GMAT Full-Length Test 1

Directions:

1. Do not mark anything on the test paper (treat it as if it were computer screen). All answers have to be marked separately.
2. All scratch work has to be done on a separate sheet.
3. Answer each question. You cannot skip any question. You must mark answer to each question before proceeding to the next
question.
4. You cannot go back to any question / section.
5. You cannot change any answer once marked.
6. You must strive to finish the section. Unfinished section invites penalty.
7. Maintain decent pace throughout to be able to finish the section in the stipulated time.
8. If you finish a section before the stipulated time is over, please dont shift to the next section.
 Section 1 Quantitative 37 questions 75 minutes

1. For students in class A, the range of heights is r and the greatest height is g. For students in class B, the
range of heights is s and the greatest height is h. Is the least height in class A greater than the least height in
class B?
(1) r < s (2) g > h

2. A hiker walking at a constant rate of 4 miles/hour is passed by a cyclist travelling in the same direction at a
constant rate of 20 miles/hour. The cyclist stops to wait for the hiker 5 minutes after passing her, while the
hiker continues to walk her constant rate. How many minutes must the cyclist wait until the runner catches
up?
(A) 6 2/3 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 25 (E) 26 2/3

3. If y > 0, what is the value of x? (1) |x 3| > y (2) |x 3| < y

4. Imagine an equilateral triangle ABC inscribed in a circle. If the length of arc ABC is 24, what is the
approximate diameter of the circle?
(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 11 (D) 15 (E) 19

5. In a sequence an = an 1 + k, where 2 n 15 and k is a nonzero constant. How many terms in the

sequence are greater than 10?
1) a1 = 24 2) a8 = 10

6. Is |x y| > |x| |y|? (1) y < x (2) x y < 0

7. If z y < x y < 0, is |x z| + |x| = |z|? (1) z < x (2) y < 0

8. This year Henry will save a certain amount of his income, and he will spend the rest. Next year Henry will
have no income, but for each dollar that he saves this year, he will have 1 + r dollars available to spend. In
terms of r, what fraction of his income should Henry save this year so that next year the amount he has
available to spend will be equal to half the amount that he spends this year?
(A) 1 / (r+2) (B) 1 / (2r+s) (C) 1 / (3r+2) (D) 1 / (r+3) (E) 1 / (2r+3)

9. In a demographic study, the population and total income of a certain region were estimated from other data,
and both estimates had upper and lower limits. At the time of the estimates, was the per capita income for
the region greater than $16,500?
(1) The lower limit for the estimate of the population was 330,000 people.
(2) The lower limit for the estimate of the total income was $5,500,000,000.

10. If M is a positive odd integer, what is the average of a certain set of M integers?
(1) The integers in the set are consecutive multiples of 3
(2) The median of the set of integers is 33

11. When a certain tree was planted, it was 4 ft tall, and the height of the tree increased by a constant amount
each year for the next 6 years. At the end of the 6th year, the tree was 1/5 taller than it was at the end of
the 4th year. By how many feet did the height of the tree increase each year?
(A) 3/10 (B) 2/5 (C) 1/2 (D) 2/3 (E) 6/5

12. A certain stock exchange designates each stock with a one, two, or three letter code, where each letter is
selected from the 26 letters of the alphabet. If the letters may be repeated and if the same letters used in a
different order constitute a different code, how many different stocks is it possible to uniquely designate with
these codes?
(A) 2951 (B) 8125 (C) 15600 (D) 16302 (E) 18278

13. If the prime numbers p and t are the only prime factors of the integer m, is m a multiple of p2t?
(1) m has more than 9 positive factors. (2) m is a multiple of p3

14. The positive integer k has exactly two positive prime factors, 3 and 7. If k has a total of 6 positive factors,
including 1 and k, what is the value of k?
(1) 32 is a factor of k (2) 72 is NOT a factor of k.

15. If K is a positive integer, is K the square of an integer?

(1) K is divisible by 4 (2) K is divisible by exactly four primes
2
16. A rectangular circuit board is designed to have width w inches, perimeter p inches, and area k square inches.
Which of the following equations must be true?
(A) w2 + pw + k = 0 (B) w2 pw + 2k = 0
2
(C) 2w + pw + 2k = 0 (D) 2w2 pw 2k = 0
2
(E) 2w pw + 2k = 0

17. Are x and y both positive? (1) 2x 2y = 1 (2) x/y > 1

18. Two members of a club are to be selected to represent the club at a national meeting. If there are 190
different possible selections of the 2 members, how many members does the club have?
(A) 20 (B) 27 (C) 40 (D) 57 (E) 95

19. Each of the offices in a certain building has a floor area of 200, 300, or 350 square feet. How many offices
are on the first floor of the building?"
(1) There is a total of 9,500 square feet of office space on the first floor of the building
(2) Ten of the offices on the first floor have floor areas of 350 square feet each.

20. A certain library assesses fines for overdue books as follows. On the first day that a book is overdue, the total
fine is $0.10. For each additional day that the book is overdue, the total fine is increased by $0.30 or doubled,
whichever results in a lesser amount. What is the total for a book on the fourth day it is overdue?
(A) $0.60 (B) $0.70 (C) $0.80 (D) $0.90 (E) $1.00

21. Is
  3 = 3 x (1) x not equal to 3 (2) x |x| > 0

22. If n denotes a number to the left of 0 on the number line such that the square of n is less than 1/100, then
the reciprocal of n must be
(A) less than 10 (B) between 1 and 1/10 (C) between 1/10 and 0
(D) between 0 and 1/10 (E) greater than 10

23. Some of the students enrolled at college T are parttime students and the rest are fulltime. By what percent
did the number of fulltime students enrolled at college T increase from fall of 1999 to the fall of 2000?
(1) There were 50 more fulltime students enrolled at college T in the fall of 2000 than in the fall of 1999.
(2) The total number of students enrolled at college T increased by 5 percent from the fall of 1999 to the fall
of 2000.

24. In a certain year the United Nations total expenditures were $1.6billion. Of this amount, 67.8 percent was
paid by the 6 highestcontributing countries, and the balance was paid by the remaining 153 countries. Was
Country X among the 6 highestcontributing countries?
(1) 56 percent of the total expenditures was paid by the 4 highestcontributing countries, each of which paid
more than Country X.
(2) Country X paid 4.8 percent of the total expenditures.

25. At a certain store, each notepad costs x dollars and each marker costs y dollars. If $10 is enough to buy 5
notepads and 3 markers, is $10 enough to buy 4 notepads and 4 markers instead?
(1) Each notepad costs less than $1. (2) $10 is enough to buy 11 notepads

26. A basket contains 5 apples, of which 1 is spoiled and the rest are good. If Henry is to select 2 apples from the
basket simultaneously and at random, what is the probability that the 2 apples will include the spoiled apple?
(A) 1/5 (B) 3/10 (C) 2/5 (D) 1/2 (E) 3/5

27. If the integer n is greater than 1, is n equal to 2?

(1) n has exactly two positive factors
(2) The difference between any two distinct positive factors is odd.

28. If n is an integer, is n odd?

(1) n/3 is divisible by 3 (2) 2n has twice as many factors as n

29. What is the average (arithmetic mean) height of the n people in a certain group?
(1) The average height of the n/3 tallest people in the group is 6 feet and 2 inches and the average height
of the remaining people in the group is 5 feet and 10 inches.
(2) The sum of the heights of the people is 178 feet and 9 inches.

3
30. In the figure shown, what is the value of x?

(1) The length of line segment QR is equal to the length of the line segment RS.
(2) The length of line segment ST is equal to the length of the line segment TU.

31. Marta bought several pencils. If each pencil was either 23 cents or 21 cents, how many 23 cents pencil did
Marta buy?
(1) Marta bought a total of 6 pencils.
(2) The total value of pencil Marta bought was 130 cents.

32. An employee of Company Z is an employee of either Division X or Division Y, but not both. If each division
has some parttime employees, is the ratio of the number of fulltime employees to the number of parttime
employees greater for division X than for company Z?
(1) The ratio of the number of fulltime employees to the number of parttime employees is less for Division
Y than for company Z.
(2) More than half of the fulltime employees of Company Z are employees of Division X, and more than half
of the parttime employees of Company Z are employees of Division Y
33.

The figure shows the top side of a circular medallion made of a circular piece of colored glass surrounded by
a metal frame, represented by the shaded region. If the radius of the medallion is r centimeters and the width
of the metal frame is centimeters, then in terms of s and r, what is the area of the metal frame, in square
centimeters?
(A) (r s)2 (B) (r2 s2) (C) 2 (r s) (D) r (2r s) (E) s (2r s)

34. Of the 1400 teachers surveyed 42% said that they considered engaging in research an essential goal. How
many of the teachers surveyed were women?
(1) In the survey 36% of the men and 50% of the women said that they considered engaging in research an
essential goal.
(2) In the survey 288 men said that they considered engaging in research an essential goal.

35. If x and y are positive integers and x = 8y + 12, what is greatest common divisor of x and y? Given u and z
are also positive integers.
(1) x = 12 u (2) y = 12 z

36. Lines n and p lie in the xy plane. Is the slope of the line n less than the slope of line p?
(1) Lines n and p intersect at (5, 1).
(2) The yintercept of line n is greater than yintercept of line p

37. For any positive integer n, the length of n is defined as the number of prime factors whose product is n. For
example, the length of 75 is 3, since 75 = 3 x 5 x 5. How many two digit positive integers have length 6?
(A) None (B) One (C) Two (D) Three (E) Four

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Section 2 - Verbal - 41 Questions, 75 minutes
1. Unlike the conviction held by many of her
colleagues that genes were relatively simple and
static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own
more complicated ideas about how genes might
operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was
awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the
genes in corn are capable of moving from one
chromosomal site to another.
A. Unlike the conviction held by many of her
colleagues that genes were relatively simple and
static
B. Although many of her colleagues were of the
conviction of genes being relatively simple and
static
C. Contrary to many of her colleagues being
convinced that genes were relatively simple and
static
D. Even though many of her colleagues were
convinced that genes were relatively simple and
static
E. Even with many of her colleagues convinced of
genes being relatively simple and static
2. For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave
lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known
as shades, each a roof of poles and arrowweed
supported by posts set in a rectangle.
A. each a roof of poles and arrowweed
B. each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are
being
C. with each being a roof of poles and arrowweed
D. with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be
E. with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are
5
3. Spanish poet Juan Ramn Jimnez, who won the
Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed
in his later years by what he considered the
excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two
collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
A. so embarrassed in his later years by what he
considered the excessive sentiment in the poems
in his first two collections, he destroyed
B. and was so embarrassed in his later years by what
he considered as the excessive sentiment in the
poems in his first two collections that he
destroyed
C. in his later years he was so embarrassed by what
he considered as the excessive sentiment in the
poems in his first two collections, destroying
D. was so embarrassed in his later years by what he
considered the excessive sentiment in the poems
in his first two collections that he destroyed
E. because he was so embarrassed in his later years
by what he considered as the excessive sentiment
in the poems in his first two collections,
destroying
Q4 to Q6:
The idea that equipping homes with electrical
appliances and other modern household technologies
would eliminate drudgery, save labor time, and
increase leisure for women who were full-time home
workers remained largely unchallenged until the
womens movement of the 1970s spawned the
groundbreaking and influential works of sociologist
Joann Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan. Vanek
analyzed 40 years of time use surveys conducted by
home economists to argue that electrical appliances
and other modern household technologies reduced the
effort required to perform specific tasks, but
ownership of these appliances did not correlate with
less time spent on housework by full-time home
workers. In fact, time spent by these workers
remained remarkably constantat about 52 to 54
hours per weekfrom the 1920s to the 1960s, a
period of significant change in household technology.
In surveying two centuries of household technology in
the United States, Cowan argued that the
industrialization of the home often resulted in more
work for full-time home workers because the use of
such devices as coal stoves, water pumps, and
vacuum cleaners tended to reduce the workload of
married-womens helpers (husbands, sons, daughters,
and servants) while promoting a more rigorous
standard of housework. The full-time home workers
duties also shifted to include more household
management, child care, and the post-Second World
War phenomenon of being Moms taxi.
6
4. According to the passage, which of the following
is true about the idea mentioned in line 1?
A. It has been undermined by data found in time-use
surveys conducted by home economists.
B. It was based on a definition of housework that
was explicitly rejected by Vanek and Cowan.
C. It is more valid for the time period studied by
Cowan than for the time period studied by Vanek.
D. It is based on an underestimation of the time that
married women spent on housework prior to the
industrialization of the household.
E. It inaccurately suggested that new household
technologies would reduce the effort required to
perform housework.
5. The passage is primarily concerned with
A. analyzing a debate between two scholars
B. challenging the evidence on which a new theory is
based
C. describing how certain scholars work countered a
prevailing view
D. presenting the research used to support a
traditional theory
E. evaluating the methodology used to study a
particular issue
6. The passage suggests that Vanek and Cowan
would agree that modernizing household
technology did not
A. reduce the workload of servants and other
household helpers
B. raise the standard of housework that women who
were full-time home workers set for themselves
C. decrease the effort required to perform household
tasks
D. reduce the time spent on housework by women
who were full-time home workers
E. result in a savings of money used for household
maintenance
Q7 to Q10:
In recent years, Western business managers have
been heeding the exhortations of business journalists
and academics to move their companies toward long-
term, collaborative strategic partnerships with their
external business partners (e.g., suppliers). The
experts advice comes as a natural reaction to
numerous studies conducted during the past decade
that compared Japanese production and supply
practices with those of the rest of the world. The link
between the success of a certain well-known
Japanese automaker and its effective management
of its suppliers, for example, has led to an
unquestioning belief within Western management
circles in the value of strategic partnerships. Indeed, in
the automobile sector all three United States
manufacturers and most of their European competitors
have launched programs to reduce their total number
of suppliers and move toward having strategic
partnerships with a few.
However, new research concerning supplier
relationships in various industries demonstrates that
the widespread assumption of Western managers and
business consultants that Japanese firms manage their
suppliers primarily through strategic partnerships is
unjustified. Not only do Japanese firms appear to
conduct a far smaller proportion of their business
through strategic partnerships than is commonly
believed, but they also make extensive use of market-
exchange relationships, in which either party can turn
to the marketplace and shift to different business
partners at will, a practice usually associated with
Western manufacturers.
7. The passage is primarily concerned with
A. examining economic factors that may have
contributed to the success of certain Japanese
companies
B. discussing the relative merits of strategic
partnerships as compared with those of market-
exchange relationship
C. challenging the validity of a widely held
assumption about how Japanese firms operate
D. explaining why Western companies have been
slow to adopt a particular practice favored by
Japanese companies
E. pointing out certain differences between Japanese
and Western supplier relationships
7
8. According to the passage, the advice referred to
in the passage was a response to which of the
following?
A. A recent decrease in the number of available
suppliers within the United States automobile
industry
B. A debate within Western management circles
during the past decade regarding the value of
strategic partnerships
C. The success of certain European automobile
manufacturers that have adopted strategic
partnerships
D. An increase in demand over the past decade for
automobiles made by Western manufacturers
E. Research comparing Japanese business practices
with those of other nations
9. The author mentions the success of a certain
well-known Japanese automaker most probably
in order to
A. demonstrate some of the possible reasons for the
success of a certain business practice
B. cite a specific case that has convinced Western
business experts of the value of a certain business
practice
C. describe specific steps taken by Western
automakers that have enabled them to compete
more successfully in a global market
D. introduce a paradox about the effect of a certain
business practice in Japan
E. indicate the need for Western managers to
change their relationships with their external
business partners
10. Which of the following is most clearly an example
of the practice referred to in the last sentence of
the passage?
A. A department store chain that employs a single
buyer to procure all the small appliances to be
sold in its stores
B. An automobile manufacturer that has used the
same supplier of a particular axle component for
several years in a row
C. A hospital that contracts only with union
personnel to staff its nonmedical positions
D. A municipal government that decides to cancel its
contract with a waste disposal company and
instead hire its own staff to perform that function
E. A corporation that changes the food-service
supplier for its corporate headquarters several
times over a five-year period as part of a cost-
cutting campaign.
11. In 1992 outlaw fishing boats began illegally
harvesting lobsters from the territorial waters of
the country of Belukia. Soon after, the annual
tonnage of lobster legally harvested in Belukian
waters began declining; in 1996, despite there
being no reduction in the level of legal lobster
fishing activity, the local catch was 9,000 tons
below pre-1992 levels. It is therefore highly likely
that the outlaw fishing boats harvested about
9,000 tons of lobster illegally that year.
Which of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?
A. The illegal lobster harvesting was not so extensive
that the population of catchable lobsters in
Belukias territorial waters had sharply declined by
1996.
B. The average annual lobster catch, in tons, of an
outlaw fishing boat has increased steadily since
1992.
C. Outlaw fishing boats do not, as a group, harvest
more lobsters than do licensed lobster-fishing
boats.
D. The annual legal lobster harvest in Belukia in 1996
was not significantly less than 9,000 tons.
E. A significant proportion of Belukias operators of
licensed lobster-fishing boats went out of business
between 1992 and 1996.
12. Despite the growing number of people who
purchase plane tickets online, airline executives
are convinced that, just as one-third of bank
customers still prefer human tellers to automatic
teller machines, many travelers will still use travel
agents.
A. growing number of people who purchase plane
tickets online, airline executives are convinced
that, just as one-third of bank customers still
prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines,
many travelers will
B. growing number of people who purchase plane
tickets online, airline executives are convinced,
just as one-third of bank customers still prefer
human tellers to automatic teller machines, that
many travelers would
C. growing number of people purchasing plane
tickets online, airline executives are convinced,
just as one-third of bank customers still prefer
human tellers as compared to automatic teller
machines, many travelers will
D. fact that the number of people purchasing plane
tickets online is growing, airline executives are
convinced, just as one-third of bank customers
still prefer human tellers as compared to
automatic teller machines, that many travelers
would
E. fact that the number of people who purchase
plane tickets online are growing, airline executives
are convinced that, just as one-third of bank
customers still prefer human tellers compared
with automatic teller machines, many travelers
would
8
13. Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium
transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally
deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval
stage from feeding on infected whitefooted mice.
However, certain other species on which the
larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium.
Therefore, if the population of these other species
were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the
bacteriumand hence the number of people
contracting Lyme diseasewould likely decline.
Which of the following, if true, most
strengthens the argument?
A. Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences
from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme
disease in humans.
B. There are no known cases of a humans
contracting Lyme disease through contact with
white-footed mice.
C. A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval
stage.
D. A single host animal can be the source of bacteria
for many tick larvae.
E. None of the other species on which deer tick
larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks
transmit to humans.
14. Not one of the potential investors is expected to
make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a
merger agreement is signed that includes a
provision for penalties if the deal were not to be
concluded.
A. is expected to make an offer to buy First
Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is
signed that includes a provision for penalties if the
deal were
B. is expected to make an offer for buying First
Interstate Bank until they sign a merger
agreement including a provision for penalties if
the deal was
C. is expected to make an offer to buy First
Interstate Bank until a merger agreement be
signed by them with a provision for penalties if
the deal were
D. are expected to make an offer for buying First
Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement
with a provision for penalties included if the deal
was
E. are expected to be making an offer to buy First
Interstate Bank until they sign a merger
agreement including a provision for penalties if
the deal were
15. Driving the steep road to the mountaintop Inca
ruins of Machu Picchu is potentially dangerous and
hiking there is difficult. Now the Peruvian
government is installing a cable car that will make
access much easier, and hence result in a large
increase in tourism. However, since the presence
of large numbers of tourists tends to accelerate
the deterioration of a site, installation of the cable
car is certain to result in harm to the ruins.
Which of the following, if true, most
seriously calls into question the argument?
A. The daily number of tourists that are expected to
take the cable car to Machu Picchu is smaller than
the original resident population of Incas.
B. The construction of the cable car terminal at
Machu Picchu will require the use of potentially
damaging heavy machinery at the site.
C. Machu Picchu is already one of the most popular
tourist sites in Peru.
D. Natural weathering will continue to be a more
significant cause of the deterioration of Machu
Picchu than tourist traffic.
E. The cable car will replace the tour buses whose
large wheels and corrosive exhaust at present do
significant damage to the site.
16. As the etched lines on computer memory chips
have become thinner and the chips circuits more
complex, both the power of the chips and the
electronic devices they drive have vastly
increased.
A. the chips circuits more complex, both the power
of the chips and the electronic devices they drive
have
B. the chips circuits more complex, the power of
both the chips and the electronic devices they
drive has
C. the chips circuits are more complex, both the
power of the chips and the electronic devices they
drive has
D. their circuits are more complex, the power of both
the chips and the electronic devices they drive
have
E. their circuits more complex, both the power of the
chips and the electronic devices they drive have
9
17. As a large corporation in a small country, Hachnut
wants its managers to have international
experience, so each year it sponsors
management education abroad for its
management trainees. Hachnut has found,
however, that the attrition rate of graduates from
this program is very high, with many of them
leaving Hachnut to join competing firms soon
after completing the program. Hachnut does use
performance during the program as a criterion in
deciding among candidates for management
positions, but both this function and the goal
of providing international experience could
be achieved in other ways. Therefore, if the
attrition problem cannot be successfully
addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the
sponsorship program.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced
portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first describes a practice that the argument
seeks to justify; the second states a judgment
that is used in support of a justification for that
practice.
B. The first describes a practice that the argument
seeks to explain; the second presents part of the
arguments explanation of that practice.
C. The first introduces a practice that the argument
seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds
for holding that the practice cannot achieve its
objective.
D. The first introduces a policy that the argument
seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds
for holding that the policy is not needed.
E. The first introduces a consideration supporting a
policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the
second provides evidence for concluding that the
policy should be abandoned.
18. The population of India has been steadily
increasing for decades, and it will probably have
what is estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050
and surpass China as the worlds most populous
nation.
A. it will probably have what is estimated as
B. they are likely to have
C. the country will probably have
D. there will probably be
E. there will be an estimated
19. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each
other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar
highlights an interesting and often overlooked
feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary
considerably on a spectrum of genetic
relatedness.
A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each
other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar
highlights an interesting and often overlooked
feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary
considerably
B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other
greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights
an interesting and often overlooked feature of
fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary
considerably
C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other
greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it
highlights an interesting and often overlooked
feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely
considerable variation
D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other
greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a
fact that highlights an interesting and often
overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely
a considerable variation
E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other
greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact
highlights an interesting and often overlooked
feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary
considerably
20. In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of
the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until
completion, and that literary critic Samuel
Johnson, Popes contemporary, pronounced the
greatest translation in any language.
A. his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him
seven years until completion, and that literary
critic Samuel Johnson, Popes contemporary,
pronounced
B. his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him
seven years to complete and that literary critic
Samuel Johnson, Popes contemporary,
pronounced
C. his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken
seven years to complete and that literary critic
Samuel Johnson, Popes contemporary,
pronounced it as
D. translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years
until completion and that literary critic Samuel
Johnson, Popes contemporary, pronounced it as
E. translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven
years to complete and literary critic Samuel
Johnson, Popes contemporary, pronounced it
10
21. Scientists have made genetic modifications to
cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests.
According to farmers report, the amount of
insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests
was only slightly lower for those who tried the
modified seed than for those who did not.
Therefore, since the modified seed costs more
than ordinary seed without producing yields of
higher market value, switching to the modified
seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton
farmers economically.
Which of the following would it be most
useful to know in order to evaluate the
argument?
A. Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton
seed had ever tried growing other crops from
genetically modified seed
B. Whether the insecticides typically used on
ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than
insecticides typically used on other crops
C. Whether for most farmers who grow cotton it is
their primary crop
D. Whether the farmers who have tried the modified
seed planted as many acres of cotton, on
average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did
E. Whether most of the farmers who tried the
modified seed did so because they had previously
had to use exceptionally large quantities of
insecticide
22. The violent crime rate (number of violent crimes
per 1,000 residents) in Meadowbrook is 60
percent higher now than it was four years ago.
The corresponding increase for Parkdale is only 10
percent. These figures support the conclusion that
residents of Meadowbrook are more likely to
become victims of violent crime than are residents
of Parkdale.
The argument above is flawed because it
fails to take into account
A. changes in the population density of both
Parkdale and Meadowbrook over the past four
years
B. how the rate of population growth in
Meadowbrook over the past four years compares
to the corresponding rate for Parkdale
C. the ratio of violent to nonviolent crimes committed
during the past four years in Meadowbrook and
Parkdale
D. the violent crime rates in Meadowbrook and
Parkdale four years ago
E. how Meadowbrooks expenditures for crime
prevention over the past four years compare to
Parkdales expenditures
Q23 to Q25:
Companies that must determine well in advance of the
selling season how many unites of a new product to
manufacture often underproduce products that sell
well and have overstocks of others. The increased
incidence in recent years of mismatches between
production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-
sale scanners have improved data on consumers
buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has
enabled companies to produce, cost-effectively, small
quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has
greatly increased the number of new products
introduced annually in the United States. However,
frequent introductions of new products have two
problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the
average lifetime of products; more of them are neither
at the beginning of their life (when prediction is
difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping
inventory is expensive because the products will soon
become obsolete). For another, as new products
proliferate, demand is divided among a growing
number of stock-keeping units (SKUs). Even though
manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate
demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately
how that demand will be distributed among the many
SKUs they sell is difficult. For example, a company
may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate
number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain
about which specific types of shoes will sell more than
other types.
11
23. Which of the following most accurately describes
the function of the last sentence in the passage?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand
is more important than the distribution of demand
among SKUs
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of
flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies ability
to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which
companies address the difficulties of forecasting
demand
E. To note an exception to the authors assertion
about distributing demand among SKUs
24. The passage suggests which of the following
about divided demand among a growing number
of SKUs?
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailers attempts to predict
demand more accurately and avoid both
understocks and overstocks.
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing
by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping
inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting
aggregate demand with some certainty.
25. According to the passage, which of the following
has led to growth in the number of new products
introduced in the United States each year?
A. Reduced average lifetime of products
B. Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C. More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for
products
D. Cost-effective production of small quantities of
goods
E. Increased ability to divide demand among a
number of SKUs and to forecast how that
demand will be distributed among those SKUs
26. Tourists have long complained that hotel
accommodations in Midville are too expensive.
Starting last year, the city council, hoping to
attract more tourists, lowered the hotel tax rate to
5 percent of room charges. By the end of last
year, Midville had taken in no less money from
hotel taxes than it did the year before, so an
examination of the hotel records will show that
more tourists stayed in city hotels last year than
the year before.
Which of the following is an assumption on
which the argument depends?
A. The tourists who stayed in Midville hotels last year
were aware that the hotel tax rate had been
lowered.
B. The average price of hotel accommodations in
Midville was not significantly higher than in hotels
in other cities either last year or the year before.
C. The average length of a tourists stay in Midville
hotels was not longer last year than it had been
the year before.
D. There were significantly more efforts to publicize
Midville as a tourist destination last year than
there had been the year before.
E. On average, tourists in Midville did not spend
significantly more on meals last year than they did
on hotels accommodations.
27. In Scotland, the number of wild salmon have been
reduced because of uncontrolled deep-sea and
costal netting, by pollution, and by various other
threats to the fishs habitat.
A. number of wild salmon have been reduced
because of uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal
netting
B. number of wild salmon is reduced because deep-
sea and coastal netting is not controlled
C. numbers of wild salmon has been reduced
because of uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal
netting
D. wild salmons numbers are reduced by deep-sea
and coastal netting that is not controlled
E. wild salmons numbers have been reduced by
uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting
28. Many of the earliest known images of Hindu
deities in India date from the time of the Kushan
empire, fashioned either from the spotted
sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan gray schist.
A. empire, fashioned either from the spotted
sandstone of Mathura or
B. empire, fashioned from either the spotted
sandstone of Mathura or from
C. empire, either fashioned from the spotted
sandstone of Mathura or
D. empire and either fashioned from the spotted
sandstone of Mathura or from
E. empire and were fashioned either from the
spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
12
29. Lacking information about energy use, people
tend to overestimate the amount of energy used
by equipment, such as lights, that are visible and
must be turned on and off and underestimate that
used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water
heaters.
A. equipment, such as lights, that are visible and
must be turned on and off and underestimate that
B. equipment, such as lights, that are visible and
must be turned on and off and underestimate it
when
C. equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must
be turned on and off and underestimate it when
D. visible equipment, such as lights, that must be
turned on and off and underestimate that
E. visible equipment, such as lights, that must be
turned on and off and underestimate it when
30. Each year red-winged blackbirds stop in a certain
region of Midland Province on their spring and fall
migrations. In the fall, they eat a significant
portion of the provinces sunflower crop. This year
Midland farmers sought permits to set out small
amounts of poisoned rice during the blackbirds
spring stop in order to reduce the fall blackbird
population. Some residents voiced concern that
the rice could threaten certain species of rare
migratory birds. Nevertheless, the wildlife agency
approved the permits.
Which of the following, if true, most helps
to justify the wildlife agencys approval of
the permits, given the concerns voiced by
some residents?
A. In the region where the red-winged blackbirds
stop, they are the first birds to be present in the
spring.
B. The poison that farmers want to use does not kill
birds but rather makes them incapable of
producing viable eggs.
C. Since rice is not raised in Midland Province, few
species of birds native to the province normally
eat rice.
D. Without the permit, any farmers shown to have
set out poison for the blackbirds would be heavily
fined.
E. The poison that farmers got approval to use has
no taste or smell that would make it detectable by
birds.
31. At an orientation meeting, the travelers were told
that a visa, a landing card, and evidence of
inoculation against typhoid fever would be needed
by each of them.
A. a visa, a landing card, and evidence of inoculation
against typhoid fever would be needed by each of
them
B. they would need a visa, a landing card, and
evidence of their being inoculated against typhoid
fever
C. they would need evidence of being inoculated
against typhoid fever and a visa and landing card
D. they would each need a visa, a landing card, and
evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever
E. they would need visas, landing cards, and
evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever for
each of them

32. The town of Enderton is located in an area where

forest fires are quite common. During dry periods
and periods of persistent winds, when even a
spark can result in a fire that spreads over many
acres, the danger of fire there is particularly
serious. To help prevent forest fires in the area,
the town government plans to post a ban on
outdoor fires when such conditions prevail.
Which of the following, if true, provides the
strongest indication that the towns plan
will have at most a minor effect on the
annual number of forest fires in the
Enderton area?
A. Most of the tourists who visit the forests
surrounding Enderton also visit Enderton itself.
B. Although there are county fire fighters available to
combat forest fires in the area, Enderton itself has
no professional fire fighters.
C. Very few forest fires in the Enderton area result
from fires deliberately set by arsonists.
D. Nearly all forest fires in the Enderton area are the
result of lightning strikes.
E. The number of forest fires in the Enderton area
has not increased significantly in the last several
years.

13
Q33 to Q36:
Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of
phocids (true seals), a pinniped family, use a different
maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and sea
lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a
foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy
stores in the form of blubber before arriving at
breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after
birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk
production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3
years depending on the species, mother otariids
alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their
fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites.
Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocid
species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy in which
mother phocids, having accumulated large energy
stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast
throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts
from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However,
recent studies on harbor seals, a phocid species, found
that lactating females commenced foraging
approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average
made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their
24-day lactation period.
The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may
have to do with their small size and the large
proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation.
Harbor seals are small compared with other phocid
species such as grey seals, northern elephant seals,
and hooded seals, all of which are known to fast for
the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother
seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58
percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during
lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent
of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation,
even though they occasionally feed during this period.
Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is
exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly
cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored
before giving birth. Though smaller than many other
phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most
otariids. In addition, there is already some evidence
suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocid species that
is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a
maternal foraging strategy.
14
33. It can be inferred from the passage that the
females of all phocid species differ from the
females of all otariid species in that the female
phocids
A. have shorter lactation periods
B. consume more food during lactation
C. consume a higher proportion of fat stores
D. forage for food occasionally during their lactation
periods
E. deplete a smaller percentage of their fat stores
during their lactation periods
34. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present evidence that several phocid species use
the maternal fasting strategy
B. explain why the maternal strategy typically used
by phocids is different from the maternal strategy
used by otariids
C. argue that zoologists current understanding of
harbor seals maternal strategy is incorrect
D. describe an unexpected behavior observed in
harbor seals and propose an explanation that may
account for that behavior
E. describe evidence concerning the maternal
strategy of the harbor seal and suggest that the
harbor seal belongs to the otariid rather than to
the phocid family
35. According to the passage, until recently zoologists
believed which of the following about all phocid
mothers?
A. Their fasting periods after giving birth were
typically shorter than those of otariids.
B. Their lactation periods were generally as long as
those of comparably sized otariids.
C. They acquired only moderate energy stores in the
form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites.
D. They depleted less than a third of their stored
body fat during lactation.
E. The replenished their fat stores only after their
lactation period ended.
36. The author of the passage mentions ringed seals
most probably in order to
A. provide an example of a phocid species that fasts
throughout its entire lactation period
B. provide an example of a phocid species whose
maternal strategy is typical of phocid species
C. provide an example of a phocid species that may
deplete an even higher proportion of its fat stores
during lactation than harbor seals do
D. support the assertion that harbor seals are smaller
than many other phocids
E. support the assertion that harbor seals maternal
strategy may be related to their small size
37. Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike in
department stores, do very little impulse
shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a
boomerang when they come in for a basketball,
but they leave with a basketball only.
A. in department stores, do very little impulse
shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a
boomerang when they come in for a basketball,
but they leave with a basketball only
B. in department stores, shop impulsively very little;
someone who comes in for a basketball will leave
with a basketball only and not also buy a pair of
skis and a boomerang as well
C. those in department stores, do very little impulse
shopping, do not buy a pair of skis and a
boomerang when they come in for a basketball,
but leave with only a basketball
D. those in department stores, do very little impulse
shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball
will leave with a basketball only and not buy a pair
of skis and a boomerang as well
E. department stores, shop impulsively very little;
someone will not buy a pair of skis and a
boomerang when they come in for a basketball
but will leave with only a basketball
38. The total market value of real estate in Altonville
has steadily declined over the past four years.
This decline has meant that the overall figure on
which the citys property tax is basedthe
assessed value of that real estatehas also
declined. Moreover, the percentage of assessed
value that was paid as property taxes to the city
did not change during this period.
The information above most strongly
supports which of the following?
A. Money collected from property taxes provided
most of Altonvilles revenue during the past four
years.
B. The percentage of Altonvilles overall revenue that
was collected from property taxes did not change
over the past four years.
C. Altonville officials had proposed raising property
tax rates during the past four years but never did
so because of strong opposition from property
owners.
D. The total amount of revenue that Altonville has
collected from property taxes has declined over
the past four years.
E. During the past four years, Altonville officials also
did not increase tax rates on other sources of
revenue such as retail sales or business profits.
15
39. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than
are fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide, and
converting it to energy-rich sugars.
A. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than
are fungi
B. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than
fungi
C. Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring
carbon
D. Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring
carbon
E. Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi
40. Which of the following most logically
completes the argument given?
People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to
live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little
salt. Few of them suffer from high blood pressure,
and their blood pressure does not tend to increase
with age, as is common in industrialized countries.
Such people often do develop high blood pressure
when they move to cities and adopt high-salt
diets. Though suggestive, these facts do not
establish salt as the culprit in high blood pressure,
however, because ________.
A. genetic factors could account for the lack of
increase of blood pressure with age among such
people
B. people eating high-salt diets and living from birth
in cities in industrialized societies generally have a
tendency to have high blood pressure
C. it is possible to have a low-salt diet while living in
a city in an industrialized country
D. there are changes in other aspects of diet when
such people move to the city
E. salt is a necessity for human life, and death can
occur when the body loses too much salt
41. Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone
found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry
riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between
2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by
more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it
is known that humans made stone tools.
A. when it is known that humans made
B. at which it is known that humans had made
C. at which humans are known to have made
D. that humans are known to be making
E. of humans who were known to make
Quant could well be shorter than that of class b.

1. C insufficient
2. C
3. B (together)
4. C greatest height in class a = g - r
5. B greatest height in class b = h - s
6. B the given inequalities imply that g - r > h - s
7. D sufficient
8. E
2. C
9. E
10. C
Sol
11. D
12. E after the cyclist passes the pedestrian, their relative
13. B rate is 16 miles/hr (20 - 4, since they're traveling in
14. D
the same direction): in other words, the cyclist is going
15. E
to get 16 miles farther ahead of the pedestrian each
16. E
hour. so, in five minutes, which is 1/12 hour, the
17. C
18. A cyclist will go (16 mi/hr)(1/12 hr) = 4/3 miles ahead of

19. C the pedestrian.

20. D
21. B then, the cyclist must wait for the pedestrian to walk
22. A 4/3 mile. this takes t = d / r = (4/3 mi) / (4 mi/hr) =
23. E 1/3 hr = 20 minutes.
24. E
25. E
26. C 3. B
27. B
28. B Sol
29. A
30. C 1. |x - 3| > y
31. B Taking numbers:
32. D x: -2, 1 both can satisfy the above equation.
33. E Insufficient.
34. A
35. B 2. |x - 3| < - y
36. C
Since |x-3| is an absolute value, the smallest it can go
37. C
is 0.
And since y is given to be >0, thus - y will give a
negative value which will cause the equation to fall
apart unless it is 0.
1. C

(2) so |x-3| = 0.
the greatest height in class a is taller than its x = 3.
counterpart in class b, but we know nothing about the
ranges; if class a has a wider spread, its least height
16
4. that since k is non-zero, and hence all the terms in the
series will be DISTINCT).

It could a(1) to a(7) if k is negative, and a(9) to a(15)

Answer C
if k is positive.

Hence ans is b
Sol 6.

Arc Length ABC, if you draw it correctly inscribed in a

Sol
circle, represents 2/3 of the circle's circumference, not
1/3. So there are two minor arcs measuring 120 Lets take (1)
degrees, 120/360 + 120/360 = 1/3 +1/3 = 2/3 of y<x
2piR.
y 2 -4
Now solving for the approx. value for the Diameter: x42

24 = 2/3 2piR Substitute in the equation

divide both sides by 2/3:
36=2piR |x-y|>|x|-|y|
divide both sides by pi
36/3.14 = 2R = diameter Using the above values,
|2|>|4|-|2| First Column Values
Diameter is approx. 11
Not true
|2-(-4)|>|2|-|-4| Second Column Values
|6|>2-4
6>-2 --True

5. Hence A is Insuff

Sol (2)
xy<0 which means either x or y should be negative
If a(n) = a(n-1) + k, then a(1), a(2),.....a(15) is an
arithmetic progression. x 7 -7
y -3 3
Statement (2) says a(8) = 10
Substitute the values in the eq
a(8) is the middle term and hence the Median of this |x-y|>|x|-|y|
series. The number k can be positive or negative. If k
is negative, then the numbers a(1), a(2) etc. will be in |10|>|7|-|-3|
descending order and if it is positive, then the series 10>4
will be in ascending order. No matter what, there will
be 7 terms which will be greater than 10 (Please note |-7-3|>|-7|-|3|
17
|-10|>-7-3 let x = the amount henry saves this year
10>-10 then 1 - x = the amount he spends
so
Hence Suff next year he will have (1 + r)x dollars to spend = x +
rx
Hence B
the problem tells us that this quantity has to be half of
(1 - x).
7. D so
(1 - x)/2 = x + rx
Sol

since both ZY and XY are both less than 0, this implies double both sides: 1 - x = 2x + 2rx

that Z and X are both negative or positive (depending

on value of y) segregate terms involving x from those not involving
x: 1 = 3x + 2rx

if Y is negative:
Z and X are both positive. Since ZY < XY, this means factor out x: 1 = x(3 + 2r)

X<Z.
divide --> answer = e

if Y is positive:
Z and X are both negative. Since ZY < ZX, this means
X>Z. 9.

Each statement alone is clearly not enough... we are

trying to determine if income/population > 16,500 so
Now, statement 1 says that Z<X. This means that Y is
we need to have values for the numerator and the
positive.
denominator. So it's either C or E.

|X-Z| + |X| = |Z| -> Z-X + X = Z -> YES

(1&2) Suppose we start with the fraction $5.5B/330K.
This is greater than $16,500. However, the given
values are both lower limits. If we increase the
Statement 2:
numerator while keeping the denominator constant,
Y < 0. This implies that X<Z.
income per capita will certainly increase. If, instead,
we increase the denominator, the income per capita
will decrease. A slightly larger value for the population
|X-Z| + |X| = |Z| -> X-Z + X = Z -> NO
would bring it down below $16,500. Not knowing what
the upper limit for the population is what makes it
insufficient
Therefore, both statements are sufficient

10.
8.

10.
Sol

18
Sol There are one, two, or three letter code:
(1) Insufficient. No way to know the mean. Consider
one set {3, 6, 9} and another {6, 9, 12}. one letter code: 26 choices
(2) Insufficient. Knowing that there is an odd number two letter code: 26 X 26 (as the letters may be
of terms in the set and that the median is 33 does not repeated)
tell us what the mean is. three letter code: 26 x 26 x 26
(1&2) Sufficient. In an ordered set with an odd
number of terms, the median is equal to the "middle" (26) + (26 x 26) + (26 x 26 x 26) = 18278
term. Moreover, in an equally distributed set of
13. B
integers (like this one... consecutive multiples of 3) the
median will equal the mean itself Sol

Ans: You basically have to find out if there is another

"p" in m's prime box. So far, we know that m's prime
11.
box has at least one p and one t in it. They are the
When the tree was planted, it was 4 feet tall.
only distinct primes, but there could be several ps and
It then grows by a constant amount each year
ts....
for 6 years. Call this constant amount 'x'.

1) tells you nothing about the number of Ps -

Now: 4
insufficient.
1 year: 4+x
2) if m is a multiple of p^3, m's prime box has at least
2 years: 4+2x
3 factors of p. pxpxp = p^3 = a factor of m, or m is a
3 years: 4+3x
multiple of p^3.
4 years: 4+4x
5 years: 4+5x
So, with statement (2), we know sufficiently that m IS
6 years: 4+6x
a multiple of (p^2)t, because we know there exists 2
Ps and one t in m's prime box. This is based on the
At the end of the 6th year, it was 1/5 taller
Factor Foundation Rule. Any possible product
than at the end of the 4th year. This means
combination of the m's prime factors are also factors
the 6th year height is 6/5 times the 4th year
of m, or m is also a multiple of these product
height (1 + 1/5 = 6/5).
combinations (m would also be a multiple of p*t and
p*p*p*t.
(6/5)*(4+4x) = 4+6x

Solving for x, you get 2/3. The trees grows by

14.
2/3 every year Ans. D
Sol

Use the rule: For a given number all the combinations

12. of its prime factors are factors of that number.
K has 6 factors: 1, 3, 7, _, _, k (4 factors are known)
Answer is E 7x3 is also a factor by the above rule.
so the factors are : 1, 3, 7, 21, _, k

Sol Statement 1
3^2 is factor, so the last unknown factor is 9.
19
so the factors are : 1, 3, 7, 21, 9, k
There are two 3s and one 7 as prime factors: so the
number is 3x3x7 = 63 17.
SUFFICIENT
Sol
Statement 2
7^2 is NOT a factor of k. (so only one 7 as a For A) 2x 2y = 1 > x y = 1/2. You can have
primefactor).
0 (1/2) = No or You can have +1 (+1/2) = Yes.
The missing factor will have to formed with other
So A is insufficient.
primefactor : so 3x3 is last missing factor.
There are two 3 and one 7 as prime factors: so the For B) x/y > 1 > Either X and Y are both + or X
number is 3x3x7 = 63 and Y are both negative. So B is insufficent. NOTE: |x|
SUFFICIENT > |y|.
For A+B. Have x and y be positive and make it work
with equation A. So +1 (+1/2) = 1/2 Yes.be
15.
negative and make it work with equation B. So 1 (
y) = 1/2. y = (3/2) which is > |x|. So you will see that
Sol Statement 1:
two negatives cannot work because it violtates the rule
We know k is a + integer so...
that x/y > 1. So for A+B the answer is yes.
k = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 ....
INSUFFICIENT since the square root of some of those
numbers is an integer (4, 16), but others aren't (8, 12,
etc). 18.

Statement 2:
Sol Let's say n is the number of members in the club.
k is divisible by 4 primes (label them p1-4), so we
There are 190 ways to select 2 members out of n.
know 4 primes are factors of k...
n! / (2! * (n2)!) = 190
1) so k could equal p1*p2*p3*p4. The square root of
n * (n1) = 190 * 2!
the product would not be an integer.
n * (n1) = 380
2) however, if k was equal to (p1*p2*p3*p4)^2, then
380 = 2*2*5*19 = 20 * 19
the square root would be an integer.
Answer: A (20 members
INSUFFCIENT.
Statement 1 + 2:
For a number to be divisible by four, it must be
19.
divisible by 2 TWICE. So we know that 2 is one of the
four prime factors. However, that doesn't provide us You can follow your gut to the conclusion that answer
with any more info, so... 1 is insufficient i.e., that there are a ridiculously
The answer is E. huge number of ways of making the sum total of 9500
out of a collection of 200's, 300's, and 350's. Also, #2
16.
is clearly insufficient by itself, because there could be
SOL any number of offices (as long as it's more than ten).
taking the two together, just subtract the 3500 square
Lets us assume length = l
feet taken up by the ten offices in question, and you
w*l = k (area) or l=k/w
have 6000 square feet left. therefore, the question is
2w+2l=p (perimeter)
now something like this: 'is there more than one way
substitute l in second equation...
to make 6000 out of a combination of 200's and
2w+2k/w=p is same as 2w^2-pw+2k=0 (E) :)
300's?' (the previous sentence has been edited from

20
its prior version, which mistakenly still considered the
possibility of more 350's)
the answer to that question is definitely yes
20.
Sol
First day fine = $0.10
2nd day fine = 0.10*2 = 0.20 (doubled or +0.30,
whichever results in lesser amount) So total for the
book on 3rd day = 1st day fine + fine calculated on
2nd day = 0.10 + 0.20 = 0.30 Similarly, 3rd day fine
= 0.30*2 or 0.30 + 0.30 both results to 0.60. So total
for the book on 4th day = 0.30 + 0.60 = 0.90. The
answer is (D)
21.
|x 3| = (x 3) if (x 3) is positive or 0, and |x 3|
= (3 x), the opposite, if (x 3) is negative or 0.
notice that in the two statements in the case that x 3
= 0, but both of them happen to be true and
consistent (because positive 0 and negative 0 are the
same number). Therefore, the question prompt can be
rephrased as, is (x 3) negative or 0?
which can then be rephrased again, to, is x < 3?
once you have that rephrase, the statements are a lot
easier to handle. it becomes clear that (2) is sufficient:
if x is negative, then it's definitely less than
22.
Ans:
Tough one to follow. I feel like my mind just got off a
roller coaster after that one.
"If n denotes a number to the left of 0 on the number
line" = n is negative
the square of n is less than 1/100. so what must the
square of n look like? 1/101, 1/1000 2/3000 etc...
what kind of negative numbers squared will give us
that result? n could be 1/11, 1/100 etc
21
n is negative so n < 1/10...i think
reciprocal of n = 1/n therefore 1/n < 10
23.
Ans:
(1)
no indication of the size of the student body
insufficient
(2)
no differentiation between parttime and fulltime
students
insufficient
(together)
we still don't know anything about the # of parttime
students, which is an essential contributor to the 5%
increase mentioned in statement (2)
examples:
if there are 0 parttime students in both years, then
the # of fulltime students has increased by 5%
if the # of fulltime students has increased from 0 to
50 but the # of parttime students has remained
constant at 1000 (so that 50 is 5 percent of the
enrollment), then the # of fulltime students has
grown by infinity%
...and anything in between
answer = e
24.
first, realize that the $1.6bn figure is irrelevant, since
everything else in the problem is stated purely in
terms of percentages. therefore, you should
concentrate only on percentages.
(2) alone
to try to make country x NOT in the top six,
distribute the percentages as evenly as possible: it's
possible that each of the six highestcontributing
countries paid 67.8/6 = 11.3 percent of the total. if
that were the case, then country x, at 4.8%, would be
lower than sixth place.
to try to get country x INTO the top six, make the
distribution as lopsided as possible: say one country
paid 60% of everything. then country x could be
second at 4.8%, and the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th place
countries could combine to pay 67.8 64.8%.
INSUFFICIENT
(1) alone
taken alone, this condition only tells you that country x
is in fifth place or lower.
INSUFFICIENT
(together)
the fifth and sixthplace countries together paid out
67.8 56 = 11.8 percent of the total. at this point the
strategy is roughly the same as for statement (2)
alone:
to try to make country x NOT in the top six,
distribute the percentages as evenly as possible: the
fifth and sixthplace countries could both have
contributed 11.8/2 = 5.9 percent. this would mean
country x = not in the top six.
to try to get country x INTO the top six, let the fifth
place country pay 11.8 4.8 = 7 percent; therefore
country x is in sixth place.
INSUFFICIENT
answer = e
25.
ans:
try to attack the problem from a conceptual standpoint
first. there are 2 issues:
the absolute prices of the items (if they're dirt
cheap, then $10 will be good enough regardless)
whether a marker is more expensive than a notepad
(notice that you're 'trading' one notepad for one
marker, and wondering whether that transaction will
cause you to go over the $10)
notice that choice (2), which means that each notepad
costs $10/11 = $0.91 or less, IMPLIES choice (1). that
makes the following choices impossible, without even
looking at the problem:
* A is impossible (because if (1) is sufficient then (2)
must also be sufficient)
* C is impossible (because (1) and (2) together is the
same thing as just (2))
let's just consider EXTREME cases:
(a) make the markers really expensive
22
let's make notepads cost a penny each (which
definitely satisfies both criteria), and make markers $3
each. then $10 is not enough for four of each.
(b) make everything really cheap
if everything costs a penny, then $10 will buy you
whatever you want.
answer = e
26.
Ans: 4/5C2 = 4/10 = 2/5
27.
Answer: B
(1) Insufficient: N has exactly two positive
factors, hence any prime would fit the
constraint
(2) Sufficient: Any number would have 1 and
itself as factors. Hence, N has to be even in
order for N1 to be odd.
Examples:
2 has two factors (1 and 2). Rule holds. 4 has three
factors (1, 2 and 4). Rule doesn't hold. Same is true
for any even number greater than two. Hence, B is
sufficient.
28.
I is not sufficient
n could be 6 (that is divisible by 3). Is n odd? No
n could be 9 (that is divisible by 3). Is n odd? Yes
Elim A and D
n could be 1, which has one factor; 2n would be 2,
which has two factors; is n odd? Yes
n could be 2, which has two factors; 2n would be 4,
which has three factors. Oops, can't use this combo of
numbers (has to make statement 2 true, and this
combo doesn't)
What's going on here?
general rule: 2n will be divisible by 2 and also by
whatever number 2n is.
If I make n an even number, even numbers are
already divisible by 2. So 2n will only be divisible by
one new number, equal to 2n. That is, I add only one
new factor for 2n.
Any even number, by definition, has at least two
factors 1 and 2. So I would need to add at least two
more factors to double the number of factors. But I
can't the setup of statement 2 only allows me to add
one new factor if n is even. So I can never make
statement 2 true using an even number for n.
Sufficient. Answer is B.
29.
In quad. PQSU, if we know Angle(SQP) (assume a)
and Angle(SUP) (assume b) or if we know their sum
then X can be calculated, because
we know 90 + a + b + x = 360...(1)
from statement (1) we know Angle RQS = Angle RSQ (
QR=RS) and Angle(RSQ) = 180 a
from statement (2) we know Angle SUT = Angle TSU
(ST = UT) and Angle(TSU) = 180 b

Ans: A Since RT is a straight line, we know x + 180a + 180

b = 180 or x (a+b) = 180 or (a+b) = x + 180

Looking at statement (2) first, we see that it is not 31.

sufficient, because the average (arithmetic mean) of
a group of numbers is defined as (sum of data) / (#
of data points). With statement (2), we only have
the numerator of this expression (the # of people in
the group is unknown), so we can't figure out the
average.
Soln. B.
1) Marta bought a total of 6 pencils -- obviously
INSUFFICIENT
2) The total value of pencil Marta bought was 130
cents, which means 21m+23n = 130, where
m and n are integers. Let's try solve this
equation.

Looking at statement (1) alone, we can set up the
average as follows:
Average = (sum of data points) / (# of data points)
= [(n/3)(74.5) + (2n/3)(70)] / (n) < note that I
used inches here, so I won't have to write in more
fractions than necessary (trying to write fractions on
this forum is not fun)
= [(1/3)(74.5) + (2/3)(70)] / (n)
There's no need to simplify further, because the 'n'
is gone: you get one number. Therefore, this
130 is not divisible by either 21 or 23, so m >= 1, n
>= 1, and we have:
21(m-1) + 23(n-1) = 130-21-23 = 86, which again is
not divisible by either 21 or 23, so m >= 2, n
>= 2, and we have:
21(m-2) + 23(n-2) = 86-21-23 = 42, which is divisible
by 21 but not 23. Hence, we have m = 4, n =
2. -- SUFFICIENT
32.

statement is sufficient. Ans: D

Answer = A
Division X Division Y
Note that, if you have the averages of all the Company Z (total)
FRACTIONS or PERCENTAGES of a group, then Full time p a
you'll be able to calculate the overall average of the c
group. This is a worthwhile fact to memorize for the
Part time q b
data sufficiency problems.
d

Question is is pd > cq?

30.
a/ b < c / d
Ans: C
23
c p / d q < c/d Two equations and two unknowns

cd dp < cd cq So we can get it.

dp < cq

dp > cq 35.

so S. Ans: B

P > c/2 amd b > d/2 mean d q > d/2 means d/2 > q Statement (1) tells us that 12 is a divisor of x. What
does it tell us about y?
D > 2q
12u = 8y + 12
So pd > cq so ii is also S
(multiple of 12) = 8y + (multiple of 12)

8y must be a multiple of 12.

Logically this problem will be much faster.
Since two ratios are combining to give a third ratio if
one of the ratios is less that the final then the other
has to be more than the final so i is S
And from second we can see that since full time in X is
more than half that of Z and part time is less that hal
that of Z so obviously the ratio of full time to part time
of X will be more than in Z.
Therefore, y must be a multiple of 3 and 3 is a divisor
of y. 3 might be the greatest common divisor of x and
y. But y might have other divisors too (e.g., 6 or 12).
Insufficient.
Statement (2) tells us that 12 is a divisor of y.
What does it tell us about x?
x = 8(12z) + 12

x = (multiple of 12) + (multiple of 12)

33.
x must be a multiple of 12.
Ans: E
12 is a divisor of x.
2 2
Pi (( r +s ) r ) = pi (s) (2r + s)

34.
So 12 is a common divisor of x and y. But is it the
Ans: A greatest common divisor?

Two set matrix immediately u can see u have two

equations and two unknowns,
RULE: If one number is b units away from another
Best to do number, and b is a factor of both numbers, the
greatest common factor of the two numbers is b. (If
you want to really understand this, then think about
why. Otherwise, just remember the rule.)
W M

Engaging career .5W + .36M

= .42*1400 x (one number) is 12 units away from 8y (another
number). 12 is a factor of x and 8y. Therefore, 12 is
Not engaging career
the GCF of x and 8y. The GCF of x and y cant be
Total W + bigger than the GCF of x and 8y. Thus, we can be
M = 1400 assured that 12 is the GCF of x and y. Statement (2)
alone is SUFFICIENT.

24
36.

Ans: The smallest prime number is two, so the first

thing I try is six 2's (2*2*2*2*2*2) which equals
Statement 1 gives us one common point: (5,1) 64. I know I can't get anything smaller than that,
because two is the smallest prime. My next
Statement 2 tells us the yintercept of n is greater
thought, then, is how to create the nextsmallest
than the yintercept of p. The yintercept is where a
possibility. To do that, I want to keep as many 2's
particular line crosses the yaxis. The corresponding
as possible, but I have to change at least one of
point for that line is (0,y) with y representing the y
them to get a different product. The next smallest
intercept.
prime after 2 is 3, so I substitute a 3 for one of
If n's yintercept is greater than p's, then the value y the 2's (2*2*2*2*2*3) which equals 96. That's still
is greater for n than for p. If you sketch a coordinate within the stated boundaries of the problem.
plane, place the point (5,1) on the plane, and then
arbitrarily sketch some points along the yaxis:
The next smallest possibility can be calculated by
1) try a pair above the y=1 line, with the higher
replacing one more 2 with a 3. If I think about it, I
labeled n and the lower labeled p. In this case, the
can tell that doing this will put me over 99 (though
two slopes are negative, and the slope of n is more
if I'm not sure, I can do the math to check) so
negative than the slope of p. That is, n's slope is
I'm done. There are two possibilities.
smaller than p's slope. Answer the question: Yes.

2) try a pair below the y=1 line, with the higher

labeled n and the lower labeled p. In this case, the The key is to think about this logically and within
two slopes are positive, and the slope of n is closer to the boundaries so that you know you've found all
zero than the slope of p. That is, n's slope is smaller of the possibilities.
than p's slope. Answer the question: Yes.

3) you can also try some pairs where one or the other
(n or p) has a yintercept of 1. In each case, you'll
continue to see that n's slope is always smaller than
p's slope. *****

So, together, the statements are sufficient.

Alternatively much easier. Answer key verbal:

C.

(1a)/ 5 (1 b) / 5 1. D
2. A
A > b so a < b so (1a)/ 5 < ( 1b )/ 5 for sure. 3. D
4. A
5. C
37. 6. D
7. C
Ans: 8. E
9. B
They give us the boundaries; we just have to 10. E
understand what they mean. First, I'm only using 11. A
2digit positive integers, so 10 to 99 inclusive. 12. A
Second, I'm only using prime numbers. Third, I 13. C
need to have a length of 6, so I need to multiply 6 14. A
prime numbers together. 15. E
25
 16. B that technology would reduce time required, not
17. D effort required.
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. E 5. C; basically, the passage is not even remotely
22. D concerned with any of the other choices.
23. C
24. D
25. D
26. C 6. D; A-passage has nothing to do with servants and
27. E helpers; B-passage states that the standard WAS
28. E raised by technology; C-did not decrease TIME, but
29. D may have decreased effort (independent of time); E-
30. A
expenditures as function of technology was never
31. D
32. D addressed.
33. A
34. D
35. E
7. C; again, basically, none of the other choices even
36. E
come close.
37. D
38. D
39. C
40. D 8. E; the advice is the result of "numerous
41. C
studies...that compare Japanese production and
supply practices with those of the rest of the world." E
Explanations restates this sentence.

1. D; A-misplaced modifier; B-
wordy/awkward/"being"; C-"being"; E-idiom,
"convinced of" and "being."
2. A; B-E are gone because no verb is needed or
acceptable in the underlined part of the sentence.
9. B; "The link between the success of a certain well-
known Japanese automaker and its effective
management of its suppliers, for example, has led to
an unquestioning belief within Western management
circles in the value of strategic partnerships." B
restates this assertion.

3. D; A-clause needs a verb (was) and a relative
pronoun (that); B-"and" turns the sentence into one
long subject with no predicate; C-run-on sentence; E-
"destroying" is incorrect tense, also, "..considered
as..." is idiomatically incorrect.
10. E; The final sentence of the passage refers to
"market-exchange" relationships, which essentially
amounts to having no definitive loyalty to any
particular partnership, "strategic" or otherwise. E
illustrates the concept of buying "whatever is on sale."

4. A; B-no definition of housework was rejected; C-
concurrent 40-year time period studied by each; D-no
underestimation is mentioned--in fact, constancy at
52-54 hours per week is stated; E-passage suggested
26
11. A; there are two possible explanations for the
drop in the legal lobster harvest yield--either, the
outlaw fishing boats are taking the difference or the
total lobster population has decreased markedly. In
order for the outlaw fishing boats to take the
difference, the total population must remain
constant. That's the assumption, and it is stated in
Choice A. If the illegal lobster harvests prior to 1996
were so extensive that the total lobster population in
Belukian waters suffered a marked decline, then there
is no reason to expect that the 9000 ton discrepancy
in the legal harvest in 1996 is the result of anything
other than fewer total lobsters available for harvest.
12. A; there's nothing wrong with A, so, even if any of
the other choices were grammatically correct (which
they aren't), we're obligated to take the original.
13. C; A-argument has nothing to do with the
presence or absence of adverse consequences to
ticks, resulting from the Lyme bacterium; B-irrelevant-
-disease transmitted through ticks--transmission from
mice is never discussed (nor is it possible); D-tends to
strengthen the argument, but not as much as C; E-
irrelevant--argument only concerns the Lyme
bacterium.
14. A-nothing wrong here; NOTE: "Not one..." is not
equivalent to "None...;" B-"offer for..." idiomatically
incorrect; C-"...agreement be signed..." incorrect
attempt at the subjunctive (I can't think of an instance
where "be," alone, not preceded by "to" would be
correct); D-incorrect plural tense "are," and idiom,
"offer for...;" E-incorrect plural tense "are" and "to be
making" is wordy and awkward---"...expected to
make..." is better.
15. E; A-obviously irrelevant; B-strengthens the
argument; C-doesn't really effect the argument; D-
irrelevant--argument deals with deterioration due to
tourism, not weather.
16. B
27
17. D; A-the practice noted in first BF is questioned by
the second BF--argument does not attempt to support
or justify anything; B-the only thing this argument
seeks to explain is why the practice noted in the first
BF is unnecessary; C-second BF suggests policy noted
in first BF should be discontinued, not that it cannot
meet its objective; E-first BF is not a consideration
supporting a policy, it IS the policy.
18. C; A-wordy, awkward & confusing, and
"...estimated as..." is idiomatically incorrect; B-
pronoun number error "they" is plural, refers
incorrectly to singular "population;" D-second clause
needs a subject to work with the latter part of the
sentence; E-same problem as D.
19. B; A-"The fact..." is almost always wrong, also
"...resembling...and others looking..." is incorrect use
of the progressive tense; C-"it" has no clear referent,
plus the construction is awkward; D-combines the
problems of A, C, and D; E-awkward and confusing,
plus final dependent clause needs relative pronoun
with this construction, "...namely that they vary..."
20. B; A-"...taking him seven years..." is incorrect use
of the progressive tense, plus it's awkward and
confusing; C-incorrect use of the past perfect tense
"...a work that had taken seven years..." and
"...pronounced it as..." is idiomatically incorrect; D-
"...took seven years until completion..." is
idiomatically incorrect and "...pronounced it as..." is
redundant and awkward; E-same problems as C and
D.
21. E is the best choice. If the farmers who tried
modified seed had had to use very large quantities of
insecticide, then even slightly lower amounts of
insecticide used per acre as a result of the marginal
advantage of planting modified cotton seed could
translate into significant savings, perhaps, beyond the
difference in expense of the modified seed over
regular seed.

22. D; What if the rate of violent crime in
Meadowbrook prior to four years ago was, say, 1 (per
1000 residents) and the rate of violent crime in
Parkdale was 100 (per 1000 residents). The respective
percentage increases would not support the
conclusion which the argument makes. D represents
this possibility.
23. C; The last sentence in the passage says that a
company may be able to accurately predict aggregate
demand without having the ability to accurately
predict the demand for specific items within the
aggregate. This is a statement about the companies'
ability to forecast demand---C.
24. E; The final sentence, once again, makes this
assertion. The other statements are not made in the
passage.
25. D; The answer can be found in the first paragraph,
"...since flexible manufacturing has enabled
companies to produce, cost-effectively, small
quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has
greatly increased the number of new products
introduced annually in the United States."
26. C; A-tourists' awareness of tax rate is irrelevant;
B-prices in other cities are irrelevant; D-this is in line
with the conclusion of the argument, but it is not an
assumption of the argument; E-spending on meals is
irrelevant. If the average length of tourists' stays in
Midville hotels was longer last year than the year
before, then the revenue from hotel taxes might,
conceivably, remain constant or even increase, even if
FEWER tourists visited Midville. C points out this
possibility--an assumption upon which the argument
depends.
27. E; A-subject-verb agreement error, "...the number
of wild salmon have...," is incorrect. "The number..." is
28
singular and require the singular form of the verb,
"has;" B-verb tense error, "...is reduced..." should be
"...has been reduced...;" C-"...numbers of..." is always
wrong; D-verb tense error, "...numbers are reduced..."
should be "...have been reduced...," as found in E.
28. E; A-problem of parallelism---needs the bolded
addition to work "...either from the spotted sandstone
of Mathura or from Gandharan grey schist;" B-
problem of A, but reversed---this construction would
need to lose the second "from"---"...fashioned from
either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
Gandharan grey schist;" C-changes the original
meaning and needs the second "from" to remain
parallel; D-the addition of "and" requires the auxiliary
verb "...were fashioned...," which is what we find in E.
29. D
30. A; B-clearly, the ultimate effect is the same--this is
no justification for approving the permits; C-the
argument concerns migratory species, not local
species; D-irrelevant; E-totally irrelevant. If the
blackbirds are the first birds to show up in the spring,
then they could (theoretically) be poisoned without
effecting the later arrival of the rare species.
31. D; A-passive phrasing and "them" is confusing; B-
"...evidence of their being inoculated..." is wordy and
awkward and "being" is almost always wrong; C-
"evidence of being" again, "...evidence of
inoculation..." is better and we find it in D; E-wordy,
awkward, redundant.
32. D; Obviously, if the nearly all of the forest fires in
the area are the result of lightning strikes, then
banning outdoor fires probably won't do much to
reduce the annual number of forest fires (although it
might be useful in preventing an increase).
33. A; Otariids--"...the rest of the lactation
period...lasts from 4 months to 3 years...." Phocids--
"...the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50
days...."
34. D; "Until recently, zoologists believed...Zoologists
had assumed...However, recent studies...found
that..."---unexpected behavior explained.
prevail despite changes in diet; B-irrelevant, as the
argument addresses people native to isolated rain-
forest communities; C-irrelevant, as the argument
addresses potential dietary CAUSES of high blood
pressure; E-true, but the argument has nothing to do
with the consequences of failing to replenish salt.

41. C; A-"...is known... is incorrect in terms of tense,

35. E; "Zoologists had assumed that females of the
phocid species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy...,"
which means that they must wait to replenish their fat
store until after lactation has ended.
plus the construction is awkward; B-tense and
construction; D-"...known to be making..." is incorrect
usage of the progressive tense and implies that
humans continue to make stone tools; E-incorrectly
implies that all humans who make stone tool were of
the same vintage.

36. E; "In addition, there is already some evidence

suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocid species that
is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a
maternal foraging strategy."

37. D; A-incorrect comparison--should be "...unlike

those in department stores...," plus the construction is
awkward and confusing; B-incorrect comparison,
again, plus "...shop impulsively very little..." is
awkward; C-corrects the comparison problem, but
creates a run-on sentence; E-problems similar to A
and B.

38. D; There is no support for any of these statements

in this argument with the exception of D.

39. C; A-awkward comparison between plants and

fungi as a result of the placement of "at acquiring
carbon;" B-still awkward; D-no verb; E-construction
does not work with the latter, non-underlined, part of
the sentence.

40. D; We need something which points out that

other dietary changes besides an increase in salt
intake, occurring as a result of moving to the city,
could explain the increased incidence of high blood
pressure. D gives it to us. A-genetic factors could still
29