ASSIGNMENT

Write a report to compare between UNIX and WINDOWS kernel

and how both operating systems use system calls. Your report
must include the following sections:

Introduction
OS kernel structure (Unix, Windows), Programming
Languages
Similarities, differences in structure
OS system call (Unix, Windows) with some examples
Conclusion/Summary
References (APA style)

INTRODUCTION
An operating system (OS) is a program that permits you to communicate
with the PC. It allows you to communicate with the hardware and software
installed on your computer. Operating systems provide two types of
interfaces.

1) DOS where we need to type in a command and the computer will

respond to that particular command.
2) With GUI we communicate with the computer thorough graphical
interfaces that will have pictures and buttons controlled by the
keyboard and mouse.

Both operating systems have a competitive history and future. Unix has been
being used for over three decades. Since the 1980's Unix's primary rival
Windows has picked up prominence because of the expanding force of
smaller scale microprocessors. Windows, at the time, was the main real OS
intended for this kind of processors. As of late, in any case, another rendition
of UNIX called Linux, additionally particularly produced for miniaturized scale
PCs, has developed. It can be acquired for nothing and is consequently a
lucrative decision for people and organizations.
 UNIX WINDOWS
1) UNIX is more adaptable and can be 1) Microsoft has rolled out a few
introduced on a wide range of sorts headways and improvements that
of machines, including principle have made it a much simpler to
outline PCs, supercomputers and utilize Operating System, and
smaller scale PCs. albeit ostensibly it may not be the
2) UNIX is more steady and does not most straightforward Operating
go down as regularly as Windows System, it is still less demanding
does, consequently requires less than Linux.
organization and upkeep. 2) Because of the substantial
3) UNIX is the pioneer in serving the measure of Microsoft Windows
Web. Around 90% of the Internet clients, there is a much bigger
depends on Unix working determination of accessible
frameworks running Apache, the programming projects and utilities
world's most broadly utilized Web for Windows.
server. Unix possesses much 3) Microsoft Windows incorporates its
greater processing power than own area, has tremendous
Windows. measure of accessible online
4) Software updates from Microsoft documentation and help, and in
regularly require the client to buy addition books on each of the
new or more equipment or forms of Windows.
essential programming. That is not
the situation with Unix.
5) Unix has much more noteworthy
handling power than Windows.

OS Kernel Structure (UNIX, Windows), Programing

Languages
A Kernel is a principal segment of an operating system (OS). It gives the plan
and design points of interest made by developers connected with the specific
working operating system. The vast majority of the general population
around the globe utilizes the PC without knowing how it really works and
what a kernel is. The Kernel is the base of a working framework at the least
level. The kernel is normally worked by the software engineers or by the
designers. The capacity of a Kernel basically is essential in every one of the
operations. The Kernel is the heart of a working framework and without the
Kernel, running a working framework is unrealistic (Roskovo, 2016).

Similarities, Differences in Structure

Similarities

Both Linux and Windows Kernels consume Hardware Abstraction Layer for
interaction of software with the hardware. This helps in portability and also
keeps the operating system independent of system calls. At the kernel level,
both operating system uses C as basic programing language to handle all the
system calls. This makes most of the kernel handling mechanism similar such
as access device drivers, virtual memory, caching, network protocols, file
systems, process creating and execution (Wallen, 2008).

The distinction between Linux Kernel and Windows Kernel mode is simple
and straightforward clarified. The Linux Kernel has all the entrance to the
memory and can do whatever it needs with it. With a specific end goal to
keep himself alive it will begin to execute different procedures to secure
memory for him, if that won't happen, the framework will crash. Windows
Kernel doesn't do that. It just swaps out and in the part memory when there
is insufficient and as a result of this the execution is more intricate (Wallen,
2008).

Differences
For Windows all representation operations are wearing in Kernel windows, all
illustrations operations were done in the kernel for Windows 9x, for the new
NT form Kernel this was moved basically for execution reason. Qualities of
illustrations rendering are still a part of the OS center, as contrasted and
Linux which is frequently utilized as a part of servers. Web applications
servers and supercomputers do have a tendency to have more execution
with no graphical interface. The graphical interface doesn't make a difference
as much as the execution. For Linux, in both X11 and Wayland engineering a
huge part of the rendering itself is done in user space, however equipment
like Nvidia or Intel design are still wear in piece (Zhu, 2009).

OS system call (UNIX, Windows) with some examples

Operating system uses kernel objects to manage resources. These kernel
objects are created by the system calls. In UNIX the system calls results in
the creation of kernel objects which returns an unsigned integer, whereas in
Windows, windows API are used to create the kernel objects which return a
data type called handle. Handle represents objects and are used in
identifying the specific object (Silberschatz, Galvin, & Gagne, 2013).

System call transition is identically using this assembly instruction regardless

of any x86 OS, but once it is inside ring 0 - almost everything can be
different. And to make the transition from rings, it uses "SYSENTER" AND
"SYSEXIT" system calls. But for performance wise, every OS implement a
per-CPU task queue for scheduling which tasks to be executed on which CPU
- and this means every tasks executed on each CPU is independent of tasks
executing on other CPU - seldom do they coordinate among one another. And
even though theoretically every CPU have its own CR3 registers, and
therefore can have different memory page tables, it is common to have just
ONE page table in memory and share among the different CPU - and it order
not to step onto one another when writing these page tables, you need some
locks.
Examples of windows system calls are (Silberschatz, Galvin, & Gagne, 2013):

Process control in windows uses CreateProcess(), ExitProcess() and

WaitForSignalObject(). Likewise unix uses fork(), exit() and wait().
File manipulation in windows uses CreateFile(), ReadFile(), WriteFile()
and CloseHandle(). Likewise unix uses open(), read(), write(), close().
Device manipulation in windows uses SetConsoleMode(),
ReadConsole() and WriteConsole(). Likewise unix uses ioctl(), read()
and write.
Information maintenance in windows uses GetCurrentProcessID(),
SetTime() and Sleep(). Likewise unix uses getpid(), alarm() and sleep().

Conclusion/Summary
As should be obvious, both Linux and Windows working operating systems
have a kind of Kernel. Both kernels are with an alternate approach yet both
perform same functions. Amongst Linux and Windows kernels, the distinction
is that Linux is more similar to a kernel that cleans everything on its
approach to get more memory when it needs. Likewise you can do practically
everything with the Linux part, you have boundless customization potential
outcomes. Contrasted with the Windows kernel, you can't do an excessive
number of things. Just a couple capacities and if taking it serious with only
the Microsoft having an access to it.

REFERENCES
Roskovo, D. (2016). Windows Kernel vs Linux Kernel. Retrieved from
Technozed.Com: http://technozed.com/windows-kernel-vs-linux-kernel/

Silberschatz, A., Galvin, A., & Gagne, N. (2013). Operating System Concepts
Essentials 2nd Edition. Willey Incorporation.

Wallen, J. (2008). 0 fundamental differences between Linux and Windows.

Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com:
http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-fundamental-differences-
between-linux-and-windows/
Zhu, D. (2009). Kernel Comparison of Three Widely Used OS. Retrieved from
https://www.infoq.com: https://www.infoq.com/articles/kernel-comparison-
unix-zhu