Maximilien Robespierre:

Taking a Stand in the

French Revolution
Daniel Vash

Junior Division, Individual Website

Process Paper Words: 493

Student Composed Words:

Annotated Bibliography:
Primary Sources:

Websites:

http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Communism/ROBESPIERRE%27S
%20SPEECH.htm
Maximilien Robespierres Speech on the Political Philosophy of Terror, which is
represented in its original but translated form by this website, gives a deep insight into the mind
of this great leader, and allows the researcher to extract parts of it to know of his true thoughts on
why France would benefit from The Terror. This website allowed me to have a source which I
could refer to when the task of paraphrasing and quoting his thoughts came in the process.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/robespierre-virtue-terror-1794/
This speech displays how the revolutionary leader Robespierre related his famous acts of
tyranny to the virtue of having a just republic dominate France.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/robespierre-revolutionary-terror-1794/
 The justification of the use of terror was displayed in this website. It allowed me to see
what the people in power at the time of the French Revolution thought of enforcing
governmental terrorism.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/robespierre-continued-insurrection-1793/
This speech is one where Maximilien Robespierre, leading force of the French
Revolution, decides to ensure the insurrections by advocating for them. These insurrections were
accompanied by violence, so this speech reveals that he wished for more of this violence, for
reasons uncovered in his speech itself.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/robespierre-homage-supreme-being-1794/
The Cult Of The Supreme Being, a questionable aspect of the late French Revolution that
was initiated to transform lives for the establishment of a virtuous republic, was a subject in the
declination of Maximilien Robespierre in The Terror of the French Revolution. It proved to be
relevant, as did this website, because of how it encompassed his decline so vividly in a speech
orated by him.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Execution_de_Robespierre_full.jp
g/1920px-Execution_de_Robespierre_full.jpg

Secondary Sources:

Websites:

http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution
I chose this website for its validity in explaining the most detailed of events that occurred
in the French Revolution. It truly helped get a head start on exploring the primary events of this
historical period, and served to be a potent source for early research.

http://www.biography.com/people/maximilien-de-robespierre-37422
 At the point of the research phase in which I had concluded that my thesis would be
central around Maximilien Robespierre and his impact on the French Revolution, more
specifically his rise to greatness and violent decline, one of the first actions was to become able
to define this man. It led to the researching of his biography for a brief time, and that is when this
website came into use.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre
In the phase of my project where I had decided that the theme would be based on
Maximilien Robespierres influence, I had to find some biographies of him to truly know of his
impact, and life. This website proved to be the most useful out of them, because it includes
meticulous descriptions of every major turning point in Robespierres life, which allowed me to
map out the main events, which would later shape my website.

http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror
This website displayed The Terror of the French Revolution, which was one of the
greatest points of Maximilien Robespierres influence, and it encompassed parts of the chaotic
parts of the historical period, which played a part in building my website. This website included
the relationship between Robespierre and The Terror that he initiate don France, thus displaying
some of his intentions.

https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution
This website proves to be useful in the early stages of research, since it included a
concise and detailed explanation of the French Revolution itself.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/french-history/french-revolution
This website contained a brief history of The French revolution, and it was divided into
the main events of this historical period. This gave me the opportunity to extract the most
fundamental parts of this history to create an outline for my websites manner in telling about
this event.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/guillotine
 In the context of the terrors of the late French Revolution, which became more and more
relevant in my research and website-building with time, the device that is the guillotine became
an increasingly common subject. This website allowed me to do some side-research about this
device, and be able to use some pictures.

https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/painting-of-the-storming-of-the-bastille-1789
While searching for image to capture the theme and events of the French revolution, the
Storming of the Bastille was a major one that could be used for this. Since it was a key event in
the French Revolution, it played a part in displaying the theme of my project.

http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/historical/biography/maximilien_robespierre.html
In the early phases of research of the French Revolution, it would be difficult to not
approach a detail or two about the leader who was Maximilien Robespierre. His overreaching
influence caused my to utilize this website to write about him in my project.

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Maximilien_Robespierre
This website provided an extremely detailed and concise account of Maximilien
Robespierres life, thus giving a deeper insight into what should be written specifically about him
in my project.

http://www.historydiscussion.net/world-history/french-revolution/causes-of-french-revolution-
political-social-and-economic-causes/1881
This website provided valid reasons for why the French Revolution had started, and
allowed me to promptly begin explaining the dissatisfaction that sparked revolutionary zeal in.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Necker
While researching the earliest events of the French Revolution, the infamous Storming of
the Bastille appeared, and was clearly a symbolic turning point for the revolution. Jacques
Necker was involved in this upheaval, and this website allowed me to do research about him.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Assembly-historical-French-parliament
 In the context of the French revolution, political parties that rose to power as a result of
dissatisfaction in the society played a major role in devolving the Revolution into the chaos that
it ended with. The National Assembly was an early sign of upheaval, and continued to pave the
way for other parties that would dominate Frances control.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/king-louis-xvi-executed
This website provided a valid and specific account on the very day of King Louis XVIs
execution, which was sparked by the revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre, and caused
the power vid that drove the revolution into disunion, which is a major point of emphasis in my
project.

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/louis.htm
This website gave the most carefully described account of the day of the King Louis
XVIs execution yet, which I utilized for the crafting of a subject on my website.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror
This website described the Reign Of Terror, which had a major portion of my website
designated to it, in compliance with the theme of Maximilien Robespierre.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Wars-of-the-Vendee
Part of the chaos of the late French revolution were the Wars Of The Vendee, which
played a role in further worsening France in the Reign of Terror, which is a major subject in my
website.

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/robespierre-overthrown-in-france
This website displayed an accurate, well written, and concise account of the overthrow of
Maximilien Robespierre, who had been a major power in the French revolution, but also played a
part in devolving the country. Part of the theme of my project was to portray this devolvement,
and his execution showed the extreme dissatisfaction of the people by the year 1794.

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151s03/french_rev_causes_consequences.htm
 In the fundamental parts of research for this topic, the reasons behind the French
Revolutions happening had to be uncovered, and this website gave a very well written
explanation of that.

http://www.historytoday.com/maurice-cranston/french-revolution-ideas-and-ideologies
When it came to researching the core of enlightenment thinking in the French Revolution,
this website gave a highly sufficient account of these ideas. Since I needed an explanation of the
unprecedented thought being brought to society in the early Revolution, this websites
information allowed my to obtain an understanding of it and apply it.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/french-history/jacobins
This website gave an extremely useful account the ideas, ambitions, and actions of the
Jacobin Club of the French Revolution. The Jacobins were governed by Maximilien Robespierre,
who initiated most of their actions, so this sources information allowed me to easily designate a
part of my project to this imposing political party.

https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/07/french-revolution-bastille-day-guide-jacobins-terror-
bonaparte/
This website gave an explanation of the Jacobin Club of the French Revolution, who
played a major part in its progression. Since this political party and their leader, Maximilien
Robespierre, related to my projects theme of the historical periods development and downfall,
this source proved to be mostly useful.

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/jacobins.html
This website gave an extremely prompt, and yet highly informative, account of the
Jacobin Clubs power in the French Revolution. This source allowed my to condense my
research on this political party into one explanation, which went onto my project.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/thermidorian-reaction/
In the context of the decline in authority of Maximilien Robespierre in the late French
Revolution, the Thermidorian Reaction comes into play by causing his death. This website gives
information about this event, which aided me in designating a region of my project to
Robespierres decline in power and death, which related to a great part of my theme.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/georges-danton/
Of the political parties that drove the French Revolution, the Jacobins were certainly the
most influential, but the Dantonists also played a part in controlling the National Convention of
revolutionary France. I conducted some research on them using this website, just to gain some
further insight.

http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/french-revolution
In order to display the literal thoughts of those who had observed it from a discrepancy of
centuries, I had to use this website to find quotes said by those who took a retrospective glance at
the event. I ended up utilizing Charles Dickens quote about the French revolution, from his
novel, A Tale Of Two Cities.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Convention

This website provided information about the national Convention, which I was able to
apply to my project due to the theme of Maximilien Robespierres involvement in the French
Revolution, because he played a part in controlling the National Convention.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Committee-of-Public-Safety
In the context of the late French Revolution, which would lead to a chaotic decline, the
Committee Of Public Safety was a great power at this point. I was able to relate the information
provided by this website about this political power to my theme, due to how Maximilien
Robespierre played a role in this organization, and its decline.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/committee-of-public-safety/
This website gave a concise account of what was to be written about the Committee Of
Public Safety. I decided to utilize it because of how it allowed my to precisely lay out the events
of the Committee, and how Maximilien Robespierre participated in many of them.
http://www.ucumberlands.edu/downloads/academics/history/vol6/AaronPurcell94.html
While researching, there was a visible discrepancy between Maximilien Robespierre and
Georges Danton, two leading forces in the French Revolution. This website allowed my to see
which one of them was more important, and more worth mentioning. It turned out to be
Robespierre, who became the center of my projects theme.

http://www.executedtoday.com/2008/07/28/1794-maximilien-robespierre-saint-just-jacobins/
This specific and meticulously written account of Maximilien Robespierres execution
from this website was one that allowed me to establish solid ground for the elaboration of the
French Revolutions and Robespierres downfall, which was an important aspect of my theme.

https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/maximilien_robespierre.html
To place the literal thoughts of a leader as great as Maximilien Robespierre, I had to
utilize this website to extract sentences that he had spoken, and place the onto my project. The
quotes that he spoke created an original insight into his thoughts, which accompanied the text.

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/terror.html
This clear and brief account of The Terror on this website allowed me to establish and
complete the part of my project that was designated to this time period. Since the Reign of Terror
was part of how the French Revolution halted, I could use it to elaborate upon a major section of
my theme.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Thermidorian-Reaction
This website presented a well written description of the Thermidorian Reaction, a key
event in the downfall of the Maximilien Robespierre, which mostly took down the French
Revolution with him. I was able to use it to write about this chaotic decline in my website.

https://ericgerlach.com/socialpoliticalphilosophy8/
 In the early phases of research, I sought information on the philosophy behind the
decisions of the French Revolutions leaders, because enlightenment thinking was a major cause
of the beginnings of dissatisfaction. I used this website to establish solid grounds for some early
research about the causes of the upheaval.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/thermidorian-reaction/
This website provided even more infallible information on the Thermidorian reaction that
I was able to apply to the part of my project that described the end of the late Terrors of the
French Revolution, which played a major role in my projects theme.

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/fallr.html
This website simply described the fall of Robespierre, which comprised a major section
of my project. The simplicity and promptness of this account allowed me to use it as a way to
summarize the fall of Robespierre without using too many words.

http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/attack-on-the-tuileries/
One of the major events of revolutionary zeal in the French Revolution was the Attack on
the Tuileries, a place where the Royal Family was staying. This website provides more-than
sufficient information about it. The radicalism of this event did not make it far into being
incorporated into the text of my website, but it did create some images.

http://www.historywiz.com/terror.htm
This account of the Reign Of Terror encompassed in this website allowed me to further
extend my notes and knowledge of this time period. It also contributed to establishing a sturdier
base for the part of my project which was designated to the Reign Of Terror.

http://www.biography.com/people/louis-xvi-9386943
In the extremely early phases of research, I kept arriving at the repetitive fact that the
placement of Louis Capet as King of France was part of the dissatisfaction in the early parts of
the French Revolution. This bibliography in this website provided much to write about in my
notes.
https://www.sovereignman.com/trends/no-sire-it-is-a-revolution-13528/
This website provided a quote that was quite familiar to me, and I decided to utilize it in
order to put this quote into my project. It helped in explaining the situations which sparked the
first signs of revolution in France.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-
_1793.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_the_Storming_of_the_Bastille.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI#/media/File:Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_
XVI.png
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-
_1793.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/painting_208963/Isidore-Stanislas-Helman/Opening-of-the-
Estates-General-at-Versailles
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre#/media/File:Robespierre_crop.jpg
 This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre#/media/File:Shot.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Versailles_1668_Pierre_Patel.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France#/media/File:Antoine-Fran
%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI,_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_(1754-1793),_rev
%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_the_Storming_of_the_Bastille.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror#/media/File:Octobre_1793,_supplice_de_9_
%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg
This website gave me access to an image that I would utilize for the artistic
representation of the event of the French Revolution as it progressed with my theme.
Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pXxoyk5wOo
This entrancing video provided by History Channel played a leading role in my early
research for the broad topic that is the French revolution, and was one of the leading factors in
sparking my interest for this topic in the first place.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY
This brief and entertaining video infused with plenty of knowledge provided some facts
that I would use to establish the outline of my notes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OglrzNohp3Q
Once I had narrowed down my theme so that it was central around Maximilien
Robespierre, I utilized this video to create an outline for the note that I would take to establish
my knowledge of this major political leader. Some parts of his life which were explained in this
biographical account became obsolete for not staying true to the initially developed theme, but
the rest created a brief outline that I proceeded to fill, until it evolved into my finished project.

Images:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg
This is an image of the Storming of the Bastille, a powerful and symbolic event in the
French Revolution.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.pn
g/250px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png
This is an image of King Louis XVI being executed, thus representing the overthrow of
the monarchy, a towering event in the influence of Robespierre.

http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/Hw-robespierre.jpg
 This image displays the strict authority of Maximilien Robespierre, the focus of my
project.

http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/Robespierre.jpg
This is the primary image that I use to represent Robespierre in all his power.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Shot.jpg/280px-Shot.jpg
This image shows Maximilien Robespierre getting shot in the jaw, representing the hsi
eventual decline, since this event was right before his prompt fall.

https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/1091.jpg
This is an image of the tennis Court Oath, which caused all members loyal to the new and
revolutionary National assembly to swear allegiance to a cause that would pave the way for
chaos.

https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/196.jpg
This image represents a public execution, a common event in the Reign Of Terror, on a
drab black and white background, showing the darkness of those days, which connect to the
theme of my project.

https://beingsakin.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/versailles.jpg
This image represents the Palace of Versailles, in its grandeur before the revolution, thus
showing a great symbol of the monarchy, which would come crashing down with further
explanation.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antoine-Fran
%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-
1793%29%2C_rev%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1024px-Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Callet_-_Louis_XVI
%2C_roi_de_France_et_de_Navarre_%281754-1793%29%2C_rev
%C3%AAtu_du_grand_costume_royal_en_1779_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
This image was used to represent the insufficient King Louis XVI, whose reign would
lead to his downfall, and chaos in France. He represents the beginnings of the revolution, as well
as its cause, which ones such as Robespierre were against.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Henry_Singleton_the_Storming_of_the_
Bastille.jpg
This image shows the attack on the Bastille Prison in 1789. It shows perhaps the key
beginning point of the Revolution.

http://www.wikigallery.org/paintings/208501-209000/208963/painting1.jpg
This is an image of the meeting of the Estates General in 1789, which was part of the
events that began the greatest dissatisfactions in the beginning of the French Revolution.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Octobre_1793%2C_supplice_de_9_
%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s.jpg
This image is a representation of the everyday horrors of executions, which ravaged the
population of France, and caused the eventual decline of the chaos, which my website focuses
on.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jacques_Bertaux_-
_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg/1200px-Jacques_Bertaux_-
_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg
This is an image of the storming of the Tuileries Palace, the residence of the Royal family
at that time. It shows how the leaders of the Revolution, including the greatly emphasized
Maximilien Robespierre, wanted the people to face the monarchy with no shame.

Books:

Ian Davidson, The French Revolution, Pegasus Books, New York, London, 2016
R,G. Grant, The History Book, Penguin Random House, United States, 2016

Atlas Of World History, Paragon Publishing, 2006

Adam Hart-Davis, History, Penguin Random House, 2007