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UNITED STATE AI O
TES.,
THSI
.
, AFIT/GAE/AA/82D-27
THESIS
2nd Lt USAF
* DTIC
ELECTE
FEB 22 198J
A f B
THESIS
Air University
Master of Science
by
William L. Shelton, Jr., B. S.
2nd Lt USAF
December 1982
advanced aerodynamics.
0 the time, help, and guidance that he gave me. Thanks are due Dr.
Franklin Eastep for the aid given me in the aerodynamic mcdeling and
also Dr. Wilhelm Ericksen and Mr. Thomas Noll for their assistance
iA'c"SS1on For
I TSCT A]
F,_
bDist S' e I a I
rg ii
--, * - - .
Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................... vi
r Introduction
............................................ 1
II Theory ................................................. 4
Bibliography ................................................... 34
.Vita ........................................................... 4
7iii
" (
List of Symbols (Ref 1)
axis, in radians.
j=i V-1
K ,K Torsional spring constant.
m Mass of wing.
* iv
U Forward speed of aircraft or freestream velocity, in feet per
second.
I"
,.-
(v
- - -- .. . -. . . . .. _ ~ t
4..
List of Figures
Figure Page
6 vi
..................
Abstract
factored. The roots are then plotted and the flutter or divergence
speeds determined.
I,
Il
j:
FLUTTER PREDICTION OF FORWARD-SWEPT WINGS
I. Introduction
(Ref 11:1-3).
in slender swept wings during 1948. They found that the divergence
speed drops rapidly as the amount of forward sweep increases and that
jet bomber, the Junkers JU-287, with 15 degrees forward sweep, was
built towards the end of World War II. This aircraft actually flew
W6.A
all researched the swept-forward wing and, in comparing it with the
Thesis Objectives
2
swept wing's critical flutter speed. Once flutter or divergence
compensation.
Solution Approach
Then, using strip theory and assumed modes, the resulting coupled
lift and moment equations are applied to the wing of interest. The
0"
4o
0
II. Theory
4 and twist. This occurs when the torsional stiffness of the airfoil
10:298).
Consequences of Instabilities
was constructed between two cliff faces, funneling the air between
them. When the wind velocity reached 42 miles per hour, flutter
Causes of Instabilities
on the twist about the elastic axis. When the wing is swept in
Establishment indicate that for swept wings, the rigid body motions
first normal elastic mode and rigid body pitching. In this case,
- normal modes and two rigid body modes, pitch and translation for.
about the elastic axis due to the amount of lift produced by the
5
airfoil at its aerodynamic center. As the wing of Fig. I is deflected,
- Typical Sections
wing root results in a root section so stiff that the wing behaves as
a beam clamped perpendicular to its elastic axis (Ref 10:347).
' 6
x
AB
y~
cg
Kbh
n
w(x,t)= r 0 (x)qi(t) (1)
i=l
conditions and,
Once assumed modes have been selected, the kinetic and potential
is
- 9
n n
T(t)=EZ J=li
i~=l Z M (t) (2)
n n
v (t)-- E I Kjq (t)qi(t) (3)
i=l J-1
where Miare the constant symmetric mass coefficients and Kij are the
function only.
n n
Z MrJ j(t) + I Kr qj(t) = 0, r=l,2,...,n (5)
j -1 rj=1 j
These linear constant coeficient equations can now be solved for the
10
qi(t) and hence, along with the assumed modes Gix), form v(x,t)
(Ref 8:266-268).
assumes that the loads of each spanwise station along the wing is
dependent only upon the motion of that station at any given time.
This theory also assumes that there is no spanwise flow along the
wing.
upon each "strip" are calculated. The aerodynamic loads are based
each section.
surface that is thin compared to its span and chord, the equations of
can occur only if the center of gravity of each chordwise section lies
11
on the axis (Ref 2:102-105).
on the previously described straight wing. From this, the force per
unit length is
and the torque rate of change, with respect to y, about the elastic
axis is
T'(y,t)=-t(y,t)+s(y){m(y)s(y)"(y,t)-m(y)W(y,t))+Icg(y)e(y,t) (8)
as seen from Fig. 4 also. Because this is a thin wing, rotary inertia
{GJe'(y,t))'=T'(y,t) (ao)
- where S is the static mass moment per unit length about the elastic
axis and I is the mass moment of inertia about the elastic axis (Ref
12
z
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fiue3 Arln wn ih ii bodiesemns
Vyt Elsi
Axi3
z
Ft(Y,t
x sy
v'lastic
Ax is
y
I (y)EO(y,t) C
m(y)w(y,t)-s(y)rn(y)EO(y,t)
* a4
describe a beam under generalized loading. Substituting the aerodynamic
loads into the right side, and taking El, GJ, m, etc. to be constant,
produces
"-" ~mw
(y,t )Sy Iyt)+(y,t)=L( y,t)
_ny- (13)
y ay
where L(y,t) and M (y,t) are the aerodynamic lift and moment. These
y
are the equations of motion used in this thesis (Ref 2:546).
S to use. Notice that there are fourth and second order partial
(
.
15
76,
wL~y~t)
16
U
- M
y) 1 y't
e(Dyt)
w(y,t)
F-E
,(
0
equations of motion, namely
and
K. moment of inertia,, I,
y and mass ratio, v,
S =mbx
I =mb 2r2
y a
~m
irpb
for each case are inserted into the right hand side. When assumed
(
C ( .)2 (22)
I b
and
Csin Zb (23)
respectively.
are integrated over the section's width and the terms summed,
generating the expressions for lift and moment. Each term on the left
Geometric and inertial values that are constants for the wing,
[A(s)]x=b (24)
* similar to Fig. 7.
* motion, the critical flutter speed occurs as the root locus crosses
19
Imaginary
Ax is
30
Increasing
20
Increasing 1
Velocity Increasing
* -10
6 20
" the imaginary axis. When the real roots eros5 the imaginary
.1
i0
r.
o
4.
/21
III. Results
divergence speeds were found for straight and swept wings using
quasi-steady aerodynamics.
From this root locus plot, the flutter speed, Uf, and divergence
* speed, Ud, can be found. They are the value of velocity at which
the high frequency branch crosses the imaginary axis for flutter and
the low frequency branch crosses the imaginary axis for divergence.
Therefore, from the root locus, it can be seen that Uf is 62.5 ft/sec
plots will not by done for the cases of 15 and 30 degrees of forward
for velocity in the above two cases and the divergence speeds are
found to be 157.7 ft/sec for -15 degrees of sweep and 109.2 ft/sec
frequency.
L"
22
0
W.'O1
U)U
bo)
4 4) IV 4) C,
U,th M15) ML
- -_ '- V CL
C C.) '00
LI)LrU C) Lr\
FIC~j
-i C'.)
>
C)
23
-.. . . ----- k*.,,S. - . - -s-- - -)
k4r (24i)
To find the flutter reduced frequency, use the flutter speed and
straight wing and ones that are swept forward 15 and 30 degrees.
ADIVERGENCE
250
100
.50
0 10-0 3
525
CO.
C-.
CM.
x, 0C-D
00
C-
4-.
Q
-. 4
Figue
lcusof 1. Rot luttr aulyic o a tragbt inewit
unstedy arodynmics
I2
C~
-44 -4to-
00
F. C)0
C.C
* Tigurel.. Root locus of' flutter anialysis of' a wing rwept f'rrvard
15 degrees using unsteady aerodynarics.
27
t4W
r.4 -4
I .- 4
-4-
0 I
tjI x
L~;~O,
C
00
x 40 -
0C
F.igure 12. Boot locus of flutter analy~is of' a wing swept forwu.rd
3'degreez us ingq uniteady aeroiynmti cs.
", Table 1. Ranges of Reduced Frequency
J Reduced frequency, k
*o 2?
shown in Fig. 15. The same trend in flutter in flutter speed is
range.
ci3
4.
"4 '
30
13 FLUTTDh
3j )
U 31
- C
IV. Conclusions
are relatively easy to use and do not require the use of a computer.
hand. Even though the use of the MAC Symbolic Manipulation System,
ends of the frequency spectrum. This leaves a gap which potentially may
swept wings, this is between the first bending and first torsion
32
0
This thesis has laid the groundwork for this comparison and
.
Bibliography
11. Uhuad, G. C., Capt., USAF. "A Wind Tunnel Test of Half-Span
Forward-Swept Wing Model with Variable Canard Location," AFWAL-
TM-82-189-FIMM, May 1982.
314
Appendix A
S a ay
2
By
G:..
G (y,t)+i W e(y,t)=0 (A)
" " y a OL
M (y,t)=L(y,t)b(a+ ) (A6)
y
-T 35
.. ( - .. 2.
mQ-Se+mhw2pUb (Ue-w) (A7)
2
mIa eS v +I W~ e-821rpUb (a+;) (ue-1;) (A8)
Iqb2and C 2 sin = were chosen to weight the lift and moment equations,
respectively, because the bending of the wing is closely approximated
i (y~t)=Cl(Y-)2wl(t) (A9)
1
lb 1
, e(y,t)= s (t)
lPe (AI0)
When Eqs. A5 and A6 are weighted and mode shapes substituted in, Eqs.
2
21 w2 2 = iC
1 -CCS
c21 sin snsinw
2 b l-12 a b 2b 1 2 aa 2b1
36
Eqs. All and A12 be divided into "strips" and integrated over that
strip. Strips of width 0.2b were chosen. The left hand side must
and not divided into strips. Once this has been accomplished,
S =mbx
a a
m
11_vpb2(A13)
I -mb2r 2
a a
equations are
1.257 Uw 1 .851 C2 I U
t -i!2 6.b1 (A14)
4CxV(0.589)-u 2e
1 C2 b1
37
1.257 1- s + 0.2, ; (S)
~ b"
cx ~ r~b 1
wh=1O rad/sec
w =25 rad/sec
C1
x =0.1
Ox
a=-0.2
b=3 ft
4. j=2 0
C1
_C b (s2+625-0.013U2 so(0.236s2_0.024U
=0 (A19)
2
4
which can easily be put into matrix form, the determinant of which
:318
2
Ss+0.38Us 3+(751.06-0.0i8U2)s
+21.561Us+(64746.71-l.367U 2 )=0 (A20)
-29
Appendix B
dynamics follows the same basic procedure as that for a straight wing
2
, (y,t)=-Tpb2 {ba
~~My (y,t)+Ub (;-a)e (y,t)+h 2 ( )e(y ,t )
_x R + r2w2e - -a-
1 + - ( -a) +a2
;
a b at Q b b7
approximation
I.0
2
L.5s 2+ 0.843Us + 0.014U
2
9s2 + 1.037Us + 0.014U
C.
-2 a C Ucs)
C1 0.295-e + 0.59 -SM
lo (I/8+a2)- (a+lj),
,,.
U ( -a) 2) __
A, yields,
':"
~~ ~ ~ ~ C1
~--.Ol(O.O32s2 oos-.O ~~)-
2
?l.32 (0.0058-00035C(s )s}-il
2 b
I41
'.- ,- . . .
% 7 -. .7 . . . .
2 3
S6 4O.l56Us5 +(734.2-O.OO3lU 2 )S4+(98.75-O.O0l32U )US
+(60385+2.62U 2 -O.000625U4)S +(6953-O.089U 2 )US
locus.
Appendix C
of the variables that are dependent upon the spanwise axis. The
- m
(C2)
e=c2sin e1
! _. (c4)
2b
are
I
S(V,t )=rpb-2{UcosA+UcsinA-UbaTsinA)
4s3
" .,. . ....-. . .- . .. . - ' - -
M (y,t )=- p 3{U( -a OsA+ U2TcosAsinA
-Ua;sinA+b a2 )UsinA)
thereby eliminating the accleration terms and C(k) is one (Ref 2:398).
only the constant term of the characteristic equation, which has been
U2 (0.0007sin2Acos2A-0.99sin 22A+0.4sin2A-0.3cosA)
+U(0.0007sin2A)
142
-1 - .
Appendix D
where
2w
ay (D3)
e
COSA
Y
y= cosA
(Ref 2:398).
45
-= -. 1-V.UecosAUsinA-'ae- aUrsinA)
mb Vib
Mb 2 7ib
'{8+Utsinh)I+ -cosA(+a)C(k){-+ecosA+UasinA
C2{1.05s 2 +(0.0355C(s)-0.OI4l5tanA)Us
1*
-C C (o.:L07-2-o-l-s2-(o.D23sinA+.OIC(s))Us
-(0.0lJJ4sin2AC(s) )1X.(s)
4 1L6
where C(k) is the Theordorsen function that i. approximated by
Eq. B5.
manipulations.
is quite long and complicated and will not be shown here. This
root locus.
44
.'
,247
-t-.- -.---.- - - - -
New York. After living overseas for two years, he moved to Rockville,
into the United States Air Force through the Reserve Officers
Rockville, MD 20853
48
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ("flan Does Entered)___________________
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
____________________________________
READ INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORECOMPLETINGFORM
i. REPORT NUMBER ~2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
MS Thesis
FLUTTER PREDICTION IN FORWARD-SWEPT WINGS
BY
MDESAI~
A~t~~D STRP TORYS. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
It. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(i different fromi Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)
Unclassified
1So. DECL ASSI FI CATION! DOWN GRADING
SCHEDULE
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract enitered in Block 20. It different fromt Report)
III.KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary mid identify by block numnber)
Flutter Root locus
Divergence Forward-swept wing
Assumed modes
Strip theory
20. AMSTRA T ~Coinen roe side it necessary and Identify by block number)
-he roots are then plotted and the flutter or divergence speeds
determined.
-It was found that flutter speed increased and divergence
speed decreased with increasing forward sweep as expected. Also,
quasi-steady aerodynamics do not accurately predict flutter and
the approximation to unsteady aerodynamics does not accurately
predict divergence. It is necessary to combine these two methods
in order to obtain a complete analysis of the wing's aeroelastic
instabilities.
* "
4"
7 .-- -
UlMCLASSIFIED
.r -CATION OF THIS PAafCrnen Date Euteed)
TI