INTRODUCTIONTO

BIOREMEDIATION
 SuperfundRemedialActionTechnologySelectedFY94
p gy

SVE
18%
BIOREMEDIATION
27%

THERMAL
DESORPTION
11%

SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
2% S/S
FLUSHING 21%
6%
INCINERATION
15%
B kd
BreakdownofSitesbyTypeofContaminant
f Sit b T fC t i t

Solvent
12%
Wood Preserving
Waste
10%
Other
10%
Petroleum
65% Pesticides/
Herbicides
3%
PercentageofSitesTreatingEachMedium
g g

Groundwater
32%

Soil
59% Sediment
6%

Sludge
2%
Surface Water
1%
BreakdownofProcessbyTreatmentTechnology
(i l d l b t
(includeslaboratory,pilot,andfullscale)
il t d f ll l )

Ex-situ (without
reactor)
17%

Ex-situ (with
reactor)
15%

In situ
68%
Top 9 BIOREMEDIATIONMETHODS
Top9 BIOREMEDIATION METHODS

Fixed Film
4% Solid Phase, pile
treatment
All Other Method 4%
Attached Growth
11%
%
5%

Air Sparging
6%
Natural
Bioventing
g Attenuation
25% 6%

Solid Phase,
prepared bed
11%

Ground Water Soil

Bioremediation Bioremediation
14% 14%
 ENVIRONMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGY

The
Thedirectuseofmicroorganismandtheir
direct use of microorganism and their
capabilitiestosolveenvironmentalproblems
Disciplinesinvolves:engineering,molecular
Disciplines involves: engineering molecular
biology,ecologicalsciences
 BiodegradationsrelationtoEnvironmental
Biotechnology

Direct
Environmental Conservation
Response Technology

Biodegradation

ResourceforDevelopment

RenewableResources
 What is BIOREMEDIATION
Whatis

Thetechnologyusedtospeedupthenaturalprocessesofwastedegradation
andrecycling

Useofnaturallyoccurringmicroorganismsuchasbacteria,fungi,andyeast
todegradepollutantsorhazardoussubstancesinsoil,waterandairinto
nontoxicorlesstoxicsubstances
 BIOREMEDIATION

isamethodthattreatsthesoilsand
rendersthemnonhazardous,thus
eliminatinganyfutureliabilitythatmay
resultfromlandfillproblemsor
violations.
i l ti
 WHY BIOREMEDIATE?
WHYBIOREMEDIATE
Soils
Soilscontaminatedwithhydrocarbonsmaybe
contaminated with hydrocarbons may be
disposedofortreatedinseveralways:
Regulated permitted landfills thermal
Regulatedpermittedlandfills,thermal
incinerationandbioremediation.
 WHY BIOREMEDIATION?
WHYBIOREMEDIATION?

Sitesawaitingcleanup(1993)
AgencyResponsibleNumberofSites
USEPASuperfund1,5002,000
RCRA1,5003,000
UST 295 000
USTs295,000
USDoD7,300
USDOE19,000
 WhyBio?II

AdaptedfromCookson,1995
Completecitation:
U.S.EPA.1993.CleaninguptheNationswastesites:Marketsandtechnologytrends.
EPA/542/B92/003
Thesearemainlypetroleum,VOCs,orPCBs
 WhyBioremediation?III

FrequencyofContaminantSubgroups(USEPATIO,1992)
 WHYBIOREMEDIATION?IV

US.EPA/540/N93/001
MajorWasteTypesApplicabletoBioremediation
 WHY BIOREMEDIATION? V
WHYBIOREMEDIATION?V

CostEffectivenessofBioremediation($)

Method Year1 Year2 Year3

Incineration 5301 None None
Solidification 115 None None
Landfill 670 None None
ThermalDesorption 200 None None
Bioremediation 175 27 20

1 costsarepercubicyard

AdaptedfromCookson,1995
 TREATMENT COST
TREATMENTCOST
Landfill
Landfilldisposalcostsrangefrom$15
disposal costs range from $15 perm3to
per m3 to
over$75perm3 dependingonhydrocarbon
concentration.Timingfrom6to24months.
Thermalincinerationisfastbut costsrangefrom
$250 toover$700perm3 whichdpendsofthe
type of soils
typeofsoils
Bioremediationcostsrangefrom$90 to$110
p
perm3.thetimingisbetween30to120days
g y
 WHYBIOREMEDIATION?VI

SomeOtherAdvantagesofBioremediation
Canbedoneonsite
Permanenteliminationofwaste(limitingliability)
Positivepublicacceptance
Minimumsitedisruption
Eliminatestransportationcostandliability
Canbecouplewithothertreatmenttechniques

AdaptedfromCookson,1995
 AdvantagesofUsingBioremediationProcesses
ComparedWithOtherRemediationTechnologies

(1) biologicallybasedremediationdetoxifieshazardoussubstances
insteadofmerelytransferringcontaminantsfromoneenvironmental
d f l f f l
mediumtoanother;

(2) bi
(2) bioremediationisgenerallylessdisruptivetotheenvironmentthan
di ti i ll l di ti t th i t th
excavationbasedprocesses;and

(3) the
(3) thecostoftreatingahazardouswastesiteusingbioremediation
cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation
technologiescanbeconsiderablylowerthanthatforconventional
treatmentmethods:vacuuming,absorbing,burning,dispersing,or
movingthematerial.
 EffectiveBioremediation,UtilizingMicrobialInoculation,

BasicandAbsolutelyEssentialRequirements
1.Oxygenataresiduallevelof1ppm.ormore
2.Essentialinorganicnutrients
3.Microbesandsubstratemustbeincontact
4.Water eithersaltorfresh

Otherconditionsmustbetakenintoaccount,suchaspH,temperature,
Other conditions must be taken into account such as pH temperature
salinity,typeofcontaminant,
 POLLUTANTS
Biodegradable
petroleumproducts(gas,diesel,fueloil)crudeoilcompounds(benzene,toluene,
l d ( di l f l il) d il d (b l
xylene,naphthalene)somepesticides(malathion)someindustrialsolventscoal
compounds(phenols,cyanideincoaltarsandcokewaste)

Partiallydegradable/Persistent
TCE(trichlorethylene)threattogroundwaterPCE(perchlorethlene)drycleaning
solventPCBs(havebeendegradedinlabs,butnotinfieldwork)Arsenic,
Chromium,Selenium

Notdegradable/Recalcitrant
UraniumMercuryDDT
AdaptedfromACitizensGuidetoBioremediation,UnitedNationEnvironmentalAgencies,Officeof
SolidWasteandEmergencyResponse,EPA542F01001
 CHALLENGES OF INNOVATION
CHALLENGESOFINNOVATION

TechnologyQuality/Success
AvailableMarket
InvestmentCapital
CompetentManagement
Regulatory Acknowledgment
RegulatoryAcknowledgment
RightTiming
GoodPublicPerception
G dI f
GoodInformationDissemination
i Di i i
 COMPARISONOFBIOREMEDIATIONANDOTHERTECHNIQUES

SoilGasExtraction: Aprocessbywhichpetroleumvaporsareremovedfromthe
soilusingwellsandvacuumpumps.Volatilecompoundsareextractedfromthe
areabetweensoilparticlesbyapplyingnegativepressuretoscreenedwellsinthe
vadosezone.
Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: Aprocessbywhichsoilisexcavatedandfed
LowTemperatureThermalStripping: A process by which soil is excavated and fed
intoamobileunitdesignedtoheatthesoilanddriveoffcontaminates.
Excavation: Aprocesswhichinvolvesthediggingupofcontaminatedsoilsand
haulingthemaway.
g y
 TYPES OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
TYPESOFTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY

Bioaugumentation
Bioaugumentation

the
theadditionofnaturallyoccuringmicrobestosites
addition of naturally occuring microbes to sites
sitescanbetreatedwithhighconcentrationsof
specificmicrobes
p
costslittlemoney,timeanddisruption
simpletestingdoneforbiocompatibilityand
biodegradationefficiency
 TYPESOFTREATMENTTECHNOLOGY

Biostimulation

Theuseofindigenousmicrobes
themodificationofthesitetopromotethegrowthof
p g
nativemicrobesalreadypresent
dependsonnecessarynativemicrobialandorganic
material to be present
materialtobepresent
costslittletimeandmoney
testingappropriatemicrobescanbedifficultand
complex
 TECHNOLOGYOTHER
TECHNOLOGY OTHEROPTIONS
OPTIONS

Bioventing
Bioventing
treatingsoilbydrawingoxygenthoughittostimulatemicrobegrowth

Composting
C i
contaminatedsoilsmixedwithabulkingagentandexposedtoair

Landfarming
adaptationoftraditionalfarmingtechniques(aerating,ploughing)to
contaminatedareastoincreasemicrobesactivity
 Conclusion
BIOREMEDIATION:
Isaprocesswhichusesnaturallyoccurringmicroorganismstoenhance
normalbiologicalbreakdown.
Itisaneffectivemethodfortreatingmanyhazardousmaterials.
Ofallthedifferentprocessesavailableforcleanupofsites,
p p ,
Bioremediationisthebestandmostcosteffectivemethodfor
remediation,withrespecttoenvironmentalliability.
Thenatureandlocationofthecontamination,thetypeofsoilsand
, yp
geologicalconditions,determinewhichmethodofremediationisbest
foreachindividualcleanupsite.