Chapter 2: Real and Complex Number

Points to remember
1. Natural numbers are counting numbers.
2. Symbols 0,1,2,3.9 used to denote numbers are called numerals.
3. Pythagoras belongs to sixth century B-C (600 BC).
4. Arabs introduced zero and set of whole numbers.
5. Solution of equation x+ b=a is possible in set of negative integers.
6. Rational numbers were introduced by Egyptian in 1550 BC
7. Equation bx=a has solution in Q (Set of rational numbers)
8. Irrational number have infinite numerals after decimal without repetition.
2=1.41421356 , 3=1.7320508 , 5=2.23606797 and similarly square roots of numbers
which are not perfect squares
=3.141592653589 , e=2.71828182845904523536
9. ++ {0 }+ R '
Set of real number is union of positive real numbers, zero and negative real numbers
R=R
10. Rational numbers have terminating or recurring numerals after decimal .
1 1 6
=0.25, =0.3333 .. , 0.5454
4 3 11
Properties of Real numbers
(i) Closure Law: of addition a+b R , a , b R , of multiplication ab R , a , b R
Note: R is closed with respect to addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
+
R is closed w.r.to addition, multiplication and division but not w.r.t subtraction.

R is closed w.r.to addition but not w.r.t subtraction, multiplication and division.
(ii) Commutative law: of addition a+b=b+ a , a ,b R , of multiplication ab=ba , a , b R
Note: R commutative w.r.to addition and multiplication but not w.r.to subtraction and division.
(iii) Associative law: of addition ( a+b ) +c=a+ ( b+c ) , a , b , c R
of multiplication a ( bc )=( ab ) c a , b , c R
(iv) Additive identity law: 0 R such that a+0=0+a=a , a , R
(v) Additive inverse law: a R such that a+(a)=(a)+a=0, a R
(iv) Multiplicative identity law: 1 R such that a .1=1. a=a , a R
(v) Multiplicative inverse law: a1 R such that a .a1=a1 . a=1, a R
(vi) Distribution Over multiplication: a . ( b+c ) =ab+ ac , a , b , c R
(vii) Reflexive law of equality: a=a a R
(viii) Symmetric law of equality: a=b b=a a , b R
(ix) Transitive law of equality: a=b , b=c a=c a , b , c R
(x) Substitution law of equality (Uniqueness Law): x=x ' y= y ' x+ y=x ' + y ' x . y=x ' . y '
(xi) Addition property of equality: a=b a+ c=b+ c a , b , c R
(xii) Multiplication property of equality: a=b ac=bc a,b,cR
(xiii) Term cancellation property of equality: a+ c=b+c a=b , a , b , c R
(xiv) Factor cancellation property of equality: ac=bcc 0 a=b , a , b , c R
(xv) Trichotomy property: a , b R either a>ba=ba< b , a , b R
(xvi) Density property: a , b R , with a<b q Q such that a<q <b , there exist a rational number
between any real numbers.
(xvii) Archimedean property: a , b R with a<b n N such that na>b
(xviii) Multiplication property of inequality: (multiplication with negative number)
a , b , c R if a<bc <0 thenac >bc
N W Z Q RQ' R ,Q Q' =R , R C
N is closed w.r.t addition and multiplication but not w.r.t subtraction and division.
W is closed w.r.t addition and multiplication but not w.r.t subtraction and division.
Z is closed w.r.t addition, multiplication and subtraction but not w.r.t division.
+
Z is closed w.r.t addition and multiplication but not w.r.t subtraction and division.

Z is closed w.r.t addition but not w.r.t multiplication and subtraction and division.
Q is closed w.r.t addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
 R is closed w.r.t addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
+
R is closed w.r.t addition multiplication and division but not w.r.t subtraction.

R is closed w.r.t addition but not w.r.t multiplication and subtraction and division
Complex number: A number of form a+ib , where a , b R and i= 1 is called a complex number.
A complex number can also be defined as ordered pair ( a , b ) where a denotes the real part and b denotes
the imaginary part
Set of complex number C=R X R={ ( a , b )a ,b R } or C={a+ iba , b R }
A complex number is purely real if its imaginary part is zero, and purely imaginary if real part is zero, (0, 0) only
complex number which is purely real and purely imaginary.
Equality (a , b)=(c , d) a=cb=d , two complex numbers of equal iff real part of both are equal as
well as imaginary parts are equal.
Addition (a , b)+( c , d )=( a+c , b+d )
Multiplication (a , b)+(c , d )=( acbd , ad+ bc)
(a , b) ac+ bd bcad
Division
(c , d) (
= 2 2 , 2 2
c +d )
c +d
Additive inverse of (a , b)=(a ,b)
a
(
Multiplicative inverse (a , b)= 2 2 , 2 2
a +b a +b )b

Additive identity of (a , b)=(0,0)

Multiplicative identity (a , b)=(1,0)
C is closed w.r.to addition and multiplication
C is associative w.r.to addition and multiplication
C is Commutative w.r.to addition and multiplication
C is distributive w.r.t multiplication over addition
C holds addition and multiplication laws of R
C possesses all properties of R except order relation. i.e. Z 1 > Z2 is meaningless.
(a , 0) is purely real and (o , b) is purely imaginary.
i=1 , i 2=1,i 3=i , i 4=1
5 9 13 4 n3
i, i ,i ,i , ,i =i
2 6 10 14 4 n2 2
i , i ,i ,i , ,i =i =1
3 7 11 15 4 n1 3
i , i ,i , i , ,i =i =i
4 8 12 16 4n 4
i ,i , i , i , ,i =i =1
1 1 2
1 1 1
i 2 = ( 1+i ) , i 3 = ( 3+ i ) , i 3 = ( 1+ i 3 )
2 2 2
{ i,i,1,1 } are fourth roots unity, iota ( i ) raised to any power is equal to one of roots of unity.
2 3 4
i=i ,i =1,i =i ,i =1 , this pattern repeats for every forth power.
Sum of fourth roots of unity i+i2 +i 3 +i 4=0 , this property holds for every 4 consecutive terms.
Product of fourth roots of unity i. i 2 . i 3 . i 4=1 , this property holds for every 4 consecutive terms.
(i)(even) is purely real and (i)(odd) is purely imaginary
To solve i n divide n by 4, remainder is the power of iota.
If Z =( a , b ) then complex conjugate of Z (denoted by Z is equal to ( a ,b ) or if Z =a+ib
then Z =aib
Sum of complex conjugates Z +Z=2 a is purely real
Difference of complex conjugates Z Z=2ib is purely imaginary
Sum of complex conjugates Z Z =a2 +b 2 is purely real
Modulus of complex number |Z|= a2 +b 2 if Z =( a , b )
Z 1 Z 2=Z 1 Z 2 and Z 1 Z 2 Z 3=Z 1 Z 2 Z3
Z 1 +Z 2=Z 1+ Z 2 and Z 1 + Z2 + Z 3=Z1 + Z 2+ Z 3
Z1 Z
( Z ) =Z and ( )( )
Z2
= 1
Z2
If (Z)2=Z 2 then Z is either purely real or purely imaginary.
 Z+Z Z Z
x, y in terms of conjugate coordinates. If Z =x+iy and Z =x+iy then x= and y=
2 2i
|Z|=|Z|=|Z|=|Z|
1 Z
Z Z =|Z| and Z =
2
2
|Z|
a b
For multiplicative inverse of Z =(a ,b) , (Z)= 2 2 ,
(Z )= 2 2
a b a b
a
( 2+b 2)
2 a 2b2 2 ab
(a , b) = 2 2 ,
(a +b )
De Moivre theorem: ( cos+ isin )n=( cosn+isinn )