TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1 Abstract 2

2 Objectives 2

3 Introduction 3

4 Result 4-5

5 Discussion 6-7

6 Conclusion and recommendation 8

7 References 9

8 Appendix 10

1
1.0 ABSTRACT
This experiment was directed to watch and study heat transfer through conduction
in protecting powder. The temperature dissemination all through the copper
sphere is watched; recorded to ascertain the warm conductivity of the insulating
powder and to plot a chart of temperature distribution. Both the voltage and current
are kept steady at 90 Volt and 0.37 Amp. The temperature of temperature sensors
installed on the internal circle (T1-T4) and the temperature of temperature sensors
implanted on the external circle (T5-T10) accomplished its unfaltering state time
at 100th minutes (where the addition is about 0.02 to the past perusing to the
following perusing according to expressed in the methodology). The last perusing
of temperatures from T1-T10 are 150.3C, 152.2C, 155.0C, 155.4C, 44.7C,
41.8C, 41.8C, 42.3C, 42.3C, And 42.3C. Its comparing warm conductivity of
protecting powder, k is 2.49W/mC, 0.52W/mC, 0.43W/mC, 0.38W/mC,
0.34W/mC, 0.31W/mC, 0.29W/mC, 0.28W/mC, 0.26W/mC, 0.25W/mC and
0.24W/mC. To put it plainly, the analysis was effectively done and information can
be utilized to ponder and to ascertain warm conductivity of insulating powder:

2.0 OBJECTIVES
To study the heat transfer through conduction in insulating powder.
To study thermal conductivity of the insulating powder and understand the heat
conduction process involved

2
3.0 INTRODUCTION

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction: Assuming no heat generation, no accumulative of

heat and transfer of heat by conduction only at steady state we have,

qx= Q

qx= -KAWhere is the heat flux in W/m2 while the quantity represents the

temperature. Gradient in X-direction.

Conduction through Hollow Sphere: Fouriers Law for constant thermal conduction
with distance dr, where r is the radius of sphere. r1 is the radius at temp. Insulation:
Covering the surface with another surface with another material of low thermal
conductivity in order to prevent excess heat transfer to the surrounding is termed as
Insulation. In order to insulate material, it is poor conductor of heat. Hence to cover
the surface of heat. It is used where excess heat transfer is prevented. Electrical
conductors are almost always good conductor of heat viz. Copper, Aluminium and
Silver. & electrical conductors are good heat insulators. Commonly known heat
insulators are Glass, Wood, Window glass, Saw dust, Chalk, Loosely packed or
boards of sheet of asbestos. Despite the fact that MLI has demonstrated to have a
lower viable warm conductivity than some other protection sort, its requirement for a
high vacuum condition and absence of load bearing limit has created enthusiasm for
powder insulation,, for example, perlite, silica aerogels, and glass microspheres,
especially to insulate fluid hydrogen and fluid oxygen vessels. Many powder
insulations have the benefits of direct load bearing limit and additionally elite in
applications with delicate vacuums and higher weights. Such favourable
circumstances make powder insulation appropriate for use in numerous present
designing applications. A case of one of such applications is the 850,000gallon fluid
hydrogen tank situated at NASA is Kennedy Space Centre (NASA KSC). As a warm
boundary, Propels in insulation fuel a requirement for a development towards a state
sanctioned testing technique at cryogenic temperatures. This would take into
consideration more precise experimental outcomes that can be looked at between
research facilities. This present trial contain strategy to distinguish heat transfer
through conduction in insulating powder.

3
4.0 RESULT

Table 1: Data obtained using thermal conductivity of insulating powder apparatus at

Voltmeter reading 90V and Current 0.37A
Time V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
(min) (Volt) (Amp) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
0 90 0.37 70.2 71.5 73.1 73.5 33.1 32.0 32.1 32.3 32.3 32.3

10 90 0.37 82.5 83.8 86.3 86.8 34.0 32.7 32.8 33.1 33.0 32.9

20 90 0.37 93.9 95.4 97.9 98.4 35.2 33.6 33.7 34.0 34.0 34.0

30 90 0.37 104.1 105.6 108.3 108.8 36.6 34.8 34.9 35.3 35.3 35.3

40 90 0.37 113.1 114.7 117.4 118.0 38.1 36.1 36.1 36.6 36.6 36.6

50 90 0.37 121.0 122.7 125.3 125.8 39.5 37.3 37.3 37.8 37.8 37.8

60 90 0.37 128.0 129.7 132.3 132.8 40.8 38.5 38.5 39.0 39.0 39.0

70 90 0.37 134.4 136.1 138.7 139.2 42.2 39.5 39.5 40.0 40.0 40.0

80 90 0.37 140.2 142.0 144.6 145.1 43.0 43.0 43.0 40.9 40.9 40.9

90 90 0.37 145.3 147.2 149.8 150.2 44.0 41.1 41.1 41.7 41.7 41.7

100 90 0.37 150.3 152.2 155.0 155.4 44.7 41.8 41.8 42.3 42.3 42.3

Chart Title
180
T1 (C)
160
T2 (C)
140
T3 (C)
Temperature(C)

120
T4 (C)
100
T5 (C)
80
T6 (C)
60
T7 (C)
40
T8 (C)
20
T9 (C)
0 T10 (C)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 1: The graph of temperature along insulating powder (C) against distance
time(min) at Voltmeter reading 60V and Current 0.24A

4
Table 2: Data obtained using vertical condenser at 0.1kg/cm 2, 150 LPH

Time (min) k (W/mC)

0 2.49
10 0.52
20 0.43
30 0.38
40 0.34
50 0.31
60 0.29
70 0.28
80 0.26
90 0.25
100 0.24

k (W/mC)
3
Thermal Conductivity,k (W/mC)

2.5

1.5
k (W/mC)

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 2: Graph of thermal conductivity, k(W/mC) of insulating powder against

time(min) intervals at Voltmeter reading 90V and Current 0.37A.

5
4.0 DISCUSSION

This experiment was led to watch and study warm move through conduction in
insulating powder and has been done effectively by controlling every one of the
parameters. The temperature conveyance all through the copper sphere is watched;
recorded to figure the warm conductivity of the insulating powder and to plot a graph
of temperature circulation against time. 10 sets of readings were taken in this trial from
0th moment to 100th moment. Both the voltage and current are kept consistent at
90Volt and 0.37Amp. The temperature of temperature sensors inserted on the internal
sphere (T1-T4) and the temperature of temperature sensors implanted on the external
sphere (T5-T10) were brought down each 10-minute interim. The experiment achieved
its relentless state time at 100th minutes (where the addition is about +0.02 to the past
perusing to the following perusing according to expressed in the technique).

The final reading of temperatures from T1-T10 are 150.3C, 152.2C, 155.0C,
155.4C, C, 44.7C, 41.8C, 41.8C, 42.3C,42.3C,And 42.3C. Every one of the
information and qualities accomplished amid the experiment have been recorded in
the table 1. The information demonstrates that the trial started at 0th moment and carry
on till 100th moment. At 100th moment, the experiment achieved its equilibrium state.
Hence, the final temperature reading of inner sphere (T1-T4) are 150.3C, 152.2C,
155.0C, 155.4C and the outer sphere temperature (T5-T10) are44.7C, 41.8C,
41.8C, 42.3C, 42.3C. and 42.3C. Here in this experiment, readings of T1-T4 are
high contrast with T5-T10 on the grounds that it's closer to the heat source; warmer
and because of warmth misfortune to the encompassing from the mass of peripheral
sphere since the insulating powder was covered between the inward surface of the
sphere and the external surface of the sphere. Besides, the internal copper sphere
temperature is higher and set aside greater opportunity to end up to stable contrast
with external copper sphere. This is on account of heat is being exchanged from the
internal most sphere to the peripheral sphere through insulating powder (Asbestos)
and in achieves its consistent state from the external most sphere to the inward
generally sphere. Warm vitality can travel through a substance by conduction on the
grounds that the electrons in a copper sphere can leave their molecules and move
about in the copper as free electrons. The parts of the metal iotas abandoned are
currently charged metal particles. The particles are pressed firmly together and they
vibrate consistently. Warmth is being provided to copper circle and being transmitted

6
along both inward and external sphere through conduction. Heat conduction is the
exchange of heat vitality in a material because of the temperature inclination inside it.
It generally happens from a locale of higher temperature to an area of lower
temperature.

Based on the results in table 2, thermal conductivity, k of asbestos powder was

determined using the formulas given after the steady state temperatures T1-T10 taken
down. The thermal conductivity was said to decreases as the temperature of the
insulating powder increases against with time. Initially at 0th minute the thermal
conductivity of the asbestos was determined to be 2.49 W/mC and was decreases to
0.24 W/mC at 100th minute of interval and was said to be constant. Thus, the asbestos
used in powdered form shows a low thermal conductivity at high temperatures.

This can be clarified by the methods for heat transfer through conduction which is
going at high rate through the air. Along these lines, the thermal conductivity of the
insulating powder will diminish at higher temperatures. In view of the diagram in figure
1, it can be presumed that the temperatures of the internal sphere T1-T4 was higher
and the temperature of external sphere T5-T10 was lower and keeps up its consistent
state esteems. From figure 2, the warm conductivity of the insulating powder was
abatements as the time increments from 0th moment to 100th moment of time. This
demonstrates the asbestos is a decent protecting material which having lower thermal
conductivity and avert more heat loss to the encompassing. There are a few mistakes
saw while directing the trial. The perusing of the temperature sensors while taking the
temperature was said to have changed because of some heat loss to the
encompassing.

The error includes that the readings of the temperatures (T1 T10) are not stable and
often changes which makes it difficult to obtain an accurate reading, even after waiting
for a short time before taking the sensors reading. This is because, the temperature
sensors attached to surface will not read the surface temperature accurately unless
there is a good thermal contact between the sensor and surface; if else the sensor will
read a value somewhere in between of the true surface temperature and the ambient
temperature. Moreover, it is noticed that the temperature is fluctuating due to heat loss
to the surrounding from the outermost wall to the wall.

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5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

As a conclusion, the experiment was directed effective as the goals of the experiment
was met. The thermal conductivity of insulating powder achieved it relentless state at
100th moment, where the last temperature is by 0.2 from the past perusing to the
following perusing according to expressed by the module and hypothesis. By and
large, light materials are preferred insulators over overwhelming materials as far as
their particles measure since light materials frequently contain air walled in areas. The
asbestos utilized as a part of powdered frame demonstrates a low thermal conductivity
at high temperatures. At a voltage of 60 Volts, and current of 0.24 Ampere, the final
temperature readings from T1-T10 are 150.3C, 152.2C, 155.0C, 155.4C, C,
44.7C, 41.8C, 41.8C, 42.3C,42.3C,And 42.3C. The range of thermal conductivity
of insulating powder obtained from this experiment is 2.49 - 0.24 W/mC. And at 100th
minute, thermal conductivity of insulating powder, k=0.24 W/mC.

Despite the fact that the experiment was effective, there are some suggestion to do in
future to make the analysis more precise. The main proposal is to ensure the
contraption is all around protected so that exclusive next to no measure of warmth
vitality departures to the environment. The second suggestion is increment the power
for the heater, with the goal that it can warm up the sphere at speedier rate and spares
time so that more readings can be taken in brief timeframe. Besides, guarantee that
the materials utilized as a part of this examination as a insulating powder (Asbestos)
should have been in dry frame to anticipate additionally expanding of warm
conductivity. This is on the grounds that when the protecting materials ends up plainly
wet, the air walled in areas load with water and on the grounds that water is preferable
conductor over air and the conductivity of materials.

8
6.0 REFERENCES

Matthew, B. (2006). Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Powder Insulation at

Cryogenic. Florida State University Libraries, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from:
http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:175678/datastream/PDF/view

Gupta, V. (2014). Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder. Retrieved from:

https://prezi.com/0szy2lgsbv9r/thermal-conductivity-of-insulating-powder/

Heat Transfer Lab Manual. G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering,Nagpur. Retrieved

ggnindia.dronacharya.info/medept/downloads/.../even/.../ht_lab_visem.pdf

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7.0 APPENDIX

Sample calculations for time at 100th minute.

1. Q = V I
= (90 0.37)

= 33.3 W

T1 +T2 +T3 +T4

2. Ti =
4

= (150.3+152.2+155.0+155.4)
4
= 153.23C

T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10
3. To =
6

= 44.7+ 41.8 + 41.8+

6
42.3+42.3+ 42.3

= 42.53C

Q(r0 ri )
4. k =
4 r0 ri (Ti To )
33.3(0.10.05)
=
4 (0.1)(0.05) (153.2 42.5)

= 0.24 W/mC

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