Romance Languages Vocabulary: Personal Pronouns

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English French Italian Spanish Portuguese

Subject Pronouns

I je io yo eu

you (singular, familiar) tu tu t / vos tu

you (singular, formal) vous Lei usted voc / o senhor / a senhora

he / it (masculine) il lui l ele

she / it (feminine) elle lei ella ela

we nous / on noi nosotros ns

you (plural, familiar) vous voi vosotros vs

you (plural, formal) vous Loro ustedes vocs / os senhores / as senhoras

they (masculine) ils loro ellos eles

they (feminine) elles loro ellas elas

Direct Object Pronouns

me me mi me me

you (singular, familiar) te ti te te

you (singular, formal) vous la lo / la o/a

him / it (masculine) le lo lo o

her / it (feminine) la la la a

us nous ci nos nos

you (plural, familiar) vous vi os vos

you (plural, formal) vous le los / las os / as

them (masculine) les li los os

English French Italian Spanish Portuguese

them (feminine) les li las as

Indirect Object Pronouns

me me mi me me

you (singular, familiar) te ti te te

you (singular, formal) vous le le lhe

him / it (masculine) lui gli le lhe

her / it (feminine) lui le le lhe

us nous ci nos nos

you (plural, familiar) vous vi os vos

you (plural, formal) vous Loro les lhes

them (masc. & fem.) leur loro les lhes

Stressed Pronouns / Object of prepositions

me moi me m mim

you (singular, familiar) toi te t ti

you (singular, formal) vous Lei usted voc / o senhor / a senhora

him / it (masculine) lui lui l ele

her / it (feminine) elle lei ella ela

us nous noi nosotros nos

you (plural, familiar) vous voi vosotros vos

you (plural, formal) vous Loro ustedes vocs / os senhores / as senhoras

them (masculine) eux loro ellos eles

them (feminine) elles loro ellas elas

Reexive Pronouns

myself me mi me me

yourself (singular, familiar) te ti te te

yourself (singular, formal) vous si se se

himself / herself / itself se si se se

ourselves nous ci nos nos

yourselves (plural, familiar) vous vi os vos

yourselves (plural, formal) vous vi se se

themselves (masc. & fem.) se si se se

1. The subject pronouns are required with verbs in French since many conjugations are pronounced the same, but they are not required in Italian, Spanish or Portuguese. In all four
languages, the masculine plural is used to refer to a group of nouns of both genders (i.e. when they refers to a group of men and women.)

2. In French, je is reduced to j' before a verb beginning with a vowel or h. In familiar language, tu is reduced to t' in the same situations.

3. The singular formal you in French (vous) uses the conjugation identical to the plural you form, whereas in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, singular formal you uses the third
person singular conjugation identical to the he / she / it form and plural formal you uses the third person plural conjugation indentical to the they form.

4. French often uses the subject pronoun on in place of nous to mean we, they, the people, etc. but it uses the third person singular verb conjugation instead of the plural form. The
corresponding stressed pronoun is soi. On is also the indenite pronoun corresponding to one in English.

5. Some antiquated subject pronouns in Italian that you may come across in literature include Egli instead of Lei for singular formal you; egli and ella instead of lui and lei for he
and she; esso and essa instead of lui and lei for it (m / f), and esse and essi instead of loro for they (m / f) when referring to things and not people. Esso / essa / esse / essi can
also be used as stressed pronouns when referring to things.

6. The other singular familiar you in Spanish, vos, is used in several Latin America countries, but not in Spain. In some countries, vos replaces t, and in other countries, both
pronouns are used. See the article on voseo at Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voseo) for more information.

7. The plural familiar you in Spanish (vosotros) is used in most parts of Spain, but not in Latin America, where it is replaced by ustedes.

8. There is another subject/stressed pronoun in Spanish (ello) meaning it, with a corresponding neuter denite article lo, which changes an adjective into a noun. For example, lo
til - what is useful, lo bueno - what is good.

9. Most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese do not use tu or vs as subject pronouns, but instead just use the third person pronouns and conjugations (voc and vocs for singular
and plural familiar and o senhor / a senhora and os senhores / as senhoras for singular and plural formal). Tu can be familiar in some parts of Brazil, especially in the south, with
the verb conjugated in the third person singular in colloquial language, though the familiar plural is always vocs. Tu is familiar and voc is semiformal in Portugal, with vs
considered very formal and rarely used nowadays. European Portuguese can drop subject pronouns since the second or third person conjugation will indicate whether you is
formal or familiar, but Brazilian Portuguese tends to use the pronouns to avoid ambiguity since only the third person conjugation is used. In colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, voc
and vocs can also be reduced to c and cs.

10. In Portuguese, a gente is often used to replace ns to mean we in familiar language, but it uses the third person singular verb conjugation instead of the plural form. A gente, of
course, also means people.

11. In both Spanish and Portuguese, the direct object pronouns for you (singular, formal) and you (plural, formal) are also divided into masculine and feminine. They are identical to
the third person forms.

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