You are on page 1of 13

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

LABORATORY SUBMISSION FORM

Name VISHAL HARAN A/L PANNIRSELVAM (1103162009)


Title of Experiment THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD
Course code EKB 2091
Course name CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II
Group member ID
THIVAGARAN A/L ANAND 1103162003
MOHAMED RAFIQ FARHAN 1103162008

CRITERIA Very Poor Good Very Excellent


poor Good
1. ABSTRACT 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

2. OBJECTIVES 1 2 3 4 5
List all the objectives based on the experiment
3. DATA & RESULT
Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete 1 2 3 4 5
label and units.
4. DISCUSSION (2 Page ONLY) 1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20
Explanations of the referred table and figure are presented
after the table and figure.
Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and
objective of experiment.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
Summary of the results to relate the findings or results
with the theory applicable to the experimental. 1 2 3 4 5
Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement
procedure, or experimental procedures for future.
REFERENCES (AT LEAST 3) 1 2 3 4 5
APPENDICES
1 2 3 4 5
Attach ONE calculation made in this experiment
FORMATS 1 2 3 4 5
TOTAL (60%)

Chop received:
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1 Abstract

2 Objectives

3 Introduction

4 Result

5 Discussion

6 Conclusion and recommendation

7 References

8 Appendix
1.0 ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this experiment is to study the heat transfer through conduction
in a metal rod. The temperature dissemination along the length of the rod is watched
and recorded to calculate the thermal conductivity of the metal rod. At voltage of 80
Volts and current of 0.35 Ampere, that was kept consistent, the temperature
increased bit by bit over a span of 60 minutes (recorded at every 10 minutes
intervals) until a steady temperature was accomplished over the length of the rod (
0.2C). From the information gathered, the heat transfer rate (Q) and the thermal
conductivity (k) was calculated using the equations; Q = MCp (T8-T7) and k = Q/[-A
(dT/dX)], gave the slope of the temperature against distance between sensors
yielded an estimation of 105.5.Moreover, the heat transfer rate of the metal rod was
60.3 W and the thermal conductivity observed to be 1164.08 W/mC. It is fitting to be
wait around 10 seconds before recording the T1-T8 values as the values have a
tendency to vary before going to a steady reading. This will empower a more
information to be gathered and ensure the calculation of the heat transfer rate and
thermal conductivity is accurate.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

o To plot the temperature distribution along the length of rod


o To study the heat transfer through conduction in metal rod
o To calculate the thermal conductivity of metal rod

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Applying the same concept, this experiment is designed to determine at what rate the
heat transfer occurs in the metal rod and study the type temperature distribution
along the stretch of the metal rod. Thermal conductivity is physical property that is
characterized as the capacity of a material to conduct heat. Heat travels through a
material at a specific rate. The rate at which a material conduct the heat relies on
upon the material itself. Certain materials enable heat to move quickly through them,
while others enable heat to move very slowly through them. This identifies with the
composition of the atoms of that material which enables the heat to travel through it
quickly or slowly. At the point when two objects of different temperatures are placed
in contact with each other, there is a exchange of thermal energy. This exchange,
known as heat conduction, makes the hotter object to cool and the cooler object to
warm.
The thermal energy of a object is a measure of the speed of the object's particles. At
the point when two objects of different temperatures are placed in contact with each
other, the quicker moving particles collide into the slower moving particles, and
energy is exchanged. The faster moving particles give up some energy and therefore
slow down and the slower moving particles increase some energy and in this way it
speed up. This process, known as heat conduction, continues until equilibrium is
achieved, where every one of the particles of both object are moving at roughly a
same speed. This equilibrium speed (or equilibrium temperature) must be some
place in the middle of the two objects' original temperatures. Thusly, the hotter object
cools and the cooler object warms. (Virginia, n.d.) .Applying a similar idea, this
experiment is intended to decide at what rate the heat move happens in the metal
rod and study the sort temperature dissemination along the extend of the metal bar.
4.0 RESULTS

Table 1: Data obtained at 80 Volts and 0.35 Ampere.

V = 80 Volts I = 0.35 Amp

Temperatures (oC)
Time F (ml)
(min) [t1=10s] T1(oC) T2(oC) T3(oC) T4(oC) T5(oC) T6(oC) T7(oC) T8(oC)

0 480 46.3 42.7 40.3 39.2 37.5 35.8 31.2 31.7


10 480 56.2 51.8 48.6 46.0 43.1 40.1 31.1 31.8
20 480 59.6 54.6 50.6 47.1 43.5 39.2 32.8 33.2
30 480 60.0 55.0 50.8 47.3 43.7 39.6 33.2 33.8
40 480 60.0 55.0 50.7 46.9 43.2 38.8 32.3 32.8
50 480 60.0 55.0 50.7 47.0 43.3 39.0 32.4 32.8
60 480 59.8 54.8 50.5 46.7 43.0 38.7 32.2 32.5

Table 2: Temperatures, T (C) along metal rod against distance, X (m) between
sensors at different time intervals.

Distance,
T0(C) T10(C) T20 (C) T30 (C) T40 (C) T50 (C) T60(C)
X (m)
0.035 46.3 56.2 59.6 60.0 60.0 60.0 59.8
0.075 42.7 51.8 54.6 55.0 55.0 55.0 54.8
0.115 40.3 48.6 50.6 50.8 50.7 50.7 50.5
0.155 39.2 46.0 47.1 47.3 46.9 47.0 46.7
0.195 37.5 43.1 43.5 43.7 43.2 43.3 43.0
0.235 35.8 40.1 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.0 38.7
60

50

T0(C)
40
Temperature, T (C)

T10(C)
T20(C)
30
T30(C)
T40(C)
20
T50(C)
T60(C)
10
T70(C)

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Distance, X (m)

Figure 1: Graph of Temperatures along metal rod (C) against distance


between sensors (m) at different time intervals.

Table 3: Temperature distribution (C) at each distance, X (m) of sensor from the end
point of the metal rod, t=60 mins.

Distance, X (m) Temperature, T (C)


0.035 59.8
0.075 54.8
0.115 50.5
0.155 46.7
0.195 43.0
0.235 38.7
60
Temperature, T (C)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Distance, X (m)

Figure 2: The temperature distribution (C) at each distance, X (m) of sensor from the
end point of the metal rod, t=60 mins.

Table 4: Table of Time (min) Heat Transfer Rate, Q (W) and Thermal Conductivity, k
(W/mC)

Time (min) Q (W) k (W/mC)


0 100.5 1940.14
10 140.6 2714.3
20 80.4 1552.11
30 120.6 2328.16
40 100.5 1940.14
50 80.4 1552.11
60 60.3 1164.08
12000
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/mC)

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (min)

Figure 3: The effect of Time (min) corresponding to the Thermal Conductivity, k


(W/mC)
5.0 DISCUSSION

The purpose of this experiment is to study the heat transfer through conduction in a
metal rod by recording the temperature changes along the length of the rod. Using
these data, the thermal conductivity of the metal rod is to be calculated, with the help
of the given equation and other fixed information data, and the temperature
distribution along the length of rod can be plotted. The heater input by the dimmer
stat is kept consistent at 80 Volts all through the experiment, with the current of 0.35
Ampere. This experiment is viewed as effective when the temperature changes at 8
unique focuses on the rod, that are altogether associated with temperature sensors,
achieve a steady and consistent scope of about 0.2. The temperatures of each
focuses from T1 to T8 are taken at regular 10 minutes intervals . In the meantime, a
specific volume of water is gathered at regular 10 seconds intervals check to help
calculate the flow rate estimation, which ought to yield a steady outcome.

The set-up of the apparatus comprises of a metal rod, which has one end heated by
an electric heater while the other end of the rod lives in a cooling water jacket. At 8
section all through the length of the rod, temperature sensors are fixed to study the
temperature dispersion in the metal rod as heat goes from the hot end to the cool
end. Heat energy can travel through a substance by conduction on the grounds that
the electrons in a metal rod can leave their atoms and move about in the metal as
free electrons. The parts of the metal atoms left behind are currently charged metal
ions. This kinetic energy is exchanged from hot parts of the metal to cooler parts by
the free electrons. These travel through the structure of the metal, crashing into
particles as they go. Therefore by changing the heat input rate to suit this experiment,
the heat transfer rate, Q and thermal conductivity, k of the metal rod can be resolved.

Table 1 demonstrates the volumetric flow rate and temperature readings of every
temperature sensor recorded at a fixed voltage and current of 80 Volts and 0.35
Ampere. The duration of the experiment was a hour and 10 minutes (60 minutes).
The readings of the temperatures (T1 T8) were noted until a consistent change of
0.2 was watched. The readings of temperature along the metal rod were recorded at
each 10 minute interim. All the while, a certain volume of water was additionally
gathered for 10 seconds to concentrate the flow rate of water. At the initial 10 minute
interim, the volume of water gathered was 480 ml.

Table 2 demonstrates the temperature readings along the length of the metal rod in
contrast with the separation between every sensor at various time interims. It can be
seen with time there was a slight increase in each temperatures reading. The
temperature increase with time until the steady state is accomplished. The rate at
which solids expand when heated relies on upon the substance. Metals have a
tendency to have higher rates of extension per degree change in temperature than
non-metal solids, yet there is variety among various types of metals. Figure 1
delineates a graph that shows, as the distance of temperature sensor from the finish
of the metal rod increase, the temperature diminishes. The temperature was at the
most astounding when the separation of the primary temperature sensor (T1) from
the end purpose of pipe was 0.035m. The temperature was at the least when the
separation of the 6th temperature sensor (T6). This obviously demonstrates when the
separation of temperature sensors expands, the temperature diminishes.

Figure 2 was developed in view of Table 3 that demonstrates the temperature


distribution at every sensor at different separations from the finish of the metal rod at
60 minutes, once a relentless steady state of temperature reading was acquired. In
view of the graph, the slope of the straight line was calculated to give the estimation
of dT/dX of -105.5. The law of heat conduction, otherwise called Fourier's law
expresses that the time rate of heat exchange through a material is proportional to
the negative gradient in the temperature. This explain the incident where
temperature readings of the sensors far from the heater are not as much as the
temperature sensors close to the heater.

After the end of the experiment, all the date gathered was used to calculate
the heat transfer rate, Q and thermal conductivity, k in view of the given equations.
The volume of water gathered as for the season of 10 seconds was utilized to figure
Q which was 60.3 W. The k of the metal rod, which was controlled by dividing the Q
by the range of the metal slope (An) and the slope of the temperature distribution
graph (dT/dX), gave an estimation of 1164.08 W/mC. There must be no collection of
mass or energy over the time period of interest. A similar mass flow rate will remain
constant in the flow way through every element of the system. Thermodynamic
properties may vary from point to point, yet will stay unaltered at any given point.
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

It is clear from the satisfactory results obtained, that the main objective of studying
the heat transfer process through conduction in a metal rod is achieved. The
temperature distribution along the length of the rod was well-observed which enabled
the accurate calculation of the thermal conductivity of the metal rod to take place. At
a voltage of 80 Volts, and current of 0.35 Ampere, the heat transfer rate, Q is 60.3 W.
Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the metal rod obtained from this experiment is
1164.08 W/mC. It is clear from the results outcomes got, that the main purpose of
studying the heat transfer handle through conduction in a metal rod is accomplished.
The temperature dispersion along the length of the rod was all around watched which
enable the accurate calculation of the thermal conductivity of the metal rod to occur.
At a voltage of 80 Volts, and current of 0.35 Ampere, the heat transfer rate, Q is 60.3
W. Subsequently, the warm conductivity of the metal bar acquired from this analysis
is 1164.08 W/mC.

Some of the following recommendations should be considered in order to obtain


more satisfactory results in the future;

i. A valve can be introduced for the collection water to calculate the flow rate
so that there will be no spillage and the volume got will be more precise and
accurate and in better consistency with the time.

ii. A higher voltage can be used to conduct this experiment as this will
enable the metal pole to achieve a steady state in a shorter time frame
that will give more accurate outcomes.
iii. The water supply to the tank ought to be refresh with a better piping
system as spillages occurs which brings about wasteful heat dispersion,
in this manner poorer final products.
7.0 REFERENCES

1. Lide, D. &. K. H., 1994. CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and


Thermochemical Data. s.l.:Boca Raton: CRC Press.

2. Kavi, Y. &. B. M., 2006. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach


New York. s.l.:McGraw-Hill.

3. Virginia, U. o., n.d. Phun Physics. [Online]


Available at: http://phun.physics.virginia.edu/topics/thermal.html
[Accessed 10 05 2016].

8.0 APPENDIX

Sample calculations at 60 minutes:

1. M = (F x p x 10-6) / t1
= (480 x 1000 x 10-6) / (10)
= 0.048 kg/sec
2. Q = M Cp (T8-T7)
= (0.048) (4186) (32.5 32.2)
= 60.3 W

3. A = /4( d2)
= /4 (0.025)2
= 4.91 x 10-4 m2

4. k = Q / (-A x dT/dX)
=60.3/ [-(4.91 x 10-4) x (-105.5)]
=1164.08 W/m oC

You might also like