COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURE
BETWEEN IS 800-1984 & IS 800-2007

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ARIJIT DEY
ME (CONST.) PG-II
ROLL NO. : 001510602019
Year : 2nd Sem : 4th

Under The Guidance Of

Jafar Sadaq Ali & Debasish Bandyopadhyay
 Introduction :

Codes of practice provide the minimum requirements that a design has to satisfy. In India,
Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.) is the statutory body that publishes the codes of practice
to be followed in the Indian Professional practice. Though the codes of practices issued by
B.I.S. are revised after 20 to 25 years, the second revision of IS 800 was published in 1984.
The third revision of the code was released after about 24 years, in December 2007, by the
B.I.S. The material contained in the code reflects the state-of-the-art of knowledge and is
based on the provisions in other international codes as well as other research publications.
This version of the code is based on the Limit state method of design philosophy whereas the
earlier version was based on Working stress method.
The revised Code IS:800-2007 will enhance the confidence of designers, engineers,
contractors, technical institutions, professional bodies and the industry will open a new era in
safe and economic construction in steel.
Limit State Design (LSD) or Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFDterm used in U.S.) first
contradicts the term permissible, the basic concept of erstwhile design. The word
Permissible is now impermissible in LSD or LRFD method. Traditionally used term Factor of
Safety (FoS) changes to Partial Safety Factor (PSF) is another major departure. Structure can
respond to its demand up to fracture stress i.e. in an in-elastic regime rather than a nearly
fictitious elastic regime, which is another major conceptual changes in understanding of
failure modes. The truth, that the probability of failure of a structure cannot be avoided even
if it is properly designed but the chance of failure shall be quantified as finite and to be kept
in an acceptably low level.

Objective :

To develop an idea about the effect of codal modifications (from working stress method to
limit state design philosophy) on SHM (Structural Health Monitoring)

Scope of Work :

Detail study & comparison between IS-800:1984 & IS-800:2007.

Model generation using a reliable software maintaining both codal provision.
Comparison between generated models in the lights of SHM.
 Literature Review:

Dr.T.Muralidhara Rao, S.S.Phani A Critical Comparative Study Of

Is:800-2007 And Is:800-1984
MAJOR MODIFICATIONS
In the latest revision of IS: 800, the following major modifications have taken place:
a) The standard is based on limit state method, reflecting the latest developments and the state of
the art.
b) In view of the development and production of new varieties of medium and high tensile
structural steels in the country, the scope of the standard has been modified permitting the use of
any variety of structural steel provided the relevant provisions of the standard are satisfied.
c) The standard has made reference to the Indian Standards now available for rivets, bolts and other
fasteners.
a) General Design Requirement
The new edition of IS: 800 clearly classify cross sections as to, Plastic, Compact, Semi-
Compact or Slender. Separate design procedures have been laid down for each type of
classification.
The classification has been made based on each element of the section involved and depends
on the ratio of the major and minor dimension of the element i.e., limiting width to thickness
ratio.
b) Limit States Method of Design
Separate Partial Safety Factors for different loads and combinations are considered based on
the probability of occurrence of the loads. Similarly different safety factors for materials are
also considered depending on perfection in material characteristics and fabrication/ erection
tolerances.
Different permissible deflections considering different material of construction have also
been proposed.
c) Tension Members
Tension members have been designed by considering not only failure of the net cross section
(after taking Shear Lag) but also considering yielding of the gross cross section and rupture
of the section at the joint.
d) Compression Members
Design of Compression members considers the appropriate buckling curve out of total four
numbers depending on the type of section and the axis of buckling. Earlier version of the
Working Stress Method of design considered only one buckling curve for all types of
members irrespective of the nature of buckling.
e) Members Subjected To Bending
Reduction in Flexure capacity due to high Shear Force has been elaborated in detail.
New version introduces tension field design of plated steel girders.
f) Members Subjected To Combined Forces
Moment Gradient across a member / element considered in detail, while designing against
combined action of axial force and bending moment in an element of a structure.
g) Working Stress method of Design
 Working Stress Method (WSM) of Design has been kept in a separate chapter with minor
modifications (compared to the earlier code) and in tune with the specifications of the new
code to ensure smooth transition from WSM to LSM for Practicing engineers and
Academicians whosoever desires.
h) Design Against Fatigue
Design against fatigue has been introduced for the first time. The state-of-art concept of stress
range has been introduced for the first time in this code, this code automatically supersedes
IS:1024 for steel structures which considered the stressratio method.
i) Earthquake Resistance
Response Reduction factor has been introduced and elaborated in the new edition for the first time.
Comparing the provisions of the 1984 version of the code with that of the present code, it is seen
that the present code contains major revisions.

Mr. Arijit Guha-Asst. General Manager (C & S), Mr. M M Ghosh-Asst.

General Manager (C & S) - IS: 800 - Indian Code of Practice for
Construction in Steel and its Comparison with International Codes.
Allowable Stress Design (Bandyopadhyay et al 2002, 2003, 2004)
Allowable Stress Design is an approach in which structural members are designed so that
unit stresses do not exceed a pre-defined allowable stress. The allowable stress is defined
by a limiting stress divided by a factor of safety, so that, in general, it is expressed in the
form of: factual < fallowable
and the allowable stress is given by
fallowable = (fy/Fs)
fy = minimum yield stress and Fs = factor of safety
The factor of safety (Fs) used in the allowable stress design method, however, is fixed. This
means that no matter how variable the loads are, in terms of either frequency or
magnitude, the factor of safety is always the same. These deficiencies as well as advanced
knowledge of strength of material beyond yield point and its plastic plateau led to the
development of an alternative to the ASD based on the limit states of a material.
According to a different school of thought, linear elastic method can also take care of the
issues related to design of structural members, and may be considered sufficient to address
instability, dynamic effects and fatigue, since all these are based on similar variants of the
basic slope deflection equation. However, this will call for certain modifications of
the existing code stipulations, wherein real advantage of limit state concept can be derived
from a totally elastic stress code. This would improve checking of structural design by
reducing the number of clauses and complexity involved in limit state concept.
Similarly, a better way than Effective length methods can be adopted using Merchant
Rankine approach to find the limiting load of the whole structure, instead of the separate
values for different struts (for using different Column Curves) such that
1/Plimit = 1/Pfield + 1/Pcritical
 Biswajit Som, Sovanlal Maiti and Gokul Mondal, Limit State
Design: IS: 800 2007 a New Challenge for Structural Engineers in
India.
Hitherto, the structural design was based on a permissible format by limiting the failure mode
well within an empirically defined elastic range, (Linear) irrespective of actual behavior of
structure in a failure consequence. LSD considered the behavior of a structural member till
its probable failure limit and predicted the routes towards failure by attempt to quantify
different variables like type of load-permanent, quasi-permanent, transient accidental etc. and
resistance like axial, bending, shear, torsion, buckling, bearing and so on.

It is recognized probabilistically that it will be very uneconomical or impossible to design a

structure without any chance of failure. As there is very low but finite chance of failure of
structure, a new concept of safety is emerging in LSD method to avoid immediate,
progressive and disproportionate collapse of structure. Additional measures have been
prescribed in many codes to identify the critical members, failure of which can destabilize
the structural system. So, local and global, elastic and inelastic stability aspect has been given
much more emphasis in this new format of design.

As the ultimate failure sometime occurs in inelastic-plastic regime beyond the limit of strain
hardening (as can be observed in standard stress-strain curve of ductile steel) a failure limit
of serviceability of structure is also included implicitly in LSD method of design to recognize
the requirement of design intended performance limit of any structure.

Concept of Partial Safety Factor (PSF): Safety factor format is the most important
conceptual changes incorporated in LSD format. As discussed, uncertainty underlying in the
design assumption of random variables responsible for safety is varied inherently. Loads of
different kind has different demand from the structure. Level of uncertainty varies for
different loads. Structure responds through its resistance by its inherently varied nature of
internal stresses. So the quantification of uncertainty will vary and there must be different
risk factor. PSF concept developed to recognize the real world truth. Moreover the strength of
structural member basically depends on the geometrical and physical property of the
structural sections used. The quality control and production process prevailed in a particular
country is also an important consideration and due to this reason the factors may changes
accordingly for material with a statistically inferred characteristic value. It is true that LSD is
a probabilistic approach of design method but in a codified form it becomes a semi-
probabilistic method based on PSF format as in IS: 800-2007. So it is not mandatory for any
structural engineer to go through a statistical calculation for practical design based on the
code if not specially required for. Only the conceptual changes from the erstwhile
deterministic thinking shall be philosophically understood by the engineers.
Software & Modelling :

Result & Discussion :

Conclusion : Economy by LSD method for large steel structural system is already
established in the world.
For adoption of LSD in all levels more, more review and study of the codes and reliability
base design approach is very important. Some important documents may be prepared and
published for understanding of this LSD method (IS-800-2007) and its application as
under --
1. Limit state Design manual based on IS-800-2007 with commentary on code and worked
out examples.( like AISC LRFD manual)
2. Basic Design requirement for LSD method for conceptual understanding of this new
format. (like EN 1990)
3. Code calibration procedure of partial safety factor used in code, with sufficient statistical
data for understanding of the codified safety format.
4. Authentication of available commercial software which included IS 800-2007 to avoid
abuse of LSD and codes.
5. More clarity require for IS 800-2007 may be achieved by more documentation. For
example, Shear lag criteria shall be implicitly included for all members (not only single
angle) with clear sketches in tension member design and statistical validation of
imperfection factor in Compression member design and so on like second order effect on
beam column design.

Reference :
1. Is : 800-1984 (Indian Standard Code Of For General Construction In Steel)
2. IS : 800-2007 (General Construction In Steel Code Of Practice)
3. Dr.T.Muralidhara Rao, S.S.Phani A Critical Comparative Study Of Is:800-2007 And
Is:800-1984.
4. Dr. N. Subramanian, Computer Design Consultants, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA, Code
Of Practice On Steel Structures - A Review Of IS 800: 2007.
5. Mr. Arijit Guha-Asst. General Manager (C & S), Mr. M M Ghosh-Asst. General Manager
(C & S) - IS: 800 - Indian Code of Practice for Construction in Steel and its Comparison
with International Codes.
6. Biswajit Som, Sovanlal Maiti and Gokul Mondal, Limit State Design: IS: 800 2007 a New
Challenge for Structural Engineers in India.