Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 9

8.2. Tr li bi Dung Xa, ngoi cc ch vit bng ch Hn, cn nhiu ch vit bng hai
ch Hn hay bng cch khc:
u : Dung Xa
Dung [HV - ting Hn-Vit] (Xem 8.1.1.)
xa [N - khng phi ting Hn-Vit] (s = xa () + c = xa ())
Ghp -ngha hai ch Hn c ngha xa vit ch xa.
Cng c th ni: s c m gn ging xa (mn m) thm c c -ngha l xa.
(Mt ch mn m v , mt ch mn .)
Dng 1: Ti c mt ngi bn hin b-nh .
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
c [N] (c (mn m) + hu = c ()). Ghp hai ch Hn vi nhau. Mt ch
mn m (c m gn ging), mt ch mn .
mt [N] (HV: mt = mt) (Xem 8.1.2)
ngi [N] (ngi vit tt) (m gn ging) + nhn = ngi ())
bn [N] (nhn = ngi () + bn (m)
Thng-thng b th ng trc, d l mn m hay mn -ngha.
hin [HV]
b [N] (HV: b = ng) (mn m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Nu mun r hn th thm ch tiu (= b) trn/sau ch b.
nh [N] (nh (m) + tiu = nh, b ())
Dng 2: Thanh-thanh nh hoa c .
thanh [HV: thanh = xanh] (mn m) (Xem 8.1.2.)
nh [HV] (Xem 8.1.1.)
hoa [HV] (Xem 8.1.1.)
c [N] (tho = c () + c (m))
Dng 3: Tc thng b xo ngang vai .
tc [N] (tiu, bu = tc () + tc (m))
thng [HV]
b [N] (HV: b) (c m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
xo [N] (HV: x) (c m gn ging) [C th vit ch to (Min Bc)]
ngang [N] (HV: ngang = gi cao, gi cao, nghn ln) (Xem 8.1.2.)
vai [N] (lai (m) + kin = vai ()) [C khi vit: kin + lai]
Dng 4: Ngy mi gp ,
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
mi [N] (HV: mi) (c m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
gp [N] (b sc = i [cht i cht ng] + cp = kp (c m gn ging))
 Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 10

[C th l ghp hai : i cho kp th s gp] [Cng c th ni : cp v gp c m

gn ging nhau.]
Dng 5: Nng mi tm .
nng [N] (HV: nng = nng) (Xem 8.1.3.)
mi [N] (mi [= gi] vit tt thnh (m) + thp [nh ] = mi ())
tm [N] (HV: tm = ht go) [ch nm trong go tm, s tm]
[C th thm ch bt trc cho r ngha: ]
Dng 6: i mt tht hin.
i [N] (nh = hai, i () + i (m)) [Ch nh lm cho r ngha; b i cng c]
mt [N] (mc = mt () + mt (m))
tht [HV]
hin [HV]
Dng 7: N ci ti ,
n [N] (HV: n) (m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ci [N] (khu () + k (m)
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: cc ng ngha vi ch i = la di]
ti [N] (HV: tin = ti ()) (Xem 8.1.5.)
Dng 8: M lm ng tin p mng .
m [N] (nhc = tht () + m (m))
lm [N] (HV: lm) (m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ng [HV]
tin [HV]
p [N] (th () + p (m gn ging))
mng [HV]
Dng 9: Hai nm sau ,
hai [N] (thai (m gn ging) + nh = hai ()) [C th vit: nh + thai]
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin = nm ()) [C th vit: nin + nam]
sau [N] (hu = v vua, sau () + lu (vit tt) (m gn ging))
Dng 10: Mi ngi mt ng ,
mi [HV]
ngi [N] (ngi

Tc Q B 1 Tc 6 7o Q BTg) + ngi5) [C q 68.1 230 13.86 190.38 18 452 cm /I 6 Do Q BT 0 Do Q BT 12 .30 12 143. Tc 6 7o Q BT / 6 1 Tf 13.98 12 13.98 27Tj 3.1<6 f> c Do Q BT2 .871
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 11

l [N] (d = l () + la (vit tt) (m))

qu [N] (HV: khu) (m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ngi [N] (ngi vit tt) (m gn ging) + nhn = ngi ())
Dng 12: Ti li mt mnh thui-thi .
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
[N] (ti = () + = () (m gn ging)) [C khi ch vit ch )
li [N] (HV: li = ngi lm vic quan, cng-chc) (Xem 8.1.2.)
mt [N] (HV: mt = mt) (Xem 8.1.2).
mnh [N] (thn = mnh (1) + mnh, mng (m gn ging)) [C khi ch vit mnh.]
thui [N] (HV: thi = hi, thc, gic) (m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
thi [N] (HV: thi = lui, li, tr v, nhng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 13: Sut my ma ng
sut [N] (th () + xut (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l chuyt (= vng, khng kho)]
my [N] (nhn = ngi () + tm = tim, lng ()) [Trong lng thc-mc khng r l
my] (Theo Trn Vn Gip, Lc Kho Vn Ch Nm, do L Vn ng thc-
hin vn-bn, 2002, tr. 51.)
ma [N] (Mn ch Nm cng ngha v = ma)) [Th-d: v gt = ma gt.]
ng [HV]
Dng 14: Bit bao su-ti .
bit [N] (HV: bit) (m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
bao [N] (HV: bao = gm, bc) (cng m))
su [HV]
ti [N] (HV: ti = cn-nhn, cu-nhu) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 15: Ngoi tri khng lnh ,
ngoi [N] (HV: ngoi = ngoi)) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
tri [N] (thin = tri () + thng = trn, ci trn) (Ghp hai .)
khng [Nm gc Hn-Vit] (HV: khng = trng-rng, khng c.)
lnh [HV: lnh = lnh)) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
Dng 16: Trong lng ta gi-bng .
trong [N] (long (vit tt) (m) + ni = trong ()) [Ch ghi m theo ting Vit xa.
Cc m [tr] ngy nay thng-thng ghi bng ting Hn-Vit c m [l]. ]
lng [N] (lng (m gn ging) + tm = tim, lng ())
ta [N] (HV: t = ta, t, ging) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
gi [N] (HV: gi = sn nh, ch ci g) (cng m khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
bng [HV] (bng = gi, nc ng li)
Dng 17: Th tng ngy ,
th [HV] (Cng c th ni l ting Nm gc Hn-Vit, cn thy trong th-tn.)
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 12

tng [N] (HV: tng = tng) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m))
[Cng vit: ngi + nht]
Dng 18: Nhc tng giy .
nhc [N] (HV: dc = bn tn, ly) (m gn ging) [Vit theo ting Vit xa]
tng [N] (HV: tng = tng) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
giy [N] (HV: chi) (C nhiu ch Nm bt u bng m gi- mn ch Hn bt u
bng m ch- hay tr- . Hay l [ch-, tr- (HV) gi- (Nm)])
Dng 19: Mi-mn thng nh
mi [N] (nch = tt-bnh () + mi (m gn ging))
mn [N] (nch = tt-bnh () + mn (m gn ging))
thng [HV] (HV: thng = bun, ru)
nh [N] (b tm = tim, lng () + nh (m gn ging)) [ch ng m: , ]
[Cng vit: (tm + nh)]
Dng 20: Nh ngy nh n .
nh [HV]
ngy [N] (HV: si = ngy-di) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5)
[Cng c th ni l: nch = tt-bnh () + nghi (m gn ging)]
n [N] (HV: inh = i mt mnh)) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[Cng c th ni l: nhn = ngi () + inh (m gn ging)]
[C th thm b nch , cho hp vi ch ngy ]
Dng 21: Mi ngy no ,
mi [N] (HV: bi = s, hn, vt qu) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
no [N] (HV: no (vit tt)) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 22: Chiu chiu a n .
chiu [N] (HV: triu) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[i vi mt s ting a-phng, hai ting ny cng m.]
a [N] (b sc = i [cht i cht ng] () + a (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: di = di]
n [N] (HV: n) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 23: Tay trong tay an tng ngn ;
tay [N] (th = tay () + ty (m gn ging))
trong [N] (long (vit tt) (m) + trung = trong, gia [()) [Ch ghi m theo ting
Vit xa. Cc m [tr] ngy nay u ghi bng ting Hn-Vit c m [l].)
[Vit khc ch trong (cng m khc ngha) dng 16.]
an [N] (y = o () + an (m))
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 13

tng [N] (HV: tng = tng) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ngn [N] (ch = ngn tay, ngn chn) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5) [C khi
vit hai ch ch. C khi vit ch nguyn (m gn ging), hay th (=tay) +
nguyn.]
Dng 24: Chuyn hc-hnh qun c ng xa .
chuyn [N] (HV: truyn) (m gn ging)
[i vi mt s ting a-phng, hai ting ny cng m.]
hc-hnh [HV]
qun [N] (HV: quyn = lo-lng) (m gn ging)
c [N] (gia = thm () + kh (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: kh = c th]
ng [HV] (cng m, ngha gn ging)
xa [HV]
Dng 25: Mi ngy no ,
mi [N] (HV: bi = s, hn, vt qu) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
no [N] (HV: no (vit tt)) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 26: Lc chia tay ,
lc [N] (nht = ngy, mt tri [ch thi-gian] () + lc (m gn ging))
chia [N] (HV: chi = cnh, nhnh) (c m gn ging) (Xem 8.1.4.)
tay [N] (th = tay () + ty (m gn ging))
Dng 27: Li nh nh hi th :
li [N] (khu = ming () + li (N) (ngy nay pht m l tri, gii) (m))
nh [N] (khinh = nh () + nh (m gn ging))
nh [HV]
hi [N] (khu = ming [t ming ra] () + hi (m gn ging))
th [N] (khu = ming [t ming ra] () + th (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: t = nhai ]
Dng 28: Bn nm lu lm ,
bn [N] (t = bn () + bn (m gn ging))
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin = nm ()) [Cng vit nin + nam]
lu [N] (lu (m) + cu = lu ())
lm [N] (HV: lm (m gn ging))
Dng 29: Tnh no cn thm !
tnh [HV]
no [N] (HV: no (vit tt)) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
cn [N] (qun (m) + tn = cn ())
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 14

thm (HV: thm) (c m gn ging, nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)

Dng 30: Anh chng cn nh ti Dung u !
anh [N] (HV: anh) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
chng [N] (HV: trang) (c m gn ging, nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
cn [N] (qun (m) + tn = cn ())
nh [N] (b tm = tim, lng () + nh (m gn ging)) [ch ng m: , ]
[Cng vit: (tm + nh)]
ti [N] (HV: t = nh, vn) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dung [HV]
u [N] (HV: u) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
Dng 31: Ngy tr v ,
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
tr [N] (HV: tr) (cng m, nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
v [N] (HV: v hay vit tt) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 32: Ph-phng hoa n ,
ph [N] (HV: ph) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
phng [HV]
hoa [HV]
n [N] (b tho = c () + n (m gn ging))
Dng 33: Ti ng l m .
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
ng [N] (HV: ng) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
l [N] (HV: la) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
m [N] (khu () + ma (m gn ging))
Dng 34: Th m em s
th [N] (HV: th = i) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
m [N] (ma (m gn ging) + nhi = m ())
em [N] (n = n b con gi () + ym, ym (m gn ging))
s [N] (HV: ph = s) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5)
Dng 35: Tnh mnh dang-d !
tnh [HV]
mnh [N] (thn = mnh () + mnh, mng (m gn ging))
dang [N] (HV: giang = sng (c m gn ging, khc ngha)) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[i vi mt s ting a-phng, hai ting ny cng m.]
d [N] (b th = tay () + d (m gn ging))
Dng 36: Hy-hy thm m hng tri .
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 15

hy [N] (HV: hi = sng-sa) (m gn ging) (Xem 8.1.4.)

thm [N] (HV: thm) (c m gn ging, nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
m [N] (HV: m = nht, lt, lt, nht) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
hng [HV]
tri [N] (thin = tri () + thng = trn, ci trn) (Ghp hai .)
Dng 37: Thng nm mong-nh - Bi th tuyt-vi !
thng [N] (nguyt = thng () + thng (m gn ging))
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin = nm ()) [C th vit: nin + nam]
mong [N] (HV: vng = mong) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5.)
nh [N] (b tm = tim, lng () + nh (m gn ging)) [ch ng m: , ]
[Cng vit: (tm + nh)]
bi [N] (HV: bi) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
th [N] (HV: thi = th) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
tuyt [HV] (Cng c th ni tuyt trong tuyt-vi l ting Nm gc Hn-Vit.)
vi [N] (HV: vi) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 38: Thm mt nm ,
thm [N] (HV: thim = thm) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
mt [N] (HV: mt = mt) (Xem 8.1.2)
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin =nm ()) [C th vit: nin + nam]
Dng 39: Tng l hnh vi bng ,
tng [HV]
l [N] (HV: la) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
hnh [HV]
vi [N] (HV: bi = ri, vy) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
bng [N] (HV: bng = lng, tin lng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 40: Ai ng lon ni khp ni .
ai [N] (HV: ai = bi) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
ng [N] (HV: nghi = ng) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
lon [HV]
ni [N] [Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: tuy = lnh)
(cng ngha vi ch th ) [KHT tr. 553]
khp [N] (HV: khp = khc khng ra ting) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ni [N] (HV: ni = n b con gi i tu (o Bt) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
Dng 41: Chng phng xa ,
chng [N] (trng (= gp, li), trng (= nng) (m gn ging) + phu = chng ())
[N] (ti = () + = () (m gn ging))
(C hai u c ngha l , c m gn ging vi .)
phng [HV]
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 16

xa [HV]
Dng 42: V nh trng-ngng .
v [N] (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))
[N] (ti = () + = () (m gn ging))
(C hai u c ngha l , c m gn ging vi .)
nh [N] (tho = c (nh lm bng hay lp bng c, rm, r) () + nh (m gn
ging)) [Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: nh, nh = n, nut]
trng [N] (mc = mt [ trng] () + long (m gn ging)) [l- (HV) tr- (Nm)]
ngng [N] (mc = mt [ ngng trng) () + cng (m gn ging))
Dng 43: Vn th tng ngy
vn [N] (HV: vn (= mp) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
th [HV] (Cng c th ni l ting Nm gc Hn-Vit, cn thy trong th-tn.)
tng [N] (HV: tng = tng) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m))
[Cng vit: ngi + nht]
Dng 44: Vn nhc tng giy .
vn [N] (HV: vn (= mp) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
nhc [N] (HV: dc (= bn) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[Trong ting Vit, c nhiu ting cng mt ngha, cng mt vn, c a-phng
pht m vi m km nh- , c a-phng pht m vi d- .]
tng [N] (HV: tng = tng) (m gn ging, cng ngha)) (Xem 8.1.3.)
giy [N] (HV: chi) (C nhiu ch Nm bt u bng m gi- mn ch Hn bt u
bng m ch- hay tr- [Nhiu ting a-phng pht m ch- v tr- ging nhau.])
Dng 45: D nay y mai ,
d [N] (HV: du = du) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
nay [N] (ni (m gn ging) + kim = nay ())
y [N] (HV: = thp) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
mai [N] (nht = ngy () + mai (m))
[N] (HV: = ghen) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 46: Nh v hin b nh ,
nh [N] (b tm = tim, lng () + nh (m gn ging)) [ch ng m: , ]
[Cng vit: (tm + nh)]
v [N] (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))
hin [HV]
b [N] (HV: b = ng) (mn m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Nu mun r hn th thm ch tiu (= b) trn ch b.
nh [N] (nh (m) + tiu = nh, b ())
Dng 47: Nh bng hoa c i-ch ,
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 17

nh [N] (b tm = tim, lng () + nh (m gn ging)) [ch ng m: , ]

[Cng vit: (tm + nh)]
bng [N] (b tho = c-cy () + phong (m gn ging))
hoa [HV]
c [N] (tho = c () + c (m))
i [N] (HV: i = i) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ch [N] (HV: t = thong-th, i thong-th, thng-thng) (m gn ging, khc ngha)
Dng 48: Ti li m ngy sum-hp .
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
li [N] (HV: li = ngi lm vic quan, cng-chc) (Xem 8.1.2.)
m [N] (khu () + ma (m gn ging))
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
sum [N] (HV: sm) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
hp [N] (HV: hp = hp) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
Dng 49: ng ba nm ,
ng [N] (HV: ng = lnh, nc ng li) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ba [N] (ba = tn t (m) + tam = ba) ())
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin = nm ())
Dng 50: Ti c th .
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
c [N] (HV: c = c) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5.)
th [N] (HV: th = gi nh, li, cng, thm) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
Dng 51: C ngn ni Pl-cu reo-mng ,
c [N] (gia = thm () + kh (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: kh = c th ]
ngn [N] (ngn (m gn ging) + thin = ngn, nghn) ())
ni [N] (sn = ni () + ni = trong) (m gn ging))
[non (=ni) (sn = ni () + nn = non, non-nt) (m gn ging))]
Pl-cu [N] (thng c gn ging nh b-l-cu)
(N: b (b th = t + b (c m gn ging); HV: pha = dc ni
HV: l = cy l, hoa l (cng m)
N: cu (c = cu (m gn ging) + iu = chim ()) [Mn ch cu = chim cu.]
(C ngi dng ting Hn-Vit [b l c hay l bch l c].)
reo [N] (HV: liu = trong tro (m gn ging, khc ngha)) [l- (HV) r- (Nm)]
mng [N] (tm = tim, lng () + minh = sng (m gn ging))
Dng 52: C mun rng -lt hn-h .
c [N] (gia = thm () + kh (m gn ging))
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 18

[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: kh = c th ]

mun [N] (mn (m gn ging) + vn = mun, mi ngn) ())
rng [N] (HV: lng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.) [l- (HV) r- (Nm)]
-lt [N]
(HV: = nhnh sng, tn sng (cng m, khc ngha);
HV: lt = cay gt, rt cc (cng m, khc ngha))
(C ngi dng ting Hn-Vit [i lc].)
hn [N] (HV: hn) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
h [N] ( khu + h (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: i = vui thch ][KHT tr. 120]
Dng 53: V gy-g rng-rng nc mt ,
v [N] (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))
gy [N] (b nch = bnh, bnh, dng ngi m-au () + k (m gn ging))
[k- (k, c) (HV) g- (Nm)]
g [N] (th = t [g t] () + khu = g, g t ()) [G trong gy-g ch l ting
km (khng c ngha), nhng mn ch g l g t.]
rng [N] (HV: lng = nc ng li) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[l- (HV) r- (Nm)]
nc [N] (HV: nhc = tn sui) (m gn ging) [T Hi tr. 1750A]
mt [N] (mc = mt () + mt (m gn ging))
Dng 54: Ging ci vui hn bt c vng .
ging [N] (khu = ming () + trng = nng, kh (m gn ging))
[tr-, ch- (HV) gi- (Nm)]
ci [N] (khu () + k (m))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: cc , ng ngha vi i = la di ]
vui [N] (tm = tim, lng () + bi (m gn ging))
hn [N] (HV: hn = vui) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
bt [N] (b th = tay () + bt (m gn ging))
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: bi = vn, bu]
c [N] (HV: c = c) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5)
vng [N] (kim = vng () + hong (m gn ging))
Dng 55: Hai mi su nm sau ,
hai [N] (thai (m gn ging) + nh = hai ()) [C th vit: nh + thai]
mi [N] (mi [= gi] vit tt thnh (m) + thp [nh ] = mi ())
mi [N] (b sc thay th ch mi (m) + thp = mi ())
[C th vit nh mi.]
su [N] (lo (m gn ging) + lc = su ()) [l- (HV) s- (Nm)]
nm [N] (nam (m gn ging) + nin =nm ()) [C th vit: nin + nam]
sau [N] (hu = v vua, sau () + lu (vit tt) (m gn ging))
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 19

Dng 56: Nhc k-nim xa, ti say-m :

nhc [N] (HV: dc (= bn) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
[Trong ting Vit, c nhiu ting cng mt ngha, cng mt vn, c a-phng
pht m vi m km nh- , c a-phng pht m vi d- .]
k-nim [HV]
xa [N - khng phi ting Hn-Vit] (s = xa () + c = xa ())
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
say [N] (du = ru () [v ru m say] + sai (c m gn ging))
[Mn ch say nh trong say ru.] (cng m, khc ngha)
m [N] (HV: trm = chm m) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5.)
Dng 57: Ngi yu b-nh xinh-xinh ,
ngi [N] (ngi vit tt) (m gn ging) + nhn = ngi ())
yu [N] (b tm = tim, lng) () + yu (m gn ging))
b [N] (HV: b = ng) (mn m gn ging nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Nu mun r hn th thm ch tiu (= b) trn ch b.
nh [N] (nh (m) + tiu = nh, b ())
xinh [N] (sinh (m gn ging - nhiu ting a-phng: cng m)
Dng 58: Em p hn tin ,
em [N] (n = n b con gi () + ym, ym (m gn ging))
p [N] (nht = mt tri, nh sng mt tri () + dip (m gn ging))
[Cng vit (m = p () + dip (m gn ging))]
hn [N] (HV: hn = hn-h, mng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
tin [HV]
Dng 59: Em hin hn hoa c .
em [N] (n = n b con gi () + ym, ym (m gn ging))
hin [HV]
hn [N] (HV: hn = hn-h, mng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
hoa [HV]
c [N] (tho = c () + c (m))
Dng 60: Em l mng-c ca anh .
em [N] (n = n b con gi () + ym, ym (m gn ging))
l [N] (HV: la) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
mng-c [HV]
ca [N] (bi = con s, ca-ci () + c (m gn ging))
anh [N] (HV: anh) (cng m, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.2.)
Dng 61: Np vo ti, nng th tht :
np [N] (HV: np = np, vo) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
vo [N] (bao (m gn ging) + nhp = vo ())
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 20

nng [N] (HV: nng = nng) (Xem 8.1.3.)

th [HV]
tht [HV]
Dng 62: Em khng phi l ngi trn-tc .
em [N] (n = n b con gi () + ym, ym (m gn ging))
khng [HV]
phi [N] (HV: phi, bi = bi c hoang) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
l [N] (HV: la) (c m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
ngi [N] (ngi vit tt) (m gn ging) + nhn = ngi ())
trn-tc [HV]
Dng 63: Lc gn nhau phi ngh n cch-xa .
lc [N] (nht = ngy, mt tri [ch thi-gian] () + lc (m gn ging))
gn [N] (bi [cng m vi bi = lng (gn nh sau lng)] () + mt phn
ch cn = gn () (m gn ging))
nhau [N] (HV: nhiu = nhiu, y-) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
phi [N] (HV: phi, bi = bi c hoang) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
ngh [N] (HV: nghi = ng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4.)
n [N] (ch = n () + in (m gn ging))
cch [HV]
xa [HV]

Dng 64: Mt bui sng m-m tri cha nng ,

mt [N] (HV: mt = mt) (Xem 8.1.2)
bui [N] (nht = ngy (ch thi-gian) () + bi (m gn ging))
sng [N] (lng = sng) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3) [Cng vit ho =
la () + lng (va m va ) hay l quang = sng () + lng (va m va )]
m [N] (mc = mt ( nhn) () + ma (m gn ging))
tri [N] (thin = tri () + thng = trn, ci trn) (Ghp hai .)
cha [N] (ch = bi nh (m gn ging) + chu = tn mt mu (m gn ging))
nng [N] (HV: th = nng) (khc m, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.5.)
Dng 65: Nng ra i khng hn ngy v .
nng [N] (HV: nng = nng) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ra [N] (la vit tt (m gn ging) + xut = ra ())
i [N] (kh = i () + a (m) (?))
khng [HV]
hn [N] (HV: hn = k hn) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m))
[Cng vit: ngi + nht]
v [N] (HV: v hay vit tt) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 21

Dng 66: Nhn con khc, lng ti t-di .

nhn [N] (mc = mt () + nhn = nhn (m gn ging))
[C th ni: mc = mt () + nhn (N) (m gn ging).]
con [N] (t = con () + cn = con ni di, anh em, nhiu nhung-nhc) (m gn
ging))
khc [N] (HV: khc = khc) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
lng [N] (lng (m gn ging) + tm = lng ())
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
t [N] (b tm () + t, ty (m))
di [N] (HV: du = kit sc, mt (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 67: Than i !
than [N] (HV: thn = than) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
i [N] (HV: uy = s) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
Dng 68: Ti c ngi v hin b nh ,
ti [N] (HV: toi) (m gn vi ti (?) nhng khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4)
c [N] (c (mn m) + hu = c ())
ngi [N] (ngi vit tt) (m gn ging) + nhn = ngi ())
v [N] (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))
hin [HV]
b [N] (HV: b = ng) (mn m) (Xem 8.1.4)
Nu mun r hn th thm ch tiu (= b) trn ch b.
nh [N] (nh (m) + tiu = nh, b ())
Dng 69: Thanh-thanh nh hoa c .
thanh {HV: thanh = xanh] (mn m) (Xem 8.1.2)
nh [HV] (Xem 8.1.1)
hoa [HV] (Xem 8.1.1)
c [N] (tho = c () + c (m))
Dng 70: T ngy hoa c ho-tn ,
t [N] (HV: t = t) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
ngy [N] (nht = ngy () + ngi vit tt (m)) [Cng vit: ngi +
nht]
hoa [HV]
c [N] (tho = c () + c (m))
ho [N] (HV: hiu (m gn ging) (Xem 8.1.4.) [C th vit ho () + hiu.]
tn [HV]
Dng 71: Nh xa hoang-vng, mun vn xt-xa !
nh [N] (tho = c (nh lm bng hay lp bng c, rm, r) () + nh (m gn
ging)) [Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: nh, nh = n, nut]
xa [N - khng phi ting Hn-Vit] (s = xa () + c = xa ())
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 22

hoang [HV]
vng [N] (HV: vnh) (m gn ging, khc ngha)
mun [N] (mn (m gn ging) + vn = mun, mi ngn) ())
vn [N] (HV: vn = mun vn) (c m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
xt [N] (tm = tim, lng () + tt (m gn ging))
xa [N] (tm = tim, lng () + xa (m))
Dng 72: Trch trong Th Tnh
trch [HV]
trong [N] (long (vit tt) (m) + ni = trong ()) [Ch ghi m theo ting Vit xa.
Cc m [tr] ngy nay thng-thng ghi bng ting Hn-Vit c m [l].)
th [N] (HV: thi = th) (m gn ging, cng ngha) (Xem 8.1.3.)
tnh [HV]

8.3. Tr li cch cu-to ch Nm, ngoi nhng li mn c ch Hn (khng thm

khng bt g), cn c nhng li sau:
8.3.6. Vit bng ch Hn thm du nhp-nhy
Mt s ting c m gn ging vi ting Hn-Vit nhng khc ngha c vit
bng ch Hn thm du nhp-nhy ( ) [cn gi l nhy] m phi hay mt ch khu
tht nh m tri ch r l ch Nm, khng phi ch Hn, m Hn-Vit.
Th-d: (mc) (HV: mc = g)
(thung) (HV: thng = sut, truyn khp c)
(leo) (HV: liu = xong, hiu-bit)
(ranh) (HV: danh = tn)
(tot) (HV: tuyt = tuyt)
C khi du nhp-nhy v ch khu nh cn c dng vi mt ch Nm khc.
8.3.7. Vit bng mt phn ca ch Hn
Mt s ting c m gn ging vi ting Hn-Vit nhng khc ngha vi ting
Hn-Vit (nh 8.1.4) c vit bng mt phn ca ch Hn c m Hn-Vit gn ging.
Th-d: (y) (mt phn ca ch = mc o)
[ thc ra l ch Hn. Nhng khi vit ch y, ngi Vit ly mt phn ch .
Ngay trong ting Vit, c khi ni l y c khi ni l .]
8.3.8. Vit bng mt phn ca ch Hn
Mt s ting khc m vi ting Hn-Vit nhng c cng ngha vi ting Hn-Vit
(nh 8.1.5) c vit bng mt phn ca ch Hn c cng ngha vi ting Vit.
Th-d: (lm) (mt phn ca ch vi = lm)
[Theo gio-s Nguyn-Khc-Kham, l mt ch Nm thi Nguyn.]
8.3.9. Vit bng hai ch Hn ghp li vi nhau (Mt ch m + Mt ch ngha)
Mt s ting c m ging ting Hn-Vit nhng khc ngha (nh 8.1.2.) c vit
bng ch Hn c cng m, ghp vi mt ch Hn c cng ngha.
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 23

Th-d: ch Nm ch Hn
(ba) (ba = tn t) [ch m]
(tam = ba) [ch ngha]
8.3.10. Vit bng hai ch Hn ghp li vi nhau (Mt ch ngha + Mt ch m) hay (Mt
ch m + Mt ch ngha)
Mt s ting c m gn ging ting Hn-Vit nhng khc ngha (nh 8.1.4.) c
vit bng ch Hn c m Hn-Vit gn ging, ghp vi mt ch Hn c cng ngha.
Th-d 1: ch Nm ch Hn
(bn) (t = bn) [ch ngha] ( trn)
[s bn (4)] (bn = vn, gc) [ch m] ( di)
(lay) (th = tay) [ch ngha]
[lay-ng] (lai = li) [ch m]
(m) (nhc = tht) [ch ngha]
[hai bn m] (m = nga) [ch m]
(m) (kim = vng, cht kim) [ch ngha]
[m vng, m bc] (m = nga) [ch m]
[HV: m = nguyn t ho hc Masurium, k hiu Ma, s NT = 43]
Th-d 2: ch Nm ch Hn
(nn) (nin = nm) [ch m]
(thnh = nn) [ch ngha]
(lng) (lng = ngm-ngha, thi) [ch m]
(tm = tim, lng) [ch ngha]
(bn) (bn = vn, gc) [ch m]
(t = bn) [ch ngha]

8.3.11. Ghp -ngha hai ch Hn

Th-d: ch Nm ch Hn
(li, tri) (thin = tri)
(thng = trn)
[hai : pha trn l tri]
(theo) (tc = chn)
(nghiu = nhn chn ln, cao)
[hai : ct bc i theo]
[ (u + 8E7A) l ch Hn, khng phi thun Nm]
(xa) (s = xa)
(c = xa)
[hai : xa tht l xa]
Cng c th ni: s c m gn ging xa (mn m) thm c c -ngha l xa. (Mt
ch mn m v , mt ch mn .)
(i) (th = i)
(i = i)
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 24

[hai : i ngi, ht i ny qua i khc...]

Cng c th ni: th c -ngha l i, thm i c m gn ging i (mn m). (Mt
ch mn , mt ch mn m v .)
8.3.12. Mn t mt ch Nm khc
Th-d: ch Hn ch Nm ch Nm
(lc) (lc) (luc)
[= mu xanh l cy] [lc-lo ] [lem-luc ]
(nhn) (nhn) (nhn)
[= nhn] [nhn-nhc ] [nhn i ]
[Nu mun phn-bit -ngha r-rng hn, nhn trong nhn-nhc c vit thm b tm
trc , v nhn trong nhn i thm ch thc (= n) + .]
8.3.13. Mt s ch Nm vit bng ch Hn bt nt (c ngi gi l ch gin-th hay ch
vit tt)
Th-d: ch Hn ch Nm ch Nm (bt nt)
(bin) (bn) (bn)
(i) (i) (i)
(bin) (bin) (bin)
[thu + bin] [thu + bin]
8.3.14. Mt s ch Nm c mt thnh-phn vit bt nt trng gn-gng hn, d vit
hn.
Th-d: ch Nm ch Nm
(t) (t)
[th + t] [th + t (vit tt)]
(ngi) (ngi)
[nhn + ngi ] [nhn + ngi (vit tt)]

8.4. Ch Nm ca ngi Vit cng nh cc h-thng ch vit khc c mc-ch ghi li

ting ni mt cch chnh-xc v trung-thc. Tuy-nhin theo thi-gian, ting ni thay-i,
ch vit cng thay-i theo; nhng bao gi ting ni cng thay-i nhanh hn. (Ch vit
c thay-i theo, nhng khng kp.) Th-d c th thy ngay trong ting Vit v ch
Quc-ng ngy nay.
1. Ngy xa vit tra v cha khc nhau v thy hai ting khc nhau. V sau, c nhiu
ting a phng ni tra v cha y ht nhau. (Tr- v ch- tr thnh mt.)
2. Vit xa v sa khc nhau v thy hai ting khc nhau. V sau, c nhiu ting a
phng ni xa v sa y ht nhau. (X- v s- tr thnh mt.)
3. Vit ra, da v gia khc nhau v thy ba ting khc nhau. V sau, c nhiu ting a
phng ni ra, da v gia y ht nhau. (R-, d- v gi- tr thnh mt.)
4. Ngy nay vn vit l bn, c ngi c l bn, c ngi c l bn. Vit l bc, c
ngi c l bc, c ngi c l bc.
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 25

5. Vit l ru, c ngi c l ru, c ngi c l riu, c ngi c l diu, c ngi

c y ht nh ch vit ru.
6. Vit l lu, c ngi c l liu, c ngi c l lu. Vit l mu, c ngi c l miu,
c ngi c l mu.
7. Vit l dy hc v thc dy, nhng c nhiu ngi c dy v dy ging ht nhau.
8. C rt nhiu ngi c thy v thy ging ht nhau.
9. C khi nghe thy ni l ci y, c khi l ci . C khi l vi, c khi l v, c khi l mi,
m, my...
Vit mt ng c mt no cn thy rt nhiu trong ch vit ngy nay, ni chi n
ch Nm l th ch vit xa hn ch Quc-ng, li thm s ghi m khng c nh v
phi mn m Hn-Vit (mt s bt-buc, chng ng ng). V th, ngi tm hiu v
ngi hc ch Nm cn phi mt s tiu-chun v nguyn-tc lin-quan ti c s
vay-mn m Hn-Vit, s thay-i theo thi-gian gia cc m km (nh r- d- gi- x- s-
ch- tr-) v cc vn1 (nh ay, y, n, n, i, ui).
8.4.1. V ghi li ting ni hng ngy, nn ngi i nay gp nhiu ch tng l kh gii-
thch nhng c th gii-thch c.
Th-d: Li trong li ni, vit l: . [li = khu (ming) () + tri (m)]
Ngy xa tri c gi l li, sau i thnh gii v tri.
C ngi vit l: [khu () + li (m)] cho hp vi ting ni hng ngy. (Vit nh
th ny, by gi thy hp l, nhng xem cc bn vn tht xa, li phi nh ch Hn trc
thi L-Li khi-ngha chng gic Minh khng c l li m c l l.)
[li l ch Hn]
8.4.2. Ging-ging nh vy c rt nhiu cc ch khc, c m km ln cc vn.
1. Rt nhiu ch by gi c bng m km tr- c bit bng ch c m km l- .
Th-d:
trong (long (vit tt) (m) + ni = trong ())
trng (mc = mt [ trng] () + long (m gn ging))
trao (HV: lao = nh t, ngc)
2. Rt nhiu ch by gi c bng m km gi- c bit bng ch c m km tr- .
Th-d:
giy (HV: chi)
giy (HV: ch = giy) (va m va ngha)
gi ng (khu = ming () + trng = nng, kh (m gn ging))
3. Rt nhiu ch by gi c bng m km v- c bit bng ch c m km b- .
Th-d:
v (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))

1 Vn l mt phn ca mt ting khng k m km u. Th-d: Lan c vn l an. Lm c vn l m. m

c vn l m. Tuyt c vn l uyt. Nguyn c vn l uyn...
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 26

v (HV: b = vung ra, lm lan rng) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (8.1.4. v

8.1.2.)
vi (HV: bi = s, hn, vt qu) (m gn ging, khc ngha) (Xem 8.1.4.)
4. Rt nhiu ch by gi c bng m km ch- c bit bng ch c m km tr- .
Th-d:
chng (HV: trang)
chiu (HV: triu)
chng (trng (= gp, li), trng (= nng) + phu = chng ())
chuyn (HV: truyn)
5. C mt s m km thng i ln cho nhau. Th-d, cc m c cng im pht m,
nh cc m mi (b- ph- v-), cc m nu (- d- gi-), cc m nu v ca cng (gi- ch-), cc
m ca cng (ch- tr-), cc m ca mm (k- c- g- gh-):
v (n = n b con gi () + mt phn ch b (= , d sn) (m))
vn (HV: bn = vn)
phn (ci phn) (HV: phin = vn, ming mng)
dang (HV: giang = sng)
giy (HV: chi)
gip (chp (m) + tr = gip ())
chiu (HV: triu)
chng (trng (= gp, li), trng (= nng) + phu = chng ())
chuyn (HV: truyn)
gt (ct (m) + ao = dao ())
gh (k = gh () + k = mu, tnh, mu-tnh (m))
gp (b sc = i [cht i cht ng] + cp = kp)
6. V ting Hn-Vit khng c ch no bt u bng m km r- , nn cc ch Nm by
gi c bng r- c bit bng ch c m km l- . Th-d:
rng (HV: lng = nc ng li) (m gn ging, khc ngha)
rng (HV: lng) (m gn ging, khc ngha)
r (ho = la () + l (m gn ging))
7. S kh-khn cn v cc m km. Th-d, ch Nm bt u bng r- c th t m Hn-
Vit l- hay s- hay t- d- ...
r (ho = la () + l (m gn ging))
ro (mch () + l (m)) [trong co-ro]
ro (HV: s = ct c, ngi ct c) [trong ri-ro]
rn (HV: tn = nhng) (ngi rn li = ngi thm cht na)
rn (b nhc = tht () + tn (m gn ging))
ru (tiu, bu = ru tc () + du = du (m gn ging))
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 27

8. Ngoi cc m km cn c rt nhiu vn2 thng i ln nhau.

2 i vo chi-tit hn, mt vn gm c:
(m na trc) + m chnh + (m km sau hay m na sau)
( ) = c khi c, c khi khng.
m na trc ch c mt m na chm. (Trong ch Quc-ng c hai cch vit: u v o.)
m chnh (thng thy hng ngy) gm c:
- Xp theo v-tr (trc sau) ca li: Trc: i/y ia/i/ya/y e
Gia: a/ a
Sau: u ua/u o
- Xp theo m ca ming: M t (c 1): i, y u
M ln (c 2): ia/i/ya/y a/ ua/u
M ln hn (c 3):
M ln hn (c 4): e o
M ln hn na (c 5):
M ln nht (c 6): a
m km sau: -m -n -nh -ng -ng (m km sau khp i - ch ng sau u o)
-p -t -ch -c -c (m km sau khp i - ch ng sau u o)
Hay l
m na sau, hoc l m na nhch (ch Quc ng vit bng i hay y) hoc l m na chm (u hay o).
K hn na c th thy cc vn (khng k thanh) trong ting Vit nh sau:
a ap at ach ac - am an anh ang - ai ao
() p t - c - m n - ng - ay au
() p t - c - m n - ng - y u
e ep et - ec - em en - eng - - eo
p t ch - - m n nh - - - u
y/i- ip it ich - - im in inh - - - iu
ia/i- ip it - ic - im in - ing - - iu
ya/y- yt - - ym yn - yng - - yu
o op ot - ooc oc om on - oong ong oi -
p t - c c m n - ng ng i -
p t - c - m n - ng - i u
- - - - - - - - - - - -
u up ut - uuc uc um un - uung ung ui -
ua/u- up ut - uc - um un - ung - ui -
t - c - n - ng - i u
a/- p t - c m n - ng - i u
__________________________________________________________________________________
oa oap oat oach oac - oam oan oanh oang - oai oao
(q)ua uat uach uac - uan uanh uang - uai uao
(o-) ot - oc - om on - ong - oay -
(q) up ut - uc - um un - ung - uay uau
(u-) - ut - uc - - un - ung - uy uu
oe oet - - oem oen - - - oeo
(q)ue uet - - uen - - - ueo
u ut uch - un unh - - uu
uy uyp uyt uych - uyn uynh - - uyu
uya uyt - - uyn - - - -
(q)uo - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 28

Thng-thng cc vn gn nhau (c m chnh gn nhau) hay i ln cho nhau.

Th-d:
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit chi, ch Nm c l chia. (I v ia gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit b, ch Nm c l b. (I v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit b, ch Nm c l va. (I v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit xch, ch Nm c l xch. (I v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit sinh, ch Nm c l sing. (I v i gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit b, ch Nm c l b. ( v e gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit bc, ch Nm c l bc hay bc. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit ng, ch Nm c l dng. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit cp, ch Nm c l gp. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit lm, ch Nm c l lm. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit thm, ch Nm c l thm. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit nhp, ch Nm c l nhp. ( v a gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit nht, ch Nm c l nht. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit pht, ch Nm c l pht. ( v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit dung, ch Nm c l dong. (U v o gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit b, ch Nm c l b. ( v o gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit tt, ch Nm c l xt. ( v o gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit thi, ch Nm c l thui hay thi. ( v u gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit quyn, ch Nm c l qun. (Y v gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit chi, ch Nm c l giy. (I v y gn nhau.)
Vit ch Hn m Hn-Vit qun, ch Nm c l cn. (Un v on gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit nh vit ch nh (khinh + nh) (I v e gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit ym vit ch em (n + ym, ym) (I v e gn
nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit ty vit ch tay (th + ty) ( v a gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit mt vit ch mt (mc + mt) (A v gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit nam vit ch nm (nam + nin) (A v gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit ma vit ch m (khu + ma) (A v gn nhau.)
( m mn m, khc ngha) [HV: ma = tr t biu d nhin ]
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit th vit ch th (khu + th) (A v gn nhau.)
[Ch Hn c ch ny, m Hn-Vit l: t = nhai ]
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit d vit ch d (th + d) ( v gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit ma vit ch m (ma + nhi) (Cng m chnh a.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit lng vit ch lng (lng + tm) ( v o gn nhau.)
Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit mn vit ch mun (mn + vn) ( v u gn
nhau.)

u ut - - un - - ui
Phm-Vn-Hi Ch Hn v Ting Hn-Vit 29

Dng ch Hn m Hn-Vit di vit ch dy (mch + di) (I v y gn nhau.)

8.5. i vi ngi thi nay, tuy ch Nm kh c, nhng li gip ngi tm-hiu bit
c mt s m ting Vit xa. Th-d: C th by gi l tri, ngy xa l li; by gi l
v, ngy xa l b ...

8.6. Ngoi ra, ngi hc-hi cn thy nhng im c-bit ca Nm, c hay ln d. Th-
d nh (1) ch Nm tuy r-rng trong-sng v -ngha, (2) nhng c nhiu phin-toi:
mt ch c th c hai ba hay bn nm cch c khc nhau, (3) mi ngi vit mt li,
khng ai chu ai. (Cha c mt h-thng chung.) ...
(1) -ngha r-rng.
Th-d: trong m vit l [mn t dng HV: tr = nao nng, do d (
T Hi trang 2781b)], trong hn vit l .
(2) Mt ch c nhiu cch c.
Th-d 1: (HV: nam = ni nh) c th c l nm (trong ch Nm), nm (trong nm
canh)
Th-d 2: (HV: n = anh, ng, my [ngi th hai, s t] c th c l n (trong trnh
n), n (trong nt-n), n (trong knh-n), n (trong cu-n)
[Khng phi ch ring ch Nm, gn nh cc h-thng ch vit u nh vy. H-thng
no cng c nhng ch c nhiu li c khc nhau.]

Ni tm li, v k tham-tn phng Bc, ngi Vit mt h-thng ch vit tha

xa-xa. Trong nhng nm thng b l-thuc, ngi Vit phi dng ch Hn. n khi
ginh li c c-lp, vn phi dng ch Hn. Lc cn phi ghi li ting ni ca ring
mnh, ngi Vit dng mt s ch Hn, mt s nt ch Hn v m Hn-Vit lm ra
ch Nm. D rng c ch vit, nhng trong mi th-k, t nm 939 n u th-k 20,
ch c hai thi-k ngn-ngi: my nm vo i nh H v my nm vo i Nguyn Ty-
Sn, ch Nm c chnh-quyn v c nhn lm ch vit ca c nc.
Ti u th-k 20, c ch Hn ln ch Nm b k xm-ln mi l qun Php gt-
b ra ngoi h-thng hnh-chnh v gio-dc. Chng bt ngi Vit dng ch Quc-ng
trong chng-trnh gio-dc tr em. Chng tng -cao vai tr ca Alexandre de Rhodes
l c th nh la c ngi Vit. Nhng s tht, t lu, ngi Vit nhn-bit c
ch Quc-ng l ch vit ca ngi Vit, th ch do mt s ngi truyn-gio dng Tn
v mt s ngi Vit theo o Thin-Cha, gio-phi Cng-gio t ra. V thy ch
Quc-ng tin-li, d hc, d dng, nn dng trong mi lnh-vc.
n nay, ch Nm khng c dng na, nhng s ngi tm-hiu v hc-hi ch
Nm cng ngy cng ng. Nh ch Nm c th hc-hi c nhiu iu qua. Trong
, tt-nhin l s thay-i ca ting ni theo thi-gian. Mun hc ch Nm phi bit
mt s ch Hn v m Hn-Vit. S ch ny khng nhiu, cng khng kh-khn cho lm,
nn vi s kin-nhn, thi-gian hn mi nm hc-hnh tha xa c th rt ngn li rt
nhiu.