Table No 21

Numbe Sum Difference Product Quotient

r
Two a1 a2 a2 a1 a1 a2 a1 a2 a1 a2
rationa or a2 a1
l rational number = rational number Rational
or
numbe number
3 1 rational number
a1 3 7 2 3
2 2 2 2 3
rs 2 2 e.g: 2 2 4
a2 e.g: 3 1
rational 2 Rational 3 3
and 2 2
e.g: 2
Two b1 b2 b1 b2 b1 b2 b1 b2
irration
b2 b1
al = irrational or = irrational or =
numbe Or b2 b1 or rational
irrational or
b1 Rational number
rational
2 3 = irrational or rational e.g:
rs
e.g: number 3 2 6 2 3
b2 6
and
irrational
5 3 2 3 2

2 3 2 3 irrational
3 3 3
5 2 4 5 4

4 Rational
3 5 3
rational Irrational ++++
7 2 3 2 +check+++

4 rational
One a b ab ba ab a b
rationa or irration b a
l and Irrational number Irrational number al number or
other 4 3 e.g:
4 3 irrational
irration
e.g:
4 3 3 number e.g:
al Irrational or
numbe ir 4 3
34 rational
a 3 4
(irrational)
r or
b irrational
and
Some identities related to real numbers.

a
2
a
(i)
ab a b
(ii)
a a

b b
(iii)
a b
a b ab
(iv)
a b a b a 2
b
(v)

2
a b a 2 ab b
(vi)

2
a b a 2 ab b
(vii)

Q. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4

a3 b4 n6
Sol/

ba 43 1

n 1 6 1 7

a
b a , a 2 b a a 6 b a
n 1 n 1 n 1
 1
3 ,3 2
1 3 6 1
7 7 7

22 23 24 25 26 27
, , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7 7

Sum Example

2 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 7
(i) Add: and

2
3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 7
Sol/

2 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 7

3 8 8 6 7

3 32 3 16
(ii)Multiply: (i) by

3 32 3 16 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
Sol/

23 4 23 2

3 18 3 9
(iii) Divide: (i)

3 18 18
3 3 2
3 9 9
Sol/
 Euclids Geometry:
Some Important Notes of few points.

(i) A line is breadthless Length.

(ii)A point is that which has no part.
(iii) The ends of a Line are points.
(iv) A straight Line is a Line which Lies evenly with the points on
itself.
(v)The edges of a surface are Lines.
(vi) When the Lines containing the angle are straight the angle is
called rectilinear.
Some Important terms related to geometry.

Line segment: The straight path between two points A and B is called the Line
segment.

++++++++diagram++++++++
 AB
It is denoted

AB
Line: A Line segment when extended indefinitely in both directions is
called the Line AB
suu
r
AB
It is denoted

++++++++diagram++++++++
suu
r
AB
Ray: A Line segment when extended in one direction only is called the
ray AB.
uuur
AB
It is denoted by

Note: A ray has no definite Length

Collinear points: A point which has three or more points are said to be
collinear.

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++

Where A, B, C, are Collinear.

Intersecting Lines: Two lines having a common point are said to be

intersecting Lines.

Where AB and CD have a common Point p. ++++++++++++++

++++diagram+++++
Concurrent Lines: Three or more Lines which intersect at a common
point are said to be concurrent.

+++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++++++

Parallel Lines: Two Lines L and m in a plane are said to be parallel.

Note: (i) Parallel Lines are not a common point

(ii) And they do not intersect at any point

++++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++++

Euclids Postulates:
1. A straight Line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.

++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++

2. A terminated Line can be produced in definitely.

++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++

3. A circle can be drown with any centre and any radius.

++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++
 4. All right angles are equal to one another.

++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++

ABC 90

PQR 90

ABC PQR
Then both the angle are congruent.

Line and angles:

Some Important types of angles

90
(i) Right angle: An angle whose measure is is called a right
angle.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

0 90
(ii) Acute angle: An angle whose measures lies between and is
called an acute angle.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

90
(iii) Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than but
180
less than is called an obtuse angle.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++
++

180
(iv) Straight angle: An angle whose measure is is called a
straight angle.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

180
(v) Reflex angle: An angle whose measures is more than but less than
360
is called a reflex angle.
 ++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

90
Complementary angles: The two angles whose sum is are
called complementary angles.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

65 25 90

90 90

180
Supplementary angles: Two angle whose sum is are called
supplementary angles.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

110 70 180

180 180

Pairs of angles:

Congruent angles: Angles are siad to be congruent if they have

the same measure.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

Adjacent angles: Two angles are adjacent if they have a common

very/common arm/non-common arms are on the different sides of
the common arm.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

ABD OBC
In the given figure and are adjacent angles with the
B A
common vertex and common are BD.

180
Linear pair of Angles: When the sum of two adjacent angles is then
they are called a Linear pair of angles.
 ADC BOC
In the given figure and form a Linear pair of angles as their
OA OB
non-common arms and

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

Vertically opposite angles: If two angles are called a pair of vertically

opposite angles, if their arms form two pairs of opposite rays.

Note: (i) If two Lines intersect to each other, then the vertically opposite
angles are equal.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

(ii) The sum of all the angles on the same side of a Line at a given
180
point is .

(iii) If a ray stands on a Line, then the sum of two adjacent angle so
180
formed is

180
(iv) If the sum of two adjacent angles is , then the non-common
arms of the angles form a Line.

360
(v) The su7m of all the angles about a point is .
 Parallel Lines and a transversal.
(i) Transversal: A straight Line that cuts two or more Lines at
distinct points is called a transversal.

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++

(ii) Corresponding angles:

1 5
(i) and
2 6
(ii) and
4 8
(iii) and
3 7
(iv) and

Tricks Learn: 1st odd then even 3rd even then odd.

Alternate interior angle

4 6
(i) and
3 5
(ii) and (i) first even then odd
Alternate exterior angle
1 7
(i) and
2 8
(ii) and (i) first odd then even
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
4 5
(i) and
3 6
(ii) and
Note:

(i) If a transversal intersects two parallel Lines, then each pair of

alternate interior angles is equal.

3, 5 4, 6
and

(ii) If a transversal intersects two Lines such that a pair of alternate

interior angles is equal, then the two Lines are parallel.

1 2
and

(iii) If a transversal intersects tow parallel Lines then each pair

of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary.

1, 2 3, 4
and

(iv) If a transversal intersects tow Lines such that a pair of

interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary, then the two Lines are parallel.
(v) Lines which are parallel to the same Line are parallel to each
other.
 1 3
2 3
1 2

Triangle and its angles:

Triangle: A plane figure bounded by three Line segments is called a

triangle.

It is denoted by the Geeev letter (delta)

Types of triangles on the Basis of Sides:

(i) Scalene triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are

unequal.

ABC AB BC CA
In

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++

(ii) Isosceles triangle: A riangle in which two sides are equal.

ABC AB AC BC
In

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++
 (iii) Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are
equal.

ABC , AB BC CA
In

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++

180
Note: The sum of the angles of a triangle is

Exterior angles of a triangle

(i) If a side of a triangle is produced then the exterior angle so
formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

Triangles
Congruent triangles: If two triangles are congruent if and only if they
have exactly the same shape and same size.

ABC PQR
In is congruent to

ABC PQR
We write

Note: In congruent triangles corresponding parts are equal.

Some special criterion for congruence of triangles

SAS: (Side angle side) Congruence rule: If two triangles are congruent if two
sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the two sides and
the included angle of the other triangle.
ASA (Angle side angle) Congruence rule: If two triangles are congruent if
two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and
the included side of the other triangle.

AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruence rule: If tow angles and any side of a

triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and side of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.

Some properties of a triangle:

Theorem 1: Angle opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.

ABC ,
in which

AB AC

B C

Theorem 2: The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.

ABC
In in which
 B C

AB AC
So,

+++++++++++++++++DIAGRAM+++++++++++

Theorem 3: (S S S Congruence rule:) If three sides of one triangle are equal

to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

ABC DEF
In AND

AB DE , BC EF AC DF
and

ABC DEF
SO,

Theorem 4: (R.H.S Congruence rule): If in two right triangles the hypotenuse

and one side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the
other triangle, then the two triangle are congruent.

B E 90

AC DF
BC EF

+++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++

INE QUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE

Note: If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angle opposite to the Longer
side is larger (or greater)

ABC
In
AC AB

ABC ACB
where

+++++++++++++DIAGRAM++++++++++

Note: If any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is Longer.

ABC
In in which

ABC ACB

AC AB
Where

++++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++

Note: The sum of any two sides of a triangle greater than the third side.

ABC
In , in which

AB AC BC
AB BC AC
BC AC AB

QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals: A closed figure bounded by four Line segments is called a
quadrilateral

360
Note: The sum of the angle of quadrilateral is

A point at which any two sides of the Quadrilateral meet is called a vertex
of the quadrilateral

++++++++++++++++++++++++DIAGRAM+++++++++++++++++
+++

Where A, B, C and D are the vertices of Quadrilateral ABCD.

Consecutive/Adjacent sides: Two sides of a quadrilateral having a

common end point are called consecutive/Adjacent sides

Opposite Side: Two side of a quadrilateral having no common end point

are called its Opposite side.

Note: The Line segments AC and BC are called its diagonals of

quadrilateral ABCD.

Consecutive angles: Two angles of a quadrilateral having a common arm

are called consecutive angles.

A, B, C C , D D, A

Opposite angles: Two angle of a quadrilateral having no common arm

A, C B, D
are called its opposite angles. and
Types of Quadrilaterals:

(i) Parallelogram: A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides

are parallel.

Pgm
It is denoted by

+++++++++++++++++++++diagram+++++++
+++++++++++++

AB P DC AD PBC
Where and

(ii) Rectangle: A parallelogram whose one of the angles is a right

angle.

A
Note: where is a right angle but remaining angles will also be right
angles.

+++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++

(iii) Rhombus: A quadrilateral having all sides equal is called a

rhombus.

AB BC CD DA

+++++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++++++

Note: every rhombus is a parallelogram.

Square: A square is a rhombus whose is a right angle.

Note:

(i) A square is a rectangle whose two adjacent sides are equal.

+++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++

A
(ii) Rhombus ABCD is a square because IS A RIGHT ANGLE.
AB BC
(iii) Rectangle ABCD is a square because
Trapezium: A quadrilateral whose one pair of opposite sides is parallel
and the other pair of opposite sides is non-parallel is called trapezium.

AB P DC AD
Note: A quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium because and
BC
are non-parallel.

+++++++++++++++diagram6++++++++++++++++++++

Isosceles trapezium: If the two non-parallel sides of a trapezium

are equal, then it is called an isosceles trapezium

AB P DC
Note: A quadrilateral ABCD is isosceles trapezium because
AD BC
and non-parallel sides and are equal.

(i) The parallel sides of a trapezium are called its bases.

(ii) The line segment joining the mid-points of non-parallel sides of a
trapezium is called its median

Kite: A quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal is

called a Kite.

AB BC AD CD
Note: A quadrilateral ABCD is a kite because and
Sum properties of a parallelogram

(i) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent

triangles.
(ii) In a parallelogram opposote sodes are equl.
(iii) If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal,
then it is a parallelogram.
(iv) In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal.
(v) The a parllelogram opposite angles are equal.
(vi) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
(vii) If in a quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is equal,
then it is a paralloelogram.
(viii) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then it
is a parallelogram.
(ix) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of opposite sides
is equal and parallel.
 The mid-point theorem
(i) The Line segment Joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to half of it.

ABC E AB AC DE DE P BC
In , and are the mid-points of and Where
1
DE BC
2

++++++++++++++++++Diagram+++++++++++++++++++
+++

(ii) The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle
parallel to another side bisects the third side.

ABC D AB DE BC
In is the mid-point of and is parallel to

AE CE
So,

+++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++
Area Of Parallelogram and triangles

Some Results on area of Polygonal Regions:

Theorem 1: A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles

of equal areas.

ADC ADC ADC or CBA

Where, or ( or

+++++++++++++++++++Diagram+++++++++++++++++

Theorm 2: Parallelograms on the same base and between the same

parallels are equal in area.

Pgm ABCD or PgmEFCD

Where or

+++++++++++++Diagram+++++++++++++++

Corollary: A Parallelogram and a rectangle (which is also a

parallelogram) on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.

Converese: Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and

having equal areas Lie between the same parallels.

Theorem 3: The area of a parallelogram is the product of its base and

the corresponding attitude.
 Pgm ABCD AB AQ
Or (

+++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++

Therorm 4: If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and

between the same parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal to
half the are of the parallelogram.

1
PAB or Pgm ABCD
2
Or

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++

Theorem 5: Two triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and
between the same parallels are equals in area.

ABC or DBC
Or

++++++++++++Diagram+++++++++++++

Theorem 6: Two triangles having the same base (or equal bases) and
equal areas lie between the same parallels.

1
ABC AB CM
2
Or

ABC ABD
Where: and lie between same parallels.

+++++++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++++++
 Circle
Circle: A circle is a closed curve consisting of a set of all those
points of the plane which are at a constant distance from a fixed point
in the plane.

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++
Circumference: The distance around the circle is its circumference.

Centre: The fixed point is called its centre.

Radius: The constant distance is called its radius

Chord: A Line segment Joining any two points on the

circumference is called a chord.

Diameter: A chord passing through the centre of a circle is known as

its diameter.

Diameter 2 radius

Arc: A part of the Circumference of a circle is called an arc.

Semi-circle: A diameter of a circle divides it into two equal arcs, Each of

these two arcs is called a semicircle.
 Conjugate arcs: If the major and minor arc together make up a circle
(whose circumference) they are called conjugate arcs.

Note:

(i) The degree measure of a minor arc is the measure of the central
angle containing the minor arc.

PQ POQ Q
Let be minor arc of a circle If then degree measure of
Q
PQ

360
(ii) The degree measure of a major arc is minus the degree
measure of the corresponding minor arc.

Q
m PQ
If

360
mPQ
Then

180
(iii) The degree measure of a semicircle is

Segments: A chord divides a circular region into two parts called the
segments of the circle.

Alternate segments of as circle: The major and minor segments of a circle

are called the alternate se3gments of each other.

Congruent circle: Two circles are said to be congruent if either of them can
be super imposed on the other.
Concentric circles: Circles having the same centre but different radii are
called concentric circles.

P-(i) Two circles are congruent if and only if they have equal radii.

Theorem 1: Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.

AOB COD

Theorem 2: If the angles subtended by the chords of a circle at the centre are
equal then the chords are equal.

AB CD

P-1: If two arcs of a circle (or congruent circles are congruent then the
corresponding chords are equal.

Converse: If two chords of a circle (or congruent circles) are equal then their
corresponding arcs (minor, major or semi circular) are congruent.

Theorem: The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord

bisect the chord.

Given: AB is a chord of circle with cente O

OD AB

++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++

OD AB
Prove: bisects the chord

AD=DB
i.e

Theorem: The Line drawn through the cente of circle to bisect a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Given: (i) AB is a chord of a circle

With centre O.

++++++++++++diagram++++++++++++++

AB OD
(iii) D is the mid-point of and is joined.

OD AB
Prove:

Theorem: There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-
collinear points.

Given: Three non-collinear (not in a st. Line) point A, B, C

Prove: One and only one circle can pass through A, B, and C.
Equal Chords and their distances from the centre.

Theorem: Equal chords of a circle (or congruent circles) are equidistant

from the centre (or centres)

Theorem: Chord equidistant from the cente of a circle are equal in length.

Angles Subtended by Arcs and chords at point on the circle

P-1: Two arcs of a circle (or congruent circles are congruent if the angle
subtended by them at the centre are equal.

AB Arc CD
Arc

+++++diagram+++++++++++++

Converse: If two arcs of a circle (or congruent circles) are congruent, then
the angle subtended by them at the centre are equal.

mAOB mCOD

++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

Note: The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is called its central angle.
If this angle is measured in degrees, its measure is also known as degree
measure of the arc.

Theorem: The angle Subtended by an arc at the Centre is doubled the

angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.

AOB 2ACB

++++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++
Corollary: Equal arcs of the same cirdle, or congruent circles subtend equal
angles at the circumference and vice versa.

APB 90
P-2: The angle in a semicircle is a right angle

++++++++++++++DIAGRAM++++++++++++

P-3: The arc of a circle subtendeing a right angle at any oint on the
remaining party of the circle is a semicirlce.

AB
is a semicrcle.

+++++++++++++diagram+++++++++++++++++

Theorem: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

ACB ADB
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral is that whose all the four vertices Lie on a circle.

Theorem: The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral.

OR

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

180
Theorem: If the sum of pair of op[posite angles of a quadrilateral is the
quadrilateral is cyclic.

OR

If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is wupplementry then the

quadrilateral is cyclic.

Property: If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced then the exterior

qngle is equal to the interior opposite angle.

CBX ADC

+++++++++++++++++Diagram+++++++++++++++++++++

In order to prove a quadrilateral to be cydlic you may prove any one of the
following

(i) Opposite angles of the quadrilateral are supplementry

 (ii) Exterior angle of the quadrilateral is equal to its interior opposite
angle.
(iii) Any one side of the quadrilateral subtends equal angles on the
same side of ti, at the ramaining vertices of the quadrilateral.

Herons formula

(i) Rectangle
2 L b
(i) Perimeter of rectangle:

L b
Where id Length and is breadth

Lb
(ii) Area of rectangle

(ii) Square

4a
(i) Perimeter of square

Let a denote the Length of each side of a square

a2
(ii) Area of square
2a
(iii) Diagonal of square =

(iii) Parallelogram

2 L b
(i) Perimeter of Parallelogram

(ii) Area of parallelogram = base height

(iv) Rhombus

4a
(i) Perimeter of Rhombus
1
d1 d 2
2
(ii) Area of Rhombus

d1 d2
Where and be the length of the diagonals of the rhombus of side.
(v) Trapezium

1
a b h
2
Area of trapezium

a b h
Where and be the length of the two parallel sides and be distance
between the parallel sides.

Triangles

abc
(i) Perimeter of triangle
1
b h
2
(ii) Area of triangle
b a c h
(iii) Let be the base of a triangle and the other two sides and
its height

(i) Right angles triangle

abc
(i) Perimeter
1
ab
2
(ii) Area

a b
Where and be the length of the sides containing the right angle and
c
be the hypotenuse.

(ii) Equilateral triangle

3a
(i) Perimeter
3 2
a
4
(ii) Area

(iii) Isosceles triangle

a 2x
(i) Perimeter
 1 a2
a x2
2 4
(ii) Area
x
Let be the length of each of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle
and let a be its unequal sides

Herons formula

abc

2
For semi perimeter

BC s s a s b s c
Area of

Note: Thus formula is applicable to all types of triangles such that right
triangle, equilateral, scalene, or isosceles triangle

Surface area of a Cuboid and a Cube

(i) Cuboid: A Cuboid is a solid bounded by six rectangular plane regions.
(ii) Solid Cuboid: A solid Cuboid or a cuboid or a cuboidal region in the part
of space bounded by the six faces of a cuboid.
(i) Total surface area of the cuboid