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Keywords: Abstract
- Hypertensive crisis
Diagnostic and therapeutic protocol for hypertensive crises in the emer-
- Hypertensive emergency
gency department
- Hypertensive urgency
A hypertensive crisis is defined as a sharp rise of more than 180/120 mmHg blood pressure that can
result in organ damage (in this case they are called hypertensive emergencies, otherwise hyper-
tensive urgencies). Hypertensive emergencies have a poor prognosis without treatment, so the
most important thing after checking the blood pressure is for symptoms or signs of kidney damage,
cerebral or coronary. In these cases additional tests are necessary as the request box hypertensi-
ve emergency to which we are. Intravenous treatment will always hospitable. Among the drugs
used, include nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, labetalol, urapidil, phentolamine, hydralazine, nicardipi-
ne, clevidipino, esmolol and enalaprilat, each has specific indications and contraindications. Hy-
pertensive urgencies not compromise patient's life, are treated with oral drugs, usually they do not
require further testing and ambulatory monitoring.
Crisis HTA
TAS 180 y/o TAD 120
Exploracin fsica
Confirmar cifras en 10 min Fondo de ojo
Anamnsis dirigida Tercer tono cardiaco
Dolor torcico Crepitantes pulmonares
Disnea Asimetra de pulsos, masa abdominal pulstil
Dolor intenso interescpulas/abdominal Lesin de rgano diana? Focalidad neurolgica
Clnica neurolgica Buscar signos de alarma Alteracin del nivel de consciencia
No S
Observacin-monitorizacin
Tratamiento iv
Nueva PA en 1-2 h No Realizar pruebas complementarias
TA < 180/120 mm Hg?
Asintomtico? S Alta
Control ambularorio
TABLA 3
Frmacos de utilidad en el tratamiento de emergencias hipertensivas
50 mg en 250 cc SG
Nitroglicerina Amp. 5 y 50 mg 5-100 g/kg/min (5-90 2-5 min 5-10 min SCA Nuseas, cefalea. Tolerancia
ml/h)
50 mg en 250 cc SG EAP
Labetalol Amp. 100 mg B: 20-80 mg/ 5-10 min 5-10 min 2-4 horas Mayora de las EH, excepto en EAP Nuseas, mareo, broncoespasmo,
bloqueo AV
200 mg en 200 cc SG PC: 0,5-2 mg/min (30-120
ml/h) (mx. 300 mg/24 h)
Urapidilo Amp. 50 mg B: 12,5-25 mg/10 min 2-3 min 4-6 horas HTA perioperatoria Nuseas, cefalea, mareo, agitacin,
angina, arritmias
250 mg en 250 cc SG PC: 0,2-2 mg/min (10-80
ml/h)
Fentolamina Amp. 10 mg B: 5-15 mg/ 5-10 min 1-2 min 10-30 min Exceso de catecolaminas Taquicardia, rubor, cefalea, vmitos,
(feocromocitoma) diarrea
50-100 mg en 500 cc SG PC: 1-5 mg/min
Hidralazina Amp. 25 mg 5-20 mg/ 20 min 10 min 4-6 horas Frmaco de 2 lnea Taquicardia, rubor, cefalea, vmitos,
angina
Eclampsia (discutido)
Contraindicado en diseccin
artica, EAP, SCA
Nicardipino Amp. 5 mg 5-15 mg/h (10-75 ml/h) 5-10 min 4-6 horas Mayora de las EH, salvo EAP Cefalea, taquicardia, flebitis, angor,
Contraindicado en estenosis arritmias
50 mg en 250 cc SG artica severa
Clevidipino Amp. 25 mg 1-16 mg/h 2-4 min 5-15 min Mayora de las EH Arritmias, nuseas
Esmolol Amp. 100 mg B: 0,5 mg/kg 1-2 min 10-30 min SCA Bradicardia, insuficiencia cardiaca,
mareo, broncoespasmo
PC: 25-300 g/kg/min
Enalaprilato Amp. 1,25 mg 1,25-6 mg/6 h 15-60 min 6 horas Encefalopata hipertensiva Cada brusca de la PA en estados
hiperrreninmicos
Insuficiencia cardiaca
ACVA: accidente cerebrovascular agudo; Amp: ampollas; AV: auriculoventricular; B: bolo; EAP: edema agudo de pulmn; EH: emergencia hipertensiva; HTA: hipertensin arterial; min: minutos;
PC: perfusin continua; PIC: presin intracraneal; SCA: sndrome coronario agudo; SG: suero glucosado.