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1. Brief Introduction with Fiber Optics and its Types
If you look closely at a single optical fiber, you will see that it has the following parts:
Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the
core
Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
Hundreds or thousands of these optical fibers are arranged in bundles in optical cables. The
bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket.
Multi-mode fibers have larger cores 50 or 62.5 microns in diameter and transmit infrared light
(wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core by constantly bouncing from the cladding,
a principle called total internal reflection. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the
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core, the light wave can travel great distances. However, some of the light signal degrades within
the fiber, mostly due to impurities in the glass.
1.4 Reflection.
When a light ray called the incident ray, crosses the boundary from one material to
another, some of the light energy in the ray will be reflected back. That is why you can see
yourself in window glass. The light that is reflected back is called the reflected ray.
When a ray of light (the incident ray) strikes the shiny surface of a flat piece of glass, some of the
light energy in the ray is reflected. The angle between the incident ray and a line perpendicular to
the surface of the glass at the point where the incident ray strikes the glass is called the angle of
incidence. The perpendicular line is called the normal. It is not a light ray but a tool to allow the
measurement of angles. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle
of reflection. The Law of Reflection states that the angle of reflection of a light ray is equal to the
angle of incidence. In other words, the angle at which a light ray strikes a reflective surface
determines the angle that the ray will reflect off the surface.
1.5 Refraction.
The light energy in the incident ray that is not reflected will enter the glass. The
entering ray will be bent at an angle from its original path. This ray is called the refracted ray. How
much the incident light ray is bent depends on the angle at which the incident ray strikes the
surface of the glass and the different rates of speed at which light travels through the two
substances.
The bending of light rays at the boundary of two substances is the reason why light rays are able
to travel through an optical fiber even if the fiber curves in a circle.
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1.8 Advantages of Fiber Optics.
Why are fiber-optic systems revolutionizing telecommunications? Compared to
conventional metal wire (copper wire), optical fibers are:
Less expensive - Several miles of optical cable can be made cheaper than equivalent
lengths of copper wire. This saves your provider (cable TV, Internet) and you money.
Thinner - Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire.
Higher carrying capacity - Because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires, more
fibers can be bundled into a given-diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more
phone lines to go over the same cable or more channels to come through the cable into
your cable TV box.
Less signal degradation - The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than in copper wire.
Light signals - Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light signals from one fiber do
not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone
conversations or TV reception.
Low power - Because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower-power transmitters
can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters needed for copper wires.
Again, this saves your provider and you money.
Digital signals - Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital information, which is
especially useful in computer networks.
Lightweight - An optical cable weighs less than a comparable copper wire cable. Fiber-
optic cables take up less space in the ground.
Flexible - Because fiber optics are so flexible and can transmit and receive light, they are
used in many flexible digital cameras for the following purposes:
Medical imaging - in bronchoscopes, endoscopes, laparoscopes
Mechanical imaging - inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines (in
airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, cars)Plumbing to inspect sewer lines
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2.1 Data Communication System.
Data communication is fundamentally a simple operation. Point A sends information to
Point B and Point B receives it. A slightly more complex, and more practical, system allows Point
A to send information to and receive information from Point B, and vice versa . It consists of the
following parts.
The SENDER initiates the communication.
The MEDIUM is the mechanism by which the communication is conveyed to the receiver.
The RECEIVER receives the communication
Simplex
Data in a simplex channel is always one way. Simplex channels are not often used
because it is not possible to send back error or control signals to the transmit end. Its like a one
way street.
Half-duplex
A half duplex channel can send and receive, but not at the same time. Its like a one-lane
bridge where two way traffic must give way in order to cross. Only one end transmits at a time,
the other end receives.
Full-duplex
Data can travel in both directions simultaneously. There is no need to switch from
transmit to receive mode like in half duplex. Its like a two lane bridge on a two-lane highway.
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2.2 Network Topologies.
The study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a
network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes.
Bus topology
The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a
common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also
commonly referred to as the backbone, or trunk) all data that is transmitted between nodes in
the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by
all nodes in the network virtually simultaneously.
Ring topology
The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is
connected to two other nodes in the network and with the first and last nodes being
connected to each other, forming a ring all data that is transmitted between nodes in the
network travels from one node to the next node in a circular manner and the data
generally flows in a single direction only.
Star topology
The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to a
central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke' fashion, the central node being the
'hub' and the nodes that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes'. All data that is
transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted to this central node, which is usually
some type of device that then retransmits the data to some or all of the other nodes in the
network, although the central node may also be a simple common connection point without any
active device to repeat the signals
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Fully connected mesh topology
The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of
subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all
the endpoints.
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Nayatel Distribution Network
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3.3 Power Parameters of PON
Trans Receive
Equipm Wavelen WDM Loss / Splice Connec Splitter
mit Sensitivity of
ent gth Loss Km Loss tor loss Loss
Power POLT
0.33d
ONT 1310nm -2dB 0.7dB 0.05dB 0.2dB 17.5dB -13dB to -31dB
B
4.1 POLT
Packet Optical Line Terminal
POLT gives the Data and Voice in optical foam Nayatel is using the Alcatel 7340 Optical line
terminator (P-OLT)
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4.2 VOLT
Video Optical Line Terminal
VOLT gives the vedio signal in optical foam Nayatel is using the Scientific Atlanta Prisma II VOLT
> Prisma II Platform Components
> Chassis (front and rear access)
> Power Supply System
> Intelligent Communications Interface Module (ICIM)
> Module Blanks
Features
> up to 13 modules per chassis
> Solid metal construction
> Low power consumption
> Superior heat dissipation and air circulation
> Technician-friendly design
> easy module insertion & removal, setup, & administration
> High-speed passive backplane
> Excellent fiber, powering, and RF cable management
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> Advanced SNMP-oriented network monitoring & control over multiple network
interfaces
> Master / Slave Redundant switching between modules
4.3 WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexer
WDM is use to multiplex the signals. It simply couple the signals of two deferent fibers on single
fiber.
4.4 ODF
Optical Distribution Frame
OMX-800
4.5 Splitter
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Splitter is a passive device and use to split one PON in to 32 ports and using a 32 port
splitter we can feed 32 customers from one PON.
4.6 ONT
Optical Network Terminal
An Optical Network Terminal (ONT) is the hardware that is necessary for provisioning of FTTU
Triple Play services (Voice, video and Data) at customer premises.
Nayatel offers following 4 models of Alcatel ONT (Optical Network Terminal) for establishing
Fiber-To-The-User (FTTU) connection at customer premises.
ONT Model 1: Double Play (2 Ethernet Ports, 2 POTS)
ONT Model 2: Triple Play (1 Ethernet Port, 2 POTS, 1 RF Video)
ONT Model 3: Triple Play (2 Ethernet Ports, 2 POTS, 1 RF Video)
ONT Model 4: Triple Play (2 Ethernet Ports, 4 POTS, 1 RF Video)
ONT
2 Broadband Internet 2 Telephone
Model 1
connections connections
(Double Play)
ONT
1 Broadband Internet 2 Telephone
Model 2
connections connections
(Triple Play)
ONT
2 Broadband Internet 2 Telephone
Model 3
connections connections
(Triple Play)
ONT
2 Broadband Internet 4 Telephone
Model 4
connections connections
(Triple Play)
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5. Brief Introduction with Test Equipment
Features
Power Measurement
Point to Point Link Testing
5.2 OTDR
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
Features
Fiber Length Measurement
Fiber Per Kilometer Loss Measurement
Location of Pressure Point
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5.4 Dead Zone
The area of under test fiber near the fiber interface of an OTDR where the intensity of
light is very high and the time of reflection is too short that the reciver of OTDR cannot detect the
reflection is called Dead Zone
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