armeijassa, eik niin?
10. Ei ole. Hn on ulkoministeriss.
11. Muuten tnn on poikani syntympiv.
12. Kolmas syyskuutako?
App. VI-l

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UNIT 1

Comprehension exercises 5. A. Kuka tuo hauska mies on?


B. Etk tunne Bob Wilsonia? Hn on
1. 1. Hyv iltaa. tuomari ja tiss ulkoministe-
Hyv iltaa. riss. Hnen vaimonsa on Mary
Wilson ja hnell on kolme lasta.
2. saanko esitell: A. Mist pin hn on kotoisin?
tss on ystvni Jack Brown. B. Uskon, ett hn on Oklahomasta.
A. Niink, niin minkin: Esittelet-
3. Oletteko sUomen opiskelija? k hnet minulle?
Olen.
6. A. Tunnetteko Tom Jonesin?
4. Hn on amerikkalainen oppilas. B. En tunne. Kuka hn on?
Hauska tutustua. A. Hn istuu tuolla.
B. Mit hn tekee?
5. Hyv yt. A. Hn on ilmavoimien majuri.
Hyv yt. B. onko hn naimisissa?
A. Ei ole, hn on poikamies.
2. 1. Min olen tuomari Virtanen. B. Vai niin, esiteIk hnet minulle.
2. Minulla on vaimo ja kaksi lasta. Minulla on viisi naimatonta tytrt~
3. Lapset ovat tnn kotona.
4. Vaimoni Maija on mys kotona. 7. A. Hyv piv, voinko tavata maisteri
5. Poikani nimi on Kalle. Jrvisen?
B. Min olen Leena Jrvinen.
3. Tuomari Jack Smith on uusi suomen oppilas. A. Minun nimeni on Paavo Sipponen. Olen
Hn on amerikkalainen diplomaatti. Hnen tyss ulkoministeriss. Tunnetteko
vaimonsa nimi on Mary Smith. Heill on te Matti Jrvisen?
kaksi lasta, poika ja tytt. Lapset ovat B. Tunnen, hn on uusi mieheni.
kotona New Yorkissa. Herra Smithin poika A. Matti on hyv ystvni. Miss hn
ei voi hyvin tnn. Toivottavasti hn voi nyt asuu? Olen ollut Washingtonissa
pian paremmin. viisi vuotta, ja Matilla on uusi
asunto.
4. Maisteri Maija Virtanen on suomen opetta- B. Asumme nyt Tlss. Puhelinnumeromme
ja. Hnen miehens on tuomari Virtanen. on 458 304. Matin tynumero on 834 545
Heill on kaksi lasta, poika Kalle ja A. Mit Matille kuuluu?
tytt Liisa. Rouva Virtanen voi hyvin B. Kiitos hyv. Meill on kaksi poikaa,
tnn. Mys tuomari Virtaselle kuuluu kaksoset.
hyv. Se on mukavaa. A. Niink, sep hauskaa. Vielk Matti on
tyss tyministeriss?
B. Viel. Hn on vain eri osastolla:
App. VI-2

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UNIT II

Hear ing i t I D 5. Ent mit pidtte kurssista?


6. Minusta se tuntuu pitklt.
1. Tm on mukava koulu. 7. Mihin aikaan tulette kouluun?
2. Mik tm on? 8. Joskus yhdekslt ja joskus aikaisemmin.
3. Odotin vaimoani 10 minuuttia. 9. Miss puhelin on?
4. Tuolla hyllyll on Helsingin puhelin- 10. Se on tuolla vasemmalla.
luettelo.
5. Mit kello nyt on? Hearing i t III D
6. Minun kelloni on edell.
7. se on suomalainen sanomalehti. 1. Mihin aikaan koulu loppuu?
8. se on suomen luokka. 2. se loppuu tasan neljlt.
9. Se on tuossa pydll. 3. En ymmrr mitn. Apuat
10. Viisi yli yksi. 4. opettajat tulevat tasan yhdekslt.
5. Vastaa minulle.
Hear ing i t II D 6. Kysy opettajalta.
7. Mit opettaja sanoi?
1. Miss miestenhuone on? 8. En tied mit opettaja haluaa.
2. Se on tuolla kadun toisella puolella. 9. Kuunnelkaa nauhalta luku kolme.
3. onko se kovin kaukana? 10. Lukekaa kotona luku kaksi.
4. Ei se kovin lhell ole.

'comprehension exercises

1. Open to page 11-6. Listen to the tape and identify the picture by number when you
hear the word on the tape.

1. juliste 8. lattia 15. kukka


2. ikkuna 9. liitu 16. kuppi
3. kaappi 10. kalenteri 17. lehti
4. lasi 11. kyn 18. katto
5. Suomen lippu 12. suomen kartta 19. matto
6. tuoli 13. kello 20. ovi
7. kirjahylly 14. sein

App. VI-3
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
UNIT II

2. True or false

1. Lippu on seinll. 11. Kartta on seinll.


2. Kukka on pydll. 12. Kirja on kaapissa.
3. Tuoli on matolla. 13. Kartta on hyllyss.
4. Kalenteri on taululla. 14. Kaappi on lattialla.
5. Juliste on seinll. 15. Taulu on seinll.
6. Lamppu on katossa. 16. opettaja on luokassa.
7. Kirja on ikkunalla. 17. Lehti on lattialla.
8. Kyn on lattialla. 18. Ovi on seinss.
9. KUppi on pydll. 19. Ikkuna on katossa.
10. Kello on taululla. 20. Kirja on tuolilla.

3. Mik/miss?

1. Miss kartta on? 9. Miss taulu on?


2. Mik lippu tm on? 10. Mik kuva tuo on?
3. Mik kirja tm on? 11. Mik kirja tuo on?
4. Miss kirja on? 12. Miss kukka on?
5. Mik luokka tm on? 13. Miss kalenteri on?
6. Miss lippu on? 14. Miss tuoli on?
7. Mik kartta tuo on? 15. Mik kyn tm on?
8. Mik lehti tm on?

4. True or false

a) opettajat tulevat neljnnest vaille kahdeksan.


b) Kahvitauko on puoli kymmenelt.
c) pisin tunti on kahdeksasta yhdeksn.
d) Ruokatunti on kahdestatoista yhteen.

5. 1. onko ravintola Torni oikealla?


2. Ei, se on vasemmalla.
3. Menk tuohon suuntaan ja kntyk vasemmalle.
4. Onko hotelli Presidentti tuolla edesspin?
5. on, se on kadun toisella puolella.
6. Menk tuohon suuntaan ja kntyk oikealle.

App. VI-4

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UNIT II

6. Lasse asuu Puistokadulla washingtonissa. Hn lhtee kouluun puoli yhdekslt


aamulla ja tulee sinne kymment vaille yhdeksn. Koulussa hn odottaa hissi
viisitoista minuuttia. Tunti alkaa yhdekslt. Kaikki oppilaat ovat jo luokassa.
Lassen kello on jljess. Hn tulee luokkaan kahdeksan minuuttia myhss.

7. Anteeksi, olen uusi tss kaupungissa. Voitteko sanoa minulle miss posti on?
Luuletteko, ett se on auki nyt?
En, valitettavasti tnn on juhlapiv.
Voitteko sanoa, miss hotelli on?
Voin. Menk tt katua pitkin kulmaan. sitten kntyk oikealle ja menk
puiston lpi. Hotelli on puiston takana.

8. A. Mit lehti teille tulee?


B. Meille tulee paljon lehti. Nyt 17 eri lehte.
A. Mik pivlehti teille tulee? Mik on hyv suomalainen aamulehti?
B. Me tilaamme aina Helsingin sanomia. Meist se on hyv lehti. Nyt meille tulee
mys Aamulehti, koska olemme Tampereelta. Se on Tampereen lehti.
A. Ent kuvalehti. Mit kuvalehte te suosittelette?
B. suomen Kuvalehti on paras viikkolehti. Ja Kotiliesi on hyv naistenlehti,
samoin Me Naiset. Meille tulee mys lasten lehti ja ammattilehti.

9. 061 aikatiedotus

1. 12.30 ja 10 5. 16.15 ja 30
2. 2.19 ja 40 6. 21.25 ja 10
3. 18.04 ja 50 7. 9.19 ja 20
4. 9.01 8. 17.28 ja 5

10. A. Meill on uusi lukujrjestys.


B. lk nyt: Milloin se alkaa? Milloin se tulee voimaan?
A. se alkaa ensi maanantaina.
B. No mik siin on uutta?
A. Koulu alkaa jo kahdeksalta ja loppuu kolmelta.
B. sep ikv. Ent ruokatunti, milloin se on?
A. se on jo kahdeltatoista.
B. Minusta vanha lukujrjestys on parempi. Miksi meill on uusi?
A. Koska opettajat tulevat kouluun jo puoli kahdeksalta.
App. VI-5

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UNIT II

11. A. Teill on kaunis luokkahuone ja komea nkala.


B. Me pidmme tst luokasta ja ikkunasta nkee Washingtonin ja Potomac-joen.
A. Nyt on viel syksy ja vrit ovat kauniita. Mik tuo talo on, jossa on
Amerikan lippu?
B. se on posti toimisto, ja sen vieress on metroasema.
A. Ent miss lhin pankki on? Nkyyk se tlt?
B. Nkyy, se on tuolla vasemmalla. Muut talot ovatkin virastotaloja, joissa on
paljon toimistoja.

UNIT III

Hearing it 1 0 Hearing it II 0

1. Mit saisi olla, herra virtanen? 1. Olkaa hyv ja kyk pytn, kahvi on pydss.
2. Mit te joisitte, rouva virtanen? 2. Voi, miten kaunis paisti:
3. saisinko jotain kylm, vaikka vett? 3. Haluaisitteko maistaa uusia perunoita ja silli?
4. Lasi vichyvett, kiitos. 4. Saisinko maistaa lanttulaatikkoa?
5. Tee on pydss. 5. se maistuu aika erikoiselta.
6. Kiitos min en juo teet. 6. Saako olla olutta?
7. Joisitteko mieluummin kahvia? 7. Tss on jonkinlaista kaljaa.
8. saanko tarjota pikkulmpimi? 8. saisinko polttaa?
9. oletteko maistanut pullaa? 9. Tietysti, polttakaa vain.
10. Kiitos, sin jo sit. 10. Voi, miten kaunis tuhkakuppi:

2. a) kahvikuppi g) kannu 3. 1. Rva Virtanen haluaa alkoholitonta juomaa.


b) lautanen h) kahvipannu 2. Hn juo lasin mehua mieluummin.
c) teevati i) tarjotin 3. Emnt tarjoaa pikkulmpimi.
d) veitsi j) haarukka 4. Jaana ei juo kahvia.
e) jlkiruokalusikka k) kulho 5. Pekka sy silli ja uusia perunoita.
f) kattila 1) juustohyl 6. Hn ei maista pytkaljaa.

App. VI-6

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UNIT 111
4. 1. saisinko tarjota lanttulaatikkoa? 2. Haluaisitteko maistaa mmmi?
Kiitos, jos nyt vhn. Kiitos, en taida uskaltaa.

3. saako olla silli ja uusia perunoita? 4. Joisitteko kotikaljaa?


Kiitos, sehn kuulostaa hyvlt. Kiitos, se ei sovi vatsalleni.

5. Haluaisitteko maistaa lipekalaa? 6. Poltatteko?


Kiitos ei, lkri on kieltnyt. Kiitos en, olen lopettanut.

5. 1 version II version

A. olkaa hyv ja kysyk herra Virtaselta, A. Olkaa hyv ja kysyk herra Virtaselta,
mit hn haluaa. mit hn haluaa.
B. Mit te haluatte, herra virtanen? B. - - - - - - - - -
c. - - - - - - - - - - - c. Min haluaisin kahvia.
B. Herra Virtanen haluaa kahvia. B. - - - - - - - - - - -
A. Kysyk viel, kyttk hn sokeria ja A. Kysyk viel, kyttk hn sokeria ja
kermaa. kermaa.
B. Kytttek te sokeria ja kermaa? B. - - - - - - - -
c. - - - - - - - - - - - C. Kiitos, sokeria mutta en kermaa.
B. Hn kytt sokeria, mutta ei kermaa. B. - - - - - - - - -
A. Ent mit te itse haluatte? A. Ent mit te itse haluatte?
B. Min haluaisin teet. B. - - - - -

111 version A. olkaa hyv ja kysyk herra Virtaselta, mit hn haluaa.


B. Mit te haluatte, herra Virtanen?
C. Min haluaisin kahvia.
B. Herra Virtanen haluaa kahvia.
A. Kysyk viel, kyttk hn sokeria ja kermaa.
B. Kytttek te sokeria ja kermaa?
C. Kiitos, sokeria, mutta en kermaa.
B. Hn kytt sokeria, mutta ei kermaa.
A. Ent mit te itse haluatte?
B. Min haluaisin teet.

App. VI-7

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UNIT IV

Hearing it 1 D Hearing it II D

1. Kas vain, sinhn puhut jo sujuvasti suomea. 1. Mit on tapahtunut?


2. Kiitos kohteliaisuudesta. 2. Etsimme kausilippuja viikonloppuna.
3. En aina edes puhu sit. 3. Lysittek asunnon?
4. Min en ymmrr suomea ollenkaan. 4. on vaikea lyt huoneistoa.
5. Hienostihan sinkin ymmrrt. 5. Menemme vuokraamaan ensi viikonloppuna.
6. Ajan itse vain joka piv. 6. Katselin viihdeohjelmaa myhn yhn.
7. En ole autoporukassa Matin kanssa. 7. Kuuntelin konserttia radiosta.
8. Ajan nopeasti kouluun. 8. Kyll minua sitten vsytt.
9. Liikennekin sujui hyvin. 9. Jnnitysfilmi ei ollut mistn kotoisin.
10. Emmek voisi sinutella? 10. Lysittek asunnon keskustasta?

Comprehension exercises

1. M. Eiks me voitas sinutella? M oon Maija.


L. M oon Lasse.

2. L. NO, kuinkas hurisee?


M. Kiitos, hyvin.

3. M. Ents mit sulle kuuluu?


L. Ei kovin hyv, kiitos.

4. L. Mun vaimo ajo kolarin viikonloppuna.


M. l nyt: No, voi, voi: Olipas se ikv.

5. L. NO, ei sille ny mitn voi. Kun vahinko tulee, se tulee.


M. Toivottavasti sun vaimolles ei tapahtunu mitn.
L. onneks ei. Mut meidn uus volkkari on nyt vanha romu.

2. Tnn oli ikv ilma. Satoi lunta ja liikennekin sujui hitaasti. piv oli oikein pitk.
Lhdin kouluun kahdeksalta aamulla ja tulin kotiin vasta kuudelta illalla. Simme pivl-
list puoli seitsemlt. sitten kuuntelin uutiset radiosta, luin iltalehden ja katselin
vhn televisiota. Ystvni soitti Kansasista ja puhuimme uutisista, ilmasta ja koulusta.
Kello on jo yksitoista ja minua vsytt. Nyt menen nukkumaan.

App. VI-8

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UNIT IV
3.

App. VI-9
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UNIT IV
4. uutiset ja s

Yhdysvaltain presidentti tuli eilen camp navidist. Hn ja hnen perheens ovat olleet
lomalla lauantaista tiistaihin. Eilen presidentti tapasi Suomen Yhdysvaltain uuden
suurlhettiln Valkoisessa Talossa. Iranissa on taas tapahtunut vallankumous. Iranin
radion mukaan maan uusi johtaja puhuu huomenna televisiossa. Washingtonissa tapahtui
eilen tulivuorenpurkaus, joka oli jo toinen tss kuussa. stiedotus: Huomenna kau-
nista ja poutaa. Ylihuomenna kaunista mutta kylm.

5. kaappaus kaupassa pyrll


kumous koulussa saada sataa
jristys rjhdys aikoa aikaan
ollut olutta vuoden uuden
jnnitys jristys kahvi kaappi
sinutella sinulle ystv istukaa

6. Luitteko sanomalehden tnn?


En, lehtipoika ei tuonut sit tnn.
sitten ette ole kuullut onnettomuudesta.
En ole. Olkaa hyv ja kertokaa minulle siit.
Lehden mukaan kaksi konetta trmsi ilmassa. Yli sata ihmist kuoli onnettomuudessa.
sep ikv. Pelastuiko kukaan?
Lehdess kerrotaan, ett mahdollisia pelastuneita etsitn.

7. Mit kirjaa aiotte lukea tnn?


Luulen, ett luen tt uutta kirjaa. Minulla on aikaa lukea, koska tnn on pyhpiv.
Minklainen juoni kirjassa on?
phenkil on pelastunut lento-onnettomuudesta.
se on mielenkiintoista. Mik kirjailijan nimi on?
Pertti Virtanen.
Nimi on tuttu minulle. Luulen, ett olen lukenut hnen kirjojansa.
Se on hyvin mahdollista. Hn on kirjoittanut useita kirjoja.

App. VI-IO

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UNIT V
Puhelinpalvelu

1. Valuuttakurssit 13/10

a) New York dollari ost.o 3,64 myynti 3,66


b) Lont.oo punt.a ost.o 8,715 myynti 8,83
c) Tukholma kruunu ost.o 0,87 myynt.i 0,86
d) Frankfurt. markka ost.o 2,01 myynti 2,02
e) Tokio yeni ost.o 0,017 myynti 0,017
f) rupla clearing ost.o 5,65 myynt.i 5,68

2. 013 Nimit.iedot.us

a) B. Nimet.
A. Kenell on numero 2691901
B. Sen omist.aa Pekka Koivunen. Osoit.e on Tlnkat.u 28 A.
b) B. Nimet.
A. Kenell on numero 6267001
B. Sen omist.aa Kalle Virt.anen. Osoit.e on Tarkk'ampujankat.u 82 c.
c) B. Nimet.
A. Kenell on numero 6825261
B. Sen omist.aa Ville Jokinen. Osoit.e on Jrvenp, Haarajoki.
d) B. Nimet.
A. Kenell on numero 3268051
B. Sen omist.aa Tuomas Ket.t.unen. Osoit.e on Papinkuja 4 A.

3. 012 Numerot.iedotus

a) B. Numerot.
A. Mik puhelinnumero on Niilo Nikkasella1
B. Nikkanen ja mik oli et.unimi ja osoit.e?
A. Niilo ja osoit.e on Pakilant.ie 2 D.
B. Numero on 495636.
A. Kiit.os, kiit.os.

App. VI-l1
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UNIT V

b) B. Numerot
A. Mik puhelinnumero on Matti Juntusella?
B. Juntunen ja mik oli etunimi ja osoite?
A. Matti ja osoite on pskyntie 6 B.
B. Numero on 864195.
A. Kiitos, kiitos.
c) B. Numerot
A. Mik puhelinnumero on Onni Kolehmaisella?
B. Kolehmainen ja mik oli etunimi ja osoite?
A. Onni ja osoite on Vuosaarentie 16 B.
B. Numero on 968056
A. Kiitos, kiitos.
d) B. Numerot
A. Mik puhelinnumero on Kaisa Vyrysell?
B. Vyrynen ja mik oli etunimi ja osoite?
A. Kaisa ja osoite on Tlnkatu 18 B 2.
B. Hetkinen vain. Numero on 478564.
A. Kiitos, kiitos.

4. A. Haloo, onko tm huonepalvelu?


B. Ei ole, tm on pravintola, numero seitsemn. Huonepalvelu on numerossa 6.
A. Voisinko varata teilt pydn ykerhoon?
B. Ette valitettavasti. Ykerhon numero on 1.
A. Voisinko kysy samalla mys saunasta. Vaimoni ja min haluaisimme menn saunaan
tn iltana. Onko teill erikseen miesten ja naisten saunavuorot?
B. Saunavaraukset voitte tehd numerosta 8. He voivat jrjest teille yhteisen
saunavuoron.
A. Hyv. Ent pitk huonepalvelu huolen pesulapalveluista?
B. Ei vaan teidn tytyy soittaa numeroon 2.
A. Minulla on viel yksi kysymys. Vaimoni haluaisi pst kampaajalle. Mist voin
varata ajan?
B. Keskuksen kautta numerosta 1. Ja jos lhtaikanne muuttuu voitte soittaa vas-
taanottoon numero 3.

App. VI-12

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UNIT V

5. A. yritn saada herra Jokea langan phn. Asuuko hn hotellissanne?


B. Tll ei ole kirjoilla ketn sen nimist.
A. Hn on siell kongressissa ja ehk ravintolassanne tll hetkell.
B. Hyv on, yhdistn teidt ravintolaan.
c. Haloo, ravintola Hesperiassa.
A. Olkaa hyv ja etsik herra Joki puhelimeen.
C. Olen pahoillani, mutta hn lhti juuri tlt. Voisinko ottaa vastaan sanoman hnelle?
A. Kiitos, olkaa hyv ja sanokaa hnelle, ett hnen lentonsa on peruutettu ja hnen pi-
tisi ottaa yhteys lentotoimistoon.

6. A. l istu siihen. se tuoli on rikki.


B. Mutta etk sin halua istuutua thn? Tst nkee nyttmn paremmin.
A. l pane ksilaukkuasi kaiteelle. Se saattaa pudota.
B. l ole aina sanomassa, mit minun pitisi tehd. saatan nousta ja lhte.
A. Haluaisitko juoda jotain ennen kuin nyts alkaa?
B. En, l vaivaudu, voimme menn ulos jlkeenpin.
A. l puhu niin kovasti. Hiritset muita ihmisi.
B. Paras sinkin olet sanomaan. Sinut voi kuulla teatterin toisessa pss.
A. Jos sin kuulisit paremmin, minun ei tarvitsisi huutaa.

7. A. Kalle, unohditko, ett meidn piti menn kutsuihin tn iltana?


B. En, mutta minun piti olla tiss tavallista myhempn.
A. Meidn tytyy kiirehti, muuten myhstymme.
B. Niin, en haluaisi loukata maisteri Virtasta. Oli hauska, ett hn kutsui meidt, ja
olen odottanut kovasti tt iltaa.
A. Maisteri ja rouva Virtanen ovat aina oikein vieraanvaraisia. Ja heidn vieraansa ovat
aina oikein mielenkiintoisia.
B. Oletko valmis? Lhdetn nyt.

App. VI-13
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UNIT VI
1. A. Etsittek jotain?
B. Nytt silt, ett olen jttnyt yhden paketin kauppaan. Miss teill on
lyttavarat?
A. Muiden hommieni ohella pidn huolta mys lyttavaroista. Mink kokoinen
pakettinne oli ja mit se sislsi?
B. se oli noin kirjan kokoinen ja ruskea ja siin oli ksineet.
A. Mitn sellaista ei ole tuotu. Mutta jos jttte nimenne ja puhelinnumeronne
meille, ilmoitamme teille, jos se ilmestyy tnne.

2. A. Haloo, onko Virtasella?


B. On. Matti Virtanen puhelimessa. Kenen kanssa puhun?
A. Tll on johtaja Joki stockmannilta. Oletteko te se henkil, joka ilmoitti
kadottaneensa paketin?
B. Olen. Onko se lytynyt?
A. on. se lytyi miestenhuoneesta. Voitteko kyd hakemassa sen vai lhetmmek
sen teille kotiin?
B. lk vaivautuko sen takia. Vaimoni aikoo kyd siell iltapivll. Kirjoit-
takaa nimeni pakettiin niin, ett hn voi saada sen lyttavaroista.
A. Hyv, teen niin.
B. Kiitos ja kuulemiin.

3. A. Neiti, voisitteko auttaa minua? Etsin lahjaa veljelleni.


B. Tietysti: Meill on hyv valikpima miesten vaatteita.
A. Olkaa hyv ja nyttk minulle urheilupaitoja, mieluummin keskikokoa.
B. Mit hintaluokkaa haluaisitte?
A. Jos mahdollista ei enemmn kuin kaksisataa markkaa.
B. NO, teill oli onnea, koska olemme juuri panneet alennusmyyntiin hienoja
ranskalaisia paitoja.
A. Min katselen nit paitoja nyt jonkin aikaa, joten voitte palvella muita
asiakkaita sill vlin.
B. Hyv on.

App. VI-14

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UNIT VI

4. A. Mik hauska ylltys: Mit te teette tll?


B. Huomenna on vaimoni syntympiv ja ostan hnelle lahjan.
A. Ai, millaista (minklaista) lahjaa ets~tte?
B. Etsin silkkipuseroa ja vriin sopivaa Iluivia. Tiedttek miss kerroksessa
naisten vaatteet ovat?
A. Kyll tiedn, ne ovat kerrosta ylempn. Kytetn liukuportaita.
B. Hyv on, mutta ensin minun tytyy ostaa jotain itselleni tst kerroksesta.

5. A. Mit kangasta tuo takki on?


B. se on tehty kankaasta, jolla on monia hyvi ominaisuuksia. Se on vedenpitv
ja palamaton. se on mys joustava ja rypistymtn. Sit on saatavana monen
vrisen.
A. ovatko kaikki vrit yht rumia kuin tuo?
B. Miksi kutsut tuota vri rumaksi? Vaimoni piti siit niin paljon, ett teki
siit verhot.
A. Olivatko ne verhoja, joita nin hnen kantavan? Luulin, ett ne olivat tymaan
varoituslippuja:

UNIT VII

1. A. onko meill tarpeeksi bensiini pstksemme kotiin?


B. En osaa sanoa varmasti, koska mittari on rikki. Ajattelin menn huoltoasemalle
tyttmn tankin~
A. Sehn on hyv. Ja voit samalla tarkastaa renkaat. Minusta niihin tarvitaan
enemmn ilmaa.
B. on pitk aika siit, kun sivuutimme huoltoaseman. ota kartta esiin ja katso
miss seuraava on.
A. Auto trisee niin, etten ne lukea. Aja hitaammint
B. Mikset kyt lasejasi, ja ota pois tuo hassu hattu niin net paremmin.
A. Ei se mikn hattu ole. Se on peruukki. Ja katso sin eteesit

App. VI-15
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2. C. Mit tapahtui sunnuntaina?
B. Halusimme kyd New yorkissa, mutta automme meni rikki Baltimoressa.
C. sep ikv. Mit teitte sitten?
B. Koska oli sunnuntai, kaikki korjaamot olivat kiinni.
A. Olimme yt hotellissa ja tulimme takaisin washingtoniin tn aamuna.
C. Miss auto nyt on?
B. se on edelleen Baltimoressa, ja se on valmis vasta viikon pst.
A. Sill vlin meidn tytyy kytt bussia.

3. A. soitan siit, ett autonne on valmis.


B. Hyv, tulen huomenna hakemaan sen. sanokaa, kuinka paljon se maksaa.
A. se on kolmesataa markkaa. Puolet siit on tyst. Korjasin sit eilen illalla
kymmeneen asti.
B. Mik siin oli vikana?
A. Minun piti vaihtaa kytkin. Ty on taattu kuukaudeksi. Jos teill on vaikeuksia
sen kanssa, tuokaa se takaisin korjaamoon.
B. Kiitos. Olen oikein iloinen avustanne.

4. A. Kuljettaja, meneek tm bussi Munkkiniemeen?


B. Ei mene, tm bussi menee Rautatieasemalle. Teidn tytyy odottaa bussia no. 31.
A. Kuinka usein bussi kulkee?
B. Ruuhka-aikana joka 20. minuutti mutta nyt pivll joka 30. minuutti.
A. Kiitoksia paljon.

UNIT VIII
1. Telepalvelu
A. shksanomain vastaanotto 021.

B. Hyv huomenta. Haluaisin lhett onnittelushkeen vauvansaannin johdosta


herra ja rouva MkellIe. Voisitteko sanoa mik koru sopisi thn tarkoitukseen.

A. Koru numero 9. Mik on osoite ja teksti?

B. Osoite on Nordenskildinkatu 6 A, 00240 Helsinki 24. N niinkuin Niilo, 0 niinkuin


otto, R niinkuin Risto, D niinkuin Daavid, E niinkuin Eemeli, N niinkuin Niilo,
S niinkuin Sakari, K niinkuin Kalle, I niinkuin Iivari, niinkuin ljy, L niinkuin
Lauri, D niinkuin Daavid, l niinkuin Iivari, N niinkuin Niilo, K niinkuin Kalle,
A niinkuin Aarne, T niinkuin Tyyne, U niinkuin urho. Teksti kuuluu:
-Sydmelliset onnittelut perheenlisyksen johdosta. Matti ja Liisa Huttunen-.

App. VI-16

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UNIT VIII

A. Mik teidn nimenne, osoitteenne ja puhelinnumeronne on?

B. Matti Huttunen. Koskitie 8, Joensuu, puhelinnumero 213534.

A. Shktettv teksti siis kuuluu: -K9. Herra ja rouva Mkel, Nordenskildinkatu 8 A,


00240 Helsinki 24. sydmelliset onnittelut perheenlisyksen johdosta. Hatti ja Liisa
Huttunen.- Tst tulee 19 sanaa eli 38 mk.

B. sep tekee paljon. Voisitteko panna allekirjoitukseksi vain Huttuset.

A. Kyll. Silloin sanoja on 16, eli se maksaa 32 mk. Laskutamme puhelinlaskun yhteydess.

B. Kiitoksia paljon. Kuulemiin.

2. A. piv. Ole~ pankkinne asiakas ja haluaisin vuokrata pankkilokeron. Kuinka


suuria ovat pankkilokeronne ja mik on vuosimaksu?

B. Valitettavasti meill ei ole vapaita lokeroita ennenkuin vuoden lopussa. Lo-


keroita on kahdenkokoisia, suuria ja pieni. Kumman koon haluatte varata?

A. ottaisin niin suuren' kuin mahdollista.

B. Hyv on. Suuremman vuokra on 300 mk vuodessa. Tyttk tm varauskortti.


Ilmoitamme teille kun lokero vapautuu.

3. seuraa TVH:n tiedotus:


Kehtie 3 on suljettu klo 10:n ja l5:n vlisen aikana Itvyln ja Lahdentien
vliselt osuudelta tietiden takia. Lauttasaaren vanha silta on suljettu kor-
jausten vuoksi viikonlopun ajaksi. Mannerheimintielt on vain yksi ajokaista
kaupunkiin pin avoinna pahan kolarin vuoksi. Toinen ajokaista kaupungista pois-
pin on nyt avattu liikenteelle Esplanadilla.

App. VI-17
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UNIT VIII

4. A. Mits s pidt mun uudesta Mossesta? Eiks ookin paljon kauniimpi kuin mun
vanha?

B. Joo, on se. Mut kyll mun Volkkari on aina parempi. se on nopeampi ja tyy-
likkmpi kuin Mosse.

A. Mut Mosse on taloudellisempi auto ja kytss lujempi.

B. Emm tied. Yleens asia on niin, ett mit halvempi auto sen huonompi se on.

A. Joka tapauksessa meill molemmilla on autot, jotka ovat kytnnllisempi ja


suositumpia kuin useimmat muut.

UNIT IX

1. A. piv. Haluaisin kaksi makuuvaunulippua Helsingist Rovaniemelle jouluaattona.

B. Valitettavasti makuuvaunuliput on loppuunmyyty. Meill on vain istumapaikkoja


jljell. Makuupaikkoja on en jljell jouluviikkoa edeltvlIe viikolle ja
nekin ovat ensimmisest luokasta.

A. NO, sitten minun tytyy ostaa istumapaikkaliput. Haluaisin ostaa kaksi lippua.
Yksi lippu Helsingist ja toinen Riihimelt lhtien. Haluaisin kaksi ikkuna-
paikkaa vastakkain.

B. Meill on vain ikkunapaikka ja sen viereinen paikka jljell. Haluatteko liput


tupakkavaunusta vai tupakoimattomien vaunusta?

A. Tupakoimattomien. onhan siin ravintolavaunu?

B. Totta kai. Onko teill jo ostettu matkaliput?

A. Ei viel. Voinko ostaa samalla kertaa?

B. Kyll. Matkaliput tekevt 150 mk, istumapaikkaliput 15 mk lis. Yhteens 165 mk.

App. VI-18

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UNIT IX

2. A. Mieheni ja min olemme juuri psseet elkkeelle ja ostaneet uuden osakkeen.


Haluaisimme sisustaa yhden huoneen kevyeksi ruokailu- ja kahvinurkkaukseksi.
Kalustuksen haluaisimme ranskalaisen bistro-tyylin mukaiseksi. olemme Ranskassa
tutustuneet bistroihin ja luulemme, ett meill jo olevat kaksi kevytt nojatuolia
sopivat tyyliin.
B. Kyll. Edelleen ehdottaisin, ett seint maalattaisiin valkoisiksi ja ikkunoihin
hankittaisiin valkoiset sleverhot. Ikkunaa vastapt tulisi valkoinen ranskalai-
nen ovi, joka avautuu patiolle. Nojatuoleihin sopisi pieni antiikkisohva, joka
voitaisiin pllyst vihrell sametilla.
A. Ent millaista pyt ehdottaisitte?
B. se voisi olla matala, pyre ja valkoiseksi maalattu. Jotta tyyli olisi tysin
ranskalainen, ehdottaisin, ett sohvan taakse seinlle ripustettaisiin kultakehyk-
sinen peili.
A. Se on hyv idea~ yritmme lyt sohvan ja peilin antiikkikaupoista.
B. Kokonaisuus on kevyt ja huoleton, mutta silti hienostunUt.

3. A. Huomenta. Min olen ulkomaalainen opiskelija ja nin lehdest, ett teill on


huone, jonka haluatte vuokrata.
B. Valitettavasti se ei ole en vapaa.
A. Mit te tarkoitatte sill, ett se ei ole en vapaa? Asuuko siin jo joku?
B. Ei asu. Mutta tlt on niin huonot kulkuyhteydet, ett kukaan ei halua asua
tll.
A. Millaiset kulkuyhteydet sitten ovat?
B. Tlt menee bussi kaupunki~n vain kerran tunnissa ja ybussiyhteys on hyvin
huono.
A. Min en haluaisikaan menn kaupunkiin useammin kuin kerran tunnissa. Sopiiko,
ett tulisin katsomaan huonetta tn iltana kello 7.
B. Kyll sopii. Osoitteemme on Taivaanvuohentie 5 A.
A. Miten sinne psee? Min asun ystvni luona Korkeavuorenkadulla.
B. ottakaa Lauttasaaren bussi numero 5. Tulkaa sillan'yli ja jk pois ensim-
misell pyskill. ,Taivaanvuohentie on samalla puolella katua kuin bussipy-
skki. se on hyvin lhell sienenmuotoista vesitornia.
A. Lhell mi t?
B. Tarkoitin vesitornia.
A. Ahaa. NO, nhdn tn iltana. Kiitos ja kuulemiin.

B. Nyt nytt silt, ett meidn on pakko kuitenkin vuokrata huone, halusimmepa
tai ei. App. VI-19
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UNIT IX
4. A. Miksi tll on n11n pime?
B. Valot ovat juuri sammuneet, ja min etsin katkaisijaa.
A. Luulen ett se on tss, miss min olen, ikkunan vieress.
B. En usko, ett se on siin. Se on varmasti tuolla oven lhell.
A. Voitko kvell sielt, miss nyt olet, sinne miss katkaisi jan pitisi olla?
B. Nyt olen tss oven vieress, mutta en lyd katkaisijaa. Tule tnne auttamaan.
A. Olisi parempi, jos sin tulisit tnne. Mutta varo. Siin vlill on pyt.
B. Mutta luulin, ett panit pydn tuohon nurkkaan.
A. Se oli siin viime viikolla, mutta siirsin sen.

5. Kuulutuksia asemalla:
a) Erikoispikajuna numero 84 Kontiomelle Kouvolan kautta lhtee laiturilta 9.
b) Erikoispikajuna numero 8 Joensuusta saapuu raiteelle 14.
c) Pikajuna numero 24 Lappeenrannasta ja Vainikkalasta on myhss 40 minuuttia.
Sen odotetaan saapuvan raiteelle 1 kello 9.30.
d) Laivapikajuna Helsingist saapuu raiteelle 1 A. Juna jatkaa edelleen Turun
satamaan.
e) Ylimrinen juna numero 69 Rovaniemelt on myhss 15 minuuttia.

6. Helsingin elokuvat tnn


ADAMS, vrielokuva Merten sudet, 18.30 ja 21
ADLON, Peter sellers elokuvassa FU Manchun kierot temput, 19 ja 21
ALFAROMEO, Keskiyn pikajuna, 18.30 ja 21
ARITA, Piukat paikat, posassa Marilyn Monroe, joka ilta 19
AXA, vrielokuva American Gigolo, 19 ja 21
CINEMA, Samuraimiekka, joka ilta 19 ja 21
CORONA, Flash Gordon elokuvassa Iskev salama, 18.45 ja 21
ELYSEE, Ben-Hur, posassa Charlton Heston, 19.45 ja 21
FORMIA, steve McQUeen elokuvassa Metsstj, arka 19 ja 21
MAXIM 1, Sininen Laguuni, Brooke Shields posassa, 18.30 ja 20.30
MAXIM 2, woody Allenin ohjaama Muistelmia, 19 ja 21
MYYRMKI, Kramer vastaan Kramer, Dustin Hoffman posassa, arka 19
NORDIA 3 ja KINO, Mies, josta tuli miljonri, vrielokuva, 16.45 ja 18.45
ORION, Milka, ohjaaja Rauni Mollberg, 18.45 ja 21
REX, superkytt, 19 ja 21
RIGOLETTO, ulvova koira, 18.45 ja 20.45
RITZ, walt Disneyn Aristokatit, 18.30 ja 20
STUDIO 1, Diana RoSS elokuvassa Taikuri Oz, 16.45, 18.30 ja 20.40
STUDIO 2, Girls, 17 ja 19
App. VI-20

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UNIT IX
7. Helsingin teatterit

Kansallisooppera: lauantaina. klo 19.30 Ratsumies


sunnuntaina klo 19.30 Taikahuilu

Kansallisteatteri: Suuri nyttm:


lauantaina klo 15 srkyneiden sydnten talo
sunnuntaina klo 19.30 Jkri stahl

Pieni nyttm:
lauantaina klo 19 Kultalampi
sunnuntaina klo 14 Idiootti

Willensauna:
lauantaina klo 13 Mestaritontun seikkailut
sunnuntaina klo 14.30 Meren nainen

Intimiteatteri: lauantaina klo 18.30 Runar ja Kyllikki


sunnuntaina klo 14 Kuinka kpussi kesytetn

Ylioppilasteatteri: lauantaina klo 16 Leikin loppu


sunnuntaina klo 14.30 Makkosten musta maiskis

Kaupunginteatteri: lauantaina klo 16 Anni Mestariampuja


lauantaina klo 19.30 sotamies Jokisen vihkiloma

UNIT X

1. A. Lapsellani on kuumetta ja olen etsimss lastenlkrin nime puhelinluettelosta,


mutta en ole lytnyt mitn.
B. Suomessa lkreiden nimi ei ole puhelinluettelossa.
A. ovatko ne sitten keltaisilla sivuilla?
B. Eivt ole. Ainoa tapa lyt lkri on menn apteekkiin ja ostaa lkriluettelo.
A. onko siin mys vastaanottoajat?
B. Ei ole. Ne voit saada selville, kun soitat lkrin vastaanotolle.
A. NO, entp hammaslkrit. Lytyvtk ne puhelinluettelosta?
B. Ei. sekin tytyy ostaa apteekista.
A. ovatko ne kalliita? Tarkoitan luettelot.
B. Vain muutaman markan. Lkriluettelo on kalliimpi kuin hammaslkriluettelo.
App. VI-21
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
UNIT X
2. SCENE 1
A. ystvni katkaisi ktens ja hn tarvitsee nopeasti lkrin.
B. Tnn tll ensiapuklinikalla on paljon ruuhkaa, koska ulkona on hyvin jinen
keli. ystvnne tytyy odottaa, kunnes lkri on nhnyt vakavammat tapaukset.
A. Mutta hnell on kovat tuskat ksivarressa. Eik hnelle voitaisi antaa paikallis-
puudutusta]
B. Hn voi saada aspiriinia. Emme anna puudutusta, ennenkuin tutkimme rntgenkuvat.
Hnen pitisi pit ktt liikkumatta. Voimme ottaa hnet sisn pian.

SCENE II
A. sairaanhoitaja~ Me olemme odottaneet jo kaksi tuntia. Eik ole jo meidn vuoro]
B. Me voimme valmistaa ystvnne nyt rntgeniin. ottakaa tm lippu ja menk
rntgenosastolle.

SCENE 111
A. Tohtori, mik kdess on vikana]
C. Ksivarsi on poikki kyynrpn lhelt. se tytyy leikata ja siihen pannaan ters-
naula, joka pit luut paikallaan. Teidn ystvnne tytyy jd sairaalaan odot-
tamaan leikkausta.
A. No, jo on aikakin. Olemme odottaneet jo nelj tuntia.

3. A. Hei: oot skin tll: Tulit s jytjumppaan tnne kuntohallillet


B. Joo. Musta liikunta musiikin parissa on hauskin tapa pysy kunnossa.
A. M oon ihan samaa mielt. OOt s muuten kuullut, ett Jaana on alkanut harras-
taa kehonrakennus ta]
B. Eihn~ Eiks se pelk, ett se saa bodaamisesta suuret lihakset]
A. Ei yhtn. Jaana kertoi, ett se on oikein hyv harrastus naisillekin. Naiset
eivt nostele hyvin raskaita painoja.
B. Kyll m vaan aion tyyty hiihtmiseen ja hlkkmiseen.
A. Kyllhn niillkin kunto nousee.
B. onks Pekka taas pururadalla]
A. Joo. se ky joka piv viiden kilometrin lenkill.
B. sehn hyv. Minun miestni taas ei saa liikahtamaankaan nojatuolista. Se har-
rastaa vain penkkiurheilua~

App. VI-22

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UNIT X
4. A. Mist s oot alunperin kotosin?
B. Mun sukuni on lhtsin Irlannista ja skotlannista, mutta jotkut mun esivan-
hemmista ovat saksalaisia. Ents sun?
A. Mun suku on puhtaasti suomalaista. Meill on suvussa huhu, jonka mukaan
suvussa oli mustalainen viidenness polvessa taaksepin. Muut kyll kieltvt
sen jyrksti.
B. Tosiaankin, sullahan on ruskeet silmt ja levoton veri~
A. Tapaatko s serkkujas ja pikkuserkkujas usein?
B. Joo~ Me tavataan niit joka vuosi kesll, ja meidn suku jrjest joka
viides vuosi suuren sukukokouksen.
A. M taas en tunne lheskn kaikkia serkkujani. Ne on hajaantuneet ympri maa-
ilmaa. Lheisi sukulaisia me kuitenkin tavataan snnllisesti.
B. Joo. M oon oikeen sukurakas. On mukava tiet, mit suvussa tapahtuu.

UNIT XI
A. Ilmatieteen laitoksen stiedotus lauantaina kello 12.
Voimakas ja hyvin lauha lounainen ilmavirtaus on levinnyt yn aikana maahamme.
Skandinaviassa oleva sadealue liikkuu mys nopeasti itn. sade tulee veten
Etel-Suomessa ja lumena tai rntn Pohjois-suomessa. Lounaan ja lnnen vliset
tuulet voimistuvat koviksi tai myrskyisiksi merialueilla.

Lmptila Helsingiss -0 astetta, tuulennopeus 2 metri sekunnissa. Ilmanpaine


35 astetta ja laskee hiukan. Iltapivll navakkaa tai kovaa lnnenpuoleista
tuulta, pilvist tai pilvistyv ja illalla lnnest alkaen rntsadetta, joka
muuttuu vesisateeksi. Aamulla vhn selkemp. Lmptila huomenna plus 5 astetta.
Kovan tuulen varoitus kaikilla merialueilla.

B. stiedotus: odotettavissa huomiseen keskipivn asti.


Ahvenanmaalla, Turun ja porin lnin etelosassa, Uudenmaan, Hmeen ja Kymenl-
niss: Heikkoa tai kohtalaista lounaistuulta, osaksi selkenev, yll enimmkseen
pilvist ja paikoin sadetta. Huomenna lnteen kntyv tuulta ja jlleen osaksi
selkenev. Lmptila ennallaan. Turun ja Porin lnin pohjoisosassa ja Vaasan
lniss: Kohtalaista eteln kntyv tuulta, iltapivll osaksi selkenev,
yll ja aamulla pilvist ja vhn sadetta. pivn ylin lmptila noin 18 astetta,
ja yn alin noin 12 astetta. Mikkelin, Keski-suomen, Kuopion, Pohjois-Karjalan ja
oulun lnin etelosassa: Kohtalaista lnnen ja lounaan vlist tuulta, aluksi
pilvist ja viel paikoin sadetta. yll ja aamulla selkemp ja enimmkseen pou-
taa. pivlmptila nousee hiukan. Oulun lnin pohjoisosassa ja Lapin lniss:
Heikkoa tai kohtalaista suunnaltaan vaihtelevaa tuulta, enimmkseen pilvist ja
sadetta, pivlmptila 13 - 16 asteeseen. App. Vh23
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
UNIT XI

c. s maa-asemilla tnn kello 8:


Helsinki-Kaisaniemi, 14 astetta, tuuli lnsiluoteinen 4 metri sekunnissa, pilvist,
sademr 1 millimetri. Turku 12, pohjois-luode 1, tihkusadetta 0,2. Niin tss on,
tuli korjaus: Helsinki-Kaisaniemi, sademr 7 millimetri. Ja siis Turku 12 astetta,
tuuli pohjoisluoteinen 1, tihkusadetta 0,2. Maarianhamina 15, lnsi-lounas 2, puoli-
pilvist. Pori 14, lnsi 3, pilvist 0,4. Niinisalo
I
13, lnsi-lounas 2, heikkoa
sumua 1. Tampere 13, lnsi 3, melkein pilvist. Jokioinen 12, lnsi 2, pilvist 9.
Hmeenlinna 12, lounas 2, pilvist 0,5. Lahti 13, etel-lounas 2, pilvist 0,1. Lap-
peenranta 13, lnsi-lounas 5, heikkoa sadetta 12. Mikkeli 13, lnsi-lounas 5, heikkoa
sadetta 51. Punkaharju 13, lounas 7, sadetta 26. Ilomantsi 12, etel 4, tihkusadetta 6.
Joensuu 14, lnsi 3, pilvist 13. Kuopion lentokentt 15 astetta, lnsituulta 2 metri
sekunnissa, heikkoa sadetta, 13 millimetri. Viitasaari 13, luode 4, sadetta 28. Jyvs-
kyln lentokentt 12, lnsi-luode 5, heikkoa sadetta 47. htri 12, lnsi-luode 3,
sumua 7. Kauhava 13, lnsi 4, pilvist 0,2. Vaasan lentokentt 13, lnsi 4, pilvist.
Nivala 13, lnsi-luode 6, sadetta 11. Kajaani 15, koillinen 2, tihkusadetta 8. oulun
lentOkentt 15, pohjois-luode 3, pilvist 12. pudasjrvi 14, pohjois-koillinen 2,
heikkoa sadetta 16. Suomussalmi 15, it-koillinen 2, pilvist 7. Kuusamo 14, pohjois-
koillinen 3, heikkoa sadetta 22. Kemi 14, pohjoinen 2, heikkoa sadetta 4. Rovaniemen
lentokentt 13, pohjois-koillinen 3, heikkoa sadetta 3. Pello 13, pohjois-luode 3,
pilvist 0,6. salla 15, it-koillinen 1, pilvist. sodankyl 14, luode 1, pilvist 1.
Muonio 12, pohjoinen 3, sadetta 0,8. Ivalo 14, pohjois-koillinen 3, pilvist. Ja
Utsjoki-Kevo 11 astetta, tuuli pohjoisluoteinen 3 metri sekunnissa, melkein pilvist.

D. stiedotus merenkulkijoille:

Odotettavissa huomiseen keskipivn asti. PohjoiS-Itmerell ja Suomenlahdella vhn


voimistuvaa lnnen ja lounaan vlist tuulta 12 - 14 metri sekunnissa, yll utua tai
sumua, pivll enimmkseen hyv nkyvyys. selkmerell voimistuvaa eteln ja lounaan
vlist tuulta 13 - 15 metri sekunnissa, yll paikoin sumua tai sadetta, pivll
lnteen kntyv tuulta 13 - 14 metri sekunnissa, parempi nkyvyys. Merenkurkussa ja
Permeren etelosassa vhn voimistuvaa eteln ja lounaan vlist tuulta 13 -14 metri
sekunnissa, paikoin sumua tai sadetta. Ja Permeren pohjoisosassa suunnaltaan vaihte-
levaa tuulta 10 - 13 metri sekunnissa, sumuista.

App. VI-24

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UNIT XI
E. stiedotus
Kaakkois-Suomessa oleva matalapaine tyttyy vhitellen. s on epvakaista tnn koko
maassa. Pilvisyys on vaihtelevaa ja monin paikoin esiintyy sadekuuroja ja Pohjois-suo-
messa paikoin mys ukkosta. pohjois- ja It-suomessa sadekuurojen paikallinen esiintymis-
todennkisyys on tnn noin 80 - 90 prosenttia. Lnsi-suomessa sadekuurojen esiintymis-
todennkisyys on vhisempi eli noin 60, 60 - 70 prosenttiin. Baltian etelpuolelta
Keski-Ruotsiin ulottuu heikko korkean selnne, joka liikkuu hitaasti itkoilliseen. Sen
ansiosta s on muuttumassa huomenna selkemmksi maan lounaisosissa ja sadekuurojen
todennkisyys pienenee noin 30 prosenttiin. Samalla pivlmptila kohoaa noin 18 astee-
seen. Muualla maassa sadekuuroja esiintyy huomennakin yleisesti, mutta vhemmn kuin tnn.
Todennkisyys on noin 50 - 70 prosenttiin. Huomiset pivlmptilat vaihtelevat 15 - 18
asteeseen. Ensi yn alimmat lmptilat ovat 8 - 10 asteeseen. Suhteellinen kosteus pienenee
maan lounais- ja etelosissa, mutta pysyy muualla suurin piirtein ennallaan.

F. s illalla
Helsingiss pivn ylin lmptila 14 astetta, alin lmptila 10 astetta. Selkenev,
kaakkois tuulta 8 metri sekunnissa. sateen todennkisyys 80 prosenttia. Turussa ylin
lmptila 13 astetta, alin lmptila 9 astetta. Selkenev, ittuulta 7 metri sekunnissa.
Sateen todennkisyys 80 prosenttia. Tampereella pivn ylin lmptila 15 astetta, alin
lmptila 6 astetta. Vaihtelevaa pilvisyytt, kaakkoistuulta 4 metri sekunnissa. sadekuu-
rojen esiintymistodennkisyys 40 prosenttia. Vaasassa pivn ylin lmptila vaihtelee
neljntoista ja viiden asteen vlill. Vaihtelevaa pilvisyytt, tuuli etelss 2 metri
sekunnissa, sadekuurojen esiintymistodennkisyys 40 prosenttia. oulun pivlmptila
kahdentoista ja viiden asteen vlill. Vaihtelevaa pilvisyytt, lounaistuulta 5 metri
sekunnissa. Savonlinnassa ylin lmptila 14, alin 10 astetta. puolipilvist, kaakkoistuulta
5 metri sekunnissa. Ukkoskuurojen esiintymistodennkisyys 40 prosenttia. Kuopiossa lmp-
tila vaihtelee neljntoista ja kymmenen asteen vlill, puolipilvist, eteltuulta 4 metri
sekunnissa, ukkoskuurojen todennkisyys 40 prosenttia.

UNIT XII

A. Israelilainen partioalus upotti viime yn palestiinalaisen sissiveneen, sanoi


Israelin sotilasedustaja tnn. Partioalus oli Israelin sotilasedustajan mukaan
tavanomaisella partiokierroksella havaitessaan veneen matkalla kohti Israelin
rannikkoa. Sissit avasivat tulen, mutta heidn aluksensa tuhottiin ja upotettiin,
sanoi Israelin sotilasedustaja. Hn ei maininnut vlikohtauksessa mukana olleiden
arabien mr.

App. VI-25
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
UNIT XII

B. Bangladeshin armeijan lentoyksikt alkoivat tnn pudottaa ilmasta ruokaa tulvien


eristmille alueille. yli puolet Bangladeshist on seitsemn viikon monsuunisateiden
aiheuttamien tulvien peitossa. Tulvavedet ovat edelleen nousussa. Tulvissa surmansa
saaneiden mrksi on ilmoitettu 1200, mutta epviralliset lhteet uskovat kuolon-
uhrien mrn olevan paljon suurempi. Yli puolet Bangladeshin pkaupungista, Daccasta,
on edelleen tulvien ulkopuolella ja kaupunkiin on kerntynyt pakolaisia kaikkialta
ymprivIt alueelta. Virallisten lhteiden mukaan on noin 78 000 Bangladeshin noin
142 000 nelikilometrist tulvien peitossa. Tulva-alueella asuu yli 30 miljoonaa ihmist.

c. Koillis-Intiassa sijaitsevaa Assamin osavaltiota koettelee nlnht kuuden Vllme


viikon toistuneiden tulvien jlkeen, sanoi intialainen uutistoimisto PTI tnn.
Alueella kynyt uutistoimisto PTI:n toimittaja sanoi, ett nlkiintyneiden ihmisten
nhtiin etsivn ruokaa useissa kaupungeissa lhell Lnsi-Bengalin osavaltion rajaa.
Muuan viranomainen arvioi, ett tulvien vaikutukset ovat kohdistuneet yli miljoonaan
ihmiseen yksinomaan Gualparan alueella. Assamin hallitukselta on pyydetty elintar-
vikkeita ja lkkeit ~ulkutautien torjumiseksi.

D. Arabet-yhtym on tavannut suuria ljyesiintymi Englannin mannerjalustasta Brentin


ljykentst luoteeseen, sanoi oslolainen sanomalehti Morgon Blad tnn. Lyt
saattaa sislt. esiintymi, jotka ovat mahdollisesti verrattavissa Brentin ja Ek-
fiskin esiintymien kanssa, kerrottiin lehdelle asioista hyvin perill olevalta ta-
holta. Norjalainen Norsk-Hydro-yhtym on mukana Arabet-yhtymss kahdellatoista
prosentilla.

E. syyrian hallitus syytt Irakia Damaskoksessa eilen sattuneesta pommirjytyksest.


Kaksi ihmist kuoli ja yli 50 loukkaantui, kun pommi rjhti eilisiltana Damaskoksen
keskustassa. syyrialaisten lausunnon mukaan Irak oli eilisen samoin kuin viikko
sitten sattuneen rjhdyksen takana. Lausunnossa sanotaan, ett Irakin hallitus
tukee pommirjytyksest vastuun ottanutta syyrian vallankumous jrjest. Vlikohta-
uksen arvellaan hidastavan Irakin ja Syyrian suhteiden parantumista. Arabian Baat-
puolueen eri lohkojen hallitsemat maat ovat pyrkineet sovintoon Neuvostoliiton,
Libyan ja Palestiinan vapautusjrjestn PLo:n vlityksell. Irakin hallituksen edus-
tajan mukaan Irakin ja syyrian vlien lmpeneminen on tarpeen, koska suuri osa Irakin
ljyst ja muista vientituotteista kuljetetaan syyrian kautta.

App. VI-26

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F. Tervetuloa kiertoajelulle Helsingin keskustassa. Lhtkohtanamme on senaatintori, joka
mys tunnetaan Suurtorin nimell. Tm tori on Ehrenstrmin suunnittelema vuonna 1812.
Helsinkihn tuli pkaupungiksi vasta tuona vuonna ja sit ennen se oli vain pieni vaa-
timaton rannikkokaupunki. Saksalaisen arkkitehdin C. L. Engelin tehtvksi annettiin
Helsingin uuden keskustan senaatintorin rakentaminen. Engel piirsi uusklassista tyyli
olevat julkiset rakennukset, jotka vielkin edustavat Pohjoismaitten arkkitehtonisesti
puhdastyylisint kaupunkisuunnittelua. Tss nemme oikealta alkaen ensin Valtioneuvos-
ton talon, sitten suurkirkon eli Tuomiokirkon, joka rakennettiin vuosina 1830 - 1840.
Vasemmalla on ensin Yliopiston prakennus ja sen vieress Yliopiston kirjasto, kaikki
uusklassista tyyli. Kun katsomme eteln, nemme suurkirkkoa vastapt Engelin aikaa
vanhempia rakennuksia. Oikealla on Sederholmin talo, joka rakennettiin vuonna 1757 ja
on se Helsingin vanhin silynyt talo.

Bussimme jatkaa Aleksanterinkatua presidentin linnan ympri Kauppatorille, josta voimme


nhd muitten Engelin aikaisten rakennusten julkisivut. Matkalla on vasemmalla Ritari-
huone, joka on G. T. Chiewitzin piirtm. Hn poikkesi huomattavasti uusklassisesta
tyylist kytten renessanssityyli ja goottilaisia yksityiskohtia. Tt samaa renes-
sanssityyli nkee muualla Helsingiss. Esimerkiksi Ateneum on siit hyvn esimerkkin.
suoraan edesspin Katajanokalla on Uspenskin katedraali, jonka punatiilinen rakennus on
Gornostajeffin piirtm vuonna 1868. Knnymme nyt oikealle Kauppatorille. Ensimminen
rakennus oikealla on uusklassista tyyli oleva presidentin linna, joka on Engelin aika-
laisen Pehr Granstedin piirtm. se oli alunperin yksityisasunto nimeltn Heidenstrauchin
talo. Sen vieress oikealla on Korkein oikeus, jonka on piirtnyt F. A. sjstrm
vuonna 1883. Ohitamme nyt Ruotsin lhetystn uudehkon talon. Sen suunnitteli Torben
Grut vuonna 1922. Seuraava talo oikealla oli alkuaan yksityisasunto uusklassista
tyyli jo mainitun Pehr Granstedin piirtm. Sen vieress on Kaupungintalo samaa
tyyli, C. L. Engelin piirtm. Seuraava talo on samoin osittain Engelin, osittain
Granstedin piirtm, samoin uusklassista tyyli. Arkkitehti Lars sonck suunnitteli
siin olevan pankin aulan ja se edustaa kaunista kansallisromanttista tyyli. Tt
samaa tyyli edustaa mys Kansallismuseo. Kolme arkkitehtia suunnitteli sen:
Gesellius, Lindgren ja Eliel saarinen vuonna i90l.

App. VI-27

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UNIT XIII

1. Suomen Tietotoimiston uutisia: Suomi siirtyy kesaikaan kaikkien muiden Euroopan


maiden tapaan paitsi sveitsin. Huhtikuun viimeisen sunnuntaina, joka tn vuonna
sattuu kahdennenkymmenennenkuudennen pivn kohdalle, kellot siirretn tuntia
edelle kello kaksi yll ja syksyll lokakuun viimeisen sunnuntaina, kolmantena-
kymmenentenYhdenten pivn, palataan normaaliin aikaan. Kesaika tekee mahdol-
liseksi sen, ett esimerkiksi Finnairin aikatauluja useimpiin maihin ei tarvitse
muuttaa. Kesaikaa kokeiltiin vuonna 1942, mutta se havaittiin silloin soveltumat-
tomaksi suomen oloihin ja sit ei otettu jatkuvaan kytntn.

2. Suomen Marsalkka Mannerheimin kuoleman JO-vuotismuistojuhlan vietto aloitettiin


keskiviikkona aamupivll kunniavartioin ja tervapadoin Helsingin Hietaniemess,
jossa eri kansalaisjrjestt laskivat yhteisen seppeleens Marsalkan hautapaadelle
ja sankarihaudan Isolle ristille. Suomen Marsalkka Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
kuoli Sveitsiss 28. tammikuuta 1951. Entinen valtionhoitaja, puolustussotiemme
ylipllikk ja tasavaltamme kuudes presidentti, oli kuollessaan 83-vuotias. Muisto-
sanat Marsalkan hautapaadella lausunut jalkavenkenraali Adolf Ehrnrooth muistutti
Mannerheimin olleen ei vain suuri sodan johtaja vaan mys viisas valtiomies. Hieta-
niemen lyhyen, mutta sitkin hartaamman kunnianosoituksen jlkeen, satakunta kutsu-
vierasta siirtyi pivn kunniaksi avattuun muistonyttelyyn Mannerheim-museoon.
Kaivopuiston Kall~olinnantiell sijaitsevan Mannerheim-museon muistonyttelY on
avoinna yleislle torstaista alkaen.

3. Saksalainen kirjasto (Deutsche Bibliothek) Helsingiss tytt tn kevn sata


vuotta. Alunperin kahdentoista saksalaisen perheen lukupiirist alkunsa saanut
kirjakokoelma luovutettiin Helsingin saksalaiselle seurakunnalle 1881, jolloin
kirjasto ptettiin perustaa. Viisikymmenluvulla kirjaston taakse muodostettiin
Helsingin saksalainen kirjastoyhdistys ry., ja laitos muutti nykyisiin tiloihinsa
Pohjoinen Makasiinikatu 7:n. saksan Liittotasavallan mittava lahjoitus 1979 mah-
dollisti kirjaston tilojen tydellisen uusimisen. Nykyinen kirjasto kuuluu tie-
teellisiin kirjastoihin, ja sen kokoelmat sisltvt noin 45 000 nidosta. palueet
ovat kirjallisuus ja kielitiede. Erikoiskokoelma on Fennica-osasto, jonne pyritn
kermn kaikki Suomesta ja Suomessa saksaksi jUlkaistut painotuotteet ja suoma-
laisten teosten saksannokset. osasto ksitt yli pari tuhatta nidosta. saksalaisen
kirjaston juhlanyttelyn avataan Jugend-salissa 21. tammikuuta yksikielisten sana-
kirjojen nyttely.

App. VI-28

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UNIT XIII

4. Kaamos on kohta ohi. Viel tmn pivn aurinko piileskelee utsjoella, mutta
huomenna pari kuukautta kestnyt kaamos pttyy. Kovin pitkn auringosta ei
silti viel lhipivin utsjoella iloita: huomenna se nousee kello 12.01 ja
laskee runsaan puolen tunnin kuluttua kello 12.43. Helsingiss aurinko on huo-
menna taivaanrannan ylpuolella yli kuusi tuntia. Pivien pidetess on ennen
pitk edess Lapin ytn y. utsjoella se alkaa 17. toukokuuta, jolloin aurinko
ei noustuaan en pitkn aikaan laske. Tn vuonna kyttn otettava kesaika
merkitsee utsjoella todellista kesaikaa, sill piviss mitaten kesyn aurin-
koa on vuorokausi enemmn kuin muuten. Normaalisti aurinko laskisi ensi kerran
27. 7. kello 23.44, mutta kun kelloja on silloin siirretty tunnilla eteenpin,
aurinko laskeekin vasta 28.7. kello 0.44.

UNIT XIV

1. Raahen alaluokkalaiset kyvt aamupivhoidossa


Raahessa kokeillaan alaluokkalaisten aamupivhoidon jrjestmist kouluissa.
Lapset saavat tulla tunniksi tai pariksi odottamaan koulun alkamista eik heidn
tarvitse jd en yksin kotiin vanhempien lhdetty tyhn. Kouluavustajan
valvonnassa pienet koululaiset piirtvt ja pelaavat pelej ajankulukseen. Aamu-
pivhoito ei maksa kaupungille muuta kuin jrjestelyvaivan, sill avustajat
palkataan valtion tyllistmistuella.
Yh useampi ensi- ja toisluokkalainen joutuu jmn yksin kotiin molempien
vanhempien lhtiess varhain tyhn. Lapset pelkvt yksinn ja jnnittvt,
ehtivtk ajoissa kouluun. Usein pikkukoululaiset eivt tunne edes kelloa, vaan
hertyskellon pirin tai vanhempien puhelinsoitto lhett heidt oikeaan aikaan
koulumatkalle. Ikvissn lapset tulevat usein tuntia tai kahtakin aikaisemmin
koulunpihalle vrjttelemn niin pivin, jolloin tunnit alkavat tavallista
myhemmin. Jo kymmenet alaluokkalaiset ovat Raahessa psseet turvattomista yksi-
nisist aamuistaan uuden kokeilun alettua tammikuussa. Aamupivhoitoa jrjeste-
tn kaupungin kymmenest koulusta viidess.
Hoitolat toimivat koululaisten iltapivkodissa, arkisto- ja pienopetustiloissa
tai koulun vieress sijaitsevassa nuorisotilassa. Ne ottavat lapset kello kahdek-
salta vastaan ja sulkeutuvat kello kymmenen. Kolmessa hoitolassa valvonnasta
vastaa kouluavustaja ja kahdessa vahtimestaritti.
wJrjestelm ei maksa vanhemmille eik kaupungille yhtn markkaa. Avustajien
palkka saadaan tyllistmistuesta, ja vahtimestarit ottavat korvaukseksi pari
viikkoa keslomaa w, kertoo hallintopllikk Rauno Kopsakangas Raahen kouluviras-
tosta.
.,t.pp. V~-29

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UNIT XIV
2. Ruotsilta tivataan parempaa opetusta suomalaislapsille
suomalaiset ministerit ja kansanedustajat ovat kiinnittneet Pohjoismaiden neuvos-
ton tmnkertaisessa istunnossa runsaasti huomiota ruotsinsuomalaisten eptyYdyt-
tvn asemaan ja tiukanneet Ruotsin hallitukselta tarmokkaampia toimia pohjois-
maisten sopimusten hengess.
Opetusministeri Marjatta Vnnen (keskustapuoluelainen) kysyi keskiviikkona
virallisen kysymyksen muodossa Ruotsin hallitukselta, mit se aikoo tehd nykyi-
sess tilanteessa parantaakseen ruotsinsuomalaisten lasten mahdollisuuksia saada
opetusta idinkielelln, kuten pohjoismainen kulttuurisopimus thdent. vnst
kiinnosti erityisesti se, miten Ruotsin hallituksen sstohjelmat vaikuttavat
suunnitelmiin.
Ruotsin opetusministeri Jan-Eric wickstrm vakuutti vastauksessaan, etteivt
ssttoimet vaikuta siirtolaisten kieltenopetukseen eik muihin siirtolaisia
koskeviin suunnitelmiin.
Jo tiistaina toinen opetusministeri Kalevi Kivist (kansandemokraatti(nen oli
korostanut sit, ett suomalaisten asemaa Ruotsissa olisi luonnollista tarkas-
tella nimenomaan pohjoismaisesta nkkulmasta pohjoismaiset sopimukset huomioon
ottaen.
Suomen kielell annettavan opetuksen piiriss on vain 14 prosenttia Ruotsin suo-
menkielisist peruskoululaisista, Kivist huomautti.

3. vri ennusteita
Henkikirjoituksen yhteydess 1970- ja 1980-lukujen taitteessa suoritetun kieli-
rekisterinnin mukaan suomenruotsalaisia on 301 544 eli 6,3 prosenttia Suomen
koko vestst. Ruotsinkielisten todellinen mr on siis selvsti korkeampi kuin
1970-luvun puolivliss tehdyt ennusteet lupasivat. Lienee perusteltua vet va-
rovainen joskin optimistinen johtopts, ett suomenruotsalaisten mr on ta-
soittumassa 300 OOO:een.
On mielenkiintoista panna merkille, ett vuonna 1980 oli Suomessa 65 ruotsin-
kielist tai kaksikielist kuntaa. Niiss asui noin 1,3 miljoonaa ihmist, joista
suomenruotsalaisia oli noin 22 prosenttia. Suomenruotsalaisten koko mrst 55
prosenttia el kielellisen enemmistn kotipaikkakunnallaan. Tilastolliset
havainnot osoittavat, ett puheet kuolevasta vhemmistst ovat perttmi. Elm
sykkii ruotsinkielisill seuduilla lhes yht voimakkaana kuin 1970-luvulla.
Huolimatta siit, ett nyt julkaistu tilastollinen raportti antaa aiheen varovai-
seen optimismiin, se paljastaa samalla erit tulevaisuuden kannalta vakaviakin
epkohtia.

App. VI-30

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UNIT XIV

Suomenruotsalaisten ikrakenne on huomattavasti epsuotuisampi kuin maan vestn


kokonaisuudessaan. Vestpyramidi puhuu huolestuttavaa kieltn. Suomenruotsalai-
silla on ylimmiss ikluokissa selv yliedustus verrattuna koko maan vanhimpiin
ikluokkiin. Nuorissa ikluokissa taas suomenruotsalaiset jvt alle maan keski-
arvon. Mitk tekijt vaikuttavat nin epsuotuisasti ikrakenteeseen? Suomenruot-
salaisen vestn kohtalonkysymykset ovat lhinn kaksikieliset avioliitot, alhainen
syntyvyys ja siirtolaisuus.

4. Maitomaksu jakoi Kepun


Hallitusryhmien erimielisyydet eduskunnassa jatkuvat. Torstaina asettui maa- ja
metstalousvaliokunta hallituksen vhemmistn kannalle maidon markkinointimaksu-
kiistassa.
Valiokunta ptti nin yhdeksn viitt vastaan, ett markkinoimismaksua olisi
korotettava yhdell pennill. Hallitus esitti nestyksen jlkeen, ett maksua
korotettaisiin 0,85 pennill. Maidon markkinoimismaksu on nykyisin pennin litralta.
Maatalousvaliokunnan nestyksess muodostivat enemmistn sosialidemokraattinen
puolue, kokoomus ja valiokunnan kepulainen puheenjohtaja Toivo Yljrvi. Vhemmis-
tn jivt skdl ja kristilliset sek paikalla ollut toinen kepulainen, Einari
Nieminen.
Hallitus ptti maatalousministeri Taisto Thkmaan (keskustapuoluelainen) esityk-
sest nin kahdeksan kuutta vastaan, ett maidon markkinointimaksua korotetaan
0,85 penni. Enemmistn muodostivat Skdl:n ja keskustapuolueen ministerit.

5. Finnair nostamassa lentjien elkeik


Finnairin liikennelentjien vuorokauden lakko on vastaveto yhtin suunnitelmille
kaventaa lentjien elke-etuja. Finnairissa on jo pitkn valmisteltu elkejr-
jestelmn muutosta, jota perustellaan sill, ett elkkeet nielevt kohtuuttoman
paljon varoja.
Finnairin lentjt voivat siirty elkkeelle jo 52-vuotiaina. Halutessaan lentj
voi jatkaa 55 vuoden ikn saakka. Lain asettama ylikraja liikennelentjille on
60 vuoden ik -- silloin korjataan lupakirja pois.
Finnairin lentjt ovatkin kyttneet yhtin elkesnnsten mukaista mahdollisuutta
jd varhain elkkeelle. Kimmokkeena elkkeelle jmiseen on joissakin tapauksissa
ollut tilaisuus jatkaa aktiiviuraa ulkomaisten lentoyhtiitten palveluksessa ja nin
saada varsin kohtuullisen elkkeen plle lentjn palkka.

App. VI-31

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UNIT XIV

Kustannuksiin vedoten on suomalaiset liikennelentjt kouluttava Finnair halunnut


nostaa elkein esimerkiksi 55 vuoteen.
Keskusjrjestihin kuulumaton liikennelentjliitto onkin tynantajan kanssa ky-
tyjen neuvottelujen viime vaiheissa ollut suostuvainen siihen, ett taloon tulevien
uusien lentjien elkeik nostetaan 55 vuoteen.

6. Isyysloman ilmoittamisaika pysyy kuukautena


Isyysloman pitmisest on ilmoitettava tynantajalle vhintn kuukautta ennen
loman alkamista. Tynantajajrjestt olisivat halunneet ilmoittamisajan vhintn
kahdeksi kuukaudeksi, mutta hallitus ptyi kuukauteen. Asiasta annettiin asetus
perjantaina.
Xitiysrahakausi pitenee ensi heinkuun alussa kuukaudella eli 258 arkipivn.
Ist voivat pit siit lhtien kahdenlaista isyyslomaa. Varsinainen isyysloma
voidaan pit lapsen syntymn aikaan. Isyyslomaa saa silloin joko kuusi tai kak-
sitoista arkipiv ja loman pitmisest on ilmoitettava tynantajalle vhintn
24 arkipiv eli noin kuukautta ennen laskettua idin synnytysaikaa.
Toisen isyysloman nimeksi on annettu vanhempainloma. Is voi jd hoitamaan lasta
itiysrahakauden kuuden viimeisen kuukauden aikana vhintn 24 arkipivksi eli
kuukaudeksi ja enintn 48 arkipivksi eli kahdeksi kuukaudeksi. Vanhempainlomal-
le jmisest isn on ilmoitettava tynantajalle viimeistn kuukautta ennen lomal-
le lht.

7. Hovioikeus lievensi Suomenlahden Koneen konkurssirikostuomiota


Helsingin hovioikeus laski toimitusjohtaja Aarne Mantilan Suomenlahden Koneen
konkurssirtksist saaman yhden vuoden yhdentoista kuukauden vankeustuomion
puoleentoista vuoteen. Muilta osin raastuvanoikeuden konkurssisotkusta antama
pts pysyi voimassa.
Mantila vapautettiin mys maksamasta niit 800 000 markkaa, jotka raastuvanoi-
keus mrsi hnet suorittamaan konkurssipeslle korvauksena miljoonakierrosta.
Helsingin hovioikeus vahvisti mys raastuvanoikeuden kannan, jolla Suomenlahden
Koneen liikekumppanin Kone OY:n johtoon kohdistetut syytteet kiskonnasta ja avun-
annosta konkurssipetokseen hylttiin.

App. VI-32

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APPENDIX VII
INDEX OF STRUCTURAL NOTES

SOUND SYSTEM Page Numerals


Alphabet P-G Cardinal numbers II-R
Consonants P-3 Fractional numbers XI-A
Consonant gradation P-9 How to decline an ordinal XI-A
Diphthongs P-2 ordinals XI-A
Glottal stop p-5
Intonation P-s Plural
stress P-s Longer words VII-C
Syllable division p-9 Nominals VI-B
Vowel harmony p-7
Vowels P-l Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
NOMINALS in the nominative II-A
Demonstrative pronouns and 'mik' III-F
Adjectives Unit in the singular
Adjectives ending in -ton/-tn, Demonstrative pronouns and 'mik' VII-A
~maton/-mtn -less, un-/in- IX-G in the plural
Adjectives with nouns III-I Indefinite pronouns
Comparative of adjectives VIII-C 'joku, jokin' somebody, SOrne, V-H
Superlative of adjectives IX-C something
'Yht kuin' as as VIII-D' 'jompikumpi' -either one- VII-I
'koskaan, ei koskaan' _eVer, never W V-H
Chart of nominal declensions App. III 'kukaan, ei kukaan' -anybody, nobody- V-I
'kukin' Weach W VII-F
Dow Finnish forms words App. 1 'mikn, ei mikn' -anything,
nothing W V-I
Derivations App. 1 'molemmat' Wboth W VII-I
'moni, paljon, kaikki, ers, muutama'
Nominals ending in -as/-s, -is V-C Wmany, aIot, alI, a certain, a few w VI-F
in _el III-L Interrogative pronouns 'kuka' who,
in -i III-J 'mik' wwhat W in the singular II-B
in -nen IV-A in the plural II-B
in -si III-K 'kumpi' which one of the two- VII-I
'kumpikaan' wneither one W VII-I
Nouns ending in -in V-D 'kumpikin' Wboth, each of the two W VII-I
in -us/-ys, -uus/-yys Personai pronouns I-A
in -os/-s V-E stem with case endings I-D
Stems with possessive suffix II-P
App. VII-l
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Possessive pronouns I-F Past passive X-D
Possessive suffixes 1-0 present passive X-B
Relative pronoun 'joka' -who, X-E Forrns of 'tytyy, pit, tulee'
that, which- -should have- VIII-B

Adverbs V-G How to express -to have- I-E


Adverbs of place II-Q
Cornparative of adverbs VIII-E How to express -there are- VI-G
Superlative of adverbs IX-D
How to find the stern of a verb
Emphatic suffix -han/-hn I-N to conjugate it III-H

Particles -kin, -kaan/-kn HoW to forrn the passive stern X-C


-also, even-, -neither, not even- V-J
How to forrn the past passive
Postpositions IX-F participle VII-H

Prepositions IX-E Imperative


First person plural -let's,- forrnal XIV-G
VERBS First person plural, inforrnal VI-A
Negative of the second person IV-I
Active voice Passive -let X be done- XIV-J
Changes in the stern before the Second person singular of 'sin' IV-H
past tense rnarker -i IV-C Second person plural & polite forrn II-S
Past active participle IV-E Third person singular -let hirn/her
Past perfect tense IV-G do x,' may he/she do x- XIV-H
Past tense affirrnative IV-B Third person plural -let thern do X-,
Past tense negative IV-D may they do x- XIV-I
Present participle XI-C
Present perfect tense IV-F Infinitives
Present tense affirrnative I-B 1 infinitive, basic forrn III-G
Present tense negative I-H longer forrn -kse- XIII-A
Present tense of 'olla' -to be- 1-1 II infinitive inessive -e-ssa/-ss XIII-B
instructive -e-n XIII-C
Chart of conjugational types of verbs App. III II! infinitive -rna-/-m- ~V-J
IV infinitive -minen X-A
Conditional
Past active -would have- VIII-A
Present active V-F

App. VII-2

. \

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Participles as adjectives XI-B Illative -(h)Vn Rinto R II-J
Past active -nut/~nyt, -nee- XI-D Inessive -ssa/-ss Rin R II-H
Past passive -tu/-ty, -ttu/-tty XI-E Instructive -(i)-n Rby, with R XII-F
Present active -va/-v XI-C Nominative plural II-E
Present passive -ttava/-ttv XII-C Norninative singular, basie form II-D
Partitive singular -a/-, -ta/-t
Passive voice "some, part of R III-A
Past perfect tense IX-B
Past tense VII-G Sorne common but unpredictable
Present participle XII-C uses of loeatives II-N
Present perfect tense IX-A Some idioms 'maitse' Rby sea R VIII-F
Present tense VI-A Translative -ksi, -kse- VI-E
Review of passive tenses XIV-E Usage of various eases App. III
Which case to use and when II-Q
Potential
Past active XIV-C How to express the definite the and
Past passive XIV-D indefinite Ra, an, there is a II-C
Present active XIV-A
Present passive XIV-B 'Lauseenvastikkeet' ernbedded sentenees R XII-A
"After -elause XIII-E
sorne derivational notes VI-H 'Agenttipartisiippi' made byR XII-B
'Ett' -clause as an objeet XII-D
'Tytyy, pit, tulee' Rrnust, have toR V-A 'Ett' -elause as a subjeet XII-E
In order to XIII-A
SENTENCE STRUCTURE While R -elause XIII-D

Case forrnation and usage Norninal deelensions (a sarnple) App. II I


Abessive -tta/-tt Rwithout R VII-E
Ablative -lta/-It Rfrom on R II-L Object III-E
Accusative III-D
Adessive -lla/-Il Ron" II-K .. Predicate noun and adjective
Allative -lIe RontoR II-M in the singular after 'on' III-B
Case endings I-C in the singular after 'ei ole' III-C
Cases indicating location II-G in the plural VI-D
Comitative -ne- Rwith R XIV-F
Elative -sta/-st Rfrom inside R II-I Questions
Essive -na/-n RasR VII-D How to answer -ko/-k questions I-K
Genitive (possessive) singular -n How to form -ko/-k questions I-J
Rof, 'SR II-F How ta form questions I-L
Genitive plural VI-C
App. VII-3
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Short review of infinitives and
participles App. III

Time expressions
Answering the question
'milloin, koska' -when- IV-K
Dow to express -for- V-B

Which stem to use App IV

Word order I-H

App. VII-4

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TO THE STUDENT

This glossary is qesigned to serVe the needs of users of conversational Finnish. It includes alI the
words in units I-XIV. It does not necessarily list alI the words of the texts on tape or those of
the supplementary readings. Words arepresented in Finnish alphabetical order and in the form that
they appear in the text. The English translation generally is that of the basic form, i.e., the
dictionary form, and it has often been simplified and limited to contextual meaning of the word.

currently available Finnish-English dictionaries are better suited for use by native Finnish speakers
than by students of Finnish. ,unless the user is familiar with the.structure of Finnish, it is almost
impossible for him/her to use most dictionaries effectively. The system of listing inflected forms
as well as the basic form hae been found to facilitate use by learners. This glossary uses a system
adapted from one developed by Dr. Robert Austerlitz in his Finnish Reader and Glossary (Indiana
University press, 1966, Bloomington, Indiana).

Large numbers of Finnish words are-derived- from basic roots. This type of word formation is very
common in Finnish. The -derivational elements- that the language uses are also given in this
glossary using a system that ia similar to that in Jouko Vesikansa's book, Johdokset (Porvoo, WSOY,
1977). However, we have not strictly followed his division of derivations, since our emphasis is on
practical guidance to help students understand the structure and meaning of Finnish words.

G-i

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DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS

et. indieates that the dictionary form of the word follows.*

poja-n G (et. poika) boy's


kirja-ssa 1n in a/the book

< refers to the base word


aie-mma-n (ef. aiempi; <aika) earlier

indicates a derivational morpheme


ajat=us thought

indieates case endings, markers, possessive suffixes, or particles

talo-i-ssa in (the) houses


-i- is the plural marker
-ssa is the inessive case ending
sa-isi-mme-ko would we get
-isi- is the conditional marker
-mme- i8 the first person plural ending
-ko i8 the question partiele

auto-mme-kin also our car


-mme- i5 the first person plural possessive suffix
-kin is the particle for -also-

+ separates the components of a eompound word


aamu+kahvi morning coffee

*ln compound words, cf. refers to the second word of the compound.

G-ii

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s singular
tytt sN (singu1ar nominative) gir1

p plural
tyt-t pN (p1ura1 nominative) gir1s

1-14 a number right after the word refers to the unit in the book where it occurs for
the first time

1, 2, 3 refer to the first, second, or third person


saa-n s1 (first person singu1ar) 1 get

I,II,III,IV refer to the first, second, third, or fourth infinitive


juo-ma-ssa 111 In (third infinitive inessive) in drinking
juo-misen IV G (fourth infinitive genitive)

G+ refers to a postposition that fo11ows a main word in the genitive


(tyt-n) kanssa G+ with (the gir1)

+P refers to a preposition that precedes the main word in the partitive


ennen (joulua) +P before (Christmas)

G-iii

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ABBREVIATIONS IN THE GLOSSARY

interrog. interrogative
abbr. abbreviation intr. intransitive
abstr. abstract lit. literally
act. active voice mi!. military
adj. adjective neg. negative
adv. adverb p plural
arch. archaic pass. passive voice
ct. compare past past tense, past
colloq. colloquial pcp. participle
compar. comparative perso person
cond. conditional poet. poetical
conj. conjunction poss. sutf. possessive suttix
dial. dialect(al) postpos. postposition
dim. diminutive pot. potential mood
emph. emphatic prepos. preposition
fig. figurative pres. present
toll. by tolloweQ by pron. pronoun
hume humorous relat. relative pronoun
imperat. imperative s singular
indecl. indeclinable sl. slang
indet. indefinite superl. superlative
int. infinitive tr. transitive
vb. verb

Abbreviations ot case endings tor quick reference

A accusative Ad adessive
N nominative AbI ablative
N/A nominative/accusative AI allative
P partitive E essive
G genitive T translative
G/A genitive/accusative Instr. instructive
In inessive Abess. abessive
El elative Comit. comitative
Il illative

G-iv

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FORMAT

what is indicated

L Nominals:

nouns are segmented into stern, number, case ending, possessive suffix, and particle(s)

auto-i-sta-si pEl poss. suff. about your cars

case endings may also appear in adverbs, postpositions, and prepositions

alhaa-lla Ad adv. at the bottom, low

-i- as alinking vowel in loan words is indicated

Iran-i-ssa

adj. and relat. pron. have been indicated for the sake of clarity only

2. Verbs:

in the active voice, the inflected verbs are segmented by mood, tense, person,
participles and particle(s)

men-isi-mme cond. pl we would go


ajo-i-n past s3 1 drove
anne-tta-koon pass. imperat. may it be given

in the passive voice, the passive marker and the indefinite personaI ending are
segmented together, except in the conditional and the potential

pela-taan pass. pres. one plays/is played


pela-tta-isi-in pass. pres. cond. one would play/would be played
pela-tta-ne-en pass. pres. pot. one may play/may be played

G-v
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infinitive and participle forms are indicated

juo-ma-an III II to drink


teh-dy-i-ss past pass. pcp. pln in those made

transitive and intransitive (tr., intr.) have been indicated for the sake of clarity only

NO special indication is given when

- the verb is in the active form

tule-n sl 1 come

the tense is present (except for the passive and participles)

tul-isi-n cond. 81 1 would come

a noun is in the nominaHve (singular)

kirja book

nouns are 1n the singular

kirja-ssa In in a/the book

DERIVATIONS

in general, derivational morphemes have not been indicated unless it would be


helpful for the learner

usually derivational morphemea have not been indicated if the base word ia a
loan word, archaic, or unknown

etel south
aurinko sun
ikkuna window

G-vi

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the ending in in adverbs has been eategorized, for the sake of consisteney, as
plural instruetive rather than as a derivational morpheme

hyvin plnstr adv. well, very

COMPOUND WORDS

ef. usually refers only to the seeond word of the compound

avio+liito-n (ef. liitto) marriage

the endings and derivational morphemea are generally indicated only in the second
word

avio+liito-ssa sIn in the marriage

if the firstword ia in the genitive, it has been indicated, but only


the ease for the seeorid word has been mentioned

kaupungi-n+talo-ssa sIn in the City Hall

other ending have also been separated in the first word, especially
in numerals

kolme-lle+toista Al to thirteen

PARTICLES

-han/-hn
-ka/-k
-kaan/-kn have been indicated withthe symbol - even though
-ko/-k they are uninflected additions
-pa/-p
-s

POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES

have been indieated without referenee to the number of person


translations will indieate the eorreet person
G-vii
I
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G-vii i

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(A)

aalto 11 wave
aam=iainen 5 breakfast (early luneh)
aam=iais-ta 5 P (ef. aamiainen) breakfast
aamu 2 morning
aamu+kahvi-t 8 pN morning eoffee
aamu+lehti 2 morning paper
aamu-1la 2 Ad in the morning
aamu+takki 6 dressing gown, bathrobe
Aasia 12 Asia
aatto 13 eve
AB 8 abbr. for aktiebolaget (Swedish) Ine.
adressi-t 7 pN address, petition
Adventti+kirkko 13 Adventist eongregation
ahkera 1 industrious
ahta=utu=ma 11 ahdas) paek ice
ahven 7 perch
ahven-i-a 7 pP pereh
Ahvenan+maa-ta 14 P Ahvenanmaa, land
ai 2 ohI
aie-mma-n 13 G eompar. (ef. aiempi; <aika) earlier
aihe-i-sta pEl about topies/subjects/occasions
aihe=utta-a 8 I to cause
aihe=utu-neet 8 past aet. pep. (ef. aiheutua) be caused
aihe=utu-ne-i-sta 14 past aet. pep. pEl be eaused (things whieh are caused (by
(eL aiheutua)
aika 2 time
aika 3 adv. rather
aika-a 2 P time
aika-an 2 11 . (into) time
aika=ise-mm-i-n 2 eompar. plnstr. earlier
(ef. aikaisempi)
aika+kaus+lehti 2 magazine, periodical
aika-na 6 E (G+) postpos. during
aika+taulu 2 timetable
aika+taulu+neuvo=nta 9 timetable information

G-l
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aika+tied=ot=us 5 N telephone time serviee (lit., time notitieation)
aiko-a 4 1 to intend
aiko-i -na 13 pE (et. aika) times
aiko-jen 13 pG (et. aika) times
aiko-o 5 s3 (et. aikoa) intends
aik=uinen 10 adult
aik=uise-t 7 pN (et. aikuinen) adults
aik=uis-i-l1a 13 pAd (et. aikuinen) adults
aik=uis-i-l1e 2 pAl (et. aikuinen) tor the adults
aik=uis-ten 4 pG (et. aikuinen) adult
aina 4 always
aine 14 subjeet, essay
aine-i-ta 8 pP (et. aine) material, stuff
ainee-na 13 E (et. aine) subjeet, essay, material
ainoa-n 6 G adj. the only one
aio-mme 10 p1 (et. aikoa) we intend
aio-n 8 81 (et. aikoa) 1 intend
aio-t-ko 10 s2 (ef. aikoa) do you intend?
aio-tte 5 p2 (et. aikoa) you intend
aio-tte-ko 4 p2 (et. aikoa) do you intend
aio-tte-ks = aiotteko 4 eolloq. do you intend
aita+juoks=u 10 hurdles
ait=io 9 box (in theater)
ait=io-sta 9 El trom the box
aivan 7 adv. quite
aja' 6 imperat. 82 (eL ajaa) drive
aja-a 4 1 to drive
aja-isi-t 8 eond. 52 (et. ajaa) you would drive
aja-ksi 9 T (ef. aika) tor a time
aja-n 4 sl (ef. ajaa) 1 drive
aja-n+jakso 13 period, era
aja-n+jak50-a 13 P period, era
aja-n+kohta=inen 2 eurrent, timely
aja-n+tila=us 6 appointment
aja-nut 8 past ~et. pcp. (et. ajaa) driven
aja-t 13 pN (et. aika) times
ajat=el-la 4 1 to think

G-2

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ajat=el-lut 8 past aet. pep (ef. ajatella) thought
ajat=uks-i-lle 12 p Al (ef. ajatus) thoughts, ideas
ajat=us 9 idea, thought
aje-taan parta 6 pres. pass. (ef. ajaa) let's shave, we shave
aj=o 8 ajaa) driving
ajo-i 4 past s3 (ef. ajaa) drove
ajo-i-n 4 past sl (ef. ajaa) 1 drove
ajo-i-n 7 pInstr. (ef. aika) time, in time
ajo-i-ssa 10 pln (ef. aika) in time, early
ajo-i=ttain 11 (ef. aika) at times
ajo-i-vat 7 past. p3 (ef. ajaa) they drove
ajo+j 11 drifting ice
ajo+kaista 8 lane
ajo+kortti 8 driver's lieense
ajo+neuvo 8 vehicle
ajo+nope=us 8 speed of a vehiele while driving
ajo+suunta 8 direetion of driving
akateem=inen 14 aeademie
akku 7 car battery
aktiiv=inen 1 active
aku-ssa 7 In (ef. akku) in the battery
ala 1 field (of work), area (of speeialization)
ala' 10 neg. stem begin
ala+aste (perus+koulu-n) 14 primary school, the first 6 grades
ala+aula-ssa 2 In in the lobby
ala=ise-lle 4 Al (ef. alainen) to a subordinate
a1a=is-ia 13 pP (ef. alainen) subordinates
a1a-11a 1 Ad in the field of work
a1a=nko 12 lowland
ala+ove-n 9 G (ef. ovi) front door, door to the lobby
a1astom=uute-en 8 II (ef. alastomuus) to nakedness
ale 6 sale (i.e., price reduetion)
ale=mpi 11 eompar. lower
ale=nn=ukse-ssa 6 In (cf. alennus) on sale (at redueed price)
alennus+myy=nti 6 sale/price reduction
alennus+sarja+lippu 7 a pass for reduced fare
alhaa-lla 2 Ad (ef. ala) below, at the bottom
alhaa-lta 10 AbI low

G-3
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ali+oike=ude-t 14 pN lower courts
alko 6 abbr. for alkaen starting from
alka-a 2 1 to begin, start
alka-e-n 5 II Instr. (ef. alkaa) beginning, starting
alka-nut 4 past aet. pep. (ef. alkaa) began
alkoholi 3 aleohol
alkoholi-a 3 P aleohol
alkoholi+juom-i-en 5 pG (ef. juoma) alcoholic beverages
alkoholi-sta 5 El for aleoholj from/about aleohol
alkoholi=ton 3 nonaleoholic
alkoholi=too-ta 3 P nona! eoho Ii e
alku+pala-t 3 pN appetizer
alku+ruoka-a 5 P appetizer
alku+ruok-i-a 5 pP (ef. ruoka) appetizers
alla+ole-va-t 7 pres. aet. pep. pN (ef. olla) those below
alle 7 adv. postpos. under
alle+kirj=oitta-ma-an 9 111 II to sign
(ef. kirjoittaa)
alle+kirj=oit=us 8 signature
allerg=inen 3 allergie
almanakka 12 almanae
al=oitt-i 6 past s3 tr. (ef. aloittaa) began
al=uee-lta 9 AbI (ef. alue) from the area
al=u-ksi 11 T (ef. alku) to begin with
al=u-ssa 10 In (ef. alku) in the beginning
alus+vaattee-t 6 pN (ef. vaate) underwear
Amerika-ssa 1 10 (ef. Amerikka) in Ameriea
Amerikka 1 Ameriea
Amerikka-a 1 P
Amerikka-an 7 II to America
amerikka=lainen 4 American
amerikka=laise-t 6 pN (ef. amerikkalainen) Amerieans
amerikka=lais-ta 6 P adj. Ameriean
(ef. amerikkalainen)
ammatti+koulu 14 trade school, vocational school
ammatti+oppi+lait=os 6 trade school, vocational school
ammatti+tait=o-a 6 P craftsmanship, professional skill
ammatti+yhd=ist=ys 14 trade union

G-4

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ampuma+hiiht=o 10 bicathlon (rifle shooting from skis)
animaatio+elo+kuva 2 animated fiIm
anna 1 imperat. s2 (ef. antaa) give, let.
anne-ttu 9 past pass.pep. (ef. antaa) given
anne-ttu-jen 8 pG past pass. pep. (ef. antaa) given
anniskelu+oike=ude-t 5 pN (ef. oikeus)
(ef. antaa, annos) liquor lieense
anniskelu+oike=us 5 liquor lieense
anopi-sta 10 El (ef. anoppi) mother-in-law
anoppi 10 mother-in-law
anoppi-si 10 poss. suff. your mother-in-law
anta-a 2 1 to give
anta-kaa 7 imperat. p2 (ef. antaa) give
anta-ma 8 111 (ef. antaa) to give
antee-ks= antee-ksi 2 T eolloq. pardon, exeuse me
antee-ksi 2 T pardon, forgiveness
ant=el=ias 1 generous
anto-i 9 past 83 (ef. antaa) gave
ao 7 abbr. for asian+oma=ise-en II in question
(ef. asianomainen)
ape-lla-ni 10 Ad poss. suff. (ef. appi) my father-in-law (has)
apostol-i-en 13 pG (ef. apostoli) apostles
appelsiine-j-a 7 pP (ef. appelsiini) oranges
appelsiini 7 orange
appi 10 father-in-law
appi+vanhe-mpa-ni 10 eompar. poss. suff. my parents-in-law
(cf. vanhellBDat)
apteekki 10 pharmaey
apteekki-in 10 II to the pharmaey
apu 2 help
apu-a 2 P help
apu-ja hoito+lis 14 supplement for help and health eare
apu+kaapeli-t 7 pN jumper tables
Arabia-n 3 G Arabia (trademark)
ark. 10 abbr. for arkisin on weekdays
arki+piv=isin 7 adv. (on) weekdays
ark=isin 2 adv on weekdays
arki+pyh 13 church holiday

G-S
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arkki+piispa 13 archbishop .
arkkitehti 12 arehitect
arkkitehtuuri 12 architeeture
armah=d=uks-i-a 14 pP (ei. armahdus) pardon, amnesty
armeija 1 military iorees
armeija-ssa 1 ln in the military
arva=a-pa-5 10 imperat. 52 (ef. arvata) guessl
arv=ele-t 4 52 (ei. arvella) think
arv=i=oi-minen 12 IV (ei. arvioida) appraisal, evaluation
arvo+esine-i-st 5 pEI valuables
arv=oit=us 10 riddle
arvo+paperi 5 N stoek
arvo+sana 14 degree, grade
arvo-ssa 7 ln in value
arvo=st=el=u 9 criticism, review
arvo=st=el=u-t 9 pN reviews, eritique
ase-i-sta 6 pEI from arms
asema 12 position, station
asema+tunneli-n 13 G railway station tunnel
ase=ta 5 imperat. s2 (ei. asettaa) to place
asetta-a (paikoilleen) 10 1 to set
aset=us 14 ordinance
asia 2 errand, matter, aifair
asia-a 2 P matter, errands
asia=kas 6 client
asia=kkaa-n 6 G (ei. asiakas) client
asia=kkaa-ni 6 poss. suii. (ei. asiakas) my elient
asia=kka-i-den 6 pG (ef. asiakas) clients
asia=kka-i-sta-nne 6.pEI poss.suii. your elients
( ei. as i aka s )
asia-n+aja=ja 14 attorney
asia-n+oma=ise-Ile 6 AI adj. in question
(ei. asianomainen)
asia-sta 1 El 4 from the matter, subject
asio-i-ta 10 pP (ei. asia) matters
aste 2 grade, degree
astee-n 11 G (ef. aste) degree
aste=iko-n 12 G (cf. asteikko) (graduated) seale

G-6

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aste-tta 8 P degree
aste+vaiht=el=u 2 (consonant) gradation
asti 5 until
astia+kaappi 9 ehina cabinet
astia=sto-n 3 G/A set of dishes
astia-t 10 pN dishes
astu-u 13 s3(ef. astua) steps, enters
asu 6 outfit
asu-a 2 1 to reside
asuin+huone=isto-n 9 G apartment, aceommodation, livingquarters
asu=kkaa-t 9 pN (ef. asukas) residents, inhabitants
asumis+tuke-a 7 P (ef. tuki) housing allowanee
asumis+tuki 14 housing subsidy
asu=muks-i-ssa 6 pln (ef. asumus) dwelling
asu-n 1 sl (ef. asua) 1 live, reside
asu=nno-ksi 9 T (ef. asunto~ for lodging
asu=nto 1 place to live, dwelling, apartment
asu=nto-j-a 4 pP apartments
asunto+vaunu 9 eamper, trailer
asunto+vaunu-n 9 G, eamper
asu=ste-i-siin 6 pII (ta) accessories
asuta 1 pres. pass. neg. stem. (ef. asua) reside, live (negative)
asu-tte-ko 1 p2 (ef. asua) do you live, reside
asu-tte-k-s = asutteko 1 p2 eolloq. (ef. asua) do you live
ateisti 13 atheist
ateria 13 meal
Atlanti-n valta+meri 12 the Atlantic Oeean
auki 5 adv. open
aula 5 lobby
aula-ssa 5 ln in the lobby
auringo-n+pime=nn=ys 12 eclipse of the sun
aurinko 4 the sun
auto 4 car, automobile
auto-a 7 P car, automobile
auto+asema-lle 6 Al to the taxi station

G-7
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auto+huolto+asem-i-a 7 pP ear serviee station
auto=ile-va 13 pres. aet. pep. (ef. autoilla) driving
auto-i-sta 6 pEl
auto-j-a 6 pP ears
auto+juna 9 auto-train
auto+korja=a=mo-j-a 7 pP ear repair shops
auto+lautta 8 ear ferry
auto+liikk=e-i-t 7 pP (ef. liike) ear dealers
Auto+liitto r.y. 8 automobile club
auto-lla Ad 4 by ear
auto-lla-ko 4 Ad by ear?
auto-lle 6 Al to the ear
auto-nsa 4 poss. suff. her ear
auto+poruka-ssa 4 In (ef. porukka) in a earpool
auto+porukka 4 earpool
auto+:rata 6 ear traek (i.e.,primitive road)
auto-sta 4 El ear
auto+talli 9 garage
auto+turma 4 ear aeeident
auto+vak=uut=ukse-n 9 G (et. vakuutus) ear insuranee
avaa 8 imperat. s2 (eL avata) to open
ava=a-ma-an 3 111 II (cf. avata) to open
ava=in 5 key
avar=uus 12 spaee
avas-i 6 past s3 (ef. avata) opened
avat=a 2 1 to open
avat-kaa 2 imperat. p2 (et. avata) open
avat-tu 10 past pass. pep. (et. avata) opened
ava=utu-u 7 s3 intr. (ef. avautua) opens
avio+liito-n 10 G (ef. liitto) marriage
avio+liitto 10 marriage
avo=im-i-a 7 pP (ef. avoin) open
avo=in-na 5 E adv. open
avo+liito-ssa 10 In (ef. liitto) in an open marriage
avo+liitto 10 open marriage
avo=naise-ssa 7 In adj. (ef. avonainen) (in an) open
avo+takka 9 fireplaee (open)
avo+tav=u 2 open syllable

G-8

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avo+terveyde-n+hoit=o 14 hoitaa) publie health eare
avo+vesi 11 open water, free of ice
avustus+kasso-j-en 14 pG (ef. kassa) relief fund
(B)

baari 5 bar
Bahai-yhdys+kunta 14 Bahai cOUDllunity
banaane-j-a 7 pP (ef. banaani) bananas
banaani 7 banana
baptisti 13 baptist
Baptisti + yhdys+kunta 14 Baptist Church
basso 9 bass(o)
bensa+asema (ef. bensiini+) 7 gas station
bensa+asema-lla 7 Ad at the gas station
bensiini 7 gasoline
bussi 2 bus
bussi-a 10 P bus
bussi-in 10 11 onto the bus
bussi+lippu 7 bus tieket
bussi-lla 4 Ad by bus
bussi-ssa 7 In in the bus
bussi-sta 7 El from the bus
bysantti=lais-ta 12 P (ef. bysanttilainen) Byzantine
(C)

celsiukse-ksi 11 T (ef. Celsius) to eentigrade


eoetail+kutsu-t pN 3 cocktail party
(D)

demokraatti=nen 14 demoeratie
desi+litra 7 1/10 of a liter, approx. 1/2 cup
desi+litra-n 7 G deciliter
dieetti 10 diet
diplomaatti 1 diplomat
diplomaatti+kunta 1 diplomatic eorps

G-9

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disko 9 diseo
disko-on 9 II to a diseo
dollare-i-ta 5 pP (ef. dollari) dollars
dollari 5 dollar
(E)

ede-Ile-en 11 AI poss. suff. adv. further t sti11


ede=llise-n (edellinen) 13 E on the preeeding t previous
ede-Il 2 Ad. adv. ahead
ede=s 2 4 even
ede-ss 6 1n postpos. (+ G) in front of
ede-ss+pin 2 straight ahead
ede-st 6 El postpos. (+ G) in front
edes+vast=uu-n 7 G liability
edu=llinen 5 etu) profitable t benefieial
edu=llise=sti 6 eeonomieally
edu=llis-i-a 9 pP (ef. edullinen) reasonable t eeonomical
edus+kunna-n 13 G (ef. kunta) Parliament ("Diet")
edus+kunna-Ile 14 AI Parliament
edus+kunna-ssa 14 1n Parliament
edus+kunta 2 Parliament ("Diet")
edus+kunta +ryhm-i-en 14 pG Parliamentary groups
edus+kunta+talo 12 Parliament building
edus+kunta+vaali-t 14 pN parlimentary eleetions
edu=sta-a 14 1 to represent
edu=sta=j-i-sta 14 pEI (ef. edustaja) representatives
edu=st-i-vat 6 past p3 (ef. edustaa) represented
edustus+huone=isto-a 9 P "representative" apartment
ehdo-i-lla 9 pAd (ef. ehto) with the eonditions
ehdo=kkaa-sta 13 El (ef. ehto-ehdokas) eandidate
ehtoo=llinen 13 eommunion (religious)
ei 1 neg. verb 3 perso sg. and plo eolloq. no
ei. .. eik 14 neither nor
ei-hn 4 don't saY!t oh nol
eiks = eik 4 eolloq. isn ' t7
ei kuka-an 5 nobody

G-IO

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ei-k 2 and not
ei-k 1 isn't?
eilen 1 adv. yesterday
eil=inen 2 adj. yesterday
eil=ise-st 5 El adj. (ef. eilinen) from yesterday
ei-vt-k 5 p3 neg. verb emph. suff. and not
eka = ensimminen 1 eolloq. first
elo=isa 1 vibrant
eksoott=is-i-lta 4 pAbl (ef. eksoottinen) exotie
elatus+avu-n 14 G (ef. apu) help toward support, ehild support
eli 7 or, in other words
elin+kaut=inen 14 adj. life sentenee
elin+tarvi=kkee-t 6 pN (ef. tarvike) foodstuff, neeessities
elin+tarvike+osa=sto-a 7 P food department
elo+kuva 4 movie
elo+kuva-t 4 pN movies
elo+kuva+teatteri 2 movie theater
elo+kuv-i-in 9 pII (ef. kuva) (to) the movies
e1o+kuv-i-ssa 4 pln (ef. kuva) at the movies
elo+kuu 1 August
elo-n+korjuu+juhla 13 harvest feast
e1o-ssa 10 adv. alive
elim-i-st 9 pEl (ef. elin) about animals
elin+kunta-aan 2 11 to the animal kingdom
elin+lkri 10 veterinarian
elin+tarha-an 9 II (to the) zoo
el=ke 10 pension
el=ke=linen 9 pensioner, retired person
elkel. 7 abbr. for elkeliset the retired people
el=ke=lis-i-lle 7 pAl (ef. elkelinen) (to/for) retirees, pensioners
elke1is+tunni-t 10 pN (ef. tunti) lessons for senior citizens
el=kkee-ll 10 Ad (ef. elke) on pension
el-v-ksi+teke-v-n 13 pres. aet. pep. G life giving
(cf. tehd)
el-vt 10 p3 (ef. el) live
e-mme 1 pl neg. verb we don't
e-mme-k 4 pl don't we?

G-ll
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emm = en min 4 neg. eolloq. 1 don't (didn't)
em=nt 3 hostess
e-n 1 sl neg. verb 1 don't
ene-mm=ist 14 majority
ene-mp- 12 P eompar. (ef. enemmn) more
englanni-ksi 2 T (ef. englanti) in English
englanni-n 2 G (et. englanti) English
englanni-n+kiel=is-i- 1 pP (et. kielinen) English-speaking people
englanni-sta 4 El (ef. englanti) (from/about) English (England)
Englanti 1 England
englanti-a 4 P English
englanti=lainen 1 adj. English
en-imm-kse-en 11 superl. T poss. suff. mostly, for the most part
(ef. enin)
enintn 7 adv. maximum, at the most
enna=kko 14 an advanee
ennakko+luulo=ttoma=sti 12 without prejudice
ennen 5 preposit.(+P) before
ennen+kuin '3 eonj. betore
ennuste-ttiin 11 past pass. (et. ennustaa) foretold, foreeasted
ennusta-a 11'1 to prediet
eno 10 maternal unele
ensi 4 next
ensi+apu+asema 8 first-aid station
ensi-ksi 4 T at first
ens=imminen 1 the first
ens=immise-ll 7 Ad (ef. ensimminen) first [Adess.]
ens=immise-It 9 AbI (ef. ensimminen) (from the) first
ens=immise-n 7 G (ef. ensimminen) first
ens=immise-n 14 E (ef. ensimminen) as the first
ens=immise-ss 9 In (ef. ensimminen) (in the) first
ens=immise-t 6 pN adj (ef. ensimminen) first
ens=immis-t 7 P (ef. ensimminen) first
ensin 3 adv. first
ensi+sija=ise=sti 10 primarily
ent. 13 abbr. tor entinen former
ent l' what about
ent-s 1 emph. what

G-12

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en 1 no more
ep+itse=ks 1 unselfish
ep+kunno-ssa 7 1n (cf. kunto) out of working order, in disorder
ep+tasa=inen 6 uneven
eri=koinen 1 special
eri=koise-Ita 3 AbI (ef. erikoinen) different, strange
eri=koise=sti 5 especially, in particular
erikois+herkku 5 special delicacy
erikois+merke-i-st 7 pEI (ef. merkki) (from/for) special stamp
erikois+merkke-j- 7 pP (eL merkki) special stamps
erikois+pika+juna 9 special express train
erikois+ruoka 5 special dish
eri=kois-ta l P (ef. erikoinen) special
erikois+tarjo=ukse-t 6 pN (ef. tarjous) special offer
eri-kse-en 7 adv. separately
eri+laaj=uis-ta 14 P (ef. laajuinen) different size
eri=lais-ten. 14 pG various kinds
erin+oma=inen 3 exeellent
erin+oma=ise-Ita 3 AbI (ef. erinomainen) exeel1ent
erin+oma=is-ta 5 P (ef. erinomainen) exeellent
eri=t=el-Iy-n 5 past act. pcp G itemized
eri=tt=ele-e 12 s3 (cf. eritell) analyzes
eri=ttin 10 adv. exeeedingly, especially
eri=tyise=sti 6 especial1y
erityis+lapsi+lis 14 special ehild supplement
erityis+ruok-i-a 13 pP (ef. ruoka) special (food) dishes
eri+vapa=uks-i-a 14 pP (ef. vapaus) exemption, immunity
ero 8 differenee, divoree
eron-ne-i-ta 10 past aet. pep. pP (ef. erota) divorced
erot=a 10 1 intr. divoree
Ero=tta=ja-Ile 7 AI (ta) Erottaja (place name)
ero=te-ttu tr. 13 past pass. pep. separated
(eL erottaa)
er 6 eonsignment
ers 6 a eertain
esi+is 10 ancestor
esi+kaupunki 9 suburb
esi=koinen 10 firstborn
esi+koulu 14 presehool
G-13
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
esi-ll 6 Ad adv. to present
esim. abbr. for esi+merki-ksi 4 T for example
esi=ne 10 objeet
esi=t=el-l 1 1 to introduee
esi=t=el-ln 2 pres. pass. (ef. esitell) is introdueed
esi=te-tn 9 pres. pass. (ef. esitt) is pertormed
esi=tt=ee-seen 14 II (ef. esite) leaflet, publieation
esi=tt=e-i-t 10 pP (ef. esite) leaflets
esittely+lehti=se-t 7 pN (ef. lehtinen) broehure
esi=tt- 9 1 . to present
esi=t=ykse-st 9 El (ef. esitys) performanee
esi=t=ykse-t 14 pN proposals
esi+valinta+puh=el=u-t 5 pN long distanee eall
esi+vanhe-mpa-si 10 eompar. poss. suff. your aneestors
(cf. vanhenmat)
espanja 4 Spanish (language)
este+juoks=u 10 obstaele raee
ete-en 6 II (G)+postpos. in front
eteen+pin 2 (to) ahead
ete=inen 9 hall, toyer
eteis+aula 2 lobby
etel 11 south
etel=inen j+meri 12 Antaretie Oeean
etel-mp-n 12 E eompar. further south
etel+napa . 12 the South Pole
etel+osa-t 6 pN southern ,parts
Etel+satama-an 7 II Southern Harbor
et-hn 3 (you) don't (emphatie)
etikka+silako-i-ta 5 pP (et. silakka) marinated herring
et-k 2 s2 don't you?
etsi-mme 4 past p1 (ef. etsi) we look(ed) for
etsi-m-ss 4 111 ln (et. etsi) looking for
etsi-ru-n 4 111 II (ef. etsi) to look tor
etsi-tn 4 pres. pass. (ef. etsi) is being looked for/we are looking for
etsi- 4 1 to look tor, to seareh
ets=etk sin 4 neg.eolloq. don't you?
ett 3 eonj. that
etu+ajo+oike=us 8 right of way

G-14

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etu+ajo+oike=u=te-ttu 8 past pass. pcp. right of way
(cf. oikeuttaa)
Etu-Tl 7 Etu-Tl (section of Helsinki)
et-It 12 AbI. adv. from the distance
Euroopa-n 7 G (cf. Eurooppa) Europe's
Eurooppa 12 Europe
Eurooppa-an 7 Il to Europe
evankelis+luteri=lainen 13 Evangelic-Lutheran
eversti 1 colonel
eversti-n 3 G colonel's

(F)

farku-t 6 pN (cf. farkku) jeans


fil.kand. abbr. for
filosofian kandidaatti 14 Master of Arts
filmi-n 4 G/A film
firma 7 colloq. firm
firma-an 5 11 firm, company
fna=a-ma-lla 6 111 Ad (cf. fnata) by blow drying

(G)

generaattori 7 generator
generaattori-ssa 7 In in the generator
gini 3 gin
gini- 3 P gin
grafHkka-a 9 P graphics
g:lta 7 abbr. for gramma-lta per gram
graavi+lohi 5 salted salmon
gramma 7 gram
greippi 7 grapefruit

(H)

haalari-t 6 pN bib overalls


haara+tehtaa-na 6 E (cf. tehdas) as a branch factory
Haarikka+kellari-ssa 9 1n Haarikka "Kellari" (rathskel1er)

G-15
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haarukka 3 tork
haasta-a oike=ute-en 14 1 11 to sue a person tor something
haaste-taan 14 pres.pass. (et. haastaa) is sued
haaste-ttiin 14 past pass.(et. haastaa) was sued, summoned
haava-t 10 pN wounds
hais-i 9 past s3 (et. haista) intr. smel1ed
haj=ot=utta-a 14 1 to have dispersed, dissolved
haju-a 9 P smel1
Haka+nieme-n 7 G (et. niemi) proper name
hake-a 9 1 to teteh
hake-ma-an 9 111 II (hakea) to feteh
halk=aisi=ja-sta 12 El diameter
halla 11 killing trost in summer
halle-i-hin 10 pII (et. halli) to the halls
hal1into+el=ime-t 14 pN (cf. elin) administrative organ
hallit=ukse-n 14 G (et. hallitus) government, eabinet
hallit=us 14 government, eabinet
hallitus+jrje=st=el=m 14 system ot government
hallitus+neuvo=s 13 honorary title tor an administrator
haloo 5 hello (on the phone)
halpa 6 cheap
halua 4 neg.stem (et. haluta) does not want
halua-a 2 53 (et. haluta) wants
halua-isi-n 3 condit. 81 (et. haluta) 1 would like
halua-isi-tte 3 cond. p2 (et. haluta) you would like
halua-isi-tte-ko 3 cond. p2 (et. haluta) would you like, want
halua-tte-ko 3 p2 (et. haluta) do you like, want
halu=kas 9 willing
halut=a 2 1 to want
halu-taan 9 pres. pass. one want5
halva-lla 5 Ad (et. halpa) eheaply
halva=us 10 stroke, paralysis
halve=mma-ksi 8 eompar.T (et. palvempi) cheaper
hame 6 skirt
hame-tta 6 P skirt
hammas 10 tooth
hammas+lkri 10 dentist
hammas+lkri-ss 10 In at the'dentist
hammas+srk=y 10 srke) toothaehe
G-16

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hammas-ta 10 P tooth
hammas-ta-ni 10 P poss. suff. my tooth
hamsteri 7 harnster, hoarder
hanki 1 erust of snow
hankki-ma-an 10 111 II (ef. hankkia) to get, aequire
hankki-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. hankkia) gotten, aequired
hansikas 6 love
hapan+limppu 7 sour (dough) bread
harja 8 brush
harj=oitt=eli=ja-t 10 pN trainees
harj=oitt=el=u 10 training
harj=oitt=el=u-n 10 G training
harj=oit=us 2 drill, exereise
harju 12 ridge
harkit-e-n 14 II Instr. (ef. harkita) earefully, with forethought
harmaa 4 gray
harrnah=ta-va 6 pres. aet. pep. harmahtaa) grayish
harras 13 warm, devoted, fervent
harras=ta-a 10 to pursue, have as a hobby
harras=ta-vat 10 p3 (ef. harrastaa) be interested, have as a hobby
harras=t=uks-i-i-ni 7 pII poss. suff. to my hobbies
(ef. harrastus)
harva 6 few, thinly spaeed
harve-mm-i-n 7 eornpar. pInstr. adv. (more) seldom
harvo=in 2 adv. harva) seldom
hattu 6 hat
hattu-a-nne 5 P poss. suff. your hat
haudo-i-l1e 13 pAlo (ef. hauta) (to the) grave
haudo-taan 8 pres. pass. (ef. hautoa) is softened (bathed) in hot water
hauke-a 7 P (ef. hauki) pike
hauki 7 pike
hauk=otta-a 4 1 tr. to feel like yawning
hauk=otta-a-ko 4 tr. do you feel like yawning7
hauk=ot=ut-a 4 1 tr. neg. stern to feel like yawning
(ef. haukotuttaa)
hauska 3 fun, niee
hauska-a 1 P niee, fun
hauska-sta 3 El niee

G-17

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hauta=ja-is-i-in 14 pII (ef. hautajaiset) to the funeral
hautaus+maa-t 13 pN eemetaries, graveyard(s)
havait=a 12 to notiee
he 1 they
hedelm-i- 5 pP (ef. hedelm) fruit
hedelm 7 fruit
hei 2 hi
Heiki-n 2 G (ef. Heikki) Heikki's (proper name)
heikko 2 weak
heikko-a 11 P weak
heimo 10 tribe
hein+kuu 1 July
he-i-l1e 1 pAl to them
heite-tn 4 pres. pass. (ef. heitt) one throws, let's throw
heitt- 4 I to throw
hella 9 range, stove
helle 11 hot weather
helle-tt 11 P . hot (weather)
helli=tt- 11 1 to ease off
helluntai 13 Whitsunday
helluntai+seura+kunta Pentaeostal Church
hell 10 tender
helmi+kuu 1 February
helppo 4 easy
helsinki=lis-i-lle 10 pAd for Helsinki dwellers
(ef. helsinkilinen)
Helsingi-n 2 G (ef. Helsinki) Helsinki's
Helsingi-ss 2 In (ef. Helsinki) in Helsinki
Helsinki-in 1 II into Helsinki
henge-n 5 G (ef. henki) person, ghost, spirit
henke- 13 P (ef. henki) person, (life)
henki 5 spirit, person (life)
henki=l 4 person
henki=l-lle 5 Al for person
henki+torve-ssa 10 In (ef. torvi) in the windpipe/traehea
heprea-ksi 2 T in Hebrew
herkku-j~a 5 pP delieacies
he rkku+myy=m=l 6 delicatessen
herkk 1 sensitive
G-18

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herku=llinen 3 delicious
herku=llise-lta 3 AbI (ef. herkullinen) delicious
herku=llis-ta 3 P (ef. herkullinen) delicious
hermo+taudi-t 10 pN (ef. tauti) nervous diseases
herne 7 pea
herra 1 Mr.
herra-han the gentleman
herra-lIe 4 Al to the gentleman
herras+mies 5 gentleman
hern-nyt 6 past aet. pep. (ef. hert) woken
hertys+kello-n. 6 G alarm cloek
hert= 11 1 intr. to wake up
Hesa-n=Helsingin 2 G eolloq. of Helsinki
heti 6 at onee
hetke-ll 10 Ad (ef. hetki) at the moment
hetki 5 moment
hetki=nen 5 moment
hidas 4 slow
hidas-ta 7 P slow
hiek=oitta-a 11 1 hiekka) to sand
hiek=oite-ttu 11 past pass. pep. sanded
(ef. hiekottaa)
hieman 6 adv. a bit
hieno 2 fine
hieno-j-a 6 pP fine
hieno=sti-han 4 adv. emph. fine, well
hiero=nta 5 massage
hiero=nta-a 6 P massage
hiha 6 sleeve
hiiht=o 10 skiing
hiiht=o-a 10 P skiing
hiihto+keli-t 11 pN ski eondition
hiihto+keli+tied=ot=us 11 N foreeast of skiing eonditions
hiihto+keng-t 6 pN (ef. kenk) ski boots
hiihto+koulu 9 ski school
hiihto+koulu-un 9 II to ski school
hiihto+maja 9 ski lodge, eabin, hut
hiihto+maja-n 9 G ski lodge, eabin, hut

G-19
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hiihto+maja-t 9 pN ski lodge, eabin, hut
hiihto+matka 9 ski trip
hiihto+matka-n 9 G ski trip
hiihto+puku 6 ski outfit
hiiht -mise-en 10 IV II (ef. hiiht) for skiing
hiiht-mise-n 10 IV G (ef. hiiht) skiing
hiiht-mis-t 10 IV P (ef. hiiht) skiing
hiiht- 10 1 to ski
hiippa+kunta 3 dioeese
hiko=il-laan 8 pres. pass. (ef. hikoilla) one sweats
hilja-a 2 P quiet(1y)
hilja=inen viikko 13 Holy Week
hilja=is-ta 13 P (ef. hiljainen) quiet
hilja=is=uus 2 silenee
hilli-tty 1 past pass. pep. (ef. hillit) self-eontrol1ed
himo+leip=o=ja 7 a person who is erazy about baking
hinaus+auto 7 tow-truek
hinaus+auto-j-a 7 pP tow trueks
hinaus+auto-n 7 G tow truek
hinta 4 price
hinta-an 5 11 price
hio=sta-va 11 pres. aet. pep. (ef. hiostaa) muggy
hirmu+myrsky 11 hurrieane
hissi 2 elevator
hissi- 2 P elevator
historia=llinen 12 historieal
hitaa-mm-i-n 2 eompar. plnstr. adv. hidas) more slowly
hitaa-sta 6 El (ef. hidas) slow
hiukan 10 adv. a little
hiukse-ni 6 poss. suff. (ef. hius) my hair
hiukse-t 6 pN (ef. hius) (head of) hair
hius 6 (head of) hair
hius+harja 6 hair brush
hius+harjo-j-a 6 pP (ef. harja) hair brushes
hius+lis-i- 6 pP (ef. lis) toupees
hius+vesi 6 hair tonic
hius+ve-tt 6 P (ef. vesi) hair tonie
hius+void=e 6 hair eream

G-20

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hius+void=e-tta 6 P hair eream
HKL:n 7 G Helsingi-n kaupungi-n Helsinki City Traffie Department
liikenne+laitokse-n (ef. laitos)
hoida-tte-ko 9 p2 (ef. hoitaa) do you take eare of ... 7
hoita-a 5 1 to take eare of
hoito+aine 6 eonditioner
hoito+aine-tta 6 P eonditioner
hoito+tue-t 14 pN (ef. tuki) nursing subsidy
holho=o=ja 14 holhota) guardian (legal)
horisontti 13 horizon
horoskooppi-in 1 II in(to) horoseope
horoskooppi+merki-lt-n 4 by horoseope sign
AbI poss. suff.
hotelli 1 hotel
hotelli-ssa 1. In in ahotel
housu-n+kaul=us 6 trouser waist
housu-t 6 pN pants, trousers
hovi+oike=us 14 appellate eourt
huhl 8 exelamation whewl
huhti+kuu 1 April
huhti+kuu-ssa 9 In in April
huivi 6 searf
hukku-minen 10 IV (ef. hukkua) drowning
hullu 8 a erazy person
hullu-mpi 9 eompar. (ei hullumpi) (it's) not too bad
hum. kand 14 abbr. for Baehelor of Arts
humanististen tieteiden kandidaatti
humppa+jumppa 10 exereising to danee musie
humpuuki-a 1 P humbug
huole=llinen 1 eareful
huole-n 9 G (ef. huoli) eare
huole=ton 1 . carefree
huoli 6 neg. stem (ef. huolia) to eare (to have)
huol-ta 9P pit huolta to take eare
huol=ta=ja 14 guardian, earetaker
huol=ta=ja-n 14 G guardian, earetaker
huol=ta=mo 7 serviee station
huolto+asem-i-a 7 pP serviee stations

G-21

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huolto+lait=oks-i-a 14 pP (et. laitos) welfare institutions
huomaa 4 imperat. s2 (et. huomata) ootiee
huomen-na 1 E tomorrow
huomen-ta 1 P moroiog
huom=io 8 attention. observatioo
huom=ise-sta 5 El adj. (et. huomineo) from tomorrow
huomis+illa-sta 5 El (et. ilta) about tomorrow evening
huone 2 room
huooee-o 5 G (et. huone) room
huooee-ssa 5 10 (et. huooe) in the room
huone-i-ssa 5 pln (et. huone) in the rooms
huone-i-ssa-mme 5 plo poss. sutf. (eL huooe) in our rooms
huone=isto 1 apartmeot
huooe=isto-a 4 P a flat
huone=isto-n 4 G/A an apartmeot
huooe+kalu+osa=sto 6 furoiture department
huooe+kalu-t 6 pN furniture
huone+palv=el=u 5 room serviee
huone+trjoilu+lis+maksu 5 extra eharge tor room serviee
huono-sta. 6 El poor, bad
hurise-e 1 s3 eolloq. (et. hurista) goes
huuhdo-taao 8 pres. pass. (et. huuhtoa) ooe rinses
huuht=el=u 6 rinse
huuhto-a 10 1 to riose
huuhto-kaa 10 imperat. p2 (ef. huuhtoa) rinse
huve-j-a 9 pP (huvi) amusements
huvi-kse-en 10 T poss. sutt. for (his) fuo
huvi-t 9 pN amusemeots
huvi=t=el-la 9 1 to amuse (oneself)
hygienia-o 8 G hygieoe
hylly=kk 9 wall system (shelves)
hymy=ile-v 6 pres. aet. pep. (et. hymyill) smiliog
hyv-i-o 1 plnstr. adv. (et. hyv) well
hyv-i-n-kin 11 plnstr. adv. (even) very
hyv-i-ss 7 pln hyviss ajoin (et. hyv) in plenty ot time
hyv-i-st 6 pEl (et. hyv) good
hyv-i- 6 pP (et. hyv) good
hyv 1 good

G-22

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hyv-ll 6 Ad good
hyv-it 1 Abi good
hyv=nen 6 dim. (h.aika) goodness graeiousl, dear mel
hyv-n+laatu=inen 6 adj. good quali ty
hyv-n+nk=inen 6 goodlooking
hyv-ns 8 poss. suff. (mit h.) whatsoever
hyv-n+teke-v=is=yyte-en 8 II to eharity
hyv-n+tuul=inen 1 good tempered
hyv=sti l good-bye
hyv-st 4 El good
hyv-t 8 pN good
hyv- 1 P good
hyv--hn 1 P emph. good
hly=tt=ime-n 8 G (ef. hlytin) alarm
hly=t=ys 8 alarm
hlytys+merki-n 8 G (cf. merkki) alarm signal
hir=itse 5 neg. stern (ef. hirit) disburb
hir=itse-n 4 sl (cf. hirit) 1 disturb
hir=itse-n-k 5 sl (ef. hirit) am 1 disturbing
hirit= 4 1 to disturb
hivy-tn 4 pres. pass. (ef. hipy) one disappears, 'let's disappear'
hlytys+numero 10 emergeney number
Hmee-n+tie-lle 7 A1 to Hmeentie
hmr- 13 P twilight, obseure, dusky
hn 1 he, she
hn-hn 14 emph. he/she even
hne-en 1 II (ef. hn) hirn, her
hne-lle 1 2 A1 (ef. hn) to her/him
hne-ll 4 Ad (ef. hn) she/he has
hne-lt 2 AbI. (ef. hn) from him/her
hne-n 4 G (ef. hn) his, her
hne-st 4 El (ef. hn) in his/her opinion
hne-t 1 sA (ef. hn) hirn, her
hn-t 4 P hirn, her
hrk 1 Taurus, bull
ht+puh=el=u-j-a 8 pP ernergeney eall
hvit=ys 13 distruetion
h-t 10 pN wedding

G-23
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hlkk 10 jogging
hlkk- 10 P jogging
hlkk=-minen 10 IV (ef. hlkt) jogging
hlkk=-mis-t 10 IV P (ef. hlkt) jogging
hlkk=-m-n 10 111 IL (ef. hlkt) to jog
hlkt= 10 1 to jog
hyry 8 steam

(1)

idealist=inen 1 idealistie
ide-mp-n 12 eompar. E (ef. it) farther east
ihan 8 adv. quite
ikkuna 2 window
ik=uis=uute-en 2 II to eternity
ik=inen 14 adj. age
ik=is-i-n 14 pE (G+) (ef. ikinen) at the age af
ik+raja 9 age limit
ik=v-i-en 7 pG (ef. ikv) boring t unpleasant
ik=v-i- 4 pP (ef. ikv) boring t unpleasant
ik=v 4 boring t unpleasant
ik=v- 1 P boring t unpleasant
illa-lla 2 Ad (ef. ilta) in the evening
illa=llinen 5 supper
illa-sta 3 El (ef. ilta) evening
ilma 4 weather
ilma=is-taan 5 pres. pass. is expressed
ilma+kirj=e 7 aerogramme
ilma+kirj=ee-t 7 pN aerogrammes
ilman 7 prepos(+P) without
ilma-n+pain=e 7 air pressure
ilma-n+suunna-ssa 11 In (et. suunta) (in) the direetion of
ilma-n+suunta 11 direetion
ilma+pallo-i-ne-en 13 p with their balloons
Comit. poss. sutt.
ilma===sto 11 elimate
ilma=st=oi=nti 11 air eonditioning
iJma+tietee-n+lait=os 11 weather bureau

G-24

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ilma+virta=us 11 air flow
ilma+voima-t 1 pN air foree
ilma+voim-i-ssa 1 pIn (ef. voima) in the air foree
ilma=ukse-nsa 6 poss. suff. (ef. ilmaus) his/hers/its expression
ilmest=ys 13 (Marian) Annunciation, revelation, V1S10n
ilmest=y-v-t 7 pres. aet. pep. pN published, issued (lit., appearing)
(el. ilmesty)
ilm=i-t 12 P phenomenon
ilm=oit-a 5 imperat. s2 (ef. ilmoittaa) to announce, inform
ilm=oite-taan 13 pres. pass. (ef. ilmoittaa) is announced
ilm=oitta=utu-minen 10 IV (ef. ilmoittautua) registration, enrolling
ilm=oitta=utu-mise-t 10 IV pN registering, enrolling
(ef. ilmoittautua)
ilm=oit=ukse-e-si 9 Ilposs. suff. to your ad
(ef. ilmoitus)
ilm=oit=ukse-n 9 G (ef. ilmoitus) announcement, ad
ilm=oit=us 9 ad, announeement
ilm=oit=us-ta 5 P (ef. ilmoitus) announcement
ilo 13 joy
ilo-a 9 P joy
ilta-a 1 P evening
ilta-an 11 Il (until) evening
ilta=isin 9 adv. in the evenings
ilta+ny=t=kse-en 9 II (ef. nyts) for the evening performance
ilta-na 4 E night
ilta+ny=t=s 9 evening performance
ilta+lehti 2 evening paper
ilta+pala 9 light supper
ilta+pala+kortti 9 ticket for a light supper
ilta+puku 6 evening dress
ilta+satu 2 bedtime story
impressionisti+mestare-i-den 9 pG impressionist masters
(ef. mestari)
into+himo=inen 1 passionate
inval. 7 abbr. for invalidi-t disabled persons
invalide-i-lle 7 pAl (ef. invalidi) for the disabled persons
Iran-i-ssa 4 In (ef. Iran) in Iran
isi 7 child language for is daddy

G-25
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is-i-en 14 pG (et. is) fathers I
Islam+seura+kunta 14 Islamie eongregation
iso 10 big, grand
iso+is' 10 grandfather
iso-mm-i-lle 6 eompar. pAl (et. isompi) for bigger
iso+rokko+roko=t=us 13 smallpox vaeeination
iso+vanhe-mma-t 10 eompar. pN (ef. vanhempi) grandparents
iso+iti 10 grandmother
istu-a 6 to fit, to sit
istu-kaa 1 imper. p2 (ef. istua) sit (down)
istu-ma-an 1 111 II (ef. istua) tosit
istuma+jrje=st=ys 14 jrki) seating order
istu=nto 14 session
istu-taan 8 pres. pass. (ef. istua) one sits
isyys+loma 14 paternity leave
isnn-n+huone 9 study
is=nt 3 host
is+puoli 10 stepfather
italia 4 Italian
itikka 11 mosquito
itiko-i-ta 11 pP (et. itikka) mosquitos
itke=tt-i (tr) 9 past s3 (ef. itkett) he teIt like erying
itke-v 6 pres. aet. pepe (et. itke) erying
itse 2 selt
itse-kin 2 also (your) self
itse=ninen 1 independent
itse-lle-si 4 Al poss. suff. to you yourself
itsenisyys+piv 13 Independenee Day
itse+palv=el=u 7 self-serviee
itse+p=inen 4 stubborn
it=inen 6 adj. eastern
it=is-t 12 P (et. itinen) eastern
it+ma=inen 12 maa) Oriental
It+meri 11 Baltie Sea
It+vyl 8 Eastern Freeway (lit., ehannel)

G-26

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(J)

ja 1 eonj. and
jae-taan 7 pres. pass. (ef. jakaa) divided, shared, apportioned
jae-ttu 7 past pass. pep. (ef. jakaa) divided, shared, apportioned
jaffa-a 3 P orange (soda) (brand name)
jaka-a 10 s3 divides
jaka=u=ma 14 distribution
jaka=us 6 parting (hair)
jak=el=u-n 7 G delivery
jak=elu+osoite 7 delivery address (= street address)
jakkara 9 footstool
jaksa-a 1 s3 get along (feel)
jala-lle 10 Al (ei. jalka) to the foot, leg
jala-n 4 instr. (ef. jalka) on foot
jala-n+sija-a 12 P (ef. jalka) foothold
jalka 4 foot
jalka-a-ni 10 P poss. suff. my foot, leg
jalka+hofto-a 6 P foot care
jalka+lamppu 9 floor lamp
jalka+pall 10 soceer, footbali
jalka+pallo+koulu 10 soecer lessons
jano 3 thirst
jano-n 13 G thirst
jarru 7 brake
jarru-i-ssa 7 pln in the brakes
jarru-t 7 pN brakes
jatk=u-a 11 intr. 1 to eontinue
jatk=u-u 11 s3 (ef. jatkua) eontinues
jauh=o-t 7 pN flour
Jeesukse-n 13 G (ef. Jeesus) Jesus
Jehova-n 13 G Jehovah
jne 1 abbr. for ja niin edelleen and so forth
jo 3 already
Johannes Kasta-ja 13 John the Baptist
jo-hon-kin 9 II indef. pron. (ef. joka) (in)to some
johta=ja 1 direetor
joht=o 9 leadership, eord

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joht=u-i 9 past 83 intr. (ef. johtua) resulted (from something)
joht=u-u (jstk) 14 83 (et. johtua) is due to, is eaused by
jo-i-den 6 pG relat. pron. (ef. joka) whose
jo-i-hin 7 pII relat. pron. (ef. joka) to whieh, to that
jo-i-n 4 past 81 (et. juoda) 1 drank
jo-i8i 3 eond. s3 (et. juoda) would drink
jo-isi-tte 3 eond. p2 (ef. juoda) you would drink
jo-isi-tte-ko 3 eond. p2 (ef. juoda) would you drink?
jo-isi-tte-ks 3 p2 eolloq. (ef. juoda) would you drink?
jo-isi-vat 3 eond. p3 (ef. juoda) they would drink
jo-i-ssa 6 pln relat. pron. (ef. joka) in whieh
jo-i-ta 5 pP relat. pron. (ef. joka) that which
jo-ka 4 relat. pron. that , whiehj every
joka=ise-Ita 7 AbI. (ef. jokainen) every
joki 1 river
jokin 5 something
jo-ko 5 either, already (in a question)
joku 4 pron. some, someone
jo-lIe 5 AI relat. pron. (ef. joka) whorn, whieh
jo=lloin 12 eonj. at whieh time, when
jo-mma-lle+ku-mma-lle 6 AI (ef. jompikumpi) to either one
jo-mpi+ku-rnpi 6 either one
jonkin 8 Gindet. pron. something
jonkin=lainen J sorne kind ot
jonkin=lais-ta J P (ef. jonkinlainen) some kind ot
jonkun=lais-ta=jonkinlaista 3 P eolloq. sorne kind ot
(et. lainen)
jono 4 line, queue
joo=kyll 1 eOlloq. yes
jooga 10 yoga
jo-pa 6 adv. even
jos 2 eonj. 'if
joskus 2 sometimes
jos-pa 11 if only
jo-ssa 2 ln relat. pron. (ef. joka) where, in which
jo~sta 1 El. relat. pron. (ef. joka) about that
jo-ta 4 P relat. pron. (et. joka) that
jo-ta-in 4 P (ef. joka) something

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jo-ta-kin 4 P (ef. joka) of something
joten 2 conj. so that
joten-kin 12 somewhat
jotka 7 pN relat. pron. (ef. joka) that, whieh
jotku-t 13 pN indef. pron. (ef. joka) some(one)
jotta 9 eonj. so that, in order that
joud=u-n-ko 10 sl (ef. joutua) must 1 go?
joud=u-taan 8 pres. pass. (ef. joutua) to fall into, be eaught in
joud=u=tta-a 7 l to speed up
joulu+ilo-a 13 P Christmas joy
joulu+kuu 1 Deeember
joulu+kuusi 13 (ef. kuusi=spruee) Christmas tree
joulu-n 6 G Christmas
joulu-na 4 E at Christmas
j OUlll+pukki 13 Santa Claus
joulu+torttu-j-a 13 pP Christmas tarts
jousi+mies 1 Sagittarius, Areher
jousta-va 2 pres. aet. pep. (ef. joustaa) flexible
jousta=v=uude-n 9 G (ef. joustavuus) elastieity
jouta-a 10 1 ean be spared
jout=u-a 10 intr. 1 must (go) (lit., to fall into the necessity of)
jout=u-a kiinni 14 l to be eaught
jout=u-i 14 past 83 (ef. joutua) had to, must
juhannukse-na 4 E (ef. juhannus) at Midsummer
juhannus 13 Midsummer
juhannus+aatto-na 13 E on Midsummer eve
juhla+kulk=ue-i-ta 13 pP festive proeession, parade
juhla+ove-sta 9 El (ef. ovi) through the main door
juhla+sali-ssa 9 In in the banquet hall
juhla+pyh-i-n 4 pE (ef. pyh) on church holidays
juhla+piv 13 holiday
juhl=i-vat 9 past p3 (ef. juhlia) eelebrated
juli=st=e 2 poster
julk=ais-sut 13 past aet. pep. (ef. julkaista) (has) published
julk=ais=u-i-ssa 12 pln publieations
julk=ais-tu 13 pa8t pass. pep. (was) published
(eL julkaista)
julk=inen 14 publie

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jumala-n+palv=el=uks-i-a 13 pP religious serviees
(et. palvelus)
jumppa 10 eolloq. gYmnasties
juna 4 train
juna-an 9 11 (on)to the train
juna-Ha 4 Ad by train
juna+onne=ttom=uus 4 train aeeident
juna-sta 9 El trom the train
jun-i-in 9 pII (et. juna) (to) (tor) the trains
juo 3 s3 (et. juoda) drinks
juo 3 neg. stern (et. juoda) don't drink
juo-da 3 1 to drink
juo-daan 8 pres. pass. (et. juoda) let's drink, one drinks
juokse-e 3 s3 (et. juosta) runs
juokse-minen 10 IV (et. juosta) running
juoks=u 10 run
juoks=utt-i 11 past s3 tr. (et. juoksuttaa) (snow) dritted
juo=ma 3 a drink
juo=ma-a 3 P drink
juoma+raha 5 tip
juo-ma-ssa 4 111 In (et. juoda) to drink
juo-ma-sta 4 111 El (et. juoda) drink
juo=ma-t 5 pN drinks
juo-minen 3 IV (et. juoda) drink
juo-mis-ta 3 IV P (et. juoda) (aome) drink
juo-n 3 sl (et. juoda) 1 drink
juos-ta 10 1 to run
juo-tte-ko 3 p2 (et. juoda) do you drink?
juure-t 10 pN (et. juuri) roots
juuri 9 adv. just, precisely
juuri 10 root
juuri+hoid=o-n 10 G (et. hoito) root-eanal treatment
juuri+hoit=o 10 root-eanal treatment
juusto 5 eheese
juusto-t 5 pN eheeses
juusto+hyl 3 eheese eutter
juusto+peruna+vuoka-a 5 P eheese-potato easserole
juutalaise-t 13 pN (ei. juutalainen) the Jews

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jyri=n 11 rumble (thunder)
jyt+jumppa 10 gYmOasties with the musie
jyt+jurnppa-a 10 P gymnasties aeeompanied by musie
j-i 10 past s3 (ef. jd) stayed, went
j-i-hin 3 pII (ef. j) into iee
j-i-t 3 pP (ef. j) iee(s)
jlje-ss 2 In (ef. jlki) slow (behind)
jlke-en 2 II (G+) postposit. (ef. jlki) after
jlke=inen 13 adj. later, after, subsequent
jlke=ise-n 7 adj. E subsequent, after
jlki+kapitalist=ise-n 12 G post eapitalistie
(ef. kapitalistinen)
jlki+ruoka 3 (after-food) dessert
jlki+ruoka-a 5 P (after-food) dessert
jlki+ruoka-na 5 E as a dessert
jlki+ruok-i-a 5 pP (ef. ruoka) desserts
jlki+tarka=st=ukse-en 10 II (ef. tarkastus) follow-up, eheekup
jlki+te=o=llise-n 12 G post-industrial
(ef. teollinen; < tehd)
jnnitys+filmi 4 thriller (fiim)
jnn 3 eolloq. interesting
jnn=ri 4 eolloq. thriller
jrje=st=el=m-n 13 II system
jrje=ste-tn 9 pres. pass. (ef. jrjest) is being organized
jrje=st-i 12 past s3 (ef. jrjest) organized
jrjestys+luvu-t 1 pN (ef. luku) ordinal numbers
jrje=st- 14 1 to organize
jrje=st- 10 s3 organizes
jrve-en 8 II (ef. jrvi) (in)to the lake
jrvi 12 lake
jrv-i-ll 10 pAd on lakes
jsen 12 member
jsen-i- 13 pP members, limbs
jsen:;:yys 13 membership
jte-tty 5 past pass. pep. (ef. jtt) left
jte-tn 6 pres. pass." (ef. jtt) is left
jtti+parketi-lle 9 Al (ef. parketti) to a gigantie parquet (floor)
jtt- 6 1 tr. to leave

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jtt= 5 drop, leaving
j 3 iee
j 8 imperat. 52 (ef. jd) to stay, to remain
j-d 7 1 intr. to remain, to stay
j-d el=kkee-lle 10 Al to retire
j=hdy=t=el-Io 8 pres. pass. one is cooling off
(ef. jhdytell)
j:::hdy=t=in 7 eooler, radiator
j:::hdy:::tt=ime-n 7 G (ef. jhdytin) eooler, radiator
j:::hdy=tt=ime-s5 7 10 (ef. jhdytin) in the radiator
j=hty-y 3 83 (ef. jhty) gets eold
j=hty- 3 1 to cool off
j=h=y-lle 8 Al eooling off (to eool off)
j=h=y-ll 8 Ad (when) cooling off
j+kiekko 10 ice hockey
j+kylm-n 8 11 ice cold
j+meri 12 Artie Oeean
j-n+murta=ja 11 ice breaker
j-n+murta=j-i-a 11 pP ice breakers
j-n+srki=j 11 ice breaker
jtel 3 ice cream-
jtel- 3 P ice cream
j=t=ikk 12 glacier
j=ty- 11 1 to freeze
j+vede-st 5 El (ef. vesi) for ice water

(K)

k. 13 abbr. for kuoli died


kaadu-i-o 1 past sl (ef. kaatua) 1 fell
kaakko 11 southeast
kaamos 13 the darkness of winter (in Lappland)
kaap='i5to 9 wall-system
kaappi 2 eupboard
kaasu 9 gas
kaasu+lait=okse-n 9 G (ef. laitos) gas company
kaasu=t=in 7 earburetor

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kaasu=tt=ime-ssa 7 1n (ef. kaasutin) in the carburetor
kaasu+vede-n+vara=a=ja 9 varata) gas water-heater
kaat=u-a 10 1 to fall (be killed in the war)
kaat=u-ne-i-den muisto+piv 13 Memorial Day
kaat=u-ne-i-tten 13 past aet. pep. fallen, killed in the war
(cf. kaatua)
kaat=u-u 14 83 (ef. kaatua) falls
kaava 11 formula, pattern
kaava=ke 5 form
kaava=kkee-lle B Al (ef. kaavake) (to the) form
kaava=kkee-sta B El (ef. kaavake) (from the) form
kaava+kuva 14 diagram
kadu-n 2 G (ef. katu) of the street
kadu-n+ptk-n 6 G/A bit of a street
kahdeksan 1 eight
kahdeksa-lta 2 AbI (ef. kahdeksan) at eight o'eloek
kahdeksa=s 1 (ef. kahdeksan) eighth
kahde-ksi 5 T (ef. kaksi) for two
kahdeks=ikko 7 noun (eL kahdeksan) eight
kahde-lle 5 Al (ef. kaksi) for two
kahde-lta 2 AbI (ef. kaksi) at two o'eloek
kahde-lta-han 2 AbI (ef. kaksi) at two o'eloek
kahde-lta+toista 2 AbI (ef. kaksi) at twelve o'eloek
kahde-n 5 G (ef. kaksi) two
kahde-sta 2 El (ef. kaksi) from two
kahde=s+toista 1 (ef. kaksi) twelfth
kaheksan=kahdeksan 1 eolloq. eight
kah-ta+kymmen-t+viit-t 2 P twenty five
(ef. kaksi, viisi)
kahte-en 2 II (ef. kaksi) to two
kahvi 2 coffee
kahvi-a 3 P eoffee
kahvi=la 5 eafe
kahvila+vaunu 9 refreshments ear
kahvi +leip 3 eoffee bread
kahvi-He 3 Al to eoffee
kahvi-n 3 G/A eoffee
kahvi=o 9 eoffee shop

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kahvi+pannu 3 eoffeepot
kahvi-sta 3 El eoffee
kahvi+tauko 2 eotfee break
kai 2 perhaps, very likely
kaik-i-lla 14 p Ad (ef. kaikki) a11
kaik-i-n 3 pInstr. (ef. kaikki) a11
kaiki-ssa 5 1n (et. kaikki) in a11
kaikki 5 s+p a11
kaikki-en 4 pG a11
kaikki-in 7 II (in)to a11
kaikki-na 13 E in a11
kaikki+valtiaa-n 14 G (et. k-valtias) Almighty
kaima 10 namesake
kaiva-a 12 1 dig
kaive-ttu 12 past pass. pep. (et. kaivaa) dug
kaiutin+auto-sta 8 El publie-address vehiele
kakko=nen 2 number two
kakku 3 eake
kakku-a 3 P eake
kakku+lapio 3 eake spatula
kaksi 1 two
kaksi+kerro=ks=ise-lla 7 Ad double deeker, two-story
kaksi+kerro=ks=inen 9 double deeker, two-story
kaksi+kymmen-t twenty
kaksi+kymmen-t+viisi 2 twenty-five
kaksi+kymmen-t+yhdeksn 1 twenty-nine
kaks=io 9 two-room apartment
kaksi+toista 1 twelve
kaksois+kirkko+pyh-i- 13 pP (et. pyh) double church holidays
kakso=se-t 1 pN (et. kaksonen) Gemini, twins
kala 1 fish, Pisees
kala-a 3 P fish
kala+halli-ssa 7 In in the indoor tish market
kala+herku-t 5 pN (ef. herkku) fish delieacies
kala-11e 3 Al to fish
kala+ruoka-a 5 P fish dish
kalastaja+torppa 5 N fisherman's cottage
kala-t 1 pN Pisees (fish - plural)

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kala+tuo=tt=ee-t 7 pN (ef. tuote) fish products
kalenteri 2 calendar
Kalevala-n 6 G Kalevala's (Finnish national epic)
kalja 3 beer
kalju 6 . ba1d
kalle-in 9 superl. (et. kallis) most expensive
kallio-on 12 II into the roek
kallis 6 expensive
kalpea 10 pa1e
kalu=sta-ma=ton 9 (et. kalustaa) unfurnished
kalu=sta-ma=ttoma-n 9 G (ef. kalustaa) unfurnished
kalu=ste-ttu 9 past pass. pep. furnished
kamala-lta 3 AbI terrib1e, dreadful
kamala-ssa 2 ln terrible, dreadful
kamari+yht=ye 9 chamber ensemble
kammat=a 6 1 to eomb
kampa 6 comb
kampa=a=ja 6 hair-dresser
kampa=a=mo 5 beauty salon
kampa=ukse-n 6 G/A set (hair)
kampa=us 6 set (hair)
kampaus+neste 6 setting lotion
kampaus+neste-tt 6 P setting lotion
kanaali 12 (Englannin) (English) Channe1
kanada=lainen 2 Canadian
kanava 12 canal
kangas 6 material (eloth)
kangas-ta 6 P materia1, fabrie
kankaa-t 6 pN (et. kangas) fabries
kannas 12 isthmus
kanne-taan 7 pres. pass. (ef. kantaa) are delivered
kannu 3 piteher
kansa 10 nation
kansain+vl=inen 8 international
kansain+vl=ise-n 13 G (cf. vlinen) international
kansain+vl=is-i- 6 pP (et. vlinen) international
kansa=lais-i-lla 14 pAd (et. kansalainen) citizen
kansain+vl=is-t 12 P (eL vlinen) international

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kansalais+luotta=mus-ta 14 P eivil rights
kansalais+tait=o 14 eivies
kansa=llinen 5 adj. national
kansa=llise-t 5 pN (et. kansallinen) national
kansa=llis-i-a 5 pP (et. kansallinen) national
kansallis+laulu 14 national hymn/anthem
kansallis+museo 2 national museum
Kansallis+osake+pankki 8 National (Share) Bank (not the Bank ot Finland)
kansallis+romantt=is-ta 12 P nationalistie, romantie (historieal style)
(et. romanttinen)
Kansallis+teatteri 9 National Theater
Kansallis+teatteri-n 9 G National Theater
kansa-n 6 G nation, the people
kansa-n+edu=sta=ja 14 member of parliament
kansa-n+edu=sta=ja-a 14 P member of parliament
kansa-n+edu=sta=ja-i-n 13 pG (of) members of parliament
kansa-n+el=ke 14 social seeuri ty
kansa-n+elke+lait=os 14 soeial seeurity administration
kansa-n+el=kkee-st 10 El (ef. elke) social seeurity
kansa-n+puol=ue 14 folk party
kansa-n+tanssi 10 folk danee
Kansas-i-sta 1 El from Kansas
kansi 3 lid
kanssa 1 (G+) postposit. with
kanta=ja 5 porter
kanta=ja-n 5 A porter
kanta=j-i-a 5 pP (ef. kantaja) porters
kanta+kaupungi-sta 9 El (et. kaupunki) (from) the old eity
kanta-mis-ta 5 IV P (ef. kantaa) carrying
kanta=utu-nut 12 past aet. pep. intr. he earried, reaeh
(cf. kantautua)
kanto+liina 5 carrying eloth
kanto+liina-lle 5 Al to the 'earrying eloth'
kanttori 13 cantor, musie direetor ot a parish
kapea 6 narrow
kappa-a 7 pP peek
kappale 2 paragraph, pieee
kappeli 12 chapel

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kapteeni 1 Captain (military)
karaati-sta 6 El (ef. karaatti) from earat
karaatti-in 6 II to carat
Karjala-n 3 G Karelia
karja1a-n+paisti 5 Karelian roast
karjala-n+paisti-a 5 P Karelian roast
karpalo 7 cranberry
karpalo + jdyke 5 N eranberry parfait
karpa1o+kiisse1i 5 N eranberry pudding
karta-sta 8 El (ef. kartta) (from the) map
kartonki 5 earton
kartta 2 map
kartta-a 8 P map
kartta-e-n 12 II Instr.
(et. karttaa) avoiding, shunning
kartt=u-va 6 pres. aet. pep. (ef. karttua) aeeumulating
kartt=u-va-a 6 pres. aet. pep. P (et. karttua) accumulating
'karva 6 hair (animal)
kassa 6. eashier
kassa+leima 6 easbier's stamp
kassa+neiti 6 cashier (female)
kasta-a 13 1 to baptize
kast=e 13 baptism
kaste+toimi=t~us 13 (ceremony of) baptism
kastike 5 sauee
kastike+astia 3 sauee boat
kastike+malja 3 sauce boat
kastikkee-seen 5 11 for sauee (into)
kasva-neet 6 past aet. pep. intr. (ef. kasvaa) grown
kasvatus+lapsi 10 foster child
kasve-j-a 11 pP (et. kasvi) p1ants
kasvi+kunta-an 11 2 vegetab1e
kasvi+maa 9 vegetable garden
kasvo+hoit=o-a 6 P faeia1 treatment
kata-mme 6 pl (et. kattaa) we cover
kate-ttu 3 past pass. pep. (ef. kattaa) set, layed
katk=aisi=ja 9 switch
katk=ais=in 9 switch

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katk=ais-i-n 9 past sl (ef. katkaista) 1 diseonneeted
katken-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. katketa) broken
katoi-n = katsoin 4 past sl eolloq. 1 looked
katolilainen 13 noun Catholic
katolinen 13 adj. Catholie
kats=el-i-n 4 past sl (ef. katsella) 1 watehed
kats=el-la 4 1 to wateh
katso 8 imperat. 82 (ef. katsoa) lookl
katso-a 4 1 to look (at)
katso-i-n 4 past sl (ef. katsoa) 1 looked at
katso-isi-t-ko 8 eond. s2 (ef. katsoa) would you look?
katso-ma-an 4 111 II. (ef. katsoa) to look
katso-ma-ssa 4 111 In. (ef. katsoa) to look
katso-m-i-lla-an 9 111 P Ad poss. suff. as seen by him/her
(cf. katsoa)
katso-o 6 s3 (ef. katsoa) looks
kattila 3 sauce pan
kattila+huone 9 boiler room
katu 1 street
kaua-ksi 9 T adv. far
kaua-n 5 Instr. adv. long (time)
kauan-ko 2 for how long?
kauanks = kauanko 2 eolloq. for how long?
kaua=s 6 adv. far
kauhea 3 dreadful
kauka-na 2 E adv. far away
kauko+juna 9 long-distance train
kauko+lmmi=t=ys 9 distriet heating
kaula 10 neek
kaula+liina 6 searf, muffler (around the neek)
kaul=in 3 rolling pin
kaul=us 6 eollar
kaunii-He 8 Al (ef. kaunis) beautiful
kaunii-t 6 pN (cf. kaunis) beautiful
kannii-ta 6 pP (ef. kaunis) beautiful
kaunis 2 beautiful
kaupa=llinen 13 kauppa) eommereial
kaupa-ssa 4 In (ef. kauppa) in the store

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kaupa-t 5 pN (ef. kauppa) stores, shops
kaupa-taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. kaupata) is sold
kauppa 4 store
kauppa+ha11i-n 6 G indoor market
kauppa+ha11i-ssa 7 ln in the indoor market
kauppa- ja teo11isuus+ministeri 14 minister of commeree and industry
kauppa- ja teo11isuus+minister=i 14 Department of Commeree and Industry
kauppa+tori-lla 7 Ad at the market
kaupunge-i-ssa 13 pln (ef. kaupunki) in the cities
kaupungi-n 6 G (ef. kaupunki) of the city
kaupungi-n+hallit=ukse-n 10 G (ef. hallitus) city government
kaupungi-n+valt=uu=sto-n 10 G ei ty couneil
kaupungi-ssa 10 ln (eL kaupunki) in the city
kaupunki 2 city, town
kaupunki-en 6 pG eity, town
kaupunki-in 5 11 (to) the city
kaurii-n knt+piiri 12 Tropic of Caprieorn
kauris 1 Caprieorn, goat
kausi 4 season
kausi+lipu-t 4 pN (ef. lippu) season tickets
kautta 5 (G+) postposit. via, through
kautta-mme 9 poss. suff. (G+)postposit. through us
kaven=ta-a 6 1 kaveta, <kapea) to make something narrower
kaveri 10 buddy
kaver=ukse-t 7 pN buddies
kehitty-i 6 past s3 (ef. kehitty) deve10ped
kehit=ys 14 deve10pment
kehit=ys-t 12 P development
keho-n+rakennus+ohjelm-i-a 10 pP body-building programs
(eL ohjelma)
keh=ykse-n 9 G (ef. kehys) frame
keh+tie 8 dng road
keh+tie-n 8 G dng road
keih-n+heitt=o 10 jave1in throwing
keinu+tuoli 9 rocking chair
keite-tty- 5 past pass. pep. P (ef. keitt) boiled
keito-t 5 pN (ef. keitto) soups
keitt=i 5 kitehen

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'keitto+astia-t 6 pN eooking utensils
keitto+komero 9 kitehenette
keitto+mahdo=llis=uuks-i-ne-en 9 pComit. with (its) eooking faeilities
poss suff. (ef. mahdollisuus)
keit-n 8 sl (ef. keitt) 1 eook
keks=el=is 1 inventive
keli 11 road eondition
keli+rikko 11 broken road eonditions
kellari-in 3 II into the basement
kello 2 4 Cloek, wateh
kello+liikk=ee-ss 4 10 (ef. liike) at the watehmaker
kello+malli-a 4 P model or type of wateh
kello-n 4 G wateh, eloek
kello-nf 2 my eloek
kello-nne 2 your watch
kelpa-a-ko 7 s3 (ef. kelvata) is it good enough?
kelta=inen 2 yellow
kelvan-nut 4 past aet. pep. (ef. kelvata) wasn1t good enough
kelvat=a 7 1 to do, be good enough (valid)
kemia 14 ehemistry
kene-lle 2 Al (ef. kuka) to whom?
kene-ll 3 Ad (et. kuka) who (has)?
kene-lt 2 AbI (ef. kuka) from whom?
kenk-i- 6 pP (ef. kenk) shoes
keng-t 6 pN (et. kenk) shoes
kenk 6 shoe
kera 13 (post position G+] with (esp. about food)
keramiikka+taite=ili=jo-i-na 6 pE taitaa) as eeramie artists
keramiikka+tehda=s 6 pottery, eeramies faetory
kerma 3 eream
kerma-a 3 P eream
kerma+astia 3 ereamer
kerma+viili 7 eottage eheese
kerra-lla-an 2 Ad at a time
poss. suff. 3 (et. kerta)
kerra-n 2 G/A (et. kerta) priee
kerro 5 imperat. s2 (ef. kertoa) tell
kerro=kse-n 9 G (ef. kerros) floor

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\
kerro=kse-ssa 2 In (ef. kerros) on the floor
kerro=s 2 floor, layer
kerros+talo 1 apartment building
kerro-tta-va 8 pres pass. pcp. (ef. kertoa) to be told, must be told
kerska=ile-ma-an 10 111 II (el. kerskailla) to brag, to boast
kerta 2 time (onee etc.)
kerta-a 7 P time
kerta+lippu 7 single fare
kerto-a 15 1 to tell
kerto-o 4 s3 (ef. kertoa) tells
keske-ll 2 Ad (G+) postposit. in the middle of
kesken+men=o 10 misearriage
keske=ytt-i 4 past s3 (ef. keskeytt) .interrupted
keske=ytt- 4 1 to interrupt
keske=yt-n 4 sl (ef. keskeytt) 1 interrupt
keski+aja-lla 6 Ad (et. aika) in the Middle Ages
keski+arv=o 12 mean value
Keski+Euroopa-sta 6 El (ef. Eurooppa) from Middle Europe
keski+koko 6 middle size
keski+matka 10 middle distanee
keski+olu-tta 6 P (et. olut) medium-strength beer
keski+os-i-ssa 11 pIn (et. osa) central parts
keski+Viikko 1 Wednesday
keski+viikko+illa-sta 5 El (ef. ilta) about Wednesday evening
kesk=uksen-n 5 G (et. keskus), operator (center)
kesku=s 5 eenter
keskus+el=in 14 central organ
keskus+halli=nto-nsa 14 poss. suff. central administration
keskus+ilmastointi+laitteet 8 pN (ef. laite) central aireonditioning applianee
Keskus+kadu-n 6 G (ef. katu) Keskuskatu (street name)
keskus+kassa 14 central fund
keskus+lmmi=t=ys 9 central heating
keskus+lmmitys+kattila 9 furnaee (with hot water heating)
keskus+pankki 8 , central bank
keskus+sairaa=la-n 10 G central hospital
keskusta 4 eenter
keskusta+puol=ue 14 eenter party
keskusta-ssa 9 In in the center

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keskusta-sta 4 El from a eenter
keskust=el=u-a 2 P eonversation, diseussion
keskus+vira=sto 14 virka) central offiee
kest 3 neg. stern. (cf. kest) (ei k.) don't mention it
kest- 2 1 to last
kes 1 summer
kes+aika 12 daylight savings time, offiee hours in summer
kes+aika-an 5 II in the summertime
kes=isin 5 during the summer months
kes+kaus-i-na 10 pE in summer seasons
kes+keitto+vihanneks-i-a 7 pP summer soup vegetable
(et. vihannes)
kes+kuu 1 June
kes+leski 10 grass widow
kes+mki-n 9 G (ef. mkki) summer eottage
kes+mkki 9 summer eottage
kes+viera-i-ta 8 pP (ef. vieras) summer guests
ke-t 4 P (et. kuka) who
keuhko-i-sta 10 pEI from the lungs
kevyt 6. light
kevyt+maito 7 low fat milk, lit. light milk
kevyt+mait-a 7 P low fat milk, lit. light milk
kevt 1 spring
kevt+kaude-Ila 10 Ad (ef. kausi) in the spring season
kihla+kunna-n+oike=us 14 distriet/eireuit eourt
kihla=us 10 engagement
kielle-tty 2 past pass. pep. (ef. kielt) forbidden, prohibited
kielle-tty ajo+suunta 8 (ef. kielt) no entry
kieli 4 language, tongue
kiele-st 4 El (ef. kieli) language
kiel-i-Il 5 pAd languages
kieli+televisio 2 language TV (language lessons by television)
kiel-ten+ope=t=us 2 language teaehing
kiel-t 4 P (ef. kieli) language
kielt-nyt 3 past aet. pcp. (ef. kielt) forbidden
kielt- 3 1 to forbid
kierto+tie 8 detour

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kihla+kunna-n+oike=us 14 district eourt
kihla+kunna-n+tuomari 13 distriet (eireuit) judge
kihlo-i-ssa 10 P 1n (el. kihla) engaged
kiihty-v=yys 11 velocity
kiilas-i 4 past s3 (ef. kiilata) push one's way, wedge
kiinni 3 adv. (ef. ottaa kiinni) to eateh
kiinteist-n+vli=tt=j 9 real estate broker
kiinto+j 11 solid iee
kiipes-i 7 past 83 (ef. kiivet) elimbed
kiiras+torstai 13 Maundy Thursday
kiire 3 rush
kiiree=llise-t 10 pN (ef. kiireellinen) urgent, pressing
kiire=hti- 6 1 to hurry, rush
kiire-tt 6 p rush
kiisseli- 3 P pudding
kiista 14 dispute
kiit=okse-ni 13 poss. suff. (ef. kiitos) my thanks
kiit=o=llis-i-na 13 pE (ef. kiitollinen) thankfully
kiit=os 3 thank(s)
kiitos+piv 13 Thanksgiving
kilo 7 kilogram
kilo-a 7 P kilogram
kilo=kka-i-lle 10 pAl (ef. kilokas) for those with (extra) pounds
kilo-n 7 G kilogram
kilpa=il=u-j-a 6 pP eompetions, eontests
kiltti 13 good natured, well behaving
kimpu-n 7 G (ef. kimppu) banquet, buneh
kinkku 7 ham
kinkku-a 7 p (sorne) harn
kinos 11 snowdrift
kioski-ssa 5 1n in a kiosk
kipe 10 sore
kipe-n 10 E sore
kippis 1 here is to your health
kipsi 10 plaster
kipsi-in 10 I l plaster
kir=ist=y-y 11 s3 (ef~ kiristy) tightens
kir=ist=y- 11 1 intr. kire) to tighten

G-43
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kirja 2 book
kirjaamis+maks=u 10 registration fee
kirja=ime-lla 10 Ad (ef. kirjain) with the letter
kirja=ime=llise=sti 12 literally
kirja=ime-t pN (ef. kirjain) alphabet
kirja=im-i-n 7 plnstr. (ef. kirjain) with letters
kirja=in 2 letter -
kirja-nne 2 poss. suff. your book
kirja=sto 9 library
kirja-ttu 7 past pass. pep. (ef. kirjata) regis te red
kirja-ttu-na 7 past pass. pep. E (as) registered
(cf. kirjata)
kirja-tu-t 7 past pass. pep. pN regis te red
(cf. kirjata)
kirj=e 7 letter
kirj=ee-n 7 G (ef. kirje) "letter
kirj=ee-n 7 E (ef. kirje) as a letter
kirj=ee-t 7 pN (ef. kirje) letters
kirje+kuore-ssa 7 pln (ef. kuori) in an envelope
kirje+kyyhky-j- 7 pP homing pigeons
kirje+lhet=ys-ten 7 pG (ef. lhetys) mailed letters, mail dispatehes
kirje+merkke-j- 7 pP (ef. merkki) (letter) stamp
kirje+meri- 7 P (letter) stamp
kirje+shk=e 8 letter-telegram
kirje+shk=ee-n 8 E (ef. shke) as a letter-telegram
kirj=oite-taan 1 pres. pass. (ef. kirjoittaa) is written
kirj=oite-ttu 7 past pass. pep. (cf. kirjoittaa) written
kirj=oite-ttu-na 8 past pass. pcp E written
(ef. kirjoittaa)
kirj=oitta-a 1 1 . to write
kirj=oitta-a yli+oppi=laa-ksi 14 (ef. oppilas) to take the written examination at the end of high
school, to graduate from high school
kirjo-j-a 10 pP (ef. kirja) books
kirkas 11 bright
kirkas=tu-minen 13 IV (ef. kirkastua) transfiguration
kirkko 4 church
kirkko+herra 13 viear

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kirkko+kahvi-t 8 pN eoffee after church service
kirkko+pyh 13 church holiday
kirko=l1inen 13 eeclesiastie(al), church, religious
kirko=llise-t 13 pN (ef: kirkollinen) eeelesiastic
kirkollis+vero-n+kanno-n 13 G (ef. kanto) collection (levying) of church taxes
kirko-n 13 G (ef. kirkko) church
kirko-ssa 4 ln (ef. kirkko) in the church
kirko-sta 8 El (ef. kirkko) from the church
kirsikka 7 cherry
kirsiko-i-ta 7 pP (ef. kirsikka) eherries
kirurg=inen 10 surgieal
kisko+auto 9 rail ear
kitara+musiikki-a 1 P guitar musie
kitara-n 2 G guitar's
kiukaa-lla 8 Ad (cf. kiuas) sauna stove
kiva 3 4 niee, fun
kive-en 12 II (ef. kivi) into stone
kivi 12 stone
kivi+kunta-an 2 II to the mineral family
klinika-lle 10 Al (ef. klinikka) to the clinie
klinikka 10 clinic
klo 5 abbr. of kello o'clock
kodi-n 6 G (ef. koti) home's
kodi-n+hoito+apu 14 home care help
koe 4 test
koe=tta-a 6 tr. 1 try on
kohd=el-la 8 1 to treat
kohe=nta-a 10 1 to improve, straighten out
kohoa-a 11 s3 (ef. kohota) rises
kohot=a 11 1 to rise
kohta 10 adv. soon
kohta 12 place, point
kohta=us+paikka 9 meeting place
koht=el=iais=uude-sta 4 El for a compliment
koht=el=ias 1 polite
koht=el=iais=uus 4 compliment
koillinen 11 northeast
koillise-ssa 11 ln (ef. koillinen) in NE

G-45
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kokea 14 1 to experienee
koke=il-la 8 1 to experiment
koke-ma=ton-ta 8 P inexperieneed
koke=mus 8 experienee
kokko-j-a 13 pP bonfires
koko 4 entire, whole; size
koko-a 6 P size
koko=el=ma 9 eolleetion
koko=el=m-i-sta 9 pEl (cf. kokoelma) from the collections
kokoo=mus 14 eoalition
koko-on+pan=o 14 eomposition, putting together
koko-on+pan=o-sta 14 El composition, eonsisteney
kokoo=ntu-vat 13 p3 (cf. kokoontua) they gather/meet/assemble
koko=ukse-sta 5 El (eL kokous) about/of/from the meeting
koko=us 5 meeting
kokous+kutsu-t 7 pN eall(s) to a meeting
kolari 4 eolloq. car accident
kolad.-n 4 G/A erash
kolea 11 ehilly
kolma=nne-ksi 7 T (cf. kolmas) third(ly)
kolma=nne-sta 9 El (ef. kolmas) from the third
kolma=s 1 third
kolme 1 three
kolme-en 2 n to three
kolme-ksi 4 T for three o'clock
kolme-lta 2 AbI at three
kolme-sta+sada-sta 7 El (cf. sata) for three hundred
kolmi+kerro=ks=inen 9 (cf. kerros) three story
kolm=i+loikka 10 triple jump
kolmi=nais=uude-n 13 G (ef. kolminaisuus) trinity
kolmo=neQ 7 noun kolme) three
kolmo=se-n 8 G kolme) three
komea-an 1 n handsome
komenta=ja . 1 conunander
komera- ~ eloset
konunentte-j-a 2 pP (cf. kommentti) eonunents
konununisti=nen 14 adj. communist
konee=llise=sti 7 adv. (cf.koneellinen) mechanically

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konee-sta 6 El (ef. kone) applianee
konee-t 6 pN (ef. kone) machines, applianees
kone-i-ta 6 pP machines, machinery
koofirmaatio 13 confirmation
konjakki-a 5 P cognac
konkurssi 14 bankruptey
konserti-ssa 4 10 (ef. konsertti) in a eoneert
konsertti 4 eooeert
konsooantti 2 eonsonant
koordinaati-t 12 pN (ef. koordinaatti) eoordinates (math) (slang: telephone number)
koo-t 6 pN (ef. koko) sizes
kori +pallo 10 basketball
kori+pallo-n 10 G basketball
kor=iste-ttu 5 past pass. pep. (ef. koristaa) decorated
korja=ukse-na 12 E (ef. korjaus) as a correetioo
korja=us 6 alteratioo, repair
korkea-a 6 P high
korkea+koulu 14 university, college
korkea+lpokka=inen 6 high quality
korkea+pain=e 11 high pressure
Korkea+saace-n 1 G (ef. saari) proper name (site of the Helsinki zoo)
korke-in 12 superl. (ef. korkea) highest
korke-in oike=us 14 supreme eourt
korke-i-ta 12 pP (ef. korkea) high
korke=ude-lla 11 Ad (ef. korkeus) altitude, height
korke=us 8 height, elevation
korke=us+hypp=y 10 high jump
kork=o 8 interest
kork=o-a 8 P interest
koro=ke 14 podium
koro=t=us 14 increase
kortte-i-hin 1 pII (ef. kortti) to/for eards
kortti 1 eard
koru-j-a 6 pP jewelry
koru+shk=ee-n 8 E (ef. shke) as a deeorative telegram
korva 10 ear
korva-a-nsa 4 II s3 poss. suff. his/her ear
korva=a-vat 10 p3 (cf. korvata) eompensate, make up

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korva+sieni+keitt=o 5 morel soup
korva+sieni+muna+kokkeli-a 5 P serambled eggs with morels
korv-i-in 12 pII (et. korva) ear
koska 1 4 eonj. when, because ot
koska-pa 5 eonj. beeause
koske-a 10 1 to hurt, to coneern, to toueh
koske-e 10 s3 (et. koskea) hurts
koske-n+korva 5 a kind of hard liquor
koske-va-t 10 pres. aet.,pep. (et. koskea) concerning
koski 12 waterfall
kostea 11 humid
koste=us 8 humidity
koti 1 home
koti-in 2 Il to home
koti-in+kanne-ttu 7 past. pass. pep. (et. kantaa) home delivered
koti-in+kanne-ttu-na 7 past pass. pcp.E (as) home delivered
(et. kantaa)
koti-in+kanto+maks=u 7 home-delivery charge
koti+kalja-a 3 P home brew
kotim. 6 abbr. tor kotimainen
koti+maa 14 homeland
koti+maa-ssa 7 In (Finland) at home
koti=ma=inen 5 maa) domestic
koti+ma=is-i-a 5 pP (ef. kotimainen) domestic
koti+ma=is-ta 6 P (et. kotimainen) domestic
koti+rouva 1 housewite
koti+talo=us 14 home economics
koto=isin J a native ot
koto-na 1 E (ef. koto) at home
koulu 2 school
koulu+ik=ise-t 10 pN (et. ikinen) sehool-aged
koulu+jrje=st=el=m 14 school system
koulu+koke-i-den 14 pG (cf. koe) school tests
koulu-ssa 2 In in school
koulu-sla 2 El of school
koulu=t=us 14 education, schooling
koulu-un 3 I1 ta school
kouristus+kohta=us 10 convulsion, an attackot eramps

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kova 11 severe, hard
kov=in 1 Instr. adv. very
kov=in-kaan 9 not very
krapu 1 Caneer, erayfish
kravu-n knt+piiri 12 Tropie of Caneer
kreikkalais+katolise-t 13 pN (cf. k-katolinen) Greek Orthodox
kristillinen 14 Christian
Kristukse-n taivaaseen+astu-misen piv 13 Aseension Day
kritiikki- 2 P eritieism
kruunu 10 erown
kudo=nna=ise-t 6 pN (ef. kudonnainen) woven fabries
kuha-a 5 P pike-pereh
kuin 4 as, like
kuinka 1 how
kuiten-kin 5 however
kuitta=a-ma-an 9 111 II (ef. kuitata) to sign a reeeipt
kuitU 6 reeeipt
kuiva 3 dry
kuiva-n 3 G/A dry
kuiva-taan 6 pres.pass. (ef. kuivata) is dried
kuka 1 who
kukaan 4 anybody
kukka 2 flower
kukka+kaali 7 cauliflower
kukkula-a 14 P hill
kuko=ist-i 6 past s3 (ef. kukoistaa) flourished
kulho 3 bowl
kulj. 9 abbr. for kuljetus transportation
kulje=te-taan 7 pres. pass. (ef. kuljettaa) is/are transported
kulje=te-tta-va-n 7 pres. pass. pep.
(eL kuljettaa) . to be transported
kulje=tta=ja 7 driver
kulje=tta=ja-a 7 P driver
kulje=t=ukse-n 7 G (ef. kuljetus) transportation
kulje=tta-mise-ksi 10 IV T (ef. kuljettaa) for transporting
kulje=t=us 9 transportation
kulke-a 7 1 to run, go
kulke-e 7 s3 (ef. kulkea) runs, goes
kulke-vat 10 p3 (ef. kulkea) (they) go

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kulku+neuvo 9 vehicle
kulku+neuvo-t 9 pN vehieles
kulku+tauti 10 epidemie
ku-lla-kin 14 Ad (ef. kukin) eaeh (has)
kulta 10 darling
kulta=inen 7 golden
kulta+sep-t 6 pN (ef. sepp) goldsmith
kulta+kellari 6 gold cellar
kulta=se-ni 10 poss. suff. (ef. kultanen) my darling
kulttuuri+ilma+piiri-n 12 E eultural atmosphere
kulttuuri+talo-ssa 9 In in the eulture house
kulu-t 8 pN expenses
kulu=ta-t 3 s2 (ef. kuluttaa) spend, eonsume
kulutus+rnaito 7 milk (lit., milk whieh may be eonsumed)
kulutus+rnaito-a 7 P milk (lit., milk whieh may be eonsumed)
kulutus+sopi=rnukse-n 9 G (ef. sopinus) eonsumer eontraet
kulutus+sopi=mus 9 eonsumer eontraet
kurni+saappaa-t 6 pN (ef. saapas) rubber boots, Wellingtons
ku-mrna-Ile 6 eompar. AI (ef. kUmpi) to whieh of the two
ku-mrna-ssa-kin 9 In (ef. kumpi) in both
kummi 10 godparent
kununi-n 10 G godparent
kununun-nut 12 past aet. pep. (ef. kummuta) spring forth
kumo-taan 12 pres. pass. (ef. kumota) overturn, overthrow
ku-rnpi 6 whieh one of the two
ku-rnpi-kin 6 both
kun 4 eonj. when
kun-han 3 eonj. after, onee
kunnes 10 eonj. until
kunnia 13 honor
kunnia=llise-n 13 G (ef. kunniallinen) honorable, respeetable
kunnia+rnerkke-j- 13 pP (ef. merkki) badge of honor, deeorations
kunnia-n+hirno=inen 1 ambitious
kunni=oitta-va=sti 13 pres. aet. pcp. adv. respeetfully
(ef. kunnioittaa)
kunno-n 10 G (ef. kunto) fitness
kunno-ssa 1 In (ef. kunto) in (good) eondition
kun-pa 3 i f only

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kunt-i-en 14 pG (et. kunta) eounty
kunto 10 sbape, form, eondition
kunto-a 10 P fitness
kunto-a-si 10 P poss. sutt. your eondition, fitness
kunto+halli-t 10 pN gymnasium
kunto=il=u 10 pbysieal fitness sports
kunto+sali 5 gymnasium
kunto+sali+harj=oitt=el=u 10 exereise ta king place in a gym
kunto+sali-ssa 10 In in the gym
kunto+urhe=il=u 10 physieal fitness
kunto+urheilu+liitt=o 10 physieal fitness sports league
kuohu+kerma 7 whipping eream
kuohu+kerma-a 7 P whipping eream
kuohu+viini- 5 P sparking wine
kuokka+viera-i-ta 13 pP (cf. vieras) gate erashers
kuokka+vieras 13 gate erasher
kuolin+ilm=oit=us 13 obituary
kuol-la 10 1 to die
kuol-laan 13 pres. pass. (et. kuolla) one dies
kuol-le-i-ta 13 pP past aet. pep. lit., dead ones (used as a heading for the
(et. kuolla) newspaper obituary seetion)
kuolo-n+une-en 13 II (ef. uni) death sleep
kuoppa 8 pit, hole
kuopukse-mme-kin 10 poss. suff. (ef. kuopus) our junior, our youngest
kuppi 3 eup
kuppi-a 3 P eup
kurkku-a-nsa 10 P poss. suft. his/her throat
kurku-ssa 10 In (et. kurkku) in the throat
kursa=il-ko 3 neg. imperat. stem (ef. kursailla) to hesitate
kursa=il-la 3 1 to hesitate
kursse-i-lle 9 pAl (et. kurssi) for eourses
kursse-j-a 9 pP (ef. kurssi) eourses, lessons
kurssi 1 eourse
kurssi+palv=el=u-j-a 10 pP eourses offered (lit., eourse serviees)
kurssi-t 10 pN eourses
ku-sta-kin 14 El (et. kukin) eaeh
kustann=uks-i-sta 14 pEl (ef. kustannus) expenses
ku-ta-kin 7 P (ef. kukin) of eaeh

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kutsu-a 13 I invite, eall (by name)
kutsu-i 12 past s3 (et. kutsua) invited
kutsu+kirj=ee-t 7 pN (et. kirje) invitations (letters)
kutsu+korti-t 7 pN (cf. kortti) invitation eards
kutsu-ma=ton 13 uninvited
kutsu-ma-tta 13 III Abess. uninvited
kutsu-n 7 G invitation
kutsu-na 13 E as an invitation
kutsu-t 3 pN party
kutsu-taan 16 pres. pass. (et. kutsua) is ealled
kutsu+vieras 13 invited guest
kuten 2 as
kuu 12 moon
kuude-Ita 2 AbI (et. kuusi) at six
kuude=s 1 (et. kuusi) .sixth
kuu+kaude-ksi 5 T (et. kuu+kausi) tor a month
kuu+kaude-n 5 G (et. kuu+kausi) . tor a month
kuu+ka~de-t 1 pN (et. kuu+kausi) months
kuu+kausi 2 month
kuu+kausi=ttain 8 adv. monthly
kuula-n+tynt= 10 shot-put
kuulla I to hear
kuule' 3 imperat. s2(ef. kuulla) hearl listenl
kuule-mi-in 1 III pII (et. kuulla) good-bye (on the phone)
kuule-t 8 s2 (et. kuulla) to hear
kuul-Iu = kuul-Iut 2 past. aet. pep. eolloq. heard
kuul-Iut 1 past aet. pep. (et. kuulla) heard
kuul=o=ke 5 reeeiver
kuul=o=sta-a 3 s3 it sounds
kuul=o=sta-tte 10 p3 (ef. kuulostaa) you sound
kuul=u 8 neg. stem (et. kuulua) belong
kuul=u-a 1 I be heard, belong to
kuul=u=isa jstk 12 tamous
kuul=u=is-in 5 superl. (ef. kuuluisa) most famous
kuul=u=ne-i-den 13 past aet. pep. pG (ef. kuulua) those who belonged to
kuul=u-u 1 s3 (et. kuulua) belongs, is heard
kuul=u-u-ko 12 s3 (et. kuulua) does (it) belong?
kuul=u-v-i-en 13 pres. aet. pep. pG (ef. kuulua) those belonging to
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kuuma 3 hot
kuuma-ksi 8 T hot
kuuma-ssa 8 10 in hot
kuuma-t 8 pN hot
kuum=e 10 fever, temperature
kuume-mpi 8 eompar. (et. kuuma) hotter
kuum=e-tta 10 P temperature, fever
kuunn=el-kaa 2 imperat. p2 (et. kuunnella) listenl
kuunn=el-Ia 2 1 to listen
kuunn=el=ma 4 radio p1ay
kuunn=el-Iut 4 past aet. pep. (ef. kuunnella) listened
kuu-n+pime=nn=ys 12 eelipse (ot the moon)
kuuot=el-i-o 4 past sl (ef. kuunnella) 1 listened
kuunt=el-i-t-ko 4 past s2 (et. kuunnella) dill you listen?
kuuro 11 shower (weather)
kuusi 1 six
kuuto=nen 7 noun kuusi) six
kuuto=se-n 7 G (et. kuutooeo) oumber six
kuva+korti-t 7 pN (et. kortti) pieture (post)eards
kuva+lehti 2 pietorial magazine
kuva 2 pieture
kuvaama+tait=o 14 pietorial arts
kuva-isi-t 14 eond. s2 (et. kuvata) you would deseribe
kuvat=a 14 1 to deseribe
kuvi-a 9 pP (et. kuva) pietures
kyke=oe-vt 13 p3 (et. kyet) be ab1e to
kyll 2 yes, indeed
kyll=ioen 3 satisfied
kyll=st=y-nyt 7 past aet. pep. (et. kyllsty) ted up
kylme=ne-e 11 s3 (ef. kylmet) beeomes eo1der
kylm 3 eold
kylm- 3 P eold
kylpe-m-ss 5 111 10. (et. kylpe) bathing
kylpe- 5 1 to bathe
kylpy+huone 2 bathroom
kylve-mme 8 p1 (et. kylpe) we bathe
kylve-tn 8 pres. pass. (et. kylpe) one bathes (we)
kyl 12 village

G-53
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kyl+sep-t 6 pN (et. sepp) village smith
kymmenen 2 ten
kymmene-en 2 II (et. kymmenen) to ten
kymmene-ksi 6 T (ef. kymmenen) tor ten
kymmene-It 2 AbI (et. kymmenen) at ten
kymmene=s 1 (ef. kymmenen) tenth
kymmen+ott=el=u 10 deeathlon
kymmen-t 2 P (et. kymmenen) ten
kynttil-i-t 13 pP (ef. kynttil) eandles
kyn 2 pen, peneil
kyrka (Swedish) 13 church
kysy 2 imperat. s2 neg. stem (et. kysy) ask
kysy-i 5 past s2 (et. kysy) asked
kysy-k 2 imperat. p2 (ef. kysy) askl
kysy=mys 2 question
kysy-m-st 1 111 El (ef. kysy) (for) .asking
kysy-n 1 sl (et. kysy) 1 ask
kysy-tte 10 p2 (ef. kysy) you ask
kysy- 2 1 to ask
kde-n 10 G (ef. ksi) hand
kly 10 sister-in-Iaw
krpnen 11 fly
krry 5 cart (insect)
krry-j- 5 pP carts
krsi-v=llinen 1 patient
krj-i-Ile 14 pAI (ef. krjt) district court
ksi 6 hand
ksi+hoit=o-a 6 P manicure
ks-i-n 7plnstr. manually, by hand
ksi=ne 6 love
ksi=t=el-t-v-i- 10 pres. pass. pep. pP to be handled
(cf. ksitell)
ksi=tt=ee-st 12 El (ef. ksite) coneeptioD, eoncept
ksHty 14 manual training, hand eratt
ksi+ty-n 6 G handieraft's
ksi+ty+tait=o 6 handieraft skill
ksi+ty+tait=o-a 6 P artisan's skill, handicraft skill
kte-e-ni 10 II poss. suff. (ef. ksi) my hand

G-54

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kte=inen 6 eash
kte=ise-ll 6 Ad (ef. kteinen) eash
kte-nne 10 poss. suff. (ef. ksi) your hands
ktil+op=isto-n 10 G midwifery sehool
kt-t 1 P (ef. ksi) hand
kv=ele-minen 10 IV (ef. kvell) walking
kv=ele-mise-st 4 IV El (ef. kvell) walking
kv=el-l 2 1 kyd) to walk
kvely+puk=u 6 two-pieee suit
kvely+puk=u-j-a 6 pP two-pieee suits
kv-i-mme 4 past pl (ef. kyd) we visited
kv-i-tte 3 past p2 (ef. kyd) you visited
ky 8 neg. form of (ef. kyd) to visit
ky-d 2 1 to visit
ky-dn 8 pres. pass. one visits
ky-k 1 p2 imperat. (ef. kyd) visitl, drop in!, eome!
ky-n 2 sl (ef. kyd) 1 go
ky=nni-st 3 El (ef. kynti) visit
ky=nn=ist- 7 1 to start (an engine)
ky=nti 3 visit
ky=nti-in 7 II running, working, starting
kynti+korti-t 7 pN (ef. kortti) (ealling) eard, visiting eard
ky=te-tty 5 past pass. pep. (ef. kytt) used
ky=te-tn-k 6 pres. pass. (ef. kytt) does one use?
ky-tiin 4 past pass.(ef. kyd) one visited
ky=tt-m-n 10 111 II (ef. kytt) to use
ky=tt= 8 use
kytt+tili 8 eheeking aeeount
kytt=-n 5 II into use
kyt 3 neg. stern. imperat.s2 (ef. kytt) use
ky=tt-isi-t 8 eond. s2 (ef. kytt) you would use
ky=tt-m=ttm-i- 8 pP (ef. kyttmtn) unused
ky=tt- 3 1 tr. to use
ky=tt-vt 4 p3 (ef. kytt) (they) use
ky=t=nn=llinen 1 praetieal
ky=t=nn=llis-i- 6 pP (ef. kytnnllinen) praetieal
ky=t-tte-k 3 p2 (ef. kytt) do you use?

G-55
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ky=t-tte-ks = kytt tek eolloq.3 p2 do you use?
(et. kytt)
kytv 2 eorridor
kytv-ss 2 ln. in the eorridor
ky=t=kse-n 13 G (et. kyts) behavior, manners
knn=s 8 turn
knt~-k 2 imperat. p2 (et. knty) turnl
knt~-v- 11 pres. aet. pep. P (et. knty) turning
knt~- 2 1 intr. to turn
knt+puole-lla 5 Ad (et. puoli) on the reverse side
knt+puole-Ile 8 AI (et. puoli) to the reverse side
krmee-n 10 G (et. krme) snake
kympi-n 7 G (et. kymppi) number ten
kymppi 7 ten, ten spot
kynne-Ile 13 AI (et. kynsi) nai!
kynnelle kykenev able-bodied
kyns-i-en+hoit=o 6 manieure
kynttil- 9 P eandle

(L)

la 5 abbr.tor lauantai Saturday


laadi-taan 9 pres. pass. (et. laatia) let I s draw up
laadu-Ita-aan 6 AbI poss. sutf. (et. laatu) (by) quality
laadu-sta 6 El (et. laatu) quality
laaja 14 extensive, wide
laaje-mpi 14 eompar. (et. laaja) more extensive, wider
laakso 12 valley
laakso-a 14 P valley
laati-a 9 l to draw up, eompile
laati-i 14 s3 (et. laatia) eompiles, draws up
laatikko 3 easserole, box, drawer
laatu 6 quality
laatu-a 6 P quality
lahja 6 gift
lahja=kas 1 gifted, talented
lahja=kkaa-t 6 pN (et. lahjakas) gifted
lahja-t 13 pN gifts

G-56

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lahti 12 bay, gulf
laiha 10 lean
laih=du=tta-a 10 tr. laihtua<laiha) to slim down
laihdutus+kurssi-t 10 pN dieting eourses
lai=llise-n 7 G (ef. laillinen; <laki) legal
laina 8 loan
laine 11 wave
lai-n+sdnt+valta 14 legislative power
la-i-t 13 pN (ef. laki) law
lait=oks-i-a 8 pP (ef. laitos) establishment, plant, institution
lait=os-ten 10 pG institutions
laitta-nut 4 past aet. pep. (ef. laittaa) (has) made
laituri 9 platform (at station), pier, jetty
laituri-lIe 7 Al to the pier, to the trains
laituri-sta 9 El from the platform
laiva=sto 1 navy
laiva=sto-ssa 1 In in the navy
laivo-i-hin 6 p II (ef. la~va) ships
laivo-j-a" 6 pP (ef. ~aiva) ships
laivo-j-en .9 pG (ef. laiva) boats
laje-j-a 5 pP (ef. laji) brands, speeies
laji 7 kind, speeies
laji-a 7 P kind, speeies
laji-n 10 G kind of, field
laji+valik=oi=ma-ssa 10 In in the assortment
lakana-lla 5 Ad on the sheet
lakat=a 8 1 cease, stop
laki 13 law
laki+esi=t=yks-i- 14 pP (ef. esitys) government bill
laki+ste=inen 14 provided by law, statutory
lakke-i-ne-en 13 pComit. poss. suff. (ef. lakki) with his/her caps
lakka 6 hair spray, varnish, cloudberry
lakka-a 6 P spray, varnish
lakki 6 eap
lakko-a 10 P strike
lako-ssa 10 In (ef. lakko) striking (lit., on strike)
lama 11 depression

G-57

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lamppu 2 lamp
lamppu+osa=sto 6 lamp department
lankea-a 14 s3 (et. langeta) beeome due, talI due
lanko 10 brother-in-law
lanko-ni .10 poss.sutt. my brother-in-law
lanko-si 10 poss. sutt. your brother-in-law
lanttu 3 rutabaga
lanttu+laatikko-a 3 P rutabaga easserole
lapa=nen 6 mitten
lapa=se-t 6 pN (lapanen) mittens
lappalais+ruoka 5 Lappish dish
Lappi-in 9 II to Lappland
lapse-mme 1 poss. sutt. (et. lapsi) our ehild, our ehildren
lapse-nne 1 poss. sutt. (et. lapsi) your ehild, your children
lapse-n+lapsi 10 grandehild
lapse-t 4 pN (et. lapsi) ehildren
laps-i-a 1 pP ehildren
lapsi+lis-i- 14 pP (et. lis) ehild subsidy (paid tor each child
under preseribed age by the state)
lapsi+lis 14 ehild support (paid by the state)
laps-i-lle-nne 1 pAl poss. sutt. to your ehildren .
lapsi-ne-en 10 Comit. poss. suft. with their ehildren
lapsi+vhe=nn=ykse-t 14 pN (et. vhenny) (ehild) exemptions
lase-i-sta 6 pEl (et. lasi) trom glasses
lasi 3 glass
lasi-in 3 11 into the glass
lasi-n 3 G the glass
lasi-n+puh=alta=ja-t 6 pN glass blowers
lasi+tehda=s 6 glass tactory
lasi+te=o=llis=uude-n 6 G (et. teollisuus) glass industry
laske 4 neg.stem (et~ laskea) let go, count
laske-a 12 1 to set, to eount, lower
laske-taan 12 pres. pass. (et. laskea) is eounted
laske=tt=el=u 10 down hill
laske-va 8 pres. aet. pep. (et. laskea) deeending
laske-vat 13 p3 (mke) (et. laskea) go downhill on skis, sleds, or toboggans
lask=iainen 13 Shrove Tuesday

G-58

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laskiais+pull-i-a 13 pP (ef. pulla) Shrove Tuesday buns
laskiais+tiistai 13 Shrove Tuesday
laski-e-ssa 13 II In (cf. laskea) while going down a hill
lask=u 5 bill
lask=u-ssa 5 In in the bill
lask=u-sta 6 El bill
lask=u=ta-mme 8 pl (ef. laskuttaa) we' 11 bill
lask=u=tta-a 8 1 to bill (make an) invoiee
las-ta 1 P (ef. lapsi) ehild
lasta 10 splint
las-ten 2 pG (ef. lapsi) of the ehildren
las-ten+sairaa=la-t 10 pN ehildrens' hospitals
las-ten+tarha 14 kindergarten
lattia 2 floor
lattia-Ila 9 Ad on the floor
lattia+tyyny 9 hassoek (lit., floor pillow, eushion)
latu 10 ski trail
lauantai 1 Saturday
lauantai+ilta-na 8E on Saturday evening
lauha 11 mild
lauhe-mpi 12 eompar. (ef. lauha) milder
lauh=tu-a 11 1 beeome milder
lauh=tu-u 11 s3 (ef. lauhtua) to get milder
laukku 6 bag
laukku-j-a 6 pP bags
laul=el=m-i-a 2 pP (ef. laulelma) songs
laul=u 9 singing, song
laul=u-j-a 2 pP songs
laus=e 2 sentenee
lausu=ja-i-n 9 pG reeiters (of poems)
lauta=nen 3 plate
lautas+liina 3 table napkins
laut=ee-t 8 pN (ef. laude) platform in the sauna (bathhouse)
laut=e-i-Ila 8 pAd (ef. laude) on the (sauna) benehes
lava+kurkku 7 eueumber
lava+kurkku-a 7 P (greenhouse) eueumber
leffa 9 movie

G-59

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leffa-an 9 Il slang to the movies
lehde-n 4 G/A (ef. lehti) paper
lehde-t 8 pN (cf. lehti) (news) papers
lehte-en 9 Il (ef. lehti) to the paper
lehti 2 paper, leaf
lehti+maja-n+juhla 13 Feast of Tabernaeles
lehti+mies+parve=ke 14 press baleony
lehti+mies+parve=kkee-Ila 14 Ad on the press baleony
(et. parveke)
lehto 1 grove of trees
lehto+lapsi 9 illegitimate child (poetie)
leijona 1 Leo, lion
leikat=a 6 1 to eut, operate
leika-taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. leikata) let's eut
leikat-ta-va-n 6 pres. pass. pep. G (ef. leikata) to be eut
leikka=ukse-n 6 G (ef. leikkaus) eut
leikka=us 6 eut, (medium) operation
leikka=utta-a 6 1 to have something eut
leikk=el=e 7 cold eut
leikk=el=e-i-t 7 pP cold euts
leikki- 4 P joke, (ehildren's) game, play
leima 6 stamp
leima+piv-n 7 II date of the stamp
leip 3 bread
leip+juusto-a 5 P bread cheese
leip+lauta=nen 3 bread plate
leip- 3 P bread
leivo=s 5 leipoa) pastry
lelu+lahja-t 6 pN toy gifts
lelu+rys=ys 6 toy "erash"
leningi-t 6 pN (ef. leninki) dresses
leninki 6 dress
lenki-n 10 G (ef. lenkki) round
lenkki 10 round, loop
lenntin+toim=isto 8 telegraph office
lento+asema 5 (ef. lent) airport
lento+liike=ntee-n 9 G (ef. liikenne) air traffie
lentok. 11 abbr. for lento+kentt airfield

G-60

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lento+kaappa=us 4 hijaeking
lento+kent-lle 8 Al (ef. kentt) to the airport (lit., airfield)
lento+kentt 5 airfield
lento+kone 4 airplane
lento+lis+maks=u 7 additional eharge for airmail
lento+maks=u-t 7 pN airmail rates
lento+onne=ttom=uus 4 airplane aeeident
lento+pallo 10 volleyball
lento+posti 7 airmail
lento+te=itse 7 via airmail
leski 10 widow, widower
leuka+murt=u=ma-t 10 pN jaw fraeture
leve=ys 8 width
leveys+aste 12 latitude
leveys+piiri-ll 12 Ad at the latitude
leveys+piiri-n 12 G latitude
leve=yt-t 12 P (ef. leveys) width, latitude
leve 6 wide
levo=ton 1 (ef. lepo) restless
levy+osa=sto 6 reeord department
levy+uut=uude-t 5 pN (ef. uutuus) new reeord releases
liemi+kauha 3 soup la dIe
liemi+kulho 3 soup bowl
liene-e 12 pot. pres. 83 (ef. olla) maybe
liha 7 meat
liha+ruu-i-sta 5 pEl (ef. ruoka) (from) meat dishes
liha+tuo=tt=ee-t 7 pN (ef. tuote) meat products
liian 3 (ef. liika) too, in exeess
liike+matka 5 business trip
liike+matka-lla 5 Ad on a business trip
liik=e=nne 4 traffie
liik=e=nne-kin 4 also traffie
liikenne+merki-t 8 pN (ef. merkki) traffie signs
liikenne+miriisteri 14 seeretary of transportation
liikenne+minister=i 14 Dept. of Transportation
liikenne+tapa+turma-t 10 pN traffie accidents
liikenne+valo-t 8 pN traffie lights
liikenne+ympyr 8 traffic circle

G-61
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liik=e=ntee-n 9 G (et. liikenne) traffic
liikk=ee-ll 13 Ad (et. liike) on the move, in eireulation
liikkee-n+harj=oitta=ja 9 person engaged in business, merchant
liiku=nna-n 10 G (ef. liikunta) physical exercise
liiku=nta-a 10 P physical exercise
liikunta+muodo-i-sta 10 pEl (ef. muoto) forms of exercise
liina-n 3 G/A tablecloth
liina+vaate+osa=sto 6 linen department
Liisa-Ita 8 AbI from Liisa
liitt=o 9 league, union
liitto+hallit=us 14 the federal government
liitt=y=m 8 exit (of a highway)
liitt=y-v-t 7 pres. aet. pep. (et. liitty) associated with
liitt=y-vt jhk 12 p3 join
liitt=y-y 14 s3 (ef. liitty) aecompanies, is attached
liitt=y- 12 1 to join
liitu 2 chalk
liitnnis+jsene-n 12 E (cf. jsen) as an associate member
liki+mr;inen 12 approximate
likri- 5 p liqueur
linja+auto-j-en 9 pG (long-distance, interurban) bus
linna 14 prison, castle
linna-ssa 13 1n castle, president's residence, prison
lipasto 9 dresser
lipe+kala-a 3 P lute fish
lippu 2 flag, ticket
lippu-a 9 P ticket
lippu+juhla 13 (puolustusvoimain) celebration of the flag (Armed Forces Day)
lippup. 9 abbr. for lippu+palvelu ticketron
lipputoim. 9 abbr. tor lippu+toimiston ticket office
lipu-n+hinna-t 7 pN (et. hinta) fare (lit., prices of tickets)
lipu-n+nost=o 13 hoisting of a flag
lipu-t 9 pN (ef. lippu) tickets
lipu=te-taan 13 pres. pass. (ef. liputtaa) one flies a flag
lipu=tta-a 13 1 to fly a flag

G-62

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lisensiaatti 14 person who has passed eomprehensive examination
for the doetorate, lieensed
lis+edu-i-sta 14 pEl (et. etu) fringe benefit
lis+etu 14 fringe benefit
lis-ksi 7 T in addition
lis+maks=u 7 maksaa) . additional/extra eharge
lis+maks=u~a 7 P extra eharge
lis+maks=u-sta 8 El for an additional eost
lis+maks=u-tta 7 Abess without extra charge
lis+tied=o-t 10 pN (ef. tieto) additional information
lis- 3 P more
lis-m-tt 14 III Abess. (et. list) without adding
lis=nty-neet 8 past aet. pep intr.
(et. lisnty) to increase
litra 7 liter
litra-a 7 P liter
litra-n 7 G/A liter
liukas 11 slippery
liukas-ta 11 P slippery
liuku+portaa-t 6 pN (et. porras) escalator
l-kortit 9 abbr. tor luotto+kortit (et. kortti) credit cards
lohi 5 sairnon
lohi+keitt=o 5 N sairnon soup
loh-ta 5 P (et. lohi) sairnon
loi 11 past s3 (ef. luoda) shoveled, created
loist=ee-lla 5 Ad (ef. loiste) by glow
lojaali 1 loyal
loka+kuu 1 October
loma 4 vacation
loma+asu=nno-n 9 G (et. asunto) vacation home
loma+asu=nto 9 (et. asunto) vacation home
loma=ke 5 torm
10ma-l1a 7 Ad. on vacation
loma+matka-lla 5 Ad on a holiday trip
loma-n+vietto+paikka-an 9 11 to the vacation place
lonkero 3 long drink
Lontoo-ssa 7 In in London
lope=te-tta-va 6 pres. pass. pep. (et. lopettaa) (has) to be ended
lopp=iainen 13 Epiphany

G-63
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lopp=iais-ta 13 P (ef. loppiainen) Epiphany
loppu-a 1 1 intr. to end, run out
loppu-u 2 s3 (ef. loppua) ends
loppu-un 7 II to the end
lossi 8 ferry
lounaase-en 11 II (et. lounas) to the southwest
lounaa-sta 5 El (et. lounas) about luneh, trom the southwest
louna=inen 11 southwest
lounas 5 luneh, southwest
lounas-ta 5 P luJleh
lounasta 9 imperat. s2 have luneh
lue=nto 4 lecture
lue=nto-a 4 P leeture
luento+tila-a 9 P spaee to hold leetures
lue=tta-va 13 pres. pass. pep. (ef. lukea) to be read
lue-tta-v-i-en 14 pres. pass. pep. pG (ef. lukea) to be eounted
lu-i-n 4 past sl (et. lukea) 1 read
luist=ele-mis-ta 10 IV P (et. luistella) skating
luist=ele-ma-an 10 111 II (et. luistella) to skate
luist=el-Ia 10 1 to skate
luist=el=u 10 skating
luist=el=u-a 10 P skating
luistin+rada-Ila 10 Ad (ef. rata) on the skating rink
luistin+rata 9 skating rink
luke-a 2 1 to read
luke-kaa 2 imperat. p2 (et. lukea) read
luke-ma-an 8 111 II. (et. lukea) to read
luke-ma=ttom-i-lla 10 p Ad (et. lukematon) eountless
luke-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. lukea) read
luk=io 14 senior high school (3 yrs.)
luk=io-ssa 14 In senior high school
luku 2 ehapter
luku+jrje=st=ys 2 sehedule
luku+kausi 2 semester
luku+lamppu 9 reading lamp
luku+lase-j-a-si 8 pP poss. suff. (ef. lasi) your reading glasses
lukuun+otta-ma-tta 6 111 Abess (ef. ottaa) exeept, not eounting
lume-t 10 pP (et. lumi) snow(s)

G-64

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lumi 4 snow
lumi+myrsky 11 blizzard
lumi+tuisku 11 driving snow
lunasta-a 9 1 redeem, buy
lun-ta 4 P (ei. lumi) snow
luo-da 11 (lunta) 1 to shovel (snow)
luode 11 northwest
luoja-n 2 G ereator, God
luoka-n 7 G (eL luokka) class
luoka-ssa 9 1n (ei. luokka) in the elass
luokka 2 elass
luokka-an 1 Il into the elass
luo-na 10 E (G+)postposit. with
luo-neet 6 past aet. pep. (ef. luoda) ereated
luonno-n+tiet=e-i-t 14 pP (ef. tiede) natural seienees
luonto 12 nature
luontois+etu 14 fringe benefit
luotee-n 11 G (ef. luode) northwest
luoteis+tuul-ta 11 P (ef. tuuli) northwest wind
luote-tta-va 13 pres. pass. pep.(ef. luottaa) trustworthy
luoto=llis-ta 8 P adj. luott9) with eredit
(ef. luotollinen)
luottamus+lause+ne=st=ys 14 vote of eonfidenee
luotto+korti-lla 6 Ad (ef. kortti) by eredit eard
luotto+kortti 6 eredit eard
lupas-i 11 past s3 (ef. luvata) promised, predieted
lupa-a 8 P permission
lupaa-n 14 sl (ef. luvata) to promise
lupa=ukse-nsa 13 G poss. suff. (ei. lupaus) promise
lusikka 3 spoon
luteri=lainen 13 . Lutheran
luumu 7 plum
luumu-j-a 7 pP plums
luu-n+murt=u-ma-t 10 pN (ei. murtua) bone iraetures
luuri-n 4 G/A (eolloq.) reeeiver
luvat-a 11 1 to promise
luvat-tiin 11 past pass. (ef. luvata) was promised
lyhe=nte-i-t 9 pP (ei. lyhenne) abbreviations

G-65
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lyhen=t- 6 lyhyt) 1 to shorten
lyhye-ksi 6 T (et. lyhyt) short
lyhye-mm-ksi 6 eompar. T (et. lyhyempijlyhyt) shorter
lyhye-mpi 6 eompar. shorter
lyhy-i-t B pP (et. lyhyt) short
lyhyt 2 short
lyhyt+lahke=inen 6 adj. lahje) short leg
ly-d lyly B 1 to throw water on the sauna stove in order
to ereate steam
ly-dn-k B pres. pass. (et. lyd) will one (we) throw [lit., strike]
ly-t 9 82 (et. lyd) you hit
lhd-ss 10 In (et. lht) to be departing
lhe=ise-mpi 10 eompar. (et. lheinen) eloser
lhe=ise=sti 12 adv. closely
lhe-l1 2 Ad near
lhe=te-tt-v 2 pres. pass. pep. (et. lhett) to be broadcast (sent)
lhe=te-tn 7 pres. pass. (et. lhett) is being sent
lhe=tt- 7 1 to send
lhe=tt=j-n 7 G sender's
lhe=tt-m-ll 7 111 Ad (ef. lhett) by sending
lhe=t-n B s1 (ef. lhett) 1 send
lhe=t-tte-k B p2 (ef. lhett) wil1 you send'1
lhe=t=ykse-n 7 E (ef. lhetys) dispateh (mail)
lhe=t=ykse-t 7 pN (ef. lhetys) dispatehes (mail)
lhe=t=ys 7 dispateh (mail), broadeast
lhe=t=y=st 1 embassy
lhe=t=y=st-n 5 G embassy's
lhetyst+virka=ili=ja 1 foreign serviee offieer
lhe=t=y=st-n 6 II to the embassy
lh-imm-lle 6 superl. Al (et. lhin) to the nearest
lh-in 2 8uperl. nearest
lh-in-n 6 preposit. (+P) nearest
lh=i 9 (asuma+lhi) suburb
lh=i-st 9 El from a bedroom eommunity
lhte-e 4 s3 (ef. lhte) leaves
lhte-nyt 10 past aet. pep. (ef. lhte) (has) left
lhte-v 5 pres. aet. pep. (ef. lhte) leaving
lhte-vt 2 p3 (ef. lhte) leave

G-66

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lhte- 2 1 intr. to leave
lht= 10 departure
lht+lue=tt=el=o 7 register (list) of the outgoing mail
lht+piv-nne 5 poss. suff. your day of departure
lht+valmii-na 6 E (ef. valmis) ready to leave/depart
lmmin 3 warm
lmmin+sydm=inen 1 (cf. sydn) warm-hearted
lmmin-t 11 P warm
lmmi=tt=ele-m-n 11 111 II (cf. lmmitell) to get warm
lmmi=t=ys 9 heating
lmmitys+laitt=ee-n 9 G (cf. laite). the heater
lmmit 8 1 intr. (lmmet) to heat, warm
lmpi- 8 s3 intr. (ef. lmmit) is warming up
lmp+tila 11 temperature
lnne-mp-n 12 E compar. (cf. lnsi) farther west
lnne-n 4 G (cf. lnsi) west
lnsi 11 west
lnsi+ma=inen 12 western
lnsi+ma=ise-sta 12 El (cf. mainen) western
lnsi+suUnua-Ita 9 AbI (cf. suunta) from a western direction
Lnsi+vyl~ B Western Freeway
Lnsi+vyl-Ile 8 AI tothe Western Freeway
lpi 10 (G+) postposit. through
lke 10 medicine
lke+aine 10 medicine
lke+mr=ys 10 preseription
lke+tiet=ee=llinen 14 medical
lke+tiet=ee=llise-en 14 II (cf. tieteellinen) (into) medical
lke+tiet=ee=llis-i- 10 pP (ef. tieteellinen) medical
lkint+hallit=us 14 central medical board, bureau of medicine
lk=ri 3 medical doc tor
lkri-It 10 AbI from the medical doctor
lkri- 10 P medical doctor
lni 11 the largest administrative district in Finland
lni-n+hallit=us-ten 14 pG provincial government
lyde-tt-v-i-ss 6 pres. pass. pcp. pln can be found
(cf. lyt)
lyly 8 steam (in a sauna bath)

G-67
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lyly-ss 8 1n in the sauna heat/steam
lyly-t 8 pN sauna heat, sauna steam
lyly-yn 8 I1 to the sauna steam
lyly- 8 P sauna steam
lyt=y-i-k 14 past s3 (ef. lyty) was (it) found'l
lyt=y- 14 intr. 1 to be found, to be diseovered, to turn up
lyt=y-y 10 s3 intr. (ef. lyty) is found
lyt-isi-n 6 eond. sl (ei. lyt) 1 would find
lys-i-tte-ks=lysittek 4 colloq. did you find?
lys-i-tte-k 4 past p2 (ef. lyt) did you find?
lyt- 4 1 tr. to find
lyt-k 5 s3 does he find'l
lyt+tavara+toim=isto 6 lost and found department
m2 9 abbr. tor neli+metri square meter
ma 2 abbr. tor maanantai l10nday
maa 5 country, earth, ground
maa-han+tul=o 5 entering the country
maailma-n 5 G world's
maailma-n+kuul=u-j-a 6 pP world renowned
maailma-n+soda-n 6 G (ef. sota) world war
maailma-ssa 10 ln in the world
maa-ja mets+talous+ministeri 14 secretary ot agriculture and forestry
maa-ja mets+talous+minister=i 14 Department/Ministry of Forestry
and Agriculture
maa+kunna-ssa 11 1n (cf. kunta) province
maa+kunta 11 province
maalais+leip- 7 p country bread
maala=uks-i-a 9 pP (cL maalaus) paintings
maalis+kuu 1 March
maa-l1e 8 Al to the country
maa=l1inen 13 secular, lay
Maa-mme 14 poss. suff. "Our Land" (Finnish national hymn)
maa-n 7 G country's
maa-na 14 E as a land
maanantai 1 Monday
maanantai-ksi 6 T by Monday
maanantai-sta 5 El from Monday
maa-n+jr=ist=ys 4 earthquake

G-68

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maa-n+tie 8 highway
maa-n+tiet=ee=llinen 12 geographieal
maa-n+tiet=ee=llise=sti 12 adv. geographieally
maa+pallo 12 globe
maa+seudu-n 14 G (cf. seutu) rural area
maa+seutu 8 eountryside
maa-ssa 5 ln in the eountry
maa-ssa-mme 8 ln poss. suff. in our country
maa+voima-t 1 pN army
made+keitt=o 5 burbot ehowder
maha 10 belly
mahdo=llinen 9 mahtaa) possible
mahdo=llise-Ila 7 Ad possible
(ef. mahdollinen)
mahdo=llise=sti 9 adv. possibly
mahdo=llis-i-a 8 pP (ef. mahdollinen) possible
mahdo=llis-ta 8 P (ef. mahdollinen) possible
mahdo=ll1s=uuks-i-a 10 pP possibilities
(ef. mahdollisuus)
mahdo=ton 10 impossible
maha-a-nsa 10 P poss. suff. his/her belly
mahta-va 6 pres. aet. pep. mighty
maihari 6 army surplus jaeket
ma-i-hin 7 pII (ef. maa) (in)to eountries
Maija-n 1 G/A proper name
maila 10 raequet, bat
mainio-i-ta 5 pP exeellent
main=itse-ma-lla 8 111 Ad (ef. mainita) mentioning
maini-ttu-jen 13 pG past pass. pep. mentioned
maini-tu-i-ssa 14 past pass. pep. mentioned
pIn (ef. mainita)
mainos+korti-t 7 pN (ef. kortit) advertising eards
maisema 12 landseape
maista-a 3 tr. I to taste
maista-kaa-pa 5 p2 imperat. (ef. maistaa) taste!
maisteri 1 M.A.
maisteri-n+sormus-ta 10 P M.A. ring
maista-nut 3 past aet. pep. (ef. maistaa) tasted

G-69
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maista~nut-kaan 14 past aet. pep. (ef. maistaa) tasted
maist=u-a 2 1 intr. to taste
maist=u-i 3 past s3 intr. (ef. maistua) tasted
maist=u-isi-ko 3 s3 intr.(ef. maistua) taste
maist=u-u 2 s3 intr. (ef. maistua) (it) tastes
maist=u-vat 4 p3 intr. (ef. maistua) taste
maito 3 milk
maito+lasi 3 glass of milk
maito+rahka 7 eottage eheese
maj=oit=us 9 aeeommodation
majuri 1 major
makkara 7 sausage
makkara-n 8 G sausage's
maksa-a 6 1 to pay, eost
maksa-ma-lla 7 111 Ad (ef. maksaa) by paying
maksa-tte-ko 6 p2 (ef. maksaa) do you pay?
makse-taan 6 pres.pass (ef. maksaa)
makse-taan-ko 8 pres.pass. (ef. maksaa) does one pay?
maks=u 7 fee, eharge, eost
maks=u-a 7 P fee
maks=u-sta 7 El for eharge
maksu+tod=ist=ukse-t 7 pN (ef. todistus) eertifieates for payment
maksu+vyhyke 7 pay zone
makuu+huone 9 bedroom
makuu+huone-tta 9 P bedroom
makuu+vaunu 9 sleeper (puIlman)
makuu+vaunu+osa=sto-n 9 G sleeping eompartment
malja=kko 3 vase
malja-nne 1 poss.suff. for your healtb
malli-Ita-an 6 AbI poss.suff. (by) model
manikyyri 6 manieure
manikyyri -n 6 G manieure
manner 12 eontinent
Mannerheim-i-n+tie 5 G Mannerheim's road
Mannerheim-i-n+tie-n 6 G Mannerheim's road's
manner+ma=inen 12 eontinental
mansikka . 7 strawberry

G-70

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mansiko-i-ta 5 pP (ef. mansikka) strawberries
mantere 12 continent
maraton 10 marathon
Maria-n(ilmestysmis+)piv 13 Annuneiation
marinoi-tu-j-a 5 past pass. pep. pP
(cf. marinoida) marinated
marja 7 berry
marja-t 7 pN berries
marjo-j-a 5 pP (ef. marja) berries
marka-sta 7 El (ef. markka) (for) mark
markka 7 mark
markkino-i-l1e 6 pAl (ef. markkina) to the market
marras+kuu 1 November
martini-n .3 G Martini
matala+pain=e 11 low pressure
matee-n 7 G (ef. made) hurbot (fresh water codfish)
Mati-l1a 4 Ad (ef. Matti) proper name
matinea 9 matinee
matinea-an 9 I1 to a matinee
matka 4 trip
matkailija+lippu 7 tourist tieket
matkailija+lipu-n 9 G (cf. lippu) tourist tieket
matkailu+lippu 9 tour ticket
matka+lippu-j-a 9 pP (passenger) tickets
matka-lla 7 Ad on the way
matka+muist=o-j-a 6 pP souvenirs
matka+shekke-j- 5 pP (eL shekki) travelers' eheeks
matka+tavara 5 baggage, luggage
matka+toim=isto-j-en 9 pG travel ageneies.
matko-i-lla 5 pAd (ef. matka) traveling
matku=sta-a 10 1 to travel
matkustaja+turva=llis=uude-n 9 G security of travelers
(ef. turvallisuus)
matku=st=ele-e 10 s3 (ef. matkustella) travels
mauste+kakku-a 3 P spiee cake
me 3 we
mehu 3 juice
mehu-a 3 P juiee
meid-n 2 G (eL me) our
G-71
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meijeri 7 dairy
meijeri+tuo=tt=e-i-ta 7 pP (ef. tuote) dairy produet
meillon = meill on 1 we have
me-i-ll 1 Ad at our plaee (with us)
me-i-t 5 pP of us
melkein 10 adv. almost
melko=inen 9 adj. rather, quite a
melonta+koulu 10 paddling lessons
melu 11 noise
mene' 7 neg. stem (ef. menn) go
mene-e 1 s3 (ef. menn) goes
mene-e-k 7 s3 (ef. menn) does (it) go
mene-mme 4 p1 (ef. menn) we go
mene=st=ys 13 sueeess
mene=t=el-l 9 1 to proeeed
mene-tte 2 p2 (ef. menn) you go
mene=tt-neet 6 past aet. pep. (ef. menett) (have) lost
mene=tt- 14 1 to lose (for good)
mene-vit-k 8 p3 (ef. menn) do (they) g01
men-i 1 past 3 (ef. menn) went
men-k 2 imperat. p2 (ef. menn) gol
men-k-mme 5 imperat. p1 (ef. menn) let us go
menne=is=yyte-en 6 II (ef. menneisyys) the past
menn-e-ss 5 II In (11+) postposit. by a eertain time, while going
men-n 2 1 to go
menn sijo-i-lta-an 10 AbI poss. suff. (ef. sija) to disloeate
men-nn 4 pres. pass. eolloq. let' 5 go
meno+lippu 9 one-way tieket
meno+matka 9 the trip there
meno-paluu+lippu9 round trip
men=o-ssa 4 In is going
ment-s = ment-isi-in 4 eond. pres. pass. one would go
menu 5 N menu
mere-n+kulki=jo-i-lle 11 pAl (ef. kulkija) seafarers
Mere-n+kurkku 11 The Quark
mere-n+tutkimus+lait=os 11 oeeanographie institute
meri 12 sea
meri+nk+ala 9 view of the sea

G-72

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meri+voima-t 1 pN navy
meri+voim-i-ssa 1 In (ef. voima) in the navy (sea forces)
merki=nn-t 7" pN (ef. merkint) markings
merk=itse-m-ll 8 111 Ad (ef. merkit) by marking
merkki 1 sign, postage stamp, signal
merkki-ni 1 poss. suff. my sign
merkki- 1 P of sign
mestare-i-ta 2 pP (ef. mestari) masters
mesta=us 13 exeeution, beheading
metodisti 13 Methodist
metodisti+kirkko 13 Methodist Church
metro 4 "metro
metro-Ha 4 Ad by metro
mets 11 forest, woods
mets-lIe 9 Al to hunt
mets+mansiko-i-ta 7 pP (ef. mansikka) wild (wood) strawberries
mets+palo+var=oit=us 11 forest-fire warning
mets+sieni+salaatti-a 5 P forest mushroom salad
metsstys+kausi 9 hunting season
miehe-en 1 II (ef. mies) man
miehe-lle-nne 1 Al poss. suff. (ef. mies) to your husband
miehe-ni 1 poss. suff. (ef. mies) my husband
miehe-ns 4 (ef. mies) heI" husband
miehe-t 8 pN (cf. mies) men
mieh-i-lle 2 pAl (ef. mies) for the gents, men
miele=ise-ns 14 poss. suff. (ef. mieleinen) pleasing, agreeable (to hirn)
miele-ll-mme 9 Ad poss. suff. mieli) with (our) pleasure
miele-ll-ni 9 Ad poss. suff. mieli) with (my) pleasure
miele-n+hir=i 10 fit of insanity
miele-n+kiinto=inen 3 interesting
miele-n+kiinto=is-imma-t 5 pN superl. most interesting
(ef. kiintoisin)
miele-n+kiinto=is-ta 4 P (ef. kiintoinen) interesting
mieli+hyv-i-n 13 pInstr adv. hyv) with pleasure
miel-i-in+painu=v-imma-ksi 12 pT superl. most unforgettable
mieli+taudi-t 10 pN (ef. tauti) mental diseases
mielly=tt-v-ksi 8 pres. act. pep. T pleasant
mieluu-mm-i-n 3 eompar. pInstr rather

G-73
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mies 1 man (male), husband
mies-ten 6 pG menls
mies-ten+huone 2 gents
mi-hin 2 II (d. mik) (into) what
mihis = mi-hin 2 II into what
miinus+aste 11 minus degree
mi-kin 2 (ef. mik) eaeh
mi-ksi 2 T (ef. mik) why, for whieh
mi-ksi-p-s 4 T (ef. mik) why (not)
mik 1 what
mikli 5 eonj. as far as
mik-s 4 eolloq. what
mik-n 2 any, (not) any
mi=llaise-sta 4 El adj. (ef. millainen) what kind
mi=llanen = mi=llainen 4 what kind of
mi=l1ainen 2 what kind
mi=l1oin 1 when
mi=lloin=kaan 9 ever
mi-Il 1 Ad (ef. mik) on what
mi-Il-n 3 Ad poss. suff. (ef. mik) (.no) way
mi-It 3 AbI (ef. mik) what
ministeri-t 14 pN members of the eabinet
ministeri- 14 P member of the eabinet
minister=i 14 ministry, department of the eabioet
mini 10 daughter-io-law
mi-n-k 4 G (et. mik) what
mi-n-k+lainen 2 what kind
mi-n-k+laise-ssa 9 1n in what kind
mi-n-k+lais-ta 7 P (ef. minklainen) what kind
mi=nne 3 to where
minu-a 4 P (ef. min) me
minu-Ila 2 Ad (et. min) 1 have
minu-Ile 1 AI (et. min) to me
minu-Ita 10 AbI (ef. min) from me
minu-n 2 G (ef. min) my
minu-sta 1 El (ef. min) (from me) 1 think, io my 0plDlon
minu-sta-kin 2 El me, too; in my opinion, too
minuutti 2 . minute

G-74

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minuuti-n 7 G (et. minuutti) minute's
minuutti-a 2 p
minuuti-n 2 G (ef. minuutti) minute
min 1 I
min-kin 3 1, too
min-kn 3 not 1, either
mi-ss 1 In (et. mik) where?
mi-ss-n 7 (et. mik) anywhere, nowhere
mi-st 1 El (et. mik) where from
mi=ten 1 how
mitta=ri 7 meter, gauge
mitta=ri-n 7 G meter, gauge
mi-t 1 P (et. mik) what?
mi-t-s 1 P eolloq. what
mi-t-n 1 P (ef. mik) anything, nothing
mm. 6 abbr. tor muun mua-ssa among others
moderni-a 2 P modern
moi 1 eolloq. hi
molemma-t 4 both
molemp-i-en 4 pN pG (et. molemmat) both
moni+puol=inen 1 versatile
mokom-i-n 3 pInstr. by a11 means
molla+maija-t 6 pN Raggedy Ann
mone-n+lais-i-a 9 pP (ef. monenlainen) many kind(s)
mone-ssa 8 In (ef. moni) in many
mone-t 6 pN (et. moni) many
moni 6 many
moni=nais-impi-a 6 pP superl. various kinds
(et. moninainen < moninaisin)
mon-i-ssa 6 p 1n many
moni=sta-ma-lla 7 111 Ad (et. monistaa) by mimeographing
moniv. 13 abbr. tor moni+vuotinen many years
moottori 7 motor, engine
moottori+pyr-Il 8 Ad with (by) motoreyele
moottori-ssa 7 In in the engine
morsian 10 bride, fianeee
Moskova-n 13 G Moseow
mote11i 1 motel

G-75
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moukari-n+heitt=o 10 throwing the hammer
mtv abbr. for mainos+televisio 2 eommereial television
mua = minua 4 P eolloq. me
mu-i-den 13 pG (ef. muu) others
muista 7 imperat. s2 (ef. muistaa) remember
muista-a 5 1 to remember
muista-e-n 13 II Instr. (ef. muistaa) remembering
muista-kaa 6 imperat. p2 (ef. muistaa) remember
muisti-in+pan=o-j-a 13 pP notes
muist-i-t-ko 3 past s2 did you remember?
muisto+kirj=oit=us 13 obituary
muisto+tilais=uus 13 memorial reeeption
muist=u=t-i-t 5 past 82 (ef. muistuttaa) you reminded
muist=u=tta-a 5 1 to remind, resemble
mu-i-ta 7 pP (ef. muu) other
muka-an 1 (G+) postposit. along with, aeeording to
muka=ise=sti 12 (G+) postposit. aceording to
muka-na 9 (G+) postposit. along with, aeeompanying
muka-na-mme 9 E poss. suff. (G+) postp08it. (along) with us
mukava 1 niee, eomfortable
mukava-a 1 P niee, comfortable
mukava-lta 6 AbI eomfortable, nice
mukava-mpi 10 eompar. more comfortable
mukava=sti 8 adv. nicely, pleasantly
mukav=uuks-i-a 9 pP (ef. mukavuus) conveniences
mulla = minu-Ila 2 Ad 1 have
mullon = minulla on 3 eolloq. 1 have
mun = minun 1 eolloq. mine
muna 5 N egg
mun-i-a 7 pP eggs
Munkki+niemi 7 proper noun
Munkki+vuore-n 7 G (ef. vuori) proper noun
muodo-i-ssa 6 pln (ef. muoto) forms
muodo=sta-a 14 1 to form
muodo=st=u-vat 14 p3 (ef. muodostua) consists of, are formed
muori 13 eolloq. wife
muoti+asia 10 fad, matter of fashion
muoto form

G-76

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muoto=ili=ja-t 6 pN designers
muoto-j-a 10 pP fOrDIs
muoto+kiele-st 12 El (cf. kieli) language of form
murto+maa+hiiht=o 10 eross-country skiing
murto+vak=uut=us 9 insuranee against burglars
murt=u-a 10 1 intr. to fraeture, become crushed
murt=u-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. murtua) fractured
musiikki-a 4 P music
mu-sta = minusta 1 El eolloq. in my opinion
mu-sta-kin = minustakin 2 eolloq. also in my opinion, too
musta-na 3 E as black
musta+viini+marja 7 black currant
musti-a 4 P black
Musti-n 4 G/A proper noun
mustikka 7 blueberry
mut = mutta 3 colloq. but
mutta 1 but
muodo-lla 4 Ad (cf. muoto) with the form
muu 6 other
muua-lla-kin 10 Ad elsewhere
muua-lle' 7 Al (to) elsewhere
muuan 6 a certain
muudan 6 a certain
muu-t 7 pN other(s)
muu-ta 7 P other
muutama 6 a few
muutam-i-a 10 pP (eL muutama) a few
muuten 1 by the way, otherwise
muuten-kin 7 otherwise
muute-taan 11 pres. pass. (ef. muuttaa) is ehanged
muutta-ma-tta 14 111 Abess. tr. (ef. muuttaa) without ehanging
muutt=u-u 5 s3 intr~ (ef. muuttua) ehanges
myrky=t=ykse-t 10 pN (ef. myrkytys) poisonings
myrsky 9 storm, tempest
myssy 6 knitted hat
myy-dn 6 pres. pass. (cf. myyd) is sold
myy=j 6 salesperson
myynti+osa=sto 6 sales department

G-77
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myhe-mrn-i-n 2 eompar. Instr. (ef. myh) later
myhe-mp-i-en 13 eompar. pG (et. myh) latter
myh=is-t 3 P (ef. myhinen) late
myh-ss 2 In late
myh=st=y-ne-i-n 7 past aet. pep. pE late
(ef. myhsty)
myh=st=y-mis-i-en 7 IV pG (ef. myhsty) delay, being late
myh-n 4 late
mynt- 14 s3 grants, admits
mys 1 aho
myt=il-l 12 be in aeeord, follow
m = min 1 eolloq. + poetry 1
md-t 11 to rot
me-ss 10 In (ef. mki) slope, hill
mki 12 hill
mki+hypp=y 10 ski jump
m-kin = minkin 3 eolloq. 1, too
mkrinen 11 gnat
mmrni- 3 P malt-rye pudding
mti- 7 P roe
mt+kuu 11 dog days
mri=t=el-ty 13 past pass. pep. detined
(et. mritell)
mr 8 amount
mr+aikais+talletus+tili 8 a eertifieate of deposit
mr+aikais+talletus+tili- 8 P a eertifieate of deposit
mr-tty-j- 13 past pass. pep. pP speeified, set, eertain
(ef. mrt)
mr- 8 s3 (ef. mrt) (one) orders
mr=-m-i- 13 111 pP (ef. mrt) appointed (by)
mr=-m-t 7 111 pN (et. mrt) deereed (by), ordered
n. 9 abbr. for noin approximately
naapuri 12 neighbor
naapuri -n 8 G neighbor's
naapuri-t 12 pN neighbors
nahka 6 leather
nailon 6 nylon
nailon-i-a 6 P nylon

G-78

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nai-rna=ton 1 111 N naida) uomarried, single
nai-rnis-i-ssa 1 IV In (et. naida) married
nai-ne-i-ta 10 past aet. pep. pP (et. naida) married
nainen 1 woman
naise-t 8 pN (et. nainen) women
nais-i-IIe 2 pAI (ef. nainen) for the ladies, women
nais-ten 2 pG (ef. nainen) womens'
nais-ten+huone 2 ladies room
nais-ten+tanssi-t 9 ladies' danees
nais-ten+tauti-en 10 pG women's diseases
nakki 7 frankfurter
nalle 6 teddy bear
napa+piiri 12 Aretie Circle
nappi 6 button
narraa' 4 neg. stern (ef. narrata) kid
narrat=a 4 to kid
nauha 2 tape
nauha-Ita 2 AbI from the tape
naula-a 9 P nai!
naula-an 9 Il nail, peg
naura=tt-i tr 9 past s3 (et. naurattaa) he felt like laughing
naut-i-n 9 past sl (ef. nauttia) 1 enjoyed
nauti-taan 11 pres. pass imperat. (ef. nauttia) let's eojoy
nautti-a 11 to enjoy
nautti-vat 10 p3 (ef. nauttia) eojoy
naveto-i-ssa 13 pln (ef. navetta) in eow sheIters
neiti 1 Miss
neitsyt 1 Virgo, virgin
nelj 1 tour
neljkytnelj = neIj+kymmeot+nelj 1 eolloq. fourty-four
nelj-It 2 AbI
neIj=nnes 2 quarter, the fourth
neIjnnes+kiIo-o 7 Go a quarter kilo
nelj=nnes-t 2 P quarter
neIjnnes+vuos=ittain 8 adv. quarterly
nelj=s 1 fourth
neIo=nen 7 noun four
neIos+tie-n 8 G Route Four

G-79
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nen-st 10 El from the nose
neul=e-i-ta 6 pP knitted goods
neuvo 10 adviee
neuvo-a 2 1 to advise
neuvo-e-n 8 II Instr. (ef. neuvoa) giving adviee
neuvo=nta 5 information
Neuvosto+liitt=o 12 Soviet Union
niemi 12 peninsula
niemi+maa 12 peninsula
nietos 11 snowdrift
niin 1 so
niin+kuin 8 eonj. as
niin-kB 2 is i t s01
ni-i-st 7 pEI (ef. ne) of them
nilkka 10 ankle
nilkka-ni 10 poss. suff. my ankle
nim. 9 abbr. for nimi+merkill lit., under a name ("eover name"),
"a substitute for a name"
nime-en 7 II (ef. nimi) to the name
nime-Il 5 Ad (ef. nimi) (in)(by) a name
nime-It-n 5 AbI poss. suff. (ef. nimi) by its name
nime-nne 1 poss. suff. (ef. nimi) name
nime-si 5 poss. suff. (ef. nimi) your name
nime-t 13 pN (ef. nimi) names
nime=tt6m-ss 10 In (ef. nimetBn) ring finger (lit., nameless)
nimi 1 name
nimi+piv' 12 name day
nimi+tied=ot=us 5 reverse direetory (telephone)
nimi=ttin 10 adv. beeause, for
nimi=tt- 14 to nominate
nimi- 6 pP name
nipu-n 7 G (ef. nippu) buneh
nippu 7 a buneh
niska 10 the (nape of the) neek
niska-a-nsa 10 P poss. suff. his/her nape of the neek
niska+peili- 6 P neek mirror
niska-sta 6 El nape of the neek
no 1 well

G-80

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Noak-i-n 10 G Noah's
noin 2 about, roughly
no-i-ta 7 pP (eL nuo) (of) those
noJat-ko 9 neg. imperat. stern (ef. nojata) don't lean
noja+tuoli-en 9 pG easy ehair, armehair
nopea 4 fast
nopea-mm-i-n 7 eompar. adv. faster
nopea+rytm=is-t 9 P adj. (ef. rytminen) with fast rhythm
nopea=sti 2 quiekly
nopee=sti = nopea=sti 4 eolloq. quiekly
nope-imma-lla 7 superl. Ad fastest
(ef. nopein; < nopea)
nope=us 11 speed
norja 4 Norwegian language
normaali+lipu=t=ukse-sta 13 El (ef. liputus) from norroal
nosta-a 8 1 to lift, hoist, withdraw (money)
nouda=tta-a ruoka+valio-ta 10 I;P to diet
nouda=tta-vat 13 p3 (ef. noudattaa) obey, follow, aeeept (here)
nouae-e 12 s3 (ef. nousta) rises
nouse-n 7 sl (ef. nousta) 1 get up
nouse-tte 10 p2 (ef. nousta) you get up
nouse-va 8 pres. aet. pep. (ef. nousta) rising
noua-ta 7 1 to alight, get up
noust-e-ssa-nne 9 II In poss. suff. while you get on the train
(ef. nousta)
ns. 8 abbr. for niin sanottu so-ealled
nuke-n+vaunu-t 6 pN doll's carriage
nukke 6 doll
nukke+koti 6 doll house
nukku-a 4 1 to sleep
nukku-ma-ssa 5 111 1n (ef. nukkua) sleeping
nukku-nut 4 past act. pep. (ef. nukkua) slept
nuku-ta 4 neg. stern (ef. nukkua) feel sleepy
nuku=tta-a 4 1 tr. to feel sleepy
nuku=tta-a-ko 4 1 tr. do you feel sleepy?
nuku-tu-ksi 9 past pass. pep. T (ef. nukkua) to sleep (slept)
nuku=t=us 10 administration of an anesthetie
nuku=t=us-ta 10 P anesthetic

G-81
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numero 1 number
numero-a 6 pP size, number
numero-i-n 7 pInstr. with numbers
numer=oi=nni-n 5 G (ef. numerointi) numbering
numero-n 7 G number
numero-on 8 II (in)to the number
numero+tied=ot=us 5 (telephone) number information
nuore-lle 9 Al (et. nuori) (tor) young
nuore-mm-t 10 eompar. pN (et. nuori) younger
nuore-t 13 pN (et. nuori) the young people
nuori 4 young
nuor-i-a 4 pP young ones
nuor-i-lle 10 pAl tor the young people
nuor-in 10 superl. youngest
nuor=iso 10 youth
nuor=uut-ta 13 P (et. nuoruus) youth
nuoska 11 thawing
nuoska+keli 11 thawing eonditions
nurka-ss 9 In (et. nurkka) in the eorner
nyky=inen 6 adj. present
nyky=isin 10 adv. nowadays
nyky-n 7 adv. nowadays
nyrj=hd=ykse-t 10 pN (et. nyrjhdys) sprains
nyrj=ht-nyt 10 past aet. pep. (et. nyrjht) sprained
nyrjht- 10 intr. to sprain
nyrkkeily+ott=el=u 10 boxing mateh
. nyt 1 now
nyt-k 7 now?
nh-d 4 1 to see
nh-nyt 4 past aet. pep. (et. nhd) seen
n-i-ll 6 pAd (et. nm) with these
nin 6 adv. in this way
n-i-t 4 past s2 (et. nhd) you saw
n-i-t-k 4 past s2 (ef. nhd) did you see?
nke-mi-in 1 IN (et. nhd) so long
nke=myks-i-st 12 pEl (et. nkemys) vision, eoneeption
nk-isi 8 eond. neg. stern (et. nhd) would see
nk-isi-t 8 eond. s2 (et. nhd) you would see

G-82

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nk=y-nyt 10 past aet. pep. (ef. nky) (has) been visible
nk=y-v=yys 11 visibility
nk=y-vt 13 p3 intr. (ef. nky) are visible, show
nk=y-y 12 83 (ef. nky) is visible
nk=y- 12 1 be visible
nk+ala 2 view
nk+ala-sta 2 El of view
nlk 3 hunger
ny 12 neg. stem (ef. nky) (is not) visible
ny=t=el=m 9 play
ny=t=el=m-n 9 G play
ny=tt=el=y-j- 9 pP exhibitions, shows
ny=tt=el=y-n 9 G show
ny=tt=m 9 stage
ny=tt=mlle 9 Al to the stage
ny=tt- 2 1 nky) to look (like), show
ny=t 8 imperat. s2 (ef. nytt) show
ny=t-n-k 10 sl (et. nytt) do 1 look?
ny=t=kse-en 9 II (ef. nyts) to performanee, show

(0)

odota 5 imperat. s2 (ef. odottaa) wait


odote-tta-v-i-ssa 11 pres. pass. pep. pln ean be expeeted
(ef. odottaa)
odot-i-n 2 past sl (ef. odottaa) 1 waited
odotta-a 2 1 to wait, expeet
odotta-kaa 7 imperat. p2 (ef. odottaa) wait
odotta-ma-an 8 111 II (ef. odottaa) to wait
odotta-nut 2 past aet. pep. (ef. odottaa) (has) waited
odotus+huone 9 waiting room
ohe=ise-sta 12 El (ef. oheinen) attaehed, enelosed
ohe-lla 5 Adpostposit. (+G) aside
ohen=ne-taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. ohentaa) is thinned
ohi 4 postposit (+G) past
ohi+ajo 8 overtaking
ohi=tta-a 8 1 to overtake, pass
ohi=tta-minen 8 IV overtaking

G-83

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ohitus+tie 8 bypass
ohitus+tie-n 8 G bypass
ohja=a=ja-lle 10 Al instruetor, direetor
ohja-ttu-a 10 past pass. pep. P (ef. ohjata) guided, directed
ohja=us 10 guidanee
ohjaus+toim=isto 10 guidance office
ohje-i-den 8 pG (ef. ohje) instructions
ohj=e-i-ta 8 pP instructions
ohj=e=lma 2 program
ohj=e=lma-a 9 P program
ohj=e=lm=oi=nni-ssa 10 ln (ef. ohjelmointi) programming
ohu=kainen 3 ohut) paneake
ohu=kais-i-a 3 pP (et. ohukainen) paneakes
ohut 3 thin
oi 14 exelamation Ohi
oikea 2 right
oikea-an 7 II (in)to the right
oikea-lla 2 Ad on the right
oikea-lIe 2 Al to the right
oikea-lta 10 AbI (from the) right
oikea-ssa 2 II in the right, correct
oikea-t 5 pN right
oike-i-n 2 plnstr. very, correctly
oike=isto 14 the political Right
oikeisto+puolue 14 rightwing party
oike=uks-i-a 13 pP (ei. oikeus) rights
oike=us 4 justice, court, right
oikeus+kansleri 14 ombudsman, chancellor of justice
oikeus+ministeri 14 minister of justice, attorney general
oikeus+minister=i 14 Department ot Justice
oike=ute-en 14 II (et. oikeus) to the court
oiko+tie 8 shortcut
oinas 1 Aries, the ram
oire 10 symptom
oire-i-ta 10 pP symptoms
ole 1 imperat. s2 (ef. olla) bel
ole-mme 1 pres. pl (et. olla) we are

G-84

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ole-n 1 sl (ef. olla) I am
ole-t 1 s2 you are
ole-t-han 2 s2 (ef. olla) you are
ole-t-ko 1 s2 (ef. olla) are you?
ole-tte 1 p2 (ef. olla) you are
ole-tte-ko 1 p2 (ef. olla) are you?
ole-va 11 pres. aet. pep. (ef1. olla) being
01e-va-1le 6 pres. aet. pep. Al(ef. olla) being
ole-va-t 6 pres. aet. pep. pN (et. olla) being
ol-i 1 past s3 (ef. olla) was
ol-i-han 7 past s3 (et. olla) (it) was
ol-i-kaan 1 past s3 neg. emph. (ef. olla) was
ol-i-ko 4 past 3p (ef. olla) was it?
ol-i-mme 1 past lp (ef. olla) we were
ol-i-n-kin 5 past sl (ei. olla) I was
ol-i-pa 4 past s3 (ef. olla was
ol-is = olisi 3 s3 eond. eo110q. would have
ol-isi 6 pres. eond. s3 (ef. olla) would be
ol-isi-ko-han 8 eond. s3 (ei. olla) eou1d it be
ol-isi-t 2 eond. s2 (ei. olla) you would be
ol-isi-t-ko 9 eond. s2 (ef. olla) wou1d you be?
ol-isi-vat-ko-han 10 eond.p3 (ef. olla) wou1d they be?
ol-i-tte-ko 5 past p2 (et. olla) were you?
ol-kaa 1 imperat. p2 (ef. olla) be
ol-la 1 I to be
olla dieeti-11 10 (ef. dieetti) to diet
ol-laan 1 pres. pass. (ei. olla) one is
olla voima-ssa 1 be valid
oll-e-n-kaan 4 II Instr. (ei. olla) at a11
oll-e-ssa 10 II In (ef. olla) being, whieh (it) is
ollu = ol-lut 2 past aet. pep. (ef. olla) eo110q. been
ol-lut 2 past aet. pep. (ef. olla) been
olo+huone 9 1iving room
olue-lle 3 (ef. olut) for a beer
olut 3 beer
olut-ta 3 P beer
oma 1 own
omaisuus+vahingo-i-sta 9 pEl (ei. vahinko) property damage

G-85

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oma-n+tunt=o-ni 14 G poss. suff. my eonseienee
oma-Ha 5 Ad on (onets) owo
oma-t 3 pN own
omena 7 apple
omeno~i-ta 7 pP (ef. omena) apples
om=ista=ja 6 owner
om=ista-ma-ni 9 111 poss. suff. (ef. omistaa) owned by me
omi=tuis-ta 4 P (ef. omituinen) strange
on 1 s3 (ef. olla) is
on-kin 2 s3 (ef. olla) is, too
on-ko 1 s3 (ef. olla) is (it?)
onks = onko 1 eolloq.
onne=llis-ta 13 P (ef. onnellinen) happy
onne=ttom=uus 4 aecident
onni=t=el-la 13 1 to eongratulate
onnittelu+korti-t 7 pN (ef. kortti) eongratulatory eard
onni=tt=el=u-t 13 pN eongratulations
onne-ksi 1 T (ef. onni) luekily, fortunately
on-pa 4 s3 (ef. olla) (it) surely isl
00 = ole 2 neg. stem eolloq. to be
oo-n = olen 1 sl eolloq. 1 am
ooppera 4 opera
oo-tte = olette 1 p2 eolloq. you are
ope = opettaja 2 eolloq. teaeher
opetta=ja 1 teaeher
opetta=ja-lle 2 Al to the teaeher
opetta=ja-lta 2 AbI from the teacher
opetta=ja-t 2 pN teaehers
opett=ele 8 imperat. s2 (ef. opetella) learn
opetus+ministeri 14 minister of edueation, seeretary of edueation
opetus+minister=i 14 Department of Edueation
opetus+ohjelma+sarja 2 study program-series
opetus+ryhm-i-in 10 pII (ef. ryhm) teaehing units
opisk. 9 abbr. for opiskelijat students
opi=skele-e 14 s3 (ef. opiskella) studies
opi=skeli=j a 1 student

G-86

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opi=skel-la 2 I to study
opi=skel-lu = opi=skel-lut 2 past. aet. pep.
opi=skel-lut 2 past aet. pep. (ef. opiskella) studied .
opi=skel=u 1 the study of
opi=sto 14 college
oppi+kirja 2 textbook
oppi=laa-lle 2 Al (ef. oppilas) to the student
oppi=laa-lta 2 AbI (ef. oppilas) from the student
oppi=las 1 student, pupil
oppilas+ty-n 6 E as an apprentiee's work
oranssi 4 orange (eolor)
orava 7 squirrel
Orava-an 7 11 (proper noun) Squirrel
orkesteri 9 orchestra
orpo 10 orphan
ortodoks=inen 13 Orthodox
ortodoks=is-i-ssa 12 pln (ef. ortodoksinen) in the orthodox
o.s. abbrv. for oma-a suku-a-an, pposs. suff. 10 by maiden narne, nee
osa 2 part
osa-a 9 .P apart
osa=a' 2 neg. stem (ef. osata)
osa=a-t-ko 4 s2 (ef. osata) do you know how to?
osa=inen 6 adj. piece
osake+pankki 8 bank (with stoekholders)
osa+kunta 9 ~raternity (based on region)
osa+kunta-an 9 11 to the fraternity
osan-nut 9 past aet. pep. (ef. osata)
osa-n+ottaj-i-en 12 pG (ef. ottaja) partieipants
osa+puole-n 9 G (ef. puoli) party, partner
osa=sto 1 department
osa=sto-j-a 6 pP departments
osa=sto-lla 1 Ad in the departrnent
osat=a 3 I to know how
osa-taan 5 pres. pass. (ef. osata) one knows how
osa+valt=io 14 state (part of a federation)
osa+valt=io-sta 14 El state (in the USA)
os-i=tta-i-n 13 adv. plnstr. osa) partly

G-87
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os-i=tta=inen 12 partial
os=oit=e 1 address
osoite+toimi+paikka 7 designated post offiee
osoite+toimi+paikka-an 7 II to the (designated) post offiee
os=oite-tu-n 7 past pass. pepe G (et. osoittaa) addressed
os=oitta=utu-u 2 s3 intr (et. osoittautua) show. is proved to be
os=oitt=ee-mme 1 poss. sutt. (et. osoite) our address
os=oitt=ee-ni 1 (et. osoite) my address
os=oitt=ee-nne 1 (et. osoite) your address
osta-a 4 1 buy
osta-ma-an 4 111 II (ef. ostaa) to buy
osta-ma-ssa 4 111 ln (ef. ostaa) buying
osto+palv=el=u 6 eustomer service
ostos+kesku=s 2 shopping eenter
ostos+kori-Ila 6 Ad shopping basket
Osuus+pankki 8 cooperative bank
ota' 3 imperat. s2 (et. ottaa) take
ota-tte-ko 3 p2 (et. ottaa) do you take?
ot=e 6 ottaa) excerpt
ote-taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. ottaa) one takes, let's take
ote-taan 7 pres. pass. (et. ottaa) is taken. (are) Iet's take
ote-ttu 5 past pass. pep. (ef. ottaa) taken
ot-i-n 3 past sl (et. ottaa) 1 took
otta-a 3 1 to take
otta-isi-mme 9 eond. p1 (ef. ottaa) we would take
otta-isi-n 7 eond. sl (et. ottaa) 1 would take
otta-isi-tte 3 eond. p2 (et. ottaa) you would take
otta-isi-tte-ko 3 eond. p2 (et. ottaa) would you take, have?
otta-kaa 3 imperat. p2 (et. ottaa) take. have
otta-ma-lla 12 111 Ad (et. ottaa) by ta king
otta-nut 3 past aet~ pepe (et. ottaa) has taken
otto+lapsi 10 adopted ehild
oudo=ksu-e-n 12 II Instr. (et. oudoksuaj < outo) to eonsider something strange or surprising
outo 8 strange, odd
o-vat 1 p3 (ef. olla) they are
ove-lta 9 AbI (ef. ovi) at the door

G-88

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ove-sta 9 El (eL ovi) through the door
ovi 2 door
ov-i-in 9 pIl on doors
ovi+tila 9 spaee in front of the door
OY abbr. for osake+yht=i 8 ineorporated
(P)

PA abbr. for a eolloq. expression 8 to be broke


paari-t 10 pN streteher
paastot-a 13 1 to fast
paasto-n+aika 13 lent
Paavali-n 13 G St. Paulls
paha-n+laatu=inen 10 malignant
paha-sta 10 El evil, bad
paha=sti 10 adv. badly
pahe-mpi 9 eompar. (ef. paha) worse
paho-i-lla-ni 1 pAd poss. suff. (ef. paha) (I am) sorry
pahoin+voi=nti 10 nausea
pahoin+voi=nti-a 10 P nausea
paida-t 6 pN (ef. paita) shirts
paika-lla-an 11 Ad poss. suff. (ef. paikka) on its plaee
paika-lla-si 10 Ad poss. suff. (ef. paikka) on your plaee
paika-lle-en 5 Al poss. suff. (ef. paikka) on its plaee
paikallis+juna 9 loeal train
paikallis+lehde-t 7 pN (ef. lehti) loeal papers
paikallis+puh=el=u-t 5 pN loeal ealls
paikallis+puud=ut=us 10 loeal anesthetie
paikallis+puud=ut=us-ta 10 P loeal anesthetie
paika-n+vara=uks-i-a 9 pP (ef. varaus) seat reservations
paikat-a 10 1 to fill, pateh
paikka 10 . filling, pateh, plaee
paikka+kunn-i-lla 12 pAd (ef. kunta) plaees
paiko-i-lle-en 10 pAl (ef. paikka) at its plaee
paiko-i-n 11 plnstr adv. (ef. paikka) at plaees
paik=oit=us 7 parking
paikoitus+mitta=ri 7 parking meter
paikoitus+tila 9 parking spaee

G-89

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paikoitus+tila-a 9 P parking spaee
paina-a 7 s3 intr. weighs
paina-ma-IIa 7 111 Ad (ef. painaa) by pressing
paina-va-Ita 10 pres. aet. pep. AbI (ef. painaa) heavy
paine-tu-t 7 past pass. pep. pN (ef. painaa) printed
paine-ttu 6 past pass. pep. (ef. painaa) printed
pain=o 7 weight
paino+er-n 7 G weight unit
pain=o=sta-va 11 pres. aet. pep. (ef. painostaa) sultry, oppressive
pain=otta-a 7 s3 emphasize, stress
painotuott. abbr. for paino+tuo=tt=e-i-den printed matter
9 pG (ef. tuote)
paino+tuo=tt=ee-n 7 G (ef. tuote) of the printed matter
paino+tuo=tt=ee-t 7 pN printed matter
pais=e 10 boil, abeess
paiskat-a 4 1 to slam, to fling
paista 8 imperat. s2 tr. (ef. paistaa) fry, roast-
paista-a 4 1 to shine, to fry
paista-mise-n 5 IV G (ef. paista) frying
paiste-ttu 5 past pass. pep. (ef. paistaa) fried
paiste-ttu-a 5 past pass. pep. P (ef. paistaa) fried
paisti 3 roast
paisti-a 3 P roast
paisti-n+pannu 3 frying pan
paist=o 8 frying
paist=u-a 8 1 intr. to roast
paist=u-u 8 83 intr. (ef. paistua) one roasts
paisu-va-a 12 pres. aet. pep. (ef. paisua) inereasing, sweIling
paita 6 shirt
paitsi 6 adv. exeept
paju-n+kByt-t 4 P(ef. kBysi) willow rope
paka=sta-minen 7 IV (ef. pa~astaa) deep-freezing
paketi-ssa 7 In (ef. paketti) in the pareel
pakette-j-a 7 pP (ef. paketti) pareels
paketti 7 pareel, paekage
paketti-a-nne 10 P poss. suff. your pareel
paketti+osoite+kortti 7 address form for a pareel
paketti+toimi=sto 7 pareel offiee

G-90

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pakkanen 11 freezing eold
pakkase-lla 10 Ad (ef. pakkanen) in sub-zero weather
pakkas+neste 11 antifreeze
pakkas+neste-tt 11 P antifreeze
pakka=us 7 earton
pakko 11 eompulsion
pako=llinen 8 pakko) obligatory
pako=llise-na 13 E (ef. pakollinen; < pakko) as a eompulsory
pala 7 pieee
pala-a-ko 3 s3 does it burn7
pala=utta-a 6 1 tr. to return
pala=ut=us 5 delivery, return(ing)
pala-v-i-a 13 pres. aet. pep. pP (ef. palaa) burning
pal=ell=utta-a 11 1 freeze, eause frost damage
paljas 12 bare
paljon 1 mueh
paljon-ko 2 how mueh
palkka 14 wage, pay
palkka+summa-an 14 II pay, wage
pallo-a 10 P ball
pallo+kartta 12 a globular map
pallo+kentt 10 playing field
pallo-n+puoli=sko 12 hemisphere (geographic)
palmu+sunnuntai 13 Palm Sunday
palo+hly=t=ys 8 fire alarm
palo+vak=uut=us 9 fire insuranee
palo+vamma 10 burn
palturi-a 4 P rubbish
palv=ele-vat 10 p3 (ef. palvella) serve
palv=el-la 5 1 to serve
palv=el=u-j-a 13 pP serviee(s)
palvelu+kaude-t 10 pN (ef. kausi) serviee seasons
palv=el=u-sta 6 El serviee
palv=el=u-t 14 pN serviees
pan-i-n 3 past sl (ef. panna) 1 put
pan-isi-n 9 sl eond. (ef. panna) 1 would put
pankki 2 bank
pankki-a 2 P bank

G-91

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pankki-in 2 11 to the bank
pankki+lokero 8 bank box
pankki+siirt=o 8 bank draft
pankki+siirto+lomake 8 bank draft form
pan-na 3 I to put, place
pan-naan 10 pres. pass. (ef. panna) let's put
pan-naan-ko 7 pres. pass. (ef. panna) shall we (one) put
pannu+kakku 3 paneake
pan-ta-isi-in 7 pres. pass. eond. (ef. panna) one would put (idiom)
paperi 2 paper (as material)
papi=sto-n 13 G pappi) elergy
pappi 13 priest
pappi=la 13 manse, parsonage
papu 7 bean
para=ne-e 11 s3 (ef. parata) improves
para=nta-a 10 I tr. to heal
para=nta-mise-ksi 9 IV T (ef. parantaa) for improvement
para=n~tu-a 10 intr. to heal, improve
paras 4 superl. (ef. hyv) the best
paras-ta' 9 superl. P best
pare-mm-i-n 1 eompar. plnstr. (ef. parempi) better
pare-mpa-a-kin 4 eompar. P (ef. parempi) even better
pare-mpi 1 eomp. better
parhaa-t 5 pN superl. (ef. paras) best
parha-in 5 superl. (ef. hyv) the best
parha-in-ta 5 P superl. best
parha-i-ta 5 pP (ef. parhain,.paras) best
pari 7 a eouple
pari-t 10 pN eouples
parketti+lattia+t 9 pN parquet floors
parkkera=us 7 parking
parkki+talo-j-a 6 pP parking houses
parlamentaar=inen 14 parliamentary
parlamentaar=ise-ksi 14 T (ef. parlamentaarinen) parliamentary
parta 6 beard
parta-ni 6 poss. suff. my beard
partu=ri 5 barber, barbershop

G-92

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parve=ke 9 baleony, tier
parve=kkee-lta 9 AbI (ef. parveke) from the baleony
passi 5 passport
passi-n+tarka=st=us 5 passport eontrol eheek
pastori 13 minister (elergyman), parson
pata 3 saueepan, pot
patja 9 mattress
patriarkaati-n 13 G (ef. patriarkaatti) patriarehate
pe 5 abbr. of perjantai Friday
pehme 6 soft
peili 6 minor
peite-tn 14 pres. pass. (ef. peitt) will he eovered
peitt=y-nee-n 12 past aet. pep. E (ef. peitty) eovered
Peka-lta 2 AbI (ef. Pekka) from Pekka
pela=a-ma-an 10 111 II (ef. pelata) to play
pela=a-minen 10 IV (ef. pelata) playing
pela-isi-n 10 eond. sl (ef. pelata) 1 would play
pelastus+armeija 13 Salvation Army
pelastus+osa=sto 8 reseue department
pelat-a 10 1 to play (sports)
peli 10 game
peli+er 9 a round in the game
pelk-i-ll 14 pAd (ef. pelkk) mere
pelkk 14 mere, pure
pelk=-vt-k 11 p3 (ef. pelt) fear, are (they) afraid?
pelo=ton 1 pelko) fearless
pelt- 11 1 to fear
penni 7 penny, 1/100 of a mark
penni- 7 P penny
pere-mm-lle 1 eompar. Al (ef. per) more to the rear
perhe 1 family
perhe+alennus+lipu-n 9 G (ef. lippu) redueed family tieket
perhee-ni 1 sl poss. suff. my family
perhee-n+jsen-i- 4 pP members of a family
perhee-ss 10 In in a family
perhe+maj=oit=us-ta 9 P family aeeommodation
peri-lIe 7 pAl to the destination
peri-lle+tul=o-a 7 P arrival

G-93
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peri-Il 4 pAd at the destination
per=imminen 12 superl. utmost, tarthest
peri=ntee-t 6 pN (et. perinne) tradition
peri=nte=ise=sti 13 adv. traditionally
peri=nte=isi- 2 pP traditionai
peri=nt 14 inheritanee
peri-ty-i-ll 14 past pass. pcp. (et. peri) eharged, inherited
perjantai 1 Friday
perjantai-na 1E on Friday
permanenti-n 6 G (et. permanentti) permanent, perm
permanentti 6 perm, permanent
permanno-Ita 9 AbI (et. permanto) form the orchestra
permanto 9 orchestra (in the theater), stalls
persikka 7 peach
persilja 7 parsley
persilja-a' 7 P parsley
peruna 3 potato
peruna+muhe=nn=os 5 mashed potatoes
peruna+piirakka-a 5 P potato pastry
peruna+sose 5 mashed potatoes
peruna+sose-tta 5 P mashed potatoes
peru-n+kirj=oit=us 14 inventory atter a deceased person
peruno-i-ta 3 pP potatoes
perus+el=ke 14 basie pension
perus+koulu 14 a eomprehensive school consisting
of the nine lowest grades
perus+kurssi 2 basic eourse
perus+luvu-t 1 pN (ef. luku) eardinal numbers
perus+maks=u 7 basic charge
Perus+pankki 8 foundation bank
perus+rata 6 basie track
peru=st=ee=llise=sti 8 adv. throughly
peru=ste-ttiin 6 past pass. (ef. perustaa) was established
perustus+lai=llinen 14 (ef. laki) constitutional
peruukke-j-a 6 pP (ef. peruukki) wigs
peruukki 6 wig
Per+meri 11 Bay of Bothnia
pese=ydy-tn 8 pres. pass. refl. (ef. peseyty) onewashes oneself
G-94

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pes-i-n 8 past s1 (ef. pest) 1 washed
pes-t 8 1 to wash
pes-tn 6 pres. pass. (ef. pest) is washed
pes=u 6 shampoo, wash
pesu+huone 8 washroom
pesu+huonee-ssa 8 1n in the washroom
pes=u=la 5 laundry (place)
pesula+palv=el=u 5 laundry serviee
pes=u-n 6 G/A shampoo, wash
pes+pallo 10 baseball
pes+pallo+koulu 10 baseball lessons
pes+pallo+peli 10 baseball game
pett=y=mys 9 disappointment
peukalo+kyydi-Il 10 Ad (cf. kyyti) hitehhiking, (lit., by thumb ride)
peukalo+kyyti 10 hitehhiking
pian 1 soon
pide=nt- 6 1 pitk) lengthen
pide-tn 5 pres. pa5S. (ef. pit) is held
pid-t 4 52 (ef. pit) you like
pidi-tte 3 past p2 (ef. pit) you liked
pid-tte 2 p2 (ef. pit) you like
piene-Ile 9 AI (ef. pieni) small
piene-mp-i- 14 eompar. pP smaller
piene=nt- 6 1 pieni) to make something smaller, reduee
piene-st 8 El (ef. pieni) small
piene-t 5 pN (ef. pieni) small
pieni 2 small , little
pien-i- 13 pP small
pien+talo 1 one-family house
pien+vilj=eli=j-i-n 14 pG small farmer
Pietari-n 13 G St. Peter's
piha 9 yard
piim 3 buttermilk
piim- 3 P buttermilk
piippu 3 pipe
piippu-a 3 P pipe
piippu+hylly 9 eolloq. seeond tier
piippu+hylly-It 9 eolloq. AbI from the seeond tier

G-95

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piiri-n 10 G distriet
piiri-ss 6 1n inthe circle, in, among, in the sphere
piirt-m 12 111 (et. piirt) designed (by somebody)
piirt- 12 1 to draw, design
piiru=st=uks-i-a 9 pP (et. piirustus) drawings
piiru=st=uks-i-sta 12 pEl. (et. piirustus) blueprints
piispa 13 bishop
pika+juna 9 rapid train, express
pika+kirj=e 7 express letter
pika+kirj=ee-st 7 El express letter
pika+kirj=oitta=ja-t 14 pN stenographer, shorthand writer
pika+luist=el=u 10 speed skating
pika+lhet=ykse-t 7 pN express mail special delivery
pika+puh=el=u 4 emergeney telephone eall, "express" eall
pikku 2 smal1
pikku+auto-i-lle 6 pAl small ears
pikku+leip 3 eookie
pikku+lnunin 3 hors d'oeuvre
pikku+lmpim-i- 3 pP (et. lmmin) hors d'oeuvres
pikku+serkku 10 seeond eousin
pikku+tunne-i-lle 9 pAl (et. tunti) into the wee small hours
pikku+veli 10 little brother
pila=a=ntu-a 111 intr. to spoil
pila-isi 11 pres. eond. s3 (ef. pilata) would spoil
pila-lla 3 Ad spoiled
pilli+tyyppi=se-n 8 G (et. tyyppinen) whistle type
pilsneri- 3 P kind ot beer
pilve=tn-t 4 P pilvi) cloudless
pilv=inen 11 cloudy
pilv=is=yyt-t 11 P (et. pilvisyys) eloudiness
pime=nn=ykse-t 12 pN (et. piment) eelipses
pime=nn=ys 12 pime) eelipse, blaekout
pime=nn=ys-t 12 P eelipse
pimet- 11 1 intr. to darken
pime 9 dark, lightless
pimu 6 slang girl
pinta+te=itse 7 tie) via, by surtaee
pippuri 3 pepper

G-96

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pippuri-a 3 P pepper
pirte 9 vivaeious, lively
pis-imm-t 2 pN (ef. pitk) longest
pis-in 2 superl. longest
pissa+poja-ssa 7 In (ef. poika) Iin the piss boy', windshield washer
pist==o 10 sting
pit==ele-n 9 sl (ef. pidell) 1 hold
pit==el-i 6 past s3 (ef. pidell) was holding
pite=mm-ksi 6 eompar. T (et. pitempi; < pitk) longer
piti 1 past s3 (ef. pit) (1 was) supposed to
pito-j-a 13 pP (ef. pidot) party
pitk 2 long
pitk+hiha==inen 6 long sleeved
pitk-ksi 5 T (for) long
pitk-It 2 AbI long
pitk+perjantai 13 Good Friday
pitk-n 4 II adv. for a long time
pitsa-a 3 p pizza
pit=uus' 12 length
pituus+aste 12 longitude
pituus+hypp=y 10 long jump
pituus+piiri-ll 12 Ad at the longitude
pit=uut-ta 12 P (ef. pituus) length, longitude
pit-isi 2 eond. s3 (ef. pit) would like, should
pit-k 5 imperat. p2 (ef. pit) keep
pit- jstk 2 1 to like (be fond of)
pit-k 6 imperat. p2 (ef. pit) keep
pohja 12 bottom
pohja+kerrokse-ssa 5 In on the ground tloor
pohja=lais-ta 5 P (ef. pohjalainen) Bothnian
Pohjan+lahti 11 Gulf of Bothnia
Pohjan+maa 12 Ostrobothnia
Pohjan+meri 12 North Sea
pohjoinen 11 north
Pohjo=inen j+meri 12 the Aretie Oeean
pohjo=ise-mpa-na 12 E eompar. (ef. pohjoisempi) farther north
Pohjois+maa-t 7 pN the Nordie eountries
Pohjois+ma-i-hin 7 pII to the Nordie eountries

G-97
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Pohjois+napa 12 North Pole
pohjois+osa-ssa 11 In northern part
pohjois+tuuli 11 north wind
poika 1 son, boy
poika+mies 1 bachelor
poika-mme 1 poss. sutt. our son
poika-nne 1 poss. sutt. your son
poika+puoli 10 stepson
poikkea-va-a jstk 12 pres. aet. pep. P
(et. poiketa) deviating
poikki 10 snapped in two, broken
pois 4 away
poist=u 8 irnperat. 52 (et. poistua) go awaYt make an exit
poist=u-e-ssa-nne 9 II In poss. sutt. while you leave t exit
(et. poistua)
poliisi+lait=okse-Ila 5 Ad in the police departrnent
poliisi-lIe 2 AI to the poliee
poliisi+ratsia 14 police raid
poliitt=inen 12 political
poliitt::::ise=sti 12 adv. politically
politikoi-minen 6 IV (et. politikoida) playing politics
polku+pyr 4 bieycle
polta 2 neg. stem (et. polttaa) to smoke, to burn
polta-n 3 s1 (et. polttaa) 1 srnoke
polta-tte-ko 3 p2 (et. polttaa) do you smoke?
polte-ta 3 pass. pres. neg. stern (et. polttaa) to srnoke (neg. stern)
poltta-a 3 1 tr. to burn, to srnoke
poltta-a-ko 3 s3 does (he) srnoke?
poltta-kaa 3 imperat. p2 (ct. polttaa) smokel
popliini+takki 6 poplin eoat
porkkana 7 carrot
porkkano-i-ta 7 pP (ct. porkkana) earrots
poro-n+kr=ist=ys 5 tried reindeer rneat
poro-n+kr=ist=ys-t 5 P sauteed reindeer
poro-n+paisti-a 5 P reindeer steak
posliini+tehdas 6 porcelain tactory
posti 2 post otfice
posti+ennakko 7 C.O.D.

G-98

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posti+ennakko-na 7 E (as) C.O.D.
posti+ennako-l1a 6 Ad (ef. ennakko) C.O.D.
posti-in 2 Il into the post offiee
posti-ja lenntin+hallitus 7 central board of post and telegraphy
posti+korti-t 7 pN (ef. kortti) post eards
posti+laatiko-n 7 G (ef. laatikko) mail box
posti+maks=u 7 postage
posti+merki-t 7 pN (ef. merkki) postage stamps
posU-n+kuljetus+vuoro-l1a 7 Ad mail delivery run
posti-n+kulk=u 7 mail delivery, mail transport
posti+numero 7 zip eode
posti+os=oit=e 7 mailing address
posti+os=oitt=ee-seen 7 11 to the mailing address
posti+os=oit=ukse-t 7 pN money orders
posti+os=oit=us 7 money order
posti+paketti 7 mail pareel
posti-si 7 poss. suff. your mail
posti-ssa 7 1n in the post offiee
posti-sta 2 El from the post offiee
post=itse 8 adv. by mail
posti=tta-a 7 1 to mail
potilaa-n 10 G (ef. potilas) patient
potilas 10 patient
potku+puk=u 6
pouta 4 elear weather, elear spell
pouta-a 4 P fair weather
presidenti-n 4 G (ef. presidentti) president1s
presidenti-n+vaali 14 presidential eleetion
presidenti-t 14 pN president's
presidentti 1 president
professori 8 professor
prosentti 8 per eent
prosentt=ise-na 7 E (ef. prosenttinen) (as) priority mail
prss=ys 5 pressing
puh. abbr. of puhelin 5
puhallus+koe 14 breathalyser test
puh=e 4 speeeh
puh=ee-ksi 10 T speeeh

G-99
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puh=ee-n 4 G speeeh
puh=ee-n+johta=ja 8 chairman
puhe+kieli 1 eolloquial language
puh=el=ime-en 5 II (ef. puhelin) to the phone
puh=el=ime-n 8 G (et. puhelin) telephone
puh-el=ime-ssa 5 In on the phone
puh=el=im=itse 8 adv. by phone
puh=el=in 2 telephone
puhelin+aakko=se-t 8 pN telephone alphabet
puhelin+kioski 2 phone booth
puhelin+koppi 2 phone booth
puhelin+lasku-n 8 G telephone bill
puhelin+lue=tt=el=o-n 13 G phone book
puhelin+lue=tt=el=o-ssa 7 ln in the telephone book
puhelin+lue=tt=el=o-sta 6 El from a telephone book
puhelin+palv=el=u 5 N phone serviee
puh=el=in-ta 2 P telephone
puhelin+verkko 8 telephone network
puhelin+yhdist=ykse-en 9 ln (ef. yhdistys) to the telephone company
puhelin+yhdist=ys 9 telephone company
puh=el=u 5 telephone eall
puhe=lu-n 5 G telephone eall, talking
puhe+miehe-n 14 G (eL mies) speaker (in parliament)
puhe+mies 14 speaker, spokesman
puh=e-tta 4 P speeeh
puhki 7 blown (out), piereed
puhtaa-na+pito+lait=os 11 sanitation department
puhtaa=sti 6 adv. (ef. puhdas) purely
puhu' 4 neg. stern (ef. puhua) speak
puhu-a 4 1 to speak
puhu-i 4 past 83 (ef. puhua) spoke
puhu-kaa 2 imperat. p2 (ef. puhua) speak
puhu-n 4 sl (ef. puhua) 1 speak
puhu-nut 1 past aet. pep. (ef. puhua) spoken
puhu-t 4 s2 (ef. puhua) speak
puhu-tte 4 p2 (ef. puhua) you speak
puhuttelu+muoto-a 4 P form of address
puhuttelu+muoto-na 4 E as a form of address

G-IOO

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puhu-u 5 s3 (ef. puhua) speaks
puhu-vat 4 p3 (ef. puhua) speak
Puisto+kadu-lla 1 Ad (ef. katu) in Park Street
Puisto+katu 1 Park Street
pUitte-i-ssa 14 (G+) pln (ef. puite) framework, within the limits of
pujo=tt=el-u 10 slalom
puku 6 suit
puku+huone 8 dressing room
pulisongi-t 6 (ef. pulisonki) sideburns
pulisonki-ni 6 poss. suff. my sideburns
pulla-a 3 P coffee bread
pullo 5 bottle
pullo+posti 7 bottle mail
pumpuli 6 cotton
puna=inen 2 red
puna=ise-n 7 G (ef. punainen) red
puna=is-i-n 5 plnstr. (ef. punainen) (with) red
puna+viini 5 red wine
puole-en 11 II (ef. puoli) half
puole=is-ta 11 (G+) P (ef. puoleinen) -ish
puole-ksi+toista 5 T for one and a haIf
puole-Ila 2 Ad (ef. puoli) on the side
puole-Ile 6 AI (ef. puoli) (to) the side
puole-sta-ni 9 El poss. suff. (G+) postposit. on my behalf
(cf. puoli)
puoli 2 half, side
puoli+pilv=is-t 11 P partly eloudy
puoli+tango-ssa 13 In (cf. tanko) at half mast
puoli+toista 5 one and a haIf
puoli+varjo+pime=nn=ys 12 penumbra eelipse (astronomy) "half shadow"
puoli+vuosi=ttain 8 adv half yearly
puoli+vli 12 halfway
puoli+vli-ss 12 In haHway
puol=ue 14 party (political)
puol=uee-t 14 pN (ef. puolue) party
puol=uee=ton 12 neutral, impartial
puolukka 7 lingonberry
puolukka-a 5 P lingonberry

G-IOl
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Puolustus+liitto 12 defense organization
puolustus+ministeri 14 seeretary of defense
puolustus+minister=i 14 Department of Defense
puolustus+voima-i-n 13 pG defense forees
pure=ma 10 bite
purje=hti-mise-sta 10 IV El (ef. purjehtia) sailing
puru+rada-Ila 10 Ad (cf. rata) on the jogging trail
puru+rata 10 jogging path
pusero 6 blouse
pusero-t 6 pN blouses
putka 14 jail
putka-an-kin 511 to the jail, too
puu+haaruka-t 6 pN (cf. haarukka) wooden forks
puuska=inen 11 gusty
puu+tarha 9 garden
puu+tarha+osa=sto 6 gardening department
puu+villa 6 cotton
puu+villa,a 6 P cotton
puu+villa+sekoite+kerra=sto-j-a 6 pP partly cotton (thermal) underwear
puvu-t 6 pN (ef. puku) suits
pyh-i-en 13 pG (cf. pyh) holy saints
pyh-i-n 9 pE (ef. pyh) on Sundays
pyhi=tt=j-i-n 13 pG those who sanetify
pyh 1 Sunday, holy (adj.)
pyh-i-n+piv 13 All Saints' Day
pyh+koulu 13 Sunday school
pyh+koulu-ssa 13 In in Sunday school
pyrki- 14 I to seek admission, to strive (for or after)
pyry 11 whirling snow
pyry=tt- 11 I to snow whirling
pyssy+mieh-i- pP (ef. mies) gunmen, riflers
pysty-isi-n 8 eond. sl (ef. pysty) I would be able
pysty-yn 14 II up(right)
pysty- 8 1 to be able to
pysy-y 11 s3 (ef. pysy) stays
pysy- 11 I to stay (put)
pys=ht=y-minen 8 IV pyshty) stopping
pyshtymis+merki-n+anto+nappi-a 7 P stop signal button

0-102

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pys=ki=ll 7 Ad (ef. pyskki) at the stop
pys=kki 7 (bus) stop
pyskimis+ohj=e 7 instruetion(s) tor parking
pys=k=i=nti 7 parking
pys=ytt-k 7 imperat. p2 tr. (eL pysytt) stop
pys=ytt-minen 8 IV (ef. pysytt) stopping
pys=ytt-nyt 8 past aet. pep. tr.
(ef. pysytt) stopped
pys=ytt- 7 1 tr. to stop
pyyd-mme 9 pl (ef. pyyt) we ask
pyyd-n 6 sl (ef. pyyt) 1 ask
pyyhki=j 7 wiper
pyyhki=j-ss 7 In in the wiper
pyyt-k-p 5 imperat. p2 (et. pyyt) ask torl
pyre+lak=inen 12 round topped
pyrre+myrsky 11 tornado
pyr=ile-minen 10 IV (ef. pyrill) biking
pyr=ile-m-n 10 111 11 (ef. pyrill) to bike
pyr=il-l 9 1 to eycle
pyr=il=y 10 eyeling
pyrily+tie 10 bieycle path
pyr-ll 4 Ad by bieycle
pyr+tie 8 bieycle path
pin 1 in the direction of
pin+vastoin 13 adv. on the contrary
piry=st=ys 10 duty (for a day)
pivystys+numero-i-ta 10 pP emergency phone numbers
piv 4 day
piv+hoita=ja 14 (day) babysitter, day nurse
piv+hoit=o 14 day eare
piv-ksi 5 T tor a day
piv+lehti 2 daily paper
piv+kahvi-t 8 pN eoffee between breakfast and dinner
pivllis+kutsu-i-lla 4 pP at the dinner party
pivllis-kutsu-i-lle 4 pAl to the dinner party
pivllis+kutsu-t 3 pN dinner party
piv=llis-t 5 P (ef. pivllinen) dinner
piv+lmp+tila 11 day temperature
piv-n 2 G day' s
G-I03
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pivntas. abbr. for piv-n+tasa=a=ja-sta 12 El Equator
piv-n+tasa=a=ja 12 Equator
piv-ss 9 ln in a day
piv-st 5 El from a day
piv+vaunu 9 through-earriage
piv=ys 8 dating, date
piv- 1 P day
p 10 head
p+aine 14 main subjeet
p+ainee-na 14 E as the main subjeet
p-h-ni 10 II poss. suff. my head
pk. abbr. for p+konttori-in 9 II main offiee
plI. abbr. for p=lli=kk 9 ehief, boss, direetor
pllys+takki 6 overeoat
p+rninisteri 14 prime minister, premier
p-n+srk=y 10 headaehe
p-n+srk=y- 10 P headaehe
p+ravi=nto=la 5 main restaurant
p+ruoka 5 main eourse, main dish
p+ruok-i-a 5 pP (ef. ruoka) main dishes
p+ruua-ksi 5 T (eL ruoka) for main eourse
pryn 7 pear
pse 9 neg. stern intr. (ef. pst) (we don't) get
pse-mme 8 pl (ef. pst) we get
pse-n 7. sl (ef. pst) 1 get
ps-i 14 past 83 intr. (ef. pst) got, was admitted
ps-isi-n 10 eond. sl (ef. pst) 1 would go
ps=iinen 13 Easter
p-st 4 El (G+) postpos. after
ps-t 14 1 to get (into)
p=t=ell-e-n 10 II Instr. (ef. ptell) judging
p=t=el-l 10 1 to deduee, draw a eonelusion
p=te=-tt-v-ksi 14 pres. pass. pcp.
(ef. ptt) to be deeided
p=tt=ee-ksi 8 T (ef. pte) to wind up
p=tt- 14 1 to decide
p=t-t~e 9 p2 tr. (ef. ptt) you deeide
p=t=ty-y 13 s3 (ef. ptty) ends
pt=ty- 13 1 intr. to end
G-I04

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pt=t-v=inen 1 adj. determined
p-t 13 P head
p-t-ni 10 P poss. suff. my head
p=t-ks-i-st 10 p El (ef. pts) decision
pty- 4 P nonsense
pyd-ll 2 Ad (ef. pyt) on the table
pyd-ss 3 1n (ef. pyt) at the table
pyt 2 table
pyt+tennikse-n 10 G (ef. tennis) table tennis
pyt+tennis 10 table tennis
pyt+vara=us 5 table reservation
pyt+vara=ukse-t 5 pN (ef. varaus) table reservations
pyt-n 3 11 table

(R)

Raamatu-n 13 G (ef. Raamattu) Bible


. raanu-t 6 pN bedspread, eounterpane
raahat-a 8 to drag
raas+tuva-n+oike=us 14 munieipal court
radikaali-lla 12 Ad radieal
radio 4 radio
radio-n 4 G radio
radio+ohja-tta-va 6 pres. pass. pep.
(ef. ohjata) radio controIIed
radio-sta 4 El from the radio
radio-ta 4 P radio
radio+te=itse 6 tie) radio
rae 11 hail
rae+juusto 7 a kind of eottage eheese
rae+sad=e-tta 11 P hailstorm
raha 5 money
raha-a 3 P money
raha+aukko 7 eoin sIot
raha=sta=ja 7 eonduetor (bus)
raha=sta=ja-lle 7 Al to the eolleetor (of fees)
rah=oit=ukse-n 14 G (ef. rahoitus) finaneing
raida=llinen 6 (cf. raita) striped

G-IOS

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raide 8 rail, traek
railo 11 eraek in the iee, rift
raitio+vaunu 4 streetear, train
raitio+vaunu-Ila 4 Ad by streetear
raitio+vaunu-ssa 7 1n in the streetear
raitio+vaunu-un 7 11 (in)to the streetear
raitis 13 nondrinking, sober, temperate
raittii-l1e 9 AI (ef. raitis) temperate, nondrinking
raja 12 border
raja=ton 8 limitless
raja=ttoma=sti 8 adv. rajaton) without limitation (lit., limitlessly)
rake=nn=uks-i-a 12 pP buildings
rakennus+mestari 13 building eontraetor, builder
rakennus+taid=e 6 art of building, arehiteeture
rakennus+tait=ee-n 12 G (ef. taide) art oi building, arehiteeture
rake=ntee-sta 14 El (ef. rakenne) strueture
rake=ntu-u 14 s3 (ef. rakentua) be eomposed, be eonstrueted
rakkaa-mme 13 poss. suff. (ei. rakas) our loved one
rakkaa-mpa-a 14 eompar. P (ei. rakas) more dear
rankka+sad=e 11 downpour
rankka+sad=e-tta 11 P downpour
rann=ikko 12 (ef. ranta) eoast
rannikko+ves-i-Il 10 pAd in eoastal waters
ranska=lainen 1 French
ranska=lais-ten 9 p G French
ranta 12 shore
ranta-a 14 P shore
rapako-n 8 G (ef. rapakko) puddle (humorous expression for Atlantie Oeean)
rappu 7 entranee, stair
rapu 5 erayfish
rapu+juhl-i-a 5 pP (ef. juhla) erayfish parties
rapu-ssa 7 1n (ef. rappu) at the entranee
raska=ude-n 10 G (ef. raskaus) pregnaney
raskauden+aja-n 10 G (ef. aika) during pregnaney
rasti 14 eheek mark
rasva=ton 7 nonfat
rasva=ton-ta 7 P nonfat milk (lit., fatless)
ratk=ais-taan 14 pres. pass. (ef. ratkaista) is (are) decided

G-I06

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ratsa=st=us 10 riding
ratti+juo=ppo=us 14 drunken driving
rauha 13 peaee
rauhan+oma=inen 8 peaeeful
rauk=aise-e 8 s3 (ef. raukaista) feels drowsy
rauk=ais-ta 8 1 to feel drowsy
Rauma-n 5 G a proper name
rauta+osa=sto 6 hardware department
rauta+tie 8 railway
rauta+tie+asema 2 railway station
rauta+tie+kulje=t=ukse-t 8 pN (ef. kuljetus) rail(way) transport
ravi=nto+la 2 restaurant
ravi=nto=la-a 2 P restaurant
ravi=nto=la-mme 5 poss. suff. our restaurant
ra~i=nto=la-t-kin 5 pN even the restaurants
ravintola+vaunu 9 dining ear
ravu-n+kuv-i-n 5 plnstr. (ef. kuva) (with) erayfish pietures
reik 10 eavity, hole
rengas 7 tire, ring
rengas=mainen 12 ringlike, annular (astronomy)
renkaa-t 7 pN (ef. rengas) tires
rento=udu-taan 8 pres. pass. reflex.
(cf. rentoutua) one relaxes
rento=utta-va-a 10 pres. aet. pep. P
(ef. rentouttaa) relaxing
rento=utu-mise-n 8 IV G (ef. rentoutuminen) relaxation
rento=ut-us 10 relaxation
resepti 10 eolloq. reeipe
retke=ile-minen 10 IV (ef. retkeill) hiking, eamping
retkeily+vaunu 9 exeursion ear
re~o-n+tule-t 11 pN (ef. tuli) northern Ughts
riippu-ma=ton jstk 14 111 independent
riippu-u jstk 14 s3 (ef. riippua) depend on
riisi+puuro-a 13 P riee porridge
riitt- 3 1 suffiee
rikki 7 broken
riko=kse-t 13 pN (ef. rikos) erimes
riko=lUs-ta 8 P adj. eriminal

G-I07
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rintama+lis 14 veterans' supplement
ripe~yt-t 9 P (ef. ripeys) quiekness, briskness
ripe=sti 9 briskly
rippi+koulu-ssa 13 1n confirmation school
ripu=sta-a 9 1 tr. to hang (up), suspend
riste=il=y-it 7 El from the cruise
ris te=i l=y-n 12 G cruise
riste=ys 8 intersection
risti-n 7 G cross
risti=ise-t 13 pN christening party
r1V1 9 row, line
rivi-st 9 El from the row
rivi+talo 1 townhouse, rowhouse
rohkea 1 brave
romantt=inen 1 romantic
romu 4 wreck
romu-ksi 4 T wreck
roomalais+katolinen 13 adj. Roman Catholic
roska+pnt-n 7 G (eL pntt) trash can
rouva 1 Mrs.
rouva-n 6 G Mrs.
rouva-lIe 4 Al to the lady
ruis 3 rye
rukka=nen 6 mitten
rukous+piv-n 13 G day set for general prayers
rukous+sunnuntai 13 day of prayer
rul1i-t eol1oq. 13 pN trolls
runko+patja 9 box spring
ruoka 3 food
ruoka-a 4 P food
ruoka+halu-a 5 P appetite
ruoka=il=u 9 dining
ruokailu+paikka 7 eating place
ruoka+lista 5 menu
ruoka+lista-an 5 Il menu
ruoka+lusikka 3 tablespoon
ruoka+ohj=e 5 N reeipe (dial-a-recipe)
ruoka+pyt 9 dining table

G-I08

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ruoka+tunti 2 luneh hour
ruoka+val=io 10 diet
ruoto 10 fish bone
ruotsa=lainen 1 Swedish
ruotsa=laise-n 6 G (ef. ruotsalainen) Swedish
ruotsa=lais=uude-n 13 G (ef. ruotsalaisuus) Swedish eharaeteristie
Ruotsi-n 2 G Sweden's
Ruotsi-sta 6 El from Sweden
ruskea 2 brown
ruskea+suo 7 proper name
ruske=hta-va 6 pres. aet. pep. (ef. ruskehtaa) brownish
ruua-sta 3 El (ef. ruoka) for food
ruua-t 5 pN (ef. ruoka) dishes (food)
ruudu=llinen 6 plaid
ruutu-un 14 II square, (window) pane
R.Y. abbr. for rekisterity yhdistys 10 registered association, ineorporated company
ryhdisty 10 imperat. s2 pu11 yourself up
ryhmiin+jak=o 7 division into groups
ryhm-i- 10 pP groups
ryhm 14 group, team
ryhm+vara=ukse-t 9 pN group reservations
ryhm-n 7 Il (inho group
ryhty-vt 8 p3 (ef. ryhty) to start, to set about, to undertake
ryp=ist=y-m=tn 6 ryppy; ef. rypisty) crease proof
ryypy-i-ksi 5 pT (ef. ryyppy) for sehnapps
ryyppy 3 shot
rj=hd=ys 4 explosion
rj=hd=ys-t 9 P explosion
rnt 11 sleet
rnt+sad=e-tta 11 P sleet
rntgen 10 x-ray
rntgen+kuva-sta 10 El x-ray

(8)

saa 4 s3 get, may


saa-da 1 1 to get
saada aika-an 14 to accomplish

G-I09

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saada kyntiin 7 to start (a ear)
saa-kaan 11 neg. stem+kaan (ef. saada)
saakka 6 postposit. (+illat.) until
saa-ko 3 s3 (ef. saada) ean it?
saa-ma-ssa 12 III In (ef. saada) getting
saa-n-ko 1 sl (ef. saada) may I?
saanti+todi=st=ukse-t 7 pN (ef. todistus) eertifieates of reeeipt
saa-nut 4 past aet. pep. (ef. saada) reeeived, got
saapas 6 boot
saa=pu-a 5 1 to arrive
saapumis+piv-n 7 G day of arrival
saa=pu-nut 5 past aet. pep. (ef. saapua) arrived
saa=pu-va 9 pres. aet. pcp. (ef. saapua) arriving
saari 1 island
saar=isto 12 arehipelago
saarna 13 sermon
saarnas+tuole-i-sta 13 pEl (ef. tuoli) pulpit
saarnas+tuoli 13 pulpit
saarnat-a 13 to preaeh
sada' 4 neg. stern (ef. sataa) to rain
sade+takki 6 raineoat
sa-i 6 past s3 (ef. saada) got
sa-i-kin 6 past s3 (ef. saada) got
sairaa=la 10 hospital
sairaa=la-an 10 I l to the hospital
sairaa-Ita 10 AbI (ef. sairas) siek, ill
sairaa-n+hoido-n 14 G (ef. sairas+hoito) nursing eare, medical eare
sairas 10 siek
sairas+auto 10 ambulanee
sairas+auto-n 10G an ambulanee
sairastumis+tapa=ukse-t 10 pN eases of being ta ken ill
saira=us 10 illness
saira=us+vak=uut=us 14 health insuranee
sa-isi 3 eond. s3 (ef. saada) would get
sa-isi-ko 3 eond. s3 (ef. saada) eould, would reeeive
sa-isi-n-ko 1 eond. sl (ef. saada) mayjeould 11
sa-isi-nks = saisinko eolloq. 3 eould I have?
sa-is-kos = saisiko eolloq. 3 eould have?

G-IIO

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sakko 14 N fine (by court or police)
sako-i-l1a 14 pAd (ef. sakko) fines
saksa 4 German
saksa=laise-t 8 pN Gerrnan
salaattHkulho 3 salad bowl
sala=is=uude-t 2 pN (ef. salaisuus) secrets
salama 11 lightning
salam=oi 11 s3 (ef. salarnoida) it' s lightning
salam=oi-da 11 1 to flash (lightning)
sale-i-ssa 9 pln (ef. sali) (banquet) halls
salli-i 13 s3 (ef. sallia) allows
salli-ttu 7 past pass. pep. (cf. sallia) permitted, allowed
salli-va 12 pres. aet. pep. (ef. sallia) perrnissive
salmi 12 straits
sama-a 1 P sarne
sarna-l1a 4 Ad with the sarne
sama-n 7 Instr. sarne
sametti 6 velvet
sammu-ne-i-den eolloq. 5 past aet. pep. pG those passed out
(cf. sammua)
sammu=tta-mise-ksi 13 IV T (ef. sammuttaa) to queneh
sana 2 word
sana-n+lasku 13 proverb
sankari+haudo-i-lle 13 pAl (ef. hauta) tomb of war heroes
sano' 2 imperat. s2 (ef. sanoa) say!
sano-a 2 I to say
sano-i 2 past s3 (ef. sanoa) said
sano-o 4 s3 (ef. sanoa) says
sanoma+lehti 2 newspaper
sano=ma-t 2 pN news
sano=tta-va-a 4 pres. pass. pep. P (ef. sanoa) to say
sano-ttu 10 past pass. pep. (ef. sanoa) said
sarja 4 series
sarja+lippu 7 pass good for eertain number of rides
sata-a 4 1 to rain
satama 5 harbor
sat=ee-ssa 2 ln (ef. sade) in the rain
satu+jumppa 10 gymnasties aeeornpanied by a fairy tale

G-lll
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savu+silako-i-ta 7 pP (ef. silakka) smoked Baltie herrings
sauna 5 steam bath
sauna-a 5 P sauna bath
sauna-an 8 II to sauna
sauna+hullu-t 8 pN those crazy about sauna
sauna+kahvi-t 8 pN sauna eoffee
sauna-lle 8 Al for/to sauna
sauna+osa=sto 5 sauna bath department
Sauna+seura-n 8 G sauna society's
sauna-ssa 8 In in the sauna
sauna-sta 8 El from the sauna
saun=o-mise-n 8 IV G (ef. saunoa) bathing in the sauna
saun=o-mi-sta 8 IV El (ef. saunoa) bathing in the sauna
saunota 8 imperat. s2 (ef. saunottaa) to bathe in the sauna
savu=ke 3 cigarette
savu=kkee-t 3 pN (et. savuke) eigarettes
savu=kke-i-ta 5 pP (et. savuke) cigarettes
savu=ste-l:tu-a 5 past pass. pep. P (ef. savustaa) smoked
se 1 it
se-hn 3 it
sein 2 wall
sein-ll 2 Ad on the wall
sein+vaate 9 wall hanging (lit., wall eloth)
seiso-a 2 1 to stand
seiso-o 2 s3 (ef. seisoa) stands
seiso-va 5 pres. aet. pep. (ef. seisoa) standing
seitsemn 1 seven
seitsem=nne-ss 2 In (ef. seitsems) in the seventh
seitsem=s 1 seventh
seitsem-n 9 II (ef. seitsemn) seven
seitsikko 7 noun seven
seivs+hypp=y 10 pole vault
sekoite+kangas 6 mixed fabrie
sektori-n 14 G sector
se-k 7 and
selitt- 5 1 to explain
selke 11 elear
selke- 4 P elear

G-112

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selk 8 baek
Selk+meri 11 Bothnian Sea
selk-si 8 poss. suff. your baek
selk--ni 10 II poss. suff. my baek
sel=lainen 6 adj. se) sueh
sel=lais-i-lle 7 pAl adj.(ef. sellainen) sueh
sel=lais-ta 10 P adj. (ef. sellainen) sueh
sello 9 eello
selvi=te-tn 8 pres. pass. (ef. selvitt) make elear
selvitys+toim-i-in 8 p II administrative (elearing-up) aetions
selv 6 . clear (o.k.)
selv=sti 6 elearly
sem=moinen 6 adj. se) sueh
se-n 3 G/A it
sen-tn 10 adv. though, nevertheless, however
se-p 1 (wellI ) i t
serkku 10 eousin
set 10 fraternal unele
seura=a-ma-ssa 14 111 In (ef. seurata) following
seura=a-va 7 pres. aet. pep. (ef. seurata) following, pext
seura=a-va-t 9 pres. aet. pep. (ef. seurata) next, following
seura=a-va-lla 7 pres. aet. pep. Ad on thefollowing
seura+kunna-t 13 pN (ef. kunta) parishes
seura+kunta 13 parish
seura=llinen 4 soeiable
seurat-a 14 1 to follow
seuro-j-en 10 p G (ef. seura) assoeiations
seurue+lippu 9 group tieket
seutu 12 region
shekke-j- 8 pP (ef. shekki) eheeks
shekki 5 eheek (money)
shekki+ti I i 8 eheeking aeeount
shekki+tili-n 8 G eheeking aeeount
shekki+tili-lle 8 Al eheeking aeeount
sido-ttu-j-en 14 past pass. pep. pG (ef. sitoa) tied
sie-ll 1 Ad (ef. se) there
sie-ll-hn 3 Ad (ef. se) there
sieni 7 mushroom

G-113
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sien-i- 7 pP mushrooms
siev 11 pretty
sihteeri 14 seeretary
siika 7 whitefish
siika-a 7 P whitefish
sii-n 2 E (ef. se) right there (previously mentioned)
sii-n-hn 1 E (ef. se) (wellI ) there
siirr=y 8 imperat. s2 (ef. siirty) intr. to move, to transfer
siirt=o=lainen 14 immigrant, emigrant
siirto+lippu 7 transfer tieket
siirt=y-y 6 s3 (ef. siirty) moves, is transferred
siirt=y- 11 1 intr. to move
siirt- 8 tr. to transfer
sii-t 2 El (ef. se) of it
sijait-a 12 1 be situated
sija-sta 9 El (G+) postposit. instead of
sijo-i-Ita-an 10 pAbl poss. suff. (ef. sija) disloeated
silaka-Ile 4 AI (ef. silakka) herring
silaka-n 13 G (ef. silakka) Baltie herring
silakka 3 Baltie herring
silakka+pitsa-a 3 P herring pizza
silako-i-ta 7 pP (ef. silakka) Baltie herring
sili=t=ys 5 (ef. silitt; <sile) ironing
si-Ile 1 AI (ef. se) to it
silli 3 herring
silli- 3 P herring
si=lloin-kaan 10 adv. se) even then
si-Il 4 eonj. (ef. se) beeause
si-Il 8 Ad (ef. se) with it
silm-Il 5 Ad keep (an eye)
silm-nne 10 poss. suff. your eyes
silm+taudi-t 10 pN (ef. tauti) eye diseases
silm+vamma 10 eye injury
si-It 2 AbI (ef. se) from that (eolloq.)
sima-a 13 P mead (a drink made of lemon and hops)
sinappi+kastike-tta 5 P mustard sauee
sin=inen 2 blue
sin=isen 3 G/A (ef. sininen) blue

G-114

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sini+valko=isen 3 G/A (ef. valkoinen) blue and white
si=nne 1 adv. (ef. se) there (movement to)
sinu-a 2 P (ef. sin) you
sinu-n-han 2 G (ef. sin) you
sinu-j-a 4 pP (ef. sin) you
sinu-Ila 4 Ad (ef. sin) . you (have)
sinu-Ile 4 AI (ef. sin) to you
sinu-n+kaupa-t 4 pN (ef. kauppa) "sin" transaetion
sinu-t 4 A (ef. sin) (to be) on familiar terms
sinut=el-kaa 4 imperat. p2 (ef. sinutella) eall by familiar form
sinut=el-Iaan 4 pres. pass. (ef. sinutella) one ealls by "sin", let's eall by "sin"
sinut=el-Ia 4 1 eall by familiar name
sinutt=el=u 4 ealling by "sin" form
S1na 1 s2 you (familiar form)
sin-hn 4 well, you
sin-kin 4 also you
sireeni-n 8 G siren
sis. abbr. of sislly 5 neg. stem (ef. sislty) to inc1ude
sisar 10 sister
sisare-n 10 G (ef. sisar) sister's
sisar=ukse-t 10 siblings
sisko 10 sister
sis=us=ta-a 9 1 to deeorate interior
sis+asia-i-n+ministeri 14 minister of the interior, seeretary of the interior
sis+asia-i-n+minister=i 14 Department of Interior
sis+jalki=nee-t 10 pN (cf. jalkine) indoor footwear
sis-Ile 8 AI adv. indoors
sisl=l=ys 7 eontents
sis-Il 10 Ad adv. indoors
sisl=ty-y 9 s3 intr. (ef. sislty) is inc1uded
sisl=ty-y-ks = sislty-y-k 5 eolloq. is (it) ineluded?
sisl=ty-y-k 5 pres. s3 intr. (ef. sislty) does (it) inelude?
sisl=ty- 5 1 intr. to include
sisl=t- 14 s3 tr. eonsists of
sis+taudi-t 10 pN (ef. tauti) internal diseases
sis+tauti+sairaa=la-t 10 pN hospitals for internal medieine (lit., diseases)
sis+tilo-i-hin 8 pII (ef. tila) indoors

G-115
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s1sa-an 1 II into
sisn+ky=nti 9 entranee
sisn+psy+maks=u 5 entrance fee
si=tten 1 then
si-t 1 P (ef. se) it
siunaus+tilais=uus 13 burial serviee
siveys+oppi 14 ethies
siviili+rekisteri 13 civil register
siviili+rekisteri-in 13 II civil register
siviili+st=y io maritaI status
sivu 2 page, side
sivu-i-Ita 6 pAbl from the sides
sivu-Ha 2 AbI from the page
sivu-un 8II to the shoulder/side
skool 1 here is to your health
skorpioni 1 seorpio, seorpion
snapsi-t 3 p NjA aqua vitae
sohjo 11 slush
sohva 9 sofa, eoueh
sohva+pyt 9 eoffee table
soi 14 imperat. s2 (ef. soida) ring, sound
so=inen 12.adj. (ef. suo) swampy
so-i-ta 12 pP (ef. suo) swamps
soita-t 5 s2 you ca11
soi=ta-mme 10 pl (ef. soittaa) we' 11 ca11
soi=tta-a 2 1 tr. to phone, to play
soi=tta-kaa 9 imperat. p2 (ef. soittaa) ca11
soi=tta-ma-Ila 6 111 Ad (ef. soittaa) by phoning
soi=tt=o 6 ca11
sokea=i-n+lhe=t=ykse-t 7 pN (ef. lhetys) dispatehes for blind people
sokeri 3 sugar
sokeri-a 3 P sugar
sokeri+astia 3 sugar dish
sokeri+herne-i-t 7 pP sugar pies
solm=io 6 tie
Sonnisen 5 G (ef. Sonninen) proper name
soopa 4 eolloq. nOnsense
soopa-a eolloq. 4 P nonsense
G-116

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soosi eo11oq. 5 sauee
sopi-a 3 1 to suit, to fit
sopi-i-han 4 s3 (ef. sopia) it suits
sopi-i-ko 3 s3 (ef. sopia) is i t a11 right
sopi=mus 9 agreement, treaty
sopi=mukse-n 9 G (ef. sopimus) agreement
sopi-nee-t 14 past aet. pep. (ef. sopia) agreed
sopi-va 4 pres. aet. pep. (ef. sopia) suitable
sopi-va-a 4 pres. aet. pep. P (ef. sopia) suitable
sopi-va-ksi 9 pres. aet. pep. T (ef. sopia) eonvenient, suitable
sopi-va-Ita 9 pres. aet. pep. AbI (ef. sopia) suitable
sora 12 gravel
sorm-i-a-ni 9 pP poss. suff. my fingers
sormi=kkaa-t 6 pN (ef. sormikas) knitted gloves
sorm=ukse-n 10 G (ef. sormus) ring
sosiaali+avu=st=uks-i-a 14 pP apu-avustaa) relief, social welfare assistanee
sosiaali+hallit=us 14 social welfare administration
sosiaali~huol=t=o 14 social welfare (work)
sosiaali+huolto+osa=sto 14 social welfare division
sosiaali-j terveysministeri 14 minister for social ~ffairs and health,
seeretary of health and welfare
sosiaali-jaterveys+minister=i 14 ministry for social welfare and health
affairs, Department of Health and Welfare
sosiaali+vakuutus+maksu-j-en 14 pG social insuranee payment
sosialidemokraatti=nen 14 social demoerat
sotilas+asia+mies 4 military attaehe
sotke-a 14 1 to mix
sovi' 3 neg.stem (ef. sopia) to suit
sovinto+juhla 13 (ef. sovittaa) feast of reeoneiliation
sovi=tta-a 6 1 tr. try on, reeoneile
sovi=t=us 6 fitting
sovitus+huonee-t 6 pN (ef. huone) fi t ting rooms
stadion-i-Ile 7 AI to the stadium
standardisoimis+jrje=st-n 13 G standardization offiee
Stoekmann-i-lle 6 AI (ef. Stockmann) to Stoekmann's
Stoekmann-i-n 6 G (ef. Stockmann)
suo abbr. of sunnuntai 5 Sunday
substantiive-j-a 1 P (ef. substantiivi) nouns

G-117

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suhde 13 relationsbip
suhta=udu-taan 8 pres. pass. pep. (ef. suhtautua) to take an attitude, to reaet
suht=ee=llinen vaali+tapa 14 proportional representation
suhteen 7 (G+) postposit. with regard to, regarding
suju-a 4 1 to flow
suju-i 4 past s3 (ef. sujua) go smootbly
suju-u 1 s3 (ef. sujua) it goes
suju-va=sti 4 pres. aet. pep. adv. (ef. sujua) fluently
suka-t 6 pN (ef. sukka) soeks, stoekings
sukka 6 soek, stoeking
suklaa 3 eboeolate
suku 10 extended family
suku-a 10 P relation
suku=lainen 10 relative
suku=lais-i-a 10 pP (ef. sukulainen) relatives
suku=lais-ten 13 p G (ef. sukulainen) relatives
suku+puu-Ila-si 10 Ad poss. suff. witb your farnily tree
sula-a 11 1 intr. to melt
sula=ke 9 fuse
sula-vat 10 p3 (ef. sulaa) melt
sulhanen 10 bridegroom, fianee
sulj. abbr. for sulje-ttu 10 (ef. sulkea) elosed
sulje' 3 irnperat. 82 (ef. sulkea) elose
sulje-ttu 9 past pass. pep. (ef. sulkea) elosed
sulje-ttu-na 10 past pass. pep. E (ef. sulkea) elosed
sulka+pallo 10 badminton
sulke=utu-va-n 12 pres. aet. pep. Instr. retieent (1y)
(et. sulkeutua)
sulle = sinulle eolloq. 4 AI to you
sul=u-i-ssa 10 pln (ef. sulku+rnerkit) in parentbesis
summa 5 sum
surnrna-n 8 G surn
summ-i=tta=inen 12 rough, summary
sumu 11 fog
surnu=inen 11 foggy
sumu=is-ta 11 P (ef. sumuinen) foggy
sunnuntai 1 Sunday

G-IIB

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sunnuntai-n 1 G of Sunday
sunnuntai-na 4 E on Sunday
sunnunta=isin on Sundays
suo 12 swamp
suoja 11 thaw
suojat-a 11 1 to thaw, to proteet
suoja+tie 8 pedestrian erossing
suoj=el=us 13 proteetion
suola 3 salt
suola-a 3 P salt
suola=a-minen 5 IV (ef. suolata) salting
suola=is-ta 13 P (ef. suolainen)" salty
suoma=lainen 2 suomi) Finnish
suoma=laise-en 5 II (ef. suomalainen) Finnish
suoma=laise-Ile 8 Ad (ef. suomalainen) for a Finn, Finnish
suoma=laise-n 8 G (ef. suomalainen) a Finn
suoma=laise-t 5 pN (ef. suomalainen) Finnish
suoma=lais-i-Ile 6 pII (ef. suomalainen) for the Finns
suoma=lais-i-sta 5 pEI (ef. suomalainen) from Finnish, of Finnish
suomalais+ryhm-n 12 G a group of Finns
suoma=lais-ta 4 P (ef. suomalainen) Finnish
suome-a 4 P (ef. suomi) Finnish
suome-e = suomea eolloq. 4 P Finnish
Suome-en 1 II (ef. Suomi) into Finland
suome-n 1 G (ef. Suomi, suomi) Finnish language
Buome-ksi 2 T (ef. suomi) in Finnish
suome-n+kielise-t 13 pN (ef. kielinen) Finnish-speaking
Suome-n+lahde-n 11 G (ef. lahti) Gulf of Finland
Suome-n+lahti 11 Gulf of Finland
suomennos+komitea-ssa 13 In eommittee to translate into Finnish
Suome-ssa 4 In (ef. Suomi) in Finland
Suome-sta 1 El (ef. Suomi) "from Finland
Suomi 1 Finland
suora-an 2 11 adv. straight
suora-sta-an 8 adv. poss. suff. downright
suori=ta-mme 6 pl (ef. suorittaa) we perform
suosi=t=el-la 5 1 to reeommend
suosi=tt=ele-e 5 s3 (ef. suositella) reeommends

G-119

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suosi=tt=ele-mme 8 p1 (ef. suositella) we reeommend
suosi=tt=ele-tte 5 p2 (ef. suositella) reeommend
suosi-tu-in 5 past poss. pep. superlat. most popular
(ef. suosittu, suosia)
super-i-a 7 P super (high oetane)
suppea-mpi 14 eompar. eoneise, narrow, short
sure 11 neg. stem (ef. surra) to mourn
sur=u 13 sorrow, mourning
suru+lipu=t=ukse-en 13 II flying of a flag at half-mast
sur=u-u-nne 13 II. poss. suff. your sorrow
suunna-ssa 12 In (ef. suunta) in the direetion
suunna=ttoma=sti 9 adv. suunnaton) immensely
suu-nne 10 poss. suff. your mouth
suunn-i-Ile-en 12 pAl poss. suff. approximately
suunnit=el-Ia 12 1 to design, to pIan
suunnit=el-tu 5 past pass. pep. (ei. suunnitella) pianned, designed
suunnitt=ele-m-i-a 6 111 pP (ef. suunnitella) designed (by)
suunta 3 direetion
suunta-an 2 11 direetion
suuren=ta-a 6 1 suuri) to enlarge
suur+er-i-n 7 pE (ef. er) in large quantities
suuri 2 large, great, big
suur-immi-Ila-an 12 superlat. Ad poss. suff. at its biggest
(cf. suurin)
suur-in 7 superl. largest
suur-i-na 4 pE as great, big
suur+lhe=t=y=st-ss 1 In in the embassy
suur-i-ssa 9 pln large, big
suur+tanssi-t 9 pN large seale dances
suu-ssa 3 In in the mouth
SVUL abbr. for Suomen voimistelu-ja Finnish Gymnasties and Sport
urheiluliitto League (right wing)
sydme=llise-t 13 pN (ei. sydmellinen; < sydn) eordial, hearty
sydn 10 heart
sydn+kohta=us 10 heart attaek
sydn+saira=us 10 heart disease
syksy 1 fall, autumo

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syksy=isin 10 in the faU
sylke-k 10 imperat. p2 (cf. sylke) spitl
sylke- 10 1 to spit
synagoga 13 synagogue
synnyin+maa 14 synty) the land of birth
synnytys+el=im-i-st 10 pEI (cf. elin) genitals
synnytys+sairaa=la-t 10 pN maternity hospitals
synny=tt-ne-i-den 10 past act. pcp. pG those who have delivered (a baby)
(cf. synnytt)
synny=tt-ne-i-Ile 10 pAI (cf. synnytt) for those who have delivered
synty=isin 1 by birth
syntym+piv 1 birthday
syntym+piv-ni 1 poss. suff. my birthday
s. abbr. for syntynyt 13 born
synty-nyt 1 past act. pcp. (cf. synty) born
SYP abbr. of Suomen Yhdyspankki 5 United Bank of Finland
syv-imm-Il 12 superl. Ad (cf. syvin; < syv) at its deepest, at its most profound
syysHstunto+kaude-Ua 14 Ad (cL kausi) in the fall session (term)
syys+kausi 10 fall season
syys+kuu 1 September
syys+kuu-ta-ko 1 P of September
sy-d 3 I to eat
sy-dn 13 pres. pass. one eats
sy-m-ss 5 III In (cf. syd) eating
shk=e 8 telegram
shk=ee-n 8 G (cf. shke) telegram
shk= 9 electrici ty
shk+isk=u 10 electric shock
shk+juna 9 electric train
shk+juna+liike=nne 9 electric train service
shk+katk=o 11 power failure
shk+sano=ma 8 telegram
shk+sano=ma-i-n 5 pG telegram
s-hn = sin-hn colloq. 4 you
sil=yt=ys 9 cloakroom
silytys+lokero 9 (luggage) locker
sil-minen 7 IV (cf. sil) preserving, canning
silnt+tarvi=kkee-t 7 pN canning ingredients, preservatives

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s-kin = sinkin 4 eolloq. you, too
snky 9 bed
srj-i-t past s2 (ef. srke) you broke
srke-e s3 (ef. srke) hurts, (it) aches
srke- 1 to hurt, pain
srk=y-v pres. aet. pep. (ei. srky) fragile
srk=y-v- 7 pres. aet. pep. P (ef. srky) fragite, breakable
s 2 weather
sde-ttiin 13 past pass. (ef. st) was passed/legislated
snn=llinen 10 (cf. snt) regular
snn=tn 12 without rules, irregular
snt-j-en 8 pG rules
sri+luu 10 shinbone
sski 11 mosquito
sst=vinen 1 thrifty
sst- 8 1 to save
Sst+pankki 8 savings bank
sst+ti'li 8 a savings account
s+tied=ot=ukse-n 4 G (ef. tiedotus) weather report
s+tied=ot=us 4 weather report
st=i-i-den 14 pG foundation, institution
sty+talo 12 House of Estates (historical place)
st- 13 1 legislate, pass a law
S01-n 3 past sl (ef. syd) 1 ate
s-isi-n-k 5 eond. sl (ef. syd) should 1 eat7
(T)

taala 5 dollar
taas 2 again
tahdi=kas 1 tactful
tahdo-n 4 sl (cf. tahtoa) 1 want/will
tahko+juusto-a 7 P Swiss cheese
taho-j-en 14 pG quarter, source
tahto-a 11 1 tend, to wi 11
tai 3 or
taidat 3 neg. stem (ef. taitaa) may
taide+halli 9 art gallery

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taide+suunta=uks-i-sta 6 pEl art trend
taide+te=o=llis=uud-en 6 pG (ef. teollisuus) industrial art
taide+te=o=llis=uus 6 teko < tehd) industrial art
taide+teollisuus+koulu 6 sehool of industrial art
taide+te=o=llis=uut-ta P (ef. teollisuus) art industry
taiko-j-a 13 pP (ef. taika) magie, witeheraft
taimen 7 trout
tais-i 10 past s3 (ef. taitaa) might
taita-a 3 1 may, might
tait=ee=llinen 1 taide) artistie
tait=ee=llis-i-a 6 pP (ef. taiteellinen) artistie
tait=ee-n 6 G (ef. taide) aet
tait=e=ili=ja 9 artist
tait=e=ili=ja-t 6 pN artists
taito+luist=el=u 10 figure skating
taivaa-n+merki-t 1 pN (ef. taivas+merkki) signs of the Zodiae
taivas 11 sky, heaven
taju=a' 2 neg. stern (ef. tajuta) (1 don't) grasp, get
tajuttomuus+tila 10 eoma
taju-u=tajua 2 neg. stern eolloq. to grasp, to understand
taka-a 6 P (G+) postposit. behind, beyond
takaisin 6 adv. baek
taka-na 6 E (G+) postposit. behind
taka+talvi 11 return of winter (lit., baek winter)
takia 13 (G+) postposit. due to, beeause of
taki-t 6 pN (ef. takki) eoat
takka+huone 5 room with fireplaee
takki 6 eoat
takki-a-nne 5 P poss. suff. your eoat
takki+osa=sto-lla 6 Ad eoat department
takse-j-a 5 pP (ef. taksi) taxis
taksi 5 taxi
taksi+asema 6 taxi stand
taksi+auto-a 6 P taxieabs
taksi+kesku=kse-en 6 II (ef. keskus) to the taxi eenter
taksi+kesku=s 6 taxi (telephone) operator
talle+lokero-on 5 Il safe, bank box
talle=tta-a 8 1 to deposit

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ta 11etus+ti l i 8 savings aeeount
talo 1 house
talo-n G/A 4 house
talo-n+mies 9 janitor
talo-n+poikais+tyyli- 12 P ruralvernaeular
talo-j-a 6 pP houses
talo-n+poikais+huone+kalu-t 6 pN peasant furniture, rustie furniture
talo-n+poikais+rake=nn=uka-i-ssa 6 pln peasant buildings (rural)
(ef. rakennus)
talous+jrje=st= 12 eeonomic organization
talous+tiet=o 14 eeonomics
talve-a 10 P (ef. talvi) winter
talvi 1 winter
talvHfarku-t 6 pN (ef. farkku) winter jeans
talvi+hattu 6 winter hat
talvi+kausi 10 winter season
talvHkeng-t 6 pN (eL kenk) winter shoes
talvHlakki 6 winter vest
talvi+poplari-t 6 pN winter poplin eoata
talvHsaappaa-t 6 pN (ef. saapas) winter boots
tauuni 1 oak
tauuni+kuu 1 January
tango-ssa 13 In (ef. tanko) hoisted, on the pole
tankat-a 7 I to fi11 (tank)
tankkaa' 7 imperat. 82 (ef. tankata) fi 11 the tank I
tankki 7 tank
tanska 4 Danish language
tanssi 5 danee
tanssi-a 9 1 to dance
tanssi-a 5 P dance, dancing
tanssi-ma-an. 9 111 II (ef. tanssia) to danee
tapa 5 eustom, way, habit
tapa=a-ma-an 7 111 II (ef. tavata) to meet
tapa=a-n 5 11 style, manner
tapa=htu-a 4 1 to happen
tapa=htu-isi 9 eond. neg. stem (ef. tapahtua) would (not) happen
tapa=htu-nut 2 past aet. pcp. (ef. tapahtua) happened
tapa+turma 14 (work) aecident

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\

tapa+turma+tapa=ukse-t 10 pN (ef. tapaus) eases of aeeidental injuries


tapa=ukse-ssa 8 In ease, happening
tapa=us 8 ease
taputta-a 9 1 to c1ap hands
taret=a 8 1 to be warm
tarino-i-ta 10 pP (ef. tarina) stories, ta les
tarjo=i1i=ja 5 waiter
tarj o=il-la 5 1 serve
tarjo=il-laan 5 pres. pass. (ef. tarjoilla) one serves, is served
tarjo=il=u-sta 5 El of serviee
tarjoilu+vati 3 platter
tarjo-Ha 10 Ad (offered) available
tarjot=a 3 1 offer
tarjo-taan 13 pres. pass. is offered
tarjot=in 3 tray
tarjous+osa=sto 6 budget store
tarka=sta-a 7 1 tarkka) to eheek, to inspeet
tarka=ste-taan-ko 7 pres. pass. (ef. tarkastaa) shall we inspeet/eheek?
tarka=sti 2 (ef. tarkka) aeeurately, earefully
tarka=st=us 5 inspeetion
tarke=ne-e 8 s3 (ef. tareta) one is warm
tarkka 2 aeeurate
tarkka=il=u 10 observation, supervision
tark=oite-ttu 10 past pass. pep. (ef. tarkoittaa) meant
tark=oit=us 12 purpose, intention
tarp=ee-sta 12 El (er. tarve) about need
tarttu-va-t 10 pres. aet. pep. pN (ef. tarttua) infeetious, eontagious
tarvit=a 2 1 to need
tarv=itse' 4 neg. stern (ef. tarvita) need
tarv=itse-tte 10 p2 (ef. tarvita) you need
tarv=itse-tte-ko 2 p2 (ef. tarvita) do you need?
tarv=itse-tte-ks = tarvitsetteko 2 p2 eolloq. do you need?
tarvi-tta-e-ssa 6 pass II In (ef. tarvita) when needed
tarv=itse-mme 9 pl (ef. tarvita) we need
tarv=itse-t 6 s2 (ef. tarvita) you need
tasa=inen 11 even
tasa=is-ta 11 P even, fIat, smooth

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tasa-n 2 lnstr. adv. sharp, exaetly
tasa+pain=o 14 balanee
tasa+valla-n 13 G (ef. valta) republie
tasku 6 poeket
tas=oite-taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. tasoittaa) is trimmed
tas=oitta-a 6 1 tr. trim, level
tas=oit=utta-a 6 1 to have trimmed
taso+riste=ys 8 level erossing
tauko 2 pause
taulu 2 blaekboard
taulu=ko-n 12 G (eL taulukko) ehart
tauti 10 disease
tava-Ila 6 Ad (ef. tapa) way, manner
tava=llinen 7 tapa) ordinary
tava=llinen-kin 8 adj. ordinary
tava=llise-n 7 G (ef. tavallinen) ordinary, regular
tava=llise-na 7 E (ef. tavallinen) as regular
tava=llis-i-a 7 pP adj. (ef. tavallinen) regular, ordinary
tava=llis-ta 7 P (ef. tavallinen) ordinary
tavan-nut 1 past aet. pep. (ef. tavata) met
tavara-a 7 P goods
tavara+juna 9 freight train
tavara+liike=ntee-n 9 G (ef. liikenne) freight traffie
tavara+lue=tt=el=o-t 7 pN sales eatalogues
tavara-n 6 G goods
tavar+ny=tt=ee-t 7 pN (eL nyte) samples of goods
tavara+selo=st=ee-t 7 pN (ef. seloste) deseriptions of goods
tavara+talo 2 department store
tavara+talo-ssa 6 1n in the department store
tavat=a 1 l to meet
tava-taan 9 pres. pass. (ef. tavata) let's meet
tava-tta-v-i-ssa 5 pres. pass. pep. pln available
(ef. tavata)
tavo-i-n 5 p1nstr. (ef. tapa) (by) ways
tavu 2 syllable
te 1 p2 polite sg. you
teatteri 4 theater
teatteri+lipu-t 9 pN (ef. lippu) theater tiekets

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teatteri-ssa 4 In in the theater
teatteri+ohje=lma-t 5 pN theater programs
tee 3 tea
tee+lusikka 3 teaspoon
tee+makkara 7 bologna
tee+makkara-a 7 P bologna
tee-mme 10 p1 (ef. tehd) we'll make
tee-t 7 52 (ef. tehd) (you) do
tee-t 3 P some tea
tee+vati 3 saueer
teevee 4 TV
teevee-n 4 G TV
teevee-t = televisiota 4 eolloq. P TV
teh-d 1 1 to do, make
teh-dn 4 pres. pass. (ef. tehd) one does, "let's do"
tehta-i-ta 8 pP (ef. tehdas) faetories
teh-ty 3 past pass. pep. (ef. tehd) done
te-hn 1 emph. you
te-i-dn 1 pG (ef. te) your
te-i-l1e 1 pAl to you
teillon = teill on 2 eolloq. you have
te-i-ll 1 pAd (with) you
te-i-lt 9 pAbl from you
teini 6 junior, teenager
teini+koo-t 6 pN (ef. koko) junior miss sizes
te-i-n 9 pE as you (if 1 were you)
te-i-st 6 El about you
te-i-tte 4 past p2 (ef. tehd) you did
teke-e 1 s3 (ef. tehd) does, makes
teke-mis-t 4 IV P (ef. tehd) doing
tek-i 8 past s3 (ef. tehd) did
tek-isi 11 cond. pres. s3 (ef. tehd) would do
teki-vt 6 p3 (ef. tehd) did
teko+kuitu 6 synthetie tiber
teko+kuitu-a 6 P synthetie tiber
tekstiile-i-lle 6 pAl (ef. tekstiili) for the textiles
tekstiili-t 6 pN textiles
tekstiili+te=o=llis=uute-en 6 II (ef. teollisuus) textile industry

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televisio 4 television
televisio-n 2 G of the TV
televisio-sta 4 El on television
televisio-ta 4 P television
telkka=ri 4 eolloq. television
telkkari-n 4 G eolloq. TV's
Ternppeli+auk=io-n 12 G temple square
tennis 10 tennis
tennis+kentt 10 tennis eourt
tennis+kent-ll 10 Ad (ef. kentt) on the tennis eourt
tennis+kurssi-t 10 tennis lessons
te=o=llis=uude-n 6 G (ef. teollisuusj < tehd) industry's
teol. yo. abbr. tor teologian ylioppilas 10 student ot theology
terve 1 healthy
terveh=d=ykse-t 1 pN (ef. tervehdys) greetings
terveh=d=ys 13 greetings
terveh=ti- 13 1 to greet
terve=ise-t 8 pN (et. terveinen) greetings
terve-is-i- 8 pP (et. terveinen) greetings
terve+tul=o-a 1 P weleome
terve=yde-ksi 1 (et. terveys) to/for health
terveyde-n+huolto-a 14 P publie health
terveyde-n+huolto+osa=sto 14 publie health division (department)
terveys+kesku=kse-n 10 G (ef. keskus) health eenter
testa=us 10 testing
ti abbr. ot tiistai 5 Tuesday
tie 1 road, way
tiede+kunta 14 faeulty, school
tiede+kunta 13 faeulty
tiede-t 4 neg. stern pres. pass. (et. tiet) know
tied=o=ttaa 8 1 to inform, announee
tied=ot=ukse-en 11 II (ef. tiedotus) report, information
tiedu=st=el=u-t 9 pN inquiries
tied 2 neg. stern (et. tiet) know
tied-mme 5 pl (et. tiet) we know
tied-n 2 sl (et. "tiet) 1 know
tied-tte-k 2 p2 (ef. tiet) do you know?

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tie-n 2 G road
tie-n+haara 8 fork in a road
tie-n+mutka 8 eurve in the road
tien-nyt 11 past aet. pep. (ef. tiet) know
tie-n+riste=ys 8 junetion, erossroad
tie-n+viita-n 8 G (ef. viitta) road sign
tie-n+vii tta 8 road sign
tieten-kn 9 of eourse (not)
tieto-ja 8 pP information, knowledge
tie-tty-n 12 past pass. pcp. E (ef. tiet) as known, eertain
tie-tty-yn 5 past pass. pep. 11 tiedettyyn) eertain, known
(eL tiet)
tie-ty=sti 3 past pass. pep. (ef. tiet) of eourse
tie-t 5 P way
tie=t=mttm=yyde-ksi 12 T (ef. tietmttmyys) ignoranee
tiet- 2 I to know
tihku+sad=e 11 drizzle
tihku+sad=e-tta 11 P (ef. sade) drizzle
tiij-tte-ks = tiedttek 6 dial. eolloq.
tiij-t-k = tiedtk 6 dial. for do you know?
tiistai 1 Tuesday
tila 9 spaee
tila=a-minen 6 IV (ef. tilata) ordering
tilaa-t 5 s2 (ef. tilata) to order, to subscribe
tila-lIe 7 Ad (G+) postposit. in plaee of
tila=nne 11 situation
tila=sto 14 statisties
tilat=a 6 1 to order, to subseribe
tila=taan 6 pres. pass. (ef. tilata) is ordered
tila=ukse-n 6 G (ef. tilaus) order
tila=ukse-t 5 pN (ef. tilaus) orders, subseriptions
tili 6 aeeount
tili-lt 8 AbI from an aecount
tili -n+yli=t=ys 8 overdraft of an account
tili- 6 P aceount
tilli- 7 P dill

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timantti+koru-t 6 p\" diamond je\>"elry
tippa+leip-i-en 13 P G (cf. leip) special cookies
tiskat=a 10 1 to \>"ash the dishes
titteli 1 title
titteli-t 4 p~ titles
tiukka 6 tight
tms. abbr. for tai muu sellainen 10 or other sueh thing
to abbr. of torstai 5 Thursday
tode-lla S Ad adv. (eL tosi) truly, really
tode=llis-ta 9 P (ef. todellinen; < tosi) rea 1
todi=sta=ja-t 13 p\" \-"itnesses
todi=sta-n 14 s1 (ef. todistaa) to \-"i tness
todi=sta-vat 9 p3 (ef. todistaa; < tosi) testify, bear \>"itness
to-hon = tuo-hon eolloq. 2 11 to that
tohtori 1 doctor
tohtori-lla 10 Ad the doctor (has)
toi = tuo eolloq. that
toime-e-nsa 13 Il poss. suff. (cf. toimi) (into) his/her offiee
toime-en+pan=o-sta 14 El exeeution
toime-en+pano+valta 14 exeeutive po\-,'er
toime-en+pan-tu 14 past pass. pep. (eL panna) exeeuted, earried out
toimi-a 8 1 to aet, to funetion
toimi-i 7 s3 (cf. toimia) funetions, \-"orks
toimi=nta-nsa 6 poss. suff. its operation/aetion/function
toiminta+ohj=ee-t 8 p~ direetives (of aetion), instruetions

toiminta+paika-lla 10 Ad (ef. paikka) at the place of aetivity


toimi.=sto 2 offiee
toimi=sto-ssa 2 In in the offiee
toimi=te-taan 8 pres, pass. (ef. toimittaa) is delivered/done/performed
toimi=tta-a perille 8 1; Al to deliver
toimi=t=us 14 performanee, exeeution, dispatehing, editorial
department, editorial staff
toimi-va 9 pres. aet. pep. (eL toimia) working, funetioning
toinen 1 seeond
toise-en 1 Il (cf. toinen) into other
toise-lla 2 Ad (ef. toinen) on the other

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toise-n 6 G (cf. t~inen) seeond
toise-na 13 E (cf. toinen) the seeond
toissa+piv-n 1 E (ef. toinen) day before yesterday
toise-ssa 9 1n (ef. toinen) in the seeond
toisinaan 9 adv. sornetimes
toisi-n sano-e-n 13 II 1nst. (et. sanoa) in other v;ords
toista-a 2 1 to repeat
toista-kaa 2 irnperat, p2 (et, toistaa) repeat
tois-ta+k~~en-t 12 P (ef. ~~eoen) more than ten
toivo-a 1 1 to hope
toivo-o 13 s3 (ef. toivoa) v.-ishes
toivo-taan 1 pres. pass. (cf. toivoa) let's hope, one hopes
toivo=tta-va=sti 1 pres. pass. pep. adv. hopefully
(et. toivoa)
toki 8 (emphasizing ~ord)
jo toki of eourse (yes)
l toki oh don't
tornaatte-j-a .) pP (et. tomaatti) tomatoes
tomera=sti 4 in a straightfor~ard manner, determinedly
tonttu 13 bro~nie, gnome
topa-tu-t G past pass. pep, p~ (ef. topata) padded
toppa+kangas 6 padded fabrie
toppa+pusero 6 padded jaeket
toppa+takki 6 padded eoat
tori 7 rnarketplaee
tori-lle 7 /\1 to the market
tori-t 5 p~ marketplaees
torni-ssa 5 10 in the tov.-er
torju-va=sti 12 pres. aet, pep. adv.
(et. torjua) repudiatingly, rejeetiogly
torstai 1 Thursday
torvi 8 horn
tosiaan-kin 11 adv. indeed
tosin 14 adv. hov.-ever
tosi=t=e 8 verifieation, voueher
tota = tuota 6 eolloq. v.-ell
tot-ta 2 P (cf. tosi) true
tottu-a jhko 8 to get used to

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tottu-nut 8 past aet. pep. (ef. tottua) used to, experieneed
totu=t=el-laan 8 pres. pass. one is getting used to (we are)
(ef. totutella; < tottua)
tot=uud-en 14 G (ef. totuus < tosi) truth

touko+kuu 1 may
toverias. abbr. for toveri+asunnon 9 (ef. asunto) shared aeeommodation
treffi-t 5 pN eolloq. date
troopp=ise-t 10 pN (ef. trooppinen) tropieal
tuhka+kuppi 3 ashtray
tuisku 11 driving snowstorm
tuisku=tta-a 11 1 to snow (driving)
tuka-n+leikka=us-ta 6 P haireutting
tuke=htu-minen 10 IV (ef. tukehtua) suffoeation
tuki+lis 14 subsidy supplement
tuki+lis- 7 P additional benefit (extra)
tuki+osa 14 subsidy portion
tukka 6 hair (of the head)
tukka-ni 6 poss. suff. my hair
tukka-nne 6 poss. suff. your hair
tukke=utu-a 8 I clog up
tule-e 4 s3 (ef. tulla) it comes, it will
tule=htu-a 10 I intr. to become infected
tule=htu-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. tulehtua) infeeted
tule-ma-an 9 III II (ef. tulla) to come
tule-n 4 sl (ef. tulla) 1 eome
tule-t 4 s2 (ef. tulla) you come
tule-tte 2 p2 (ef. tulla) you eome
tule-va 7 pres. aet. pep. (ef. tulla) fortheoming, future
tule-va-n 10 pres. aet. pep. G (ef. tulla) coming
tule-vat 2 p3 (ef. tulla) come
tule-vat-kin 3 p3 (ef. tulla) (they) come, too
tul-i 10 past s3 (ef. tulla) became, eame
tulHpalo 11 uncontrolled fire
tuli+palo+pakkanen 11 N bitingly cold
tul-isi 6 eond. s3 (ef. tulla) would come
tul-isi-vat 3 condit. p3 (ef. tulla) (they) would eome
tuli+ter+kunno-ssa 6 In (ef. kunto) in brand-new condition

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tuli+vuore-n+purka=us 4 eruption of a voleano
tulkki 14 interpreter
tul-la 2 1 to eome, to beeome
tullat=a 5 1 to deelare (eustoms)
tul1at-ta-va-a 5 pres. pass. pep. P (ef. tuIIata) to be deelared (eustoms)
tulli 5 eustoms
tulli +asema 8 eustoms station
tulli+tarka=st=us 5 eustoms eheek
tul=o-i-sta 14 pEl ineome
tuI=o-i-sta-an 13 pEI, poss. suff. his/her ineome
tulo+lue=tt=el=o 7 register of ineoming maiI
tulo+matka 9 return trip
tulo-n+siirr=o-t 14 pN (cf. siirto) ineome transfer (redistribution)
tul=o-ssa 7 1n eoming
tuI=o-t 8 pN ineome, proeeeds, profit
tulva 12 Hood
tuIvi-a 11 1 intr. Hood
turnma-n+ruskea 6 dark brown
turnma-n+sini=nen 4 dark blue
tundra 12 tundra
tung=os 10 erowd, erush
tunne-n 1 sl (ef. tuntea) 1 know
tunne-tte-ko 1 p2 (ef. tuntea) do you know?
tunne-ttu-a 12 past pass. pep. P(ef. tuntea) well-known
tunne-ttu-j-a 6 past pass. pep. pP (ef. tuntea) wel1-known
tunne-ttu-j-en 9 past pass. pep. pG (ef. tuntea) well-known
tunne-tu-imp-i-a 6 past pass. pep. superl. best-known
pP (ef. tunnetuin; tuntea)
tunne-tu-in 5 past pass. pep. superl.
(et. tuntea) best-known
tunne-tu-ksi 6 past pass. pep. T (ef. tuntea) known
tunni-n 2 G/A (ef. tunti) hour
tunni-t 2 pN (ef. tunti) lessons, hours
tunn=ust=ukse=llinen 13 confessional, denominational
tuns-i-n 9 past sl (ef. tuntea) 1 felt, 1 knew
tunte-a 1 1 to know
tunt=ee=llinen 1 tunne, tuntea) sentimental

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tunte-ma-an 8 111 II (ef. tuntea) to know
tunti 2 hour
tunti-a 2 P hour
tunti+nope=us 8 speed per hour
tunt=u-a 2 1 intr. to seem, to feel
tunturi 12 fjeld, mountain in Lappland
tunt=u-u 2 s3 (ef. tuntua) i t feels
tuo 2 dem. proun. that
tuo-hon 1 11 to that
tuokko=nen 7 a basket (small, made of bireh bark)
tuo-ko 10 that?
tuoksu-a 2 1 intr. to smell
tuoksu-u 2 s3 (ef. tuoksua) (it) smells, has a fragranee
tuoli 2 ehair
tuo-l1a 2 Ad (over) there
tuomari 1 judge, lawyer, umpire
tuom=io 14 sentenee, judgment
tuomio+istu=in 14 eourt of law, eourt of justiee
tuomio+valta 14 judicial power
tuore 5 fresh
tuore-i-ta 7 pP fresh
tuore+kurkku+salaatti-a 5 P fresh eueumber salarl
tuore-tta 5 P fresh
tuo-ssa 2 In right there
tuo=ta=nto 2 tuottaa) produetion
tuo=t=e 7 tuoda) produet
tuo=tta-mise-sta 14 IV El (ef. tuottaa) producing
tuo=tt=ee-t 6 pN (ef. tuote) produets
tuo=tt=e-i-lla-an 6 pAd poss. suff. (ef. tuote) with her produets
tuo=tt=e-i-ta 6 pP (ef. tuote) produets
tupaka-n 3 G/A (ef. tupakka) eigarette
tupakka 3 eigarette, tobaeeo
tupakka-an 3 II into tobaeeo
tupak=oi-da 3 1 to smoke
tupak=oi-ma=ttom-i-lle 2 pAl (ef. tupakoimaton) for nonsmokers
tupak=oi=nti 2 smoking
. tupako=itsi=jo=i-lle 2 pAl (ef. tupakoitsija) for smokers
turis+luoka-ssa 9 In (ef. luokka) in tourist elass

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turkis+hattu 6 fur hat
turki-sta 6 El (ef. turkki) tur eoat
turkki 6 tur eoat
turma 4 aeeident
Turu-n 14 G (ef. Turku) proper name, Turku
Turu-n+tie-Ile 8 AI (ef. Turku) to Turku Road
Tu~u-n+vyl 8 (ef.Turku) Turku freeway
turvon-nut 10 past aet. pep. (ef. turvota) swollen
turvot=a 10 1 intr. to swell
tuskin 9 adv. hardly
tutki-a 8 1 to study, to researeh
tutki=nto 14 examination (degree)
tuttava-ni 1 poss. suff. my aequaintanee
tutu-sta 12 El (ef. tuttu) familiar
tutu=st=u-a 1 1 to get aequainted
tuule-n 11 G (ef. tuuli) wind
tuuletus+auko-t 8 pN (ef. aukko) vent
tuuli 11 wind
tuuli+kaappi 9 vestibule, wind loek
tuuli+lasi 7 windshield
tuuli+lasi-n 7 G windshield's
tuul=inen 11 windy
tuuli +takki 6 windbreaker
tuul=is-ta 11 P (ef. tuulinen) windy
tuut = tule-t 4 s2 colloq. you eome
tuutte = tule-tte 2 p2 eolloq. you eome
TV = televisio 2 television
TVH abbr. for Tie-ja vesirakennus+hallitus 11 Administration of Civil Engineering
tyhj=e=nti-m-n 8 111 II (ef. tyhj) to empty
tykksi-tte eolloq. 3 p2 (ef. tykt) you liked
tykk--tte eolloq. 2 (ef. tykt) you like
tyttre-mme 1 poss. suff. (ef. tytr) our daughter
tytt 1 girl
tytr 1 daughter
tytr+puoli 10 stepdaughter
tyt-i-Ile 6 pAI (ef. tytt) for girls
tyyli 12 style
tyyli+huone+kalu+t 6 pN period furniture

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tyyli+suunta-na 12 E a style trend
tyyni 11 ealm
tyyn-t 11 P (ef. tyyni) ealm
ty 1 work, job
ty+el=ke 14 pension
ty+el=kke-i-st 14 pEI (ef. elke) pension (after having worked)
ty+huonee-ksi 9 T (ef. huone) tor a studio
ty-hn 4 II into work
ty+kyvyttmyys+vak=uut=us 14 (ef. kyky) disability insuranee
ty=ll=ist- 14 1 to provide work, plaee at work
ty-n+anta=ja 14 employer
ty-ns 6 poss. suff. his/her work
ty-n+teki=j 14 employee
ty-ss 1 In in/at work
ty-st 2 El from work
ty+suhde+asu=nno-ksi 9 T (ef. asunto) for aecommodation provided by the employer
ty~ttm=yys 14 ty=tn) unemployment
tyttmyys+kassa-t 14 pN unemployment funds
tyttmyys+vak=uut=ukse-t 14 pN unemployment insuranee
(et. vakuutus)
ty+voima+ministeri 14 seeretary of labor
ty+voima+minister=i 14 Department of Labor
ty+ve-n 13 G (ef. ty+vki) the workers
ty+vki 13 the workers/laborers
tkn-t 6 pN a kind of double woven wall hanging
t-Il 2 Ad (ef. tm) this
tm 2 dem. proun. this
tm-n 2 G of this
t-n+piv-n = tmn pivn 2 G eolloq. today's
t-n-kin 8 E (ef.tm) (on) this, too
tnn 1 adv. today
trke-in 13 superl. trke) most important
trke-n 8 E important
trpn-nyt 9 past aet. pep. (ef. trpt) eaught
trpt- 9 1 to eateh
tsson = tss on 3 eolloq. here is
t-ss 1 In (et. tm) here, in this
t-ss-hn 5 In (et. tm) here

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t-st 2 El (ef. tm) of this
tti 10 aunt
tyde=llinen 12 tysi) fuU, eomp1ete
tydellisyys+vyhy=ke 12 zone of comp1eteness
(of the visibi1ity of an ec1ipse)
tyn-n 5 E (ef. tysi) fuU
tys+istu=nto 14 joint (fu11) session
tys+vak=uut=ukse-en 9 11 (ef. vakuutus) high option, fu11 eoverage (insuranee)
tyte-en 7 11 (ef. tysi) (to) fuU
tyte-tty-n 8 past pass. pcp. E (ef. tytt) fiUed
tytt-k 5 imperat. p2 (ef. tytt) fiU!
tytt-ne-i-1le 14 past aet. pep. pA1 of age
(cf. tytt)
tytt-ne-i-ll 14 past aet. pep. pAd those over certain years of age
tytt- 5 I to fiU
tytyy 5 (ef. tyty) must
t = tm 2 col1oq. this
t-U 2 Ad here
t-1t 2 AbI from here
t-i-st 9 pE1 (ef. ty) from work
t-i-t-n 13 pP poss. suff. (cf. ty) work, chores
tlkki 7 carton
Tl-n+katu 1 Tl Street

(U)

unohta-a 51 to forget
unohta-nut 5 past act. pep. (ef. unohtaa) forgotten
unoht-i 4 past s3 (ef. unohtaa) forgot
un-ta 4 P (eL uni) sleep
upea 11 magnifieent
upo=te-ttu 5 past pass. pep. (ef. upottaa) poaehed, 'sunk'
upot=ta-va 11 pres. pass. pep. (ef. upottaa) sinking
uha-11a 7 Ad (ef. uhka) under threat
ui-da 4 I to swim
uima+a11as 5 swimming pool
ui-ma-an 8 III 11 (ef. uida) to swim

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uima+halli 5 swimming hall, indoor swimming pool
uima+ha lli -ssa 10 In in/the swimming hall
uima+ope=t=us 10 swimming instruetion
ui-ma-ssa 8 111 In (et. uida) swimming
uima+tait=o 10 swimming skill
ui-minen 10 IV (cf. uida) swimming
ui-mis-ta 10 IV P (eL uida) swimming
ui=nti 10 swimming
ui=nti-a 10 P swimming
ukko=nen 11 thunder
ukkose-n+ilma 11 (et. ukonilma) thunder
ukkos+kuuro-ja 11 pP thunder showers
ukkos-ta 11 P (et. ukkonen) thunder
ula+verko=sto 6 FM network
ulko+asia-i-n+ministeri 14 minister ot toreign attairs, seeretary of state
ulko+asia-i-n+minister=i 14 Department of State
ulkoilu+puk=u 6 snowsuit
ulkoilu+vira=sto 10 offiee for outdoor aetivity
ulkom. abbr. tor ulkornaisi-in (et. ulkomainen) foreign
ulko+maa=lainen 5 foreigner
ulko+maa=lais-ta 8 P foreigner
ulko+rnaa-n+kauppa+ministeri 14 minister of foreign trade, seeretary of foreign trade
ulko+ma-i-Ila 6 pAd (et. maa) abroad
ulko+ma-i-Ile 6 pAI (et. maa) abroad
ulko+rna-i-Ita 5 pAbl (et. maa) from abroad
ulko+ma=inen 5 foreign
ulko+ma=is-i-a 8 pP (et. ulko+mainen) foreign
ulko+ma=is-i-sta 6 pEI (et. ulko+mainen) foreign
ulko+minister=i6-ss 1 In in the Foreign Ministry
ulko-na 9 E out(side)
ulko+puole-l1e 7 AI(G+)postposit. (et. puoli) outside ot
ulko+puol=is-ten 12 pG (et. ulkopuolinen) outsider
ulos 8 adv (to) out
ulos+ky=nti 8 exit
ulos+meno+tie 8 freeway
ulo=tt=u-vat 6 p3 intr. (et. ulottua) reach, extend
umpe-en 11 Il closed
umpi- 11 eovered, closed

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umpi+kuja 8 dead end
umpi+kuja-an 8 11 (in)to a dead end
umpi+tav=u 2 closed syllable
une-ssa 13 1n (et. uni) in a drearn, sleep
uni 4 sleep, dream
unoh=d-i-t-ko 9 past s2 (ef. unohtaa) did you forget?
ura-a+uur=ta-va 6 pres. aet. pep. (ef. uurtaa) pioneering
urhe=il=u 6 sport
urheilu+areena 2 sports arena
urheilu+harras=t=uks-i-sta 10 pEl about sports as a hobby
urheilu+kentt 10 sport (playing) field
urh=eil=u+kilpa=il=u 10 rneet (sport eontest)
urheilu+puisto-ssa 10 1n in the reereational park
urheilu+uut=ise-t 5 pN (eL uutinen) sport news
ur-i-lle 6 pAl (et. ura) eourse, groove
usea 6 several
usea-an-kin 9 II to several, too
usea-rnm=i-n 7 eornpar. p1nstr. adv rnore often
use-i-n 4 p Instr. adv often
use-i-ta 5 pP (et. usea) several
US1CA abbr. tor Yhdysvaltain Kansainvlinen U.S.1.C.A. (U.S.I.A.)
Kommunikaatiovirasto
uskalla 4 neg. stern (ef. uskaltaa) does not dare
uskal=ta-a 3 1 ta dare
usko' 10 neg. stern believe
usko-a 1 1 to believe
usko-n 1 s1 (ef. uskoa) 1 believe
uskonno-n+ope=t=us 13 (ef. uskonto) seripture instruetion
uskonno-n+vapaus+laki 13 law for religious freedorn
usko=nto 13 religion
uskonto+kunt-i-a 13 pP (ef. kunta) ~enorninations, faith
uskonto+kunti-i-en 13 pG (ef. kunta) denorninations
uskonto+tunni-lla 13 Ad (ef. tunti) io a religion elass
usko-tte-ko 1 p2 (cf. uskoa) do you believe?
utel=iais=uus 5 euriosity

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utel=iais=uut-ta-ni 5 P poss. suff. out of (mere) euriosity
(ef. uteliaisuus)
utu 11 haze, mist
utu=is-ta 11 P (ef. utuinen) hazy, misty
uude=hko-sta 9 El uusi) again (somewhat new)
uude-Ile-en 2 AI poss. suff. (et. uusi) anew, again
uude-n+aika=inen 4 modern
uudistus+komitea-ssa 13 ln revising eommittee
uuni-sta 3 El from the oven
uus+apostoli=nen 13 neoapostolic
uusi 1 new
uusi-a 3 pP new
uusi-a 9 1 to renovate, to renew
uusi=nta 2 rerun
uusinta+esit=ys 9 repeated performanee, rerun
uus-i-Ile 6 pAI new
uusi=nta-na 2 E as a rerun
uusi-ttu 9 past pass. pep. (eL uusia) renovated, renewed
uus+klassis-ta 12 P (ef. klassinen) neoelassieal
uut=ise-t 2 pN (ef. uutinen) the news
uut=is-i-a 4 pP (et. uutinen) news
uut-ta 4 P (ef. uusi) new
uut=uuks-i-a 6 pP (et. uutuus; <uusi) the latest things out, novelties

(V)

v, abbr. for vuonna, vuosi 6 year


vaaka 1 Libra, seales
vaakuna 14 eoat of arms
vaalea-n+puna=inen 4 pink
vaali-t 13 pN eleetion
vaan 1 eolloq. only bilt
vaara 9 danger
vaara 12 (arctic) hill
vaara=llis-i-a 8 pP (et. vaarallinen) dangerous
vaara+tek=i=j-t 8 pN dangerous element/factor
vaara+tila=ntee-n 8 G (et. tilanne) emergeney situation, danger
vaara+tila=nte-i-ta 8 pP (ef. v-tilanne) dangerous situation

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vaate 6 cloth
vaate+huone 9 walk-in eloset
vaatetus+osa=sto 6 clothing department
vaati-ma=ttoma-t 6 pN (ef. vaatimaton) modest
vaatte-i-ta 6 pP (ef. vaate) elothes
vadelma 7 raspberry
vahing=oitta-minen 7 IV (ef. vahingoittaa) violating
vahinko 4 accident
vahva 2 strong
vahv=ista-n 14 sl (ef. vahvistaa) to confirm, to ratify
vai 3 or (in questions)
vaih=d=e 6 switchboard, gear
vaih=de=taan 5 pres. pass. (ef. vaihtaa) is exchanged
vaih=ee-t 8 pN (ef. vaihe) stages
vaih=ta-a 5 1 to exehange, to ehange, to transfer
vaih=t=ee-n 10 G (ef. vaihde) switchboard
vaihte-i-ssa 7 p In (ef. vaihde) in the gears
vaih=t=ele-va-a 11 pres. aet. pep.
(eL vaihdella) variable
vaih=t=el=u-n 10 G suceession, variation
vaih=t=o 6 exchange
vaih=t=o-i 7 past s3 (ef. vaihtaa) transferred
vaikea 3 difficult
vaikea-t 10 pN difficult, serious
vaike-e=vaikea colloq. 4 difficult
vaikka 2 even, although
vaikutta-va 6 pres. aet. pep. (ef. vaikuttaa) impressive, influential
vaikutt=e-i-ta 6 pP (ef. vaikute) impressions
vaikut=us 6 influence
vaikut=us-ta 12 P influenee
vailla 2 of, to, lacking
vaille 2 of, to, laeking
vaivat-a 10 1 to trouble, to ail
vaimo-lle-nne 1 Al p2 poss. suff. to your wife
vaimo-ni 1 sl poss. suff.
vain 1 only
vaina=ja-n 13 G the deceased
vaiva-a 2 s3 (ef. vaivata) bothers

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vaki=intu-nee-t 13 past aet. pep. pN established, eustomary
(cf. vakiintua)
vaki=intu-nut 13 past aet. pep. (et. vakiintua) eustomary
vako+sametti 6 eorduroy
vak=uute-tu-t 14 past pass. pep. pN those insured
(ef. vakuuttaa)
vak=uute-ttu 7 past pass. pep. (ef. vakuuttaa) insured
vak=uute-ttu-na 7 past pass. pep. E (as) insured
(cf. vakuuttaa)
vak=uu=tta-a 14 1 toassure, to insure
vak=uut=ukse-n 9 G (ef. vakuutus) insuranees
vak=uut=us 9 insuranee
vakuutus+arv=o 7 insuranee value (amount)
vakuutus+osa=sto 14 insuranee department
vala 14 oath
val=aise-mme 9 p1 (ef. valaista) we light
val=ais=ime-t 8 pN (ef. valaisin) lamps
val=ais-ta 10 1 to light
val=ais-tu 10 past pass. pep. (ef. valaista) lit
valikoi-du-n 12 past pass. pep. G (ef. valikoida) selected, hand-picked
valikoi=ma 7 selection
valinnais+aine-i-ta 14 pP optionai subjeets
vali=nna-t 14 pN (et. valinta) ehoiees, options
valinta+myy=m=l 7 supermarket
valio+kunta 14 . eommittee
val=ista=ja-i-n 13 pG those who enlighten/teaeh
valit-a 5 1 to ehoose, to eleet
vali-taan 14 pres. pass. (ef. valita) is eleeted
valita-n 5 sl (ef. valittaa) sorry
valite-tta-va=sti 1 pres. pass. pep. adv. unfortunately
valitse 5 imperat. s2 (ef. valita) to choose
val=itse-ma-sta 13 111 El. (ef. valita) eleeted (by)
valitsija+mies 14 eleetor
valitsija+mies-t 14 P eleetor
vali=tta-a 6 1 to eomplain, to lament, to appeal
vali-tta-va 14 pres. pass. pep. (ef. valita) to be chosen
valitta-vat 13 p3 (et. valittaa) regret, complain
valit=ukse-n 6 G (ef. valitus) complaint

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valit=ukse-t 6 pN (ef. valitus) eomplaints
valit=us 6 eomplain
valko=inen 2 white
valko=is-i-a 7 pP (ef. valkoinen) white
valko+raita=inen 6 white-striped
valko+viini 5 white wine
vallan 5 adv quite
valla-n+kaappa=us 4 eoup-d'-etat
valla-n+kumo=us 4 (ef. valta) revolution
valmii-ksi 6 T (ef. valmis) finished
valmis-ta-a 5 1 to prepare t to manufaeture
valmis=ta-vat 8 p3 manufaeture t make
valmis=t-ele-e 14 s3 prepare
valmis=te-ttu 7 past pass. pep. manufaetured
(ef. valmistaa)
valmistus+tapa 5 method of preparation
valo-i-ssa 7 pln in the lights
valo+kuva=a-ma-Ila 7 111 Ad (ef. kuvata) by photographing
valo+kuvaus+tarvi=kke-i-ta 6 pP photographie supplies
(el. tarvike)
valo-t 7 pN lights
valta+kunna=llise-t 14 pN nationwide
(ef. kunnallinen; < kunta)
valta+meri 12 oeean
valt=io 13 state
valt=io=llise-t 14 pN parliamentary
valt=io-n 9 G state's
valtio+neuvo=sto 14 eabinet
valtio-n+rauta+tie-t 9 pN state-owned railroads
valtio-n+usko=nto 13 state religion
valtio+piv-i-Ile 14 pAI (ef. piv) session of parliament
valt=io-sta 13 El from the state
valtio+vara-i-n+ministeri 14 seeretary of the treasurYt minister of finanee
valtio+vara-i-n+minister-i 14 Department of the TreasurYt Finanee Ministry
valt. yo abbr. for valtiotieteen ylioppilas 10 student of politieal seienee
valt=uuta-n 9 sl (ef. valtuuttaa) 1 give power of attorney

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valuuta-ssa 8 ln (ef. valuutta) in eurreney
valuutta 5 eurreney
valuutta-a 5 P (foreign) eurreney
valuutta+kurssi-t 5 pN foreign exehange
valuutta+shekki+tili- 8 P eurreney eheeking aeeount
valuutta+talletus+tili-Ile 8 AI to the eurreney savings aeeount
valuutta+tarka=st=us 5 inspeetion of foreign eurreney
valvo=nta 14 wateh, eontrol, eheek
valvo-o 14 s3 (et. valvoa) keeps an eye on, be awake
vanha 2 old
Vanha-Ila abbr. tor Vanhalla at the old student house
ylioppilastalolla 9 Ad
vanha+piika 10 spinster
vanha+pilka 10 baehelor
vanhe-mma-t 10 eompar. pN (et. vanhempi) parents
vanhe-mm-i-ssa 12 eompar. p ln. (et. vanhempi)
vanhe-mpa-nne 10 eompar. poss. sutt. your parents
(cf. vanhemmat)
vanhe-mp-i-a 10 eompar. pP parents
vanhen=t=u-nee-Ita 12 past aet. pep. AbI arehaie, obsolete
(cf. vanhentua)
vanhen=t=u-nee-na 7 past act. pep. E obsolete, old
(et. vanhentua)
vanh-in 6 superl. (et. vanha) oldest
vanhuuden+tue-t 14 pN (et. tuki) old-age subsidy
vanilja 3 vanilla
vanilja+kerma-a 5 P vanilla eream
vanki=la 14 prison
vanno-n 14 sl (ef. vannoa) to swear, to take an oath
vapaa 9 tree
vapaa+ajatt=eli=ja 13 treethinker
vapaa+kirkko-j-a 13 pP (et. v-kirkko) tree church
vapaa-na 6 E tree
Vapa=hta=ja-mme 13 poss. suff. our Saviour
vap=ise-vat-ko 10 pl (et. vapista) do they tremble1
vappu 13 tirst at May, May Day
vara-a 10 imperat. s2 (et. varata) reserve
vara-lIe 8 AI adv. in ease ot

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varan-neet 9 past act. pcp. (ef. varata) reserved
vara=sto 9 storage
vara=sto-ssa 6 In in stoek
varat=a 5 1 to reserve
vara=ton 14 poor
vara=ttoma-t 14 pN (et. vara=ton) poor, without tunds
vara-ttu 5 past pass. pcp. (et. varata) reserved
vara-ttu-na 5 past pass. pep. E (et. varata) reserved
vara=us 5 reservation
vara=ukse-t 5 pN (et. varaus) reservations
varma 2 sure
varma-an 7 adv surely
varo 8 imperat. s2 (et. varoa) beware!, watch outI
varo-a 8 1 to beware, to look out
var=oitta-a 8 s3 cautious
var=oit=us 8 warning
varoitus+merkki 8 warning signal (sign)
varo-va=sti 8 pres. aet. pep. adv. varoa) eautiously
varsi=nainen 5 proper, actual
varten 5 (P+) postposit. tor
varti=oi-ma=ton 8 vartioida) unguarded
varti=oi-tu 8 past pass. pcp. (et. vartioida) guarded
vartti-a colloq. 2 P quarter
varu=st=ee-t 10 pN (et. varuste) equipment
varvas+vli+sandaali-t 10 pN flip-flops (sandals)
vasara-lla 9 Ad with a hanuner
vasemma-lla 2 Ad (ef. vasen) on the left
vasemma-n 10 G (et. vasen) left
vasemm=isto 14 left wing
vasen 2 left
vasta 8 birch-Ieaf whisk
vasta 2 only (in time) , reeently
vastaa' 2 82 imperat. neg. stern. (et. vastata) answer!
vasta=a-n 2 81 (et. vastata) 1 answer
vasta-an 7 postpos. against, co, re-, ob-
vastaan+otta=ja-n 7 G receiver's
vasta-an+otta-ma-an 9 111 II (et. ottaa) to reeeive

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vasta-an+ott=o 5 reeeption
vasta-an+ott=o-on 5 II (into) the reeeption
vasta=a-va=sti 14 pres. aet. pep. adv. eorrespondingly
vastata)
vasta-isi 6 eond. s3 (et. vastata) eorrespond
vasta=kkain 13 adv. against eaeh other, taeing eaeh other
vasta=kkais-i-lle 12 pAl (ef. vastakkainen) opposite
vasta+puhe=lu 5 eolleet eall
vasta+puh=elu-j-a 5 pP eolleet ealls
vasta+puh=elu-i-sta 5 pEl eolleet eall
vasta+puhe=lu-n 5 G eolleet eall
vastat=a 2 1 to answer, to be responsible for
vastat-kaa 2 imperat. p2 (et. vastata) answer
vasta=ukse-t 9 pN (ef. vastaus) answers
vasta=uks-i-a 9 pP (et. vastaus) answers, responses
vasta=us 2 answer
vast=uu 14 responsibility
vatsa 3 stomaeh
vatsa-a-ni 10 II poss. suff. my stomaeh
vatsa+kipu 10 stomaeh pain
vatsa-lle 3 Al for the stomaeh
vatsa-lle-ni 3 Al poss. suft. ior my stomaeh
vauhdi-lla 9 Ad (ef. vauhti) at the speed
vaunu-ssa 9 In in the ear
vauva 10 baby
vauva-ni 10 poss. suff. my baby
vede-n+pit-v 6 pres. aet. pep. waterproof
(et. vesi+pit)
vede-n+vara=a=ja 9 (ef. vesi+varata) water heater
vede-ss .8 In (ef. vesi) in water
vede-tt-isi-in-k 10 pass. eond. (ei. vet) should we pull?
veikkaus+uut=ise-t 5 pN (et. uutinen) betting news
veikkaus+vihj=e 5 N betting tip
veitsi 3 knife
veli 10 brother
veljekse-t 9 pN (ef. veljes-) brothers
velje-n 10 G (ef. veli) brother's

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veljes-t 9 P brother
velka 8 debt
vel=oite-taan 8 pres. pass. is eharged/debited
(ef. veloittaa; < velka)
velvo=llis=uuks-i-a 13 pP duties
(ef. velvollisuus)
vene 10 boat
venee-st 7 El (et. vene) from the boat
ven=ht-nyt 10 past aet. pep. (et. venht) strained
ven=ht- 10 intr. to strain
Venj 4 Russian
ven=linen 1 Russian
verbe-j- 1 pP (et. verbi) verbs
vere-n+syks=y 10 (et. veri) hemorrhage of the luogs
vere-n+oksenn=us 10 vomiting blood
vere-n+vuot=o 10 bleeding
verho-t 9 pN drapes
veri 3 blood
veri+ohu=kais-i-a 3 pP (et. ohukainen) blood paneakes
vero 14 tax
vero=te-tta-va-sta 13 pres. pass. pep. El taxable
(ef. verottaa)
vero=t=ukse-nsa 13 G poss. sutt. (et. verotus) taxation
vero=t=ukse-ssa 14 10 (et. verotus) in taxation
vero+varo-i-Ila-an 14 pAd poss. sutt. (his) tax tuods
(et. vara-t)
vero=yri-in 14 II tax unit
verra=ttaio 11 adv. eomparatively
verryttely+puk=u 10 sweatsuit
vertailu+paikka+kuota-a 12 P eontrol group of towns (for statistieal purposes)
vesi 3 water
vesi+johd=o-t 9 pN (et. johto) plumbiog
vesi+keli-ll 11 Ad watery eonditioo
vesi+mies 1 aquarius
vesi+pora 10 water drill
vesi+voim=ist=el=u 10 water gymnasties
vessa 2 WC
veteraani 13 veteran

G-147
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veto+oike=us 14 veto right
vet-t 3 P (eL vesi) water
vet-minen 4 IV (ef. vet) winding, pulling
vet- 4 1 to pull, to wind
via=llise-sta 6 El (et. viallinen; <vika) taulty
viehy+vesi 3 soda water
vichy+vet-t 3 P (cf. vesi) soda water
vie-d 9 1 to take (out), to export
vie-dn 6 pres. pass. (et. vied) are exported/taken
viel 1 sUll, yet
vienti+palv=el=u 6 export serviee
vieraa-Ile 8 AI (eL vieras) to the guest
viera=ili=ja-na 9 E as a guest (artist)
viera=il-laan 13 pres. pass. (et. vierailla) (one) visits
viera-i-l1e-si 8 pAI poss. suft. (et. vieras) to your guests
viera-i-ta 4 pP (cf. vieras) guests
vieras 3 guest
vieras+sauna 8 sauna tor guests
vieras-ta 8 P guest, unfamiliar, strange
viere=ise-n 9 G adj. (ef. viereinen) next
viesti+hiiht=o 10 reIay (skiing raee)
viete-t 13 pres. pass. neg. stern (et. viett)
viete-tn 13 pres. pass. (et. viett) is eelebrated/observed
viett- 13 1 to eeIebrate, observe
vie-vt 7 p3 (et. vied) Iead, take to
viha=inen 2 angry
vihannekse-t 7 pN (et. vihannes) vegetabIe(s)
vihanneksi-a 5 pP (et. vihannes) vegetables
viha-ttu 12 past pass. pep. (ef. vihata) hated
vihda-lla 8 Ad (et. vihta) with the whisk
vihi-tty-j- 10 past pass. pep. pP rnarried
(cf. vihki)
vihki+sormus-ta 10 P wedding ring
vihki- 10 tr. 1 to rnarry
vihki=ise-t 13 pN wedding party
vihre 2 green
vihre-t 14 pN the Greens (politieal)
vihta = vasta 8 birch-leaf whisk

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vihta-a 8 P whisk
vihta-an 8 Il to the whisk
viide-n 4 G (ef. viisi) five
viide-n+kympi-n 7 G (ef. viisi+kymppi) fifty
viide=s 1 viisi) fifth
viihde+ohj=e=lma-a 4 P variety program
viihde+osa=sto-Ila 6 Ad entertainment eenter
viiht=ee=llinen 2 viihde) entertaining
viihdy-mme 1 pl (ef. viihty) we enjoy our stay
viihdy-tte 1 p2 (ef. viihty) you enjoy your stay/thrive
viihty- 2 1 intr. to enjoy one's stay, to thrive
viikko 2 week
viikko-a 2 P week
viikko+lehti 2 weekly
viikko+numer=oi=nti 13 numbering the weeks
viiko-ksi 5 T (ef. viikko) for a week
viiko-lla 4 Ad (ef. viikko) during the week
viiko-n 2 G (ef. viikko) a week's
viikon+loppu-a 1 P weekend
viiko-n+loppu 4 weekend
viikon+loppu-na 4 E at the weekend
viiko-n+piv-t 1 pN days of the week
viiko-ssa 7 1n (ef. viikko) a week (lit., in the week)
viile 11 cool
viili- 3 P soured whole milk
viima 11 eutting wind
viime 4 last, past
viime=inen 3 adj. last
viime=ise-st 3 El (ef. viimeinen) for the last
viime=is-i-st 3 pEl (ef. viimeinen) for the last
viime=is-t-n 13 P poss. suff. adv. at the latest
viina 8 liquor
v11na-a 5 P spirits, hard liquor
viini+lista 5 wine list
viini-n+puna=inen 6 maroon red
viini+pullo-n 3 G/A wine bottle
viini+ryple 7 grape
Viipuri-ssa 14 1n Vyborg

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viipy-y 5 s3 (et. viipy) stays
viipy- 5 1 to stay, to linger
Viisas 1 wise
viisaude-n+hammas 10 (et. viisaus) wisdom tooth
viisi 1 five
viisi+ott=el=u 10 pentathlon
viito=nen 7 noun viisi) five
viitsi' 4 neg.stem (et. viitsi) eare
viitsi- 4 1 to eare to
viit-t 2 P (et. viisi) five
viit-t+toista 2 P (ef. viisi) fifteen
viiva-ttu 8 past pass. pep. (et. viivata) erossed, lined (eheek)
viivy-n 5 s1 (et. viipy) 1 stay
vika 7 tault, problem
vika+ilm=oit=us 5 N repair serviee
villa 6 wool
villa-a 6 P wool
villa+pai ta 6 sweater
vi lla+takki 6 sweater, cardigan
vilkas 1 lively
vilkka-in 9 superl. (et. vilkas) liveliest
villi -n 4 G wild
vilv=oit=el-laan 8 pres. pass. one eools oft
(et. vilvoitella)
vira=llinen 13 otficial
vira=llise=sti 14 adv. (et. virallinen; < virka) officially
vira=llise-t 13.pN (et. virallinen; < virka) official
viran+oma=is-ten 8 pG (et. viranomainen) (police) oftieials
vira-ssa 1 1n (ef. virka) in the office
vira=sto-j-a 10 pP offiees
vira=sto-j-en 10 pG offiees
virhee=llise-st 6 El adj. (ef. virheellinen) ineorrect
virka+aika 2 office hours
virka+aika-na 9 E during otfice hours
virka+asu=nto 9 (ottieial) residence
virka+matka 5 business trip
virka+matka-lla 5 Ad business (otfieial) trip
virka+miehe-t 14 pN (ef. mies) civil servants

G-150

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virkisty 10 imperat. s2 (ef. virkisty) refresh yourself
virk=ist=y-m-n 10 111 II (ef. virkisty) to reinvigorate, to refresh
Viro 12 (ef. Eesti) Estonia
virra-n 9 G (ef. virta) eurrent
virsi+kirja-n 13 G hymnbook
Virtasen 4 G (ef. Virtanen) Virtanen's
virta 12 stream, eurrent
virta=us 11 flow, eurrent
vitHkeli 11 N powdery eondition
viuhka 10 eolloq. luek
voil 3 interjeetion ohI
voi 1 s3 (ef. voida) feel, ean
voi 3 butter
voi+astia 3 butter dish
voi-da 1 1 to be able, ean
voi-ko 2 s3 ean one
voH leip 3 sandwieh
voi+leip+kakku-a 3 P sandwieh eake
voi+leip+pyt 5 smorgasbord
voima 11 power
voima-an 14 11 into power, valid
voima=kkaa=sti 8 (ef. voimakas) strongly
voima-ssa 7 In valid
voima+suhtee-t 14 pN (ef. suhde) relative strength
voim=ist=ele 10 imperat. s2 do gymnasties
(ef. voimistella)
voim=ist=ele-mis-ta 10 IV P (ef. voimistella) gymnasties
voim=ist=el-la 10 1 to do gymnasties
voim=ist=el=u 10 gymnasties, exeereise
voim=ist=el=u-a 10 P gymnasties
voim=ist=u-va-a 11 pres. aet. pep. P gaining in strength, inereasing
(ef. voimistua)
voi-n-ko 2 sl (ef. voida) ean I?
voi-ks = voinko 2 sl eolloq. (ef. voida) ean I?
vo-isi 4 eond. s3 (ef. voida) eould
VO-1S1-n 1 eond. 51 (ef. voida) 1 eould
vo-isi-n-ko 5 eond. 81 (ef. voida) eould 1?
vo-isi-tte-ko 2 eond. p2 (ef. voida) eould you?

G-151
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voi-ta 3 P butter
voitas = voi-ta-isi 4 eolloq. eond. pres. pass.
neg. stem
voi-tte 1 p2 (et. voida)
voi-tte-ko 2 p2 (et. voida) ean you?
voitt-i-vat 6 past p3 (et. voittaa) won
vokaali 2 vowel
vuode 9 bed
vuode-ksi 9 T (et. vuosi) tor a year
vuode-n+aja-t 1 pN (et. vuosi+aika) seasons
vuode-n+aiko-j-en 10 pG (ef. vuosi+aika) seasons
vuode-ssa 13 In (et. vuosi) in a year
vuode-sta 7 El (et. vuosi) (from) year
vuokra 9 rent
vuokraa I 6 imperat. s2 (et. vuokrata) rentl
vuokra=a-ma-an 4 111 II (et. vuokrata) to rent
vuokra=a-minen 9 IV (ef. vuokrata) renting t leasing
vuokra-n 9 G rent
vuokra+sopi=mukse-n 9 G (ef. sopimus) rental agreement
vuokrat=a 4 1 to rent t to lea se
vuokra+tarjo=ukse-t 9 pN (et. tarjous) bidding tor leasing
vuoksi 8 (G+) postposit. for
vuon-na 7 E (et. vuosi) in a year
vuori 6 lining t mountain
vuori+neuvo=s 13 an honorary title given ta persons who have
distinguished themselves in industry
vuoro 7 turn
vuoro+kaude-n 10 G (ef. kausi) day and night
vuoro+kaude-lta 9 AbI (ef. kausi) per day
vuoro+kausi 2 day and night
vuoro-nne 6 poss. suft. your turn
vuoro+vaikut=us 12 interaetion
vuosi 1 year
vuosi+keski+arv=o-t 11 pN annual mean vaIue
vuosi+ lippu 7 yearly tieket
vuos-i=ttain 8 adv. yearly
vuota-vat 10 p3 (ef. vuotaa) run (eyes), leak

G-152

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\
vuot=ia-i-lle 10 pAl (et. vuotias) who are X years of age
vuot=inen 6 adj. (er. vuosi) year
vuot-ta 5 P (ef. vuosi) year
vy 6 belt
vest+rekisteri- 13 P population register (registry)
vhe-mm-n 7 eompar.adv. (et. vhempi) less
vhen=t-m-ll 12 III Ad (ef. vhent) by subtraeting
vhintn 5 adv. minimum, at least
vhi=tellen 12 adv. gradually, little by little
vhittis+kauppa 8 retail store
vhn 3 alittie
vhn+suola-ttu-a 5 past pass. pep. P slightly salted
(et. suolata)
vh+vara=is-i-lle 14 pAl (et. varainen) poor
vit-t 10 s2 (et. vitt) you elaim
vitt-kt 8 imperat. p3 (et. vitt) let (them) elaim
vli+aika 2 break
vli+ajo-i-n 7 plnstr. (et. aika) at intervals
vli-in 9 11 postposit. in between
vli+kysy=mys 14 interpel1ation
vli-lIe 11 Al (G+) postposit. between
vli=l1inen 14 indireet
vli=llise=sti 14 indireetly
vli=llise-t 14 pN (ef. vlillinen) indireet
vli-l1 8 Ad in between
Vli+meri 12 Mediterranean Sea
vl=ise-ksi 13 T adj. (et. vlinen) inter-, between
vl=ise-n 13 E (G+) postposit. (et. vlinen) interim
vlis-t 11 P adj. (et. vlinen) inter-
vli+tunti 2 reeess
vli=tt- 6 s3 mediates
vli=ttm-t 14 pN (et. vlitn) direet
vlj 6 loose
vlj=hty-nyt 5 past aet. pep. (et. vljhty) stale, tlat
vltt=-mise-ksi 7 IV T (ef. vltt) to avoid
vltt-m=tn 10 required, neeessary
vltt- 9 I tr. to avoid
vlt 8 imperat. s2 (et. vltt) to avoid

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vli=tn 14 direet, immediate, spontaneous
vre-j- 6 pP (cf. vri) eolors
vri 6 eolor
vri+huuht=el=u-n 6 G eolor rinse
vri-t 6 pN eolors
vsy=tt- 4 1 tr. make one tired
vsy=tt--k 4 s3 tr. are you tired?
vsyt 4 neg. stem (eL vsytt) to feel tired
vvy 10 son-in-law
vyl 8 ehannel, freeway

(Y)
ydin+voima-n 8 G nuelear power
yhdeksikk 7 noun yhdeksn) nine
yhdeks-lt 2 AbI (ef. yhdeksn) at nine
yhdeksn 1 nine
yhdeksn+kahdeksa-a 7 P (ef. kahdeksan) unleaded
yhdeks=s 1 ninth
yhdeks-st 2 El (ef. yhdeksn) from nine
yhdeks-+kymrnen-t+kah-ta 7 P (ef. kaksi) ninety-two
yhde-lt 2 AbI (ef. yksi) at one
yhde-ss 2 In yksi) together
yhde=s+toista 1 eleventh
yhde-st 2 El (ef. yksi) from one
yhde-st+toista 2 AbI (ef. yksi) from eleven
yhd=iste-tn 5 pres. pass. (ef. yhdist) to eonneet
Yhdistyneet kansa+kunna-t 12 pN (ef. kunta) United Nations
yhdys+kunna-t 13 pN (ef. kunta) eommunities
yhdys+kunta 13 eomrnunity
Yhdys+pankki 8 united bank
Yhdys+valla-t 1 pN (ef. valta) United States
Yhdys+valta-i-n 5 pG (ef. vallat) of the United States
Yhdys+valto-i-hin 8 pII (ef. vallat) to the United States
yheksn = yhdeksn 1 eolloq. nine
yhte-en+toista 2 II (ef. yksi) eleven
yhte-en+veto-na 8 E as a summary
yhte=is-i- 10 pP (ef. yhteinen) eommon, joint

G-154

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yhteis+kunta+oppi 14 social seienee
yhteis+sauno-minen 8 IV (ef. saunoa) mixed bathing
yhteis+ty-ss 10 ln in eooperation
yhtenis+maks=u-j-a 7 pP uniform eharges
yhtenis=yyde-n 14 G (cf. yhtenisyys) unity
yhte=yde-ss 8 ln (ef. yhteys) in the eonneetion
yhte=yde-t 5 pN (ef. yhteys) eonneetions, eontaets
yhte=ys 5 eontaet, eonneetion
yht 6 adv. just as, equally
yht=lise-st 14 El (ef. yhtlinen) equal, uniformly alike
yht+mitta=inen 8 eontinuous
yht+mitta=ise-lla 8 Ad (ef. y-mittainen) continuous, uninterrupted
yhtn 10 adv. at aU
yh 4 stiU
YK 12 UN
ykk=nen 7 noun yksi) one
ykk=se-n 8 G adj. (ef. ykknen) one
ykks+tie-lle 8 Al to Route One
yksi 1 one
yksi+kerro~ks=inen 9 one-floor, rambler
yksi=l=llinen 10 individualistie
yks-i-n 4 plnstr. alone, only
yksi-n+kerta=inen 5 simple
yksi=nis-i-Ue 14 pAl (ef. yksininen) single, lonely
yksi=nis=yyte-en 7 II (ef. yksinisyys) loneliness
yksi-suunta=inen 8 one way
yksi+toista 1 eleven
yksi=tyise-n 14 G adj. (ef. yksityinen) private
yksi=tyise-t 14 pN adj. (ef. yksityinen) private
yksityis+tapa=uks-i-ssa 14 pln (ef. tapaus) in private eases
yks=i 9 effieieney apartment
yleens 7 adv. generally
yle=inen 8 general
yle=ise-n 14 G (ef. yleinen) general
yle=ise=sti 11 adv. generally
yle=ise-st 14 El (ef. yleinen) general, universal
yle=is-imp-i- 10 superl. pP (ef. yleisin) most eommon
yleis+kieli 1 standard (Finnish) language

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yleis+urhe=il=u 10 traek and field
yleis+urheilu+koulu 10 traek and field lessons
yleis+palv=eli=ja-t 4 pN publie servants
yleis+puh=el=ime-en 4 II (ef. puhelin) to the publie phone
yleis+puh=el=in 2 publie phone
yle=nt-minen 13 IV (ef. ylent) exaltation, promotion
ylet=ty-y-k 9 s3 (ef. yletty) does (it) reaeh?
ylh-Il 2 adv. up, ahove
yli 2 over, past
yli+huomen-na 1 E day after tomorrow
yl-imm-n 9 superl. G (ef. ylin) topmost
yli+mr=is-i-Ile 14 pAI (ef. mrinen) extra, special
yl-in 11 superl. highest, uppermost
yli+oike=ude-t 14 pN (ef. oikeus) highest eourts
yli+opi=sto 1 university
yli+opi=sto=llinen
yli+opi=sto=llise-n
14
10 adj. G
aeademie
university
.
yli+opi=sto-ssa 1 In in the university
yli+oppi=las 14 senior high school graduate, undergraduate
ylpe 1 proud
yli=tt-neet 8 past aet. pep. (ef. ylitt) erossed
yli=tt- 8 1 to eross
yli+ty 11 over time
yll 13 G+ postpos. on
ylltt=y-nyt 12 past aet. pep. (ef. ylltty) surprised
ylltt-v-n 12 pres. aet. pep. (ef. ylltt) surprising
yl+aste 14 three top grades of junior high school
yl+ik+raja 7 upper age lirnit
yl+kerro=kse-en 7 II (ef. kerros) to the upper floor
yl=nk 12 plateau
yls 9 adv. up
yls+nouse=mus 13 resurreetion
ym. abbr. for ynn muuta 6 eteetera
ymm-ll 13 Ad puzzled
ymmrr=ykse-ni 14 poss. suff. (ef. ymmrrys) rny understanding
ymmrr 2 neg. stern (ef. ymmrt) understand
ymmr=t- 2 1 to understand

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ymrnr=t--k 4 s3 does he understand?
ymp. abbr. for ympri=st(-ineen) 13 with its surroundings
ympar1 10 preposit. (+P); (G+) postposit. around
ympri+leikka=us 13 eireurneision
ympyr 9 circle
Ympyr+talo 7 proper noun Ympyrtaio (well-known Helsinki building)
Ympyr+talo-ssa 7 ln in the Ympyrtaio
ympr=ist 8 environment
yrittj+jrje=st-j-en 14 pG organizations of private enterprises
yrtti+voi-ta 6 P herb butter
ystv 1 friend
ystv=llinen 1 kind
ystv=Uise=sti 5 adv. kind, friendly
ystv=llise-t 9 pN (ef. ystvllinen) kind, friendly
ystv-t 6 pN friends
yya+sopim=us = ystvyys-, yhteisty- ja avun+anto+ treaty of friendship, eooperation, and assistanee
sopimus 12 (ef. sopia)
y 1 night
y-hn 4 Il tiU night
y+kerho 5 nightclub
y+kerho-n 5 G nightelub's
y+kerho-on 9 11 to a nightclub
y+liike=ntee-n 7 G (ef. liikenne) night traffie's
y-ll 11 Ad at night
y+pivy=st=ys 10 night duty
y+pyt 9 nightstand
y-t 1 P night
y=tn-t 13 P nightless

()

iti 10 mother
iti-en+piv 13 Mother's Day
iti-ns 1 poss. suff. his/her mother
iti+puole-en 10 II (ef. puoli) . (as for) stepmother
iti+puole-sta 10 El (ef. puoli) stepmother
iti+puoli 10 stepmother
itiys+avu=st=us 14 maternity benefit

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itiys+loma 14 maternity leave
itiys+neuvola+toimi=nta 14 prenatal (and postnatal) clinic practiee
itiys+raha-t 14 pN maternity henefit in cash
ki=llinen 10 sudden
k=inen 8 adj. angry
k=ise-t 8 pN (ef. kinen) angry
l-k 3 imperat. neg. p2 don't!
ly=ks 1 intelligent, smart
l' 4 imperat. s2 neg. don't!
ne-ll 8 Ad (ef. ni) voice, sound
ni+merkke-j 8 pP (ef. merkki) blast, signal
ni+oike=ude-n 14 G (ef. oikeus) voting eight
ni+oike=ude-sta 14 El voting eight
ni+oike=us 14 right ta vote, franchise

()

ljy 7 oil
ljy-ll 9 Ad with oil
ljy+lmmi=t=ys 9 oil heating

G-158
.. u. s. COVERNN:NT PRINTlNC OrrICE 11987- 174-'65.60239

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