CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. Many people
have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a
motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a petrol
engine with the pedal power of its rider. Giant trucks and pulling trains are diesel
electric hybrid. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles. Some are nuclear-electric and
some are diesel-electric.
Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or
indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is
just a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car.

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 CAHAPTER-2
GASOLINE POWERED CAR

The figure shows a schematic representation of gasoline-powered car. It consists of a

fuel tank, an engine and transmission. The fuel from the fuel tank helps the running of
engine. The power produced is transmitted to the transmission system and it turns the
road wheels.

Engine Transmission Fuel Tank

Engine Fuel Tank

Transmission
Fig 2.1 Schematic Representation Of Gasoline-Powered Car
2.1 PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE POWERED CAR

To be useful for a car must meet certain requirements. A car should be able to.

a) Drive at least 300 miles between refueling.

b) Refueled quickly and easily.

c) Keep up other traffic on the road.

A gasoline car meets these requirements but produces a relative large amount of
pollution and generally gets poor mileage. On the other hand the electric car produces
almost no pollution but it can only go upto 100 miles between charges and the
problem is that it is very slow and inconvenient to recharge.

When driver for quick acceleration causes a car to be much less efficient than they
could be. Less powerful engine gets better mileage than an identical car with a more
power engine. The amusing thing is that most of what we require a car to do uses a
small percentage of its hybrid power when driving along the freeway at 60 mph.

2.2 EVOLUTION OF HYBRID

The hybrid is a compromise. It attempts to significantly increase the mileage and

reduce the emissions of a gas-powered car while overcoming the shortcomings of an
electric car. It is wonder that while any one would build such a complicated machine
when most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered car. The reason is
two told that is to reduce tail pipe emission and to improve the mileage.
2.3 ELECTRIC POWERED CAR

The figure shows a typical electric car. It consists of a set of batteries, electric motor
and transmission. The batteries provide power to electric motor and the motor turns
the transmission.[1]

Motor Transmission Battery

Electric Motor Battery

Transmission
Fig 2.2 Electric Car
 CHAPTER-3
HYBRID STRUCTURE

Two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which
supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric
motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same
time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels. The different ways in which the
power sources found in a hybrid car are describe as follows.
1) Parallel Hybrid

2) Series Hybrid

3.1 PARALLEL HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a typical parallel hybrid. You'll notice that the fuel tank and gas
engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to
the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric
motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power.
Engine Transmission Battery Fuel Tank

Electric Motor

Fuel Tank Engine

Transmission

Battery Electric Motor

Fig 3.1 Parallel Hybrid

3.2 SERIES HYBRID CAR

The figure shows a series hybrid. The gasoline engine turns a generator, and the
generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the
transmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle. Take a look
at the diagram of the series hybrid, starting with the fuel tank, and 4- cylinder engine,
Generator, Battery, Electric motor and transmission.[2]

Electric Motor Transmission Battery Fuel Tank Engine

Generator

Fuel Tank Engine Generator

Battery Electric Motor Transmission

Fig 3.2 Series Hybrid

 CHAPTER-4
HYBRID COMPONENTS

Hybrid car contains the following parts.

1) Gasoline engine
The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars.
However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce
emissions and increase efficiency.

2) Fuel tank

The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline
has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000
pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 7 pounds of gasoline.

3) Electric motor

The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it
to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw
energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow
the car down and return energy to the batteries.
4) Generator

The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical
power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.
5) Batteries

The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor.
Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the
electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy
from them.

6) Transmission
The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission
on a conventional car.[2]
 CHAPTER-5
USES OF HYBRID CAR

California emissions standards announced how much of each type of pollution a car is
allowed to emit in California. The amount is usually specified in gm/mile of carbon
monoxide.
The key thing here is that the amount of pollutions allowed does not depend on the
mileage a car gets. But a car that burns twice as much fuel to go a mile will generate
approximately twice as much pollution. The pollution will have to be reduced by the
emission control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car
is one of the surest ways to decrease emission.
Carbon dioxide is another type of pollution a car produce it cause global warming. So
the hybrid cars are used to reduce the air pollution. They produce very less.
Amount of exhaust gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with respect to the
other vehicles. The pollutants in this type of gas is very less and is in a controlled
manner.

5.1 HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS

You can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same kind of driving
habits that give you better mileage in your gasoline-engine car:

a) Drive slower

The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For
example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph).
So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly.
b) Maintain a constant speed

Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you
slow the car down again. By maintaining a constant speed, you will make the most
efficient use of your fuel.

c) Avoid abrupt stops

When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and
takes some of the energy out of the car while slowing it down. If you give the electric
motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover more of the energy.[3]
 CHAPTER-6
HYBRID EFFICIENCY

Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use many other tricks to
increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of car get better
mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid.

1) Recover energy and store it in the battery

Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the
car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a car
remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heat. A hybrid car can capture some
of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using "regenerative
braking." That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor
that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a
generator and charges the batteries while the car is slowing down.

2) Sometimes shut off the engine

A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has
an alternate power source -- the electric motor and batteries. So the hybrid car can
sometimes turn off the gasoline engine.

3) It uses advanced aerodynamics

This is used to the air resistance. This helps the hybrid car to increase its efficiency. A
less power is required when the car is made in an aerodynamic model.
4) It uses small efficient engine

produces 67 HP and 5700 rpm. The additional power provided by the small electric
motor is able to accelerate the hybrid car from 0-60 mph in about 11 secondsThe
engine in a hybrid weight only 56 kg and it is a small, 1 litre, three cylinder.[3]
 CHAPTER-7
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

7.1 ADVANTAGES

1.Environmentally Friendly:One of the biggest advantage of hybrid car over

gasoline powered car is that it runs cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes it
environmentally friendly. A hybrid vehicle runs on twin powered engine (gasoline
engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves energy.

2.Financial Benefits: Hybrid cars are supported by many credits and incentives
that help to make them affordable. Lower annual tax bills and exemption from
congestion charges comes in the form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.

3.Less dependence on Fossil Fuels: A Hybrid car is much cleaner and requires
less fuel to run which means less emissions and less dependence on fossil fuels. This
in turn also helps to reduce the price of gasoline in domestic market.

4.Regenerative Braking System: Each time you apply brake while driving a
hybrid vehicle helps you to recharge your battery a little. An internal mechanism kicks
in that captures the energy released and uses it to charge the battery which in turn
eliminates the amount of time and need for stopping to recharge the battery
periodically.

5.Built From Light Materials: Hybrid vehicles are made up of lighter materials
which means less energy is required to run. The engine is also smaller and lighter
which also saves much energy.

6.Higher Resale Value: With continuous increase in price of gasoline, more and
more people are turning towards hybrid cars. The result is that these green vehicles
have started commanding higher than average resale values. So, in case you are not
satisfied with your vehicle, you can always sell it at a premium price to buyers
looking for it.

There are many advantages to owning a hybrid car. The one you will like the best is
how it helps you to control your budget as gas prices continue to get higher. The other
benefit that is not seen directly is how owning and driving a hybrid car impacts the
environment. It reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and lowers your carbon imprint
on the environment.

7.2 Disadvantages of a Hybrid Car

There are disadvantages to owning a hybrid car, but they are probably not what you
think. Contrary to popular myth, hybrid cars have just as much power as regular cars
and have no issue with mountain driving or towing. The disadvantages will depend on
the type of hybrid fuel that your car uses.

Here are few of the disadvantages of a hybrid car :-

1. Less Power: Hybrid cars are twin powered engine. The gasoline engine which is
primary source of power is much smaller as compared to what you get in single
engine powered car and electric motor is low power. The combined power of both is
often less than that of gas powered engine. It is therefore suited for city driving and
not for speed and acceleration.

2. Can be Expensive: The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car is that it can
burn a hole in your pocket. Hybrid cars are comparatively expensive than a regular
petrol car and can cost $5000 to $10000 more than a standard version. However, that
extra amount can be offset with lower running cost and tax exemptions.

3. Poorer Handling: A hybrid car houses an gasoline powered engine, a lighter

electric engine and a pack of powerful batteries. This adds weight and eats up the
extra space in the car. Extra weight results in fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cut
down weight which has resulted in motor and battery downsizing and less support in
the suspension and body.

4. Higher Maintenance Costs: The presence of dual engine, continuous

improvement in technology, and higher maintenance cost can make it difficult for
mechanics to repair the car. It is also difficult to find a mechanic with such an
expertise.

5. Presence of High Voltage in Batteries: In case of an accident, the high

voltage present inside the batteries can prove lethal for you. There is a high chance of
you getting electrocuted in such cases which can also make the task difficult for
rescuers to get other passengers and driver out of the car.[4]

Making Your Decision

Deciding whether or not a hybrid car is right for you involves more than just a desire
to be environmentally friendly. You have to look at the resources in your area that can
help you maintain and sustain the car. Depending on the type of car you purchase you
may need mechanics that are familiar with it or an alternate fuel source. You should
also look into any credits or discounts that may be available to help you lower the cost
of the purchase of the car.

whats Available Now

Three hybrid cars are now available in the United States -- the Honda Civic Hybrid,
the Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. We will be discussing the latter two, and
although both of these cars are hybrids, they are actually quite different in character.

The Honda Insight, which was introduced in early 2000 in the United States, is
designed to get the best possible mileage. The Insight is a small, lightweight two-
seater with a tiny, high-efficiency gas engine.
The Toyota Prius, which came out in Japan at the end of 1997, is designed to reduce
emissions in urban areas. It meets California's super ultra low emissions vehicle
(SULEV) standard. It is a four-door sedan that seats five, and the power train is
capable of accelerating the vehicle to speeds up to 15 mph (24 kph) on electric power
alone. The Prius was honored as the 2004 North American Car of the Year.
 CHAPTER-8
CONCLUTION

The hybrid car gives very good mileage and it produces less pollution. So in the
incoming years the hybrid car will become the most common vehicle in the world.
Hybrid car produces less pollution than gasoline powered car and good mileage than
electric car.
 REFERENCE

[1]www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid_cars_study
[2]www.honda.com/supercars_research_and_study
[3]www.hybridcar.com/hybrid cars and their specifications
[4]www.hybridvehicals.com/ future cars study and evolution