Goals for today

Review frequently asked questions

Review the unique aspects of Structural Steel Construction

General review of bolts and bolted structural steel connections

Single shear connections
Bracing connections
Moment connections

General discussion of lateral load-resisting systems

Introduction to common bracing systems

 Frequently asked questions
What do the marks indicate on the head of a bolt?
How do you select a fastener size or grade?
Is it okay to use a mild steel nut with a high strength bolt?
What is the best way to confirm a bolts tension?
Does it matter whether the bolt head or the nut is tightened?
Should a washer always be used under the bolt head and nut ?
How tight is snug tight?
Explain Torque, Turn-of-Nut, Calibrated Wrench, and Direct
Tension Control
Why arent all joints specified as slip-critical?
 Parts of the Bolt Assembly
Grip Washer
Washer Nut
Face

Shank Thread
Head
Length

Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer
Sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of washers
Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt
Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt
Calibrated Wrench Method
Calibrated Wrench Method
Portable bolt-tension calibration
-converttool output to bolt-tension

-Torque-Control Wrenches

-Conventional Impact Wrenches

-Turn-of-Nut Method

Skidmore-Wilhelm Calibrator
Turn-of-Nut Method
 Turn-of-Nut Method
Installation Procedure:
Check bolts and nuts for rust and lubrication
Install nut and washer with markings up
Washer, if installed, must be under the turned element

Step 1
Tighten bolt to snug tight condition
having all faying surfaces in tight contact
 Turn-of-Nut Method
Step 2
Match-Mark bolt tip,
nut and base steel
(this procedure is not required
By RCSC specification)

Step 3
Rotate nut specified
Turn-of-Nut amount

Note: Bolt may be tightened by turning the bolt head

Turn-of-Nut Match-Marking
Turn-of-Nut Method

Check for rotated Tolerance

For 1/3 turn, +/- 30 degrees

For 1/2 turn, +/- 30 degrees
For 2/3 turn, +/- 45 degrees

Step 4
 Turn-of-Nut Method

The turn-of-nut method of

installation is reliable and
produces bolt pretensions that
are consistently above the
prescribed values.
Direct Tension Indicator Bolts
ASTM F1852-08 Twist-Off Bolts
Direct Tension Indicator Bolts
Direct Tension Indicator Washers
Direct Tension Indicator Washers
 Bolt Types
Bolts:
High Strength Bolts
A325
A490
F1852

ASME Bolts
Grade 5
Grade 8
 Bolted Joint Types

Two basic bolted joint types:

Bearing - load is transferred between members by bearing on the bolts
Slip-critical - load is transferred between members by friction in the joint
 Common Simple Connections

Single shear plate

R = 52 kips

1 A325 HS bolts

Snug Tight
A325 X Shear-Bearing threads excluded 3 bolts $21.00
A325 N Shear-Bearing threads included 4 bolts $28.00
Pre-tensioned
A325 X Shear-Bearing threads excluded 3 bolts $30.00
A325 N Shear-Bearing threads included 4 bolts $38.50
A325 SC Slip Critical 6 bolts $68.00
 Bearing Joints

In a bearing joint the connected elements are assumed to slip into bearing
against the body of the bolt
If the joint is designed as a bearing joint, the load is transferred through
bearing whether the bolt is installed snug-tight or pretensioned
 Threads in the Shear Plane
The shear plane is the
plane between two or
more pieces of steel.
The threads of a HS bolt
may or may not be
assumed to be included in
the shear plane; however,
based on the fixed length
Threads Included In The Shear Plane
of thread, it is highly
unlikely.
The bolt capacity is
greater with the threads
are assumed to be
excluded from the shear
plane
The most commonly used
bolt is an ASTM A325 3/4
HS bolt with the threads Threads Excluded From The Shear Plane
assumed to be included in
the shear plane
 Slip-Critical Joints

In a slip-critical joint the bolts must be fully pre-tensioned .

This force develops frictional resistance between the connected elements
The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without slipping
into bearing, although the bolts must still be designed for bearing
The slip critical joint faying surfaces may require preparation
 Bolted Joint Failure Modes

Bearing
Bearing Bearing
Fracture
Yield Fracture

Bearing
Yield

Bolts in bearing joints are designed to meet two limit states:

1. Yielding, which is an inelastic deformation (above left)
2. Fracture, which is a failure of the joint (above left)
The material the bolt bears against is also subject to yielding or fracture if it is
undersized for the load (above right)
Tension connections act similarly to bearing connections
 Steel Frame Connection Types

The Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2005) defines two
types of connections:
Simple Connections AISC Manual Parts 9 & 10 (above left)
Moment Connections (above right)
Fully-Restrained - AISC Manual Part 12 and
Partially-Restrained - AISC Manual Part 11
Steel Frame Connection Types
All connections have some
amount of rigidity
Simple connections (A) have
some rigidity, but are
assumed to be free to rotate
Partially-Restrained (B and
C) PR moment connections
are designed to be semi-
rigid, ie., limited rotational
resistance
Fully-Restrained (D and E)
FR moment connections are
designed to resist rotation,
ie., fully rigid
 Simple Connections

Designed as flexible
connections and are
assumed to be free to
rotate
Vertical shear forces
are the primary
forces transferred by
this connection
Require a lateral-
load-resisting system
for lateral stability
 Common Simple Connections

Double Angle Connection Single Plate Connection (Shear Tab)

(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)

 Common Simple Connections

Shear End Plate Connection Single Angle Connection

(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)

Common Simple Connections

Seated Connection Tee Connection

(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)

Moment Connections

Designed as rigid
connections which allow
little or no rotation
Used in rigid frames
Moment and vertical shear
forces are transferred
through the connection
Two types of moment
connections are permitted:
Fully-Restrained
Partially-Restrained
 Moment Connections

Fully-Restrained (FR) Connections Partially-Restrained (PR) Connections

 Common FR Connections

Welded Flange Plate Connection Bolted Flange Plate Connection

(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)

 Common FR Connections

Welded Flange Connection Bolted Extended End-Plate

(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)

 Common PR Connections

PR Moment Connection Wind Only Top and Bottom Angle with Shear End Plate
Connection
 Frequently asked questions
What do the marks indicate on the head of a bolt?
How do you select a fastener size or grade?
Is it okay to use a mild steel nut with a high strength bolt?
What is the best way to confirm a bolts tension?
Does it matter whether the bolt head or the nut is tightened?
Should a washer always be used under the bolt head and nut ?
How tight is snug tight?
Explain Torque, Turn-of-Nut, Calibrated Wrench, and Direct
Tension Control
Why arent all joints specified as slip-critical?
CONNECTIONS
Questions?
 cost of steel framing
Material
Tonnage, Shapes, Grade
Detailing
Fabrication
Shipping
Erection
Schedule Length Overhead Costs
 cost of steel framing
Vertical Lateral
Frame Study
4 Type Comparison
 lateral-load-resisting system

Chevron
bracing
system

40
lateral-load-resisting system

Tension x-
bracing
system

41
lateral-load-resisting system
Field-bolted moment frame

42
lateral-load-resisting system
Field-welded moment frame

43
lateral-load-resisting system efficiency
Chevron Braced X-bracing (Tension) Field Bolted Field Welded
Frame Braced Frame Moment Frame Moment Frame
Number of pieces 294 294 282 282

Weight (Tons) 190.7 190.6 253.2 250.8

Number of Bolts 1980 2340 3200 1850

Shop Labor/Ton 9.5 9.5 13.2 12

Field Labor/Ton 3.15 3.45 3.59 5.04

Cranes 8 Days 8 Days 9 Days 8 Days

Man Lifts 3ML x 2W 3ML x 2W 3ML x 3W 3ML x 3W

Shop Detail 16 sheets 17 sheets 20 sheets 18 sheets

Drawings
Installation 6 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks 8 weeks
Schedule

Courtesy: William Treharne, Director of Engineering, Midwest Steel

Don Makins, President, MBM Fabricators
44
lateral-load-resisting system efficiency
Chevron X-bracing Field Bolted Field Welded
Braced Frame (Tension) Moment Frame Moment Frame
Braced Frame
Material $174,035 $174,520 $232,077 $227,677

Detailing $20,000 $20,000 $18,000 $17,000

Shop and Field Labor $141,132 $145,565 $242,332 $265,012

Equipment $5,500 $5,500 $7,425 $7,150

Inspection $1,000 $1,000 $2,000 $2,500

Shipping $16,000 $16,000 $23,000 $21,000

Total $357,667 $362,585 $524,834 $540,339

Cost/Ton $1,876 $1,902 $2,073 $2,154
Cost/sq.ft. $8.83 $8.95 $12.96 $13.34

Courtesy: William Treharne, Director of Engineering, Midwest Steel

Don Makins, President, MBM Fabriators
CONSTRUCTABILITY

Design with construction in mind