Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) .

2012 3

VAN HOA - LCH S

NGUON GOC T KEP HAN VIET - VIET ONG NGHA

inh Vn Tun*
Trong tieng Viet t xa en nay co mot kieu dung t rat ac biet va
khac thng ma ngi Viet a tao ra va s dung, o la nhng t kep Han
Viet-Viet ong ngha. Chung la s ket hp cua hai t co nguon goc khac
nhau, mot la t goc Han (oc theo am Han-Viet) va mot la t (goc) Viet,
nhng ve ngha chung lai giong hoac gan giong nhau. Th du nh: tru cot,
hng thm, vu viec, di di... Co the hien tng nay rat hiem xay ra trong
cac ngon ng tren the gii. Ngay trong tieng Viet cung con co mot so t
ghep Viet-Viet ong ngha con lu lai nh xe co, bep nuc, cho ma, trong o
gom mot t Viet ghep cung vi mot t ong ngha la t Viet co nay khong
con dung, hieu c ngha na nhng t Viet co nay (t to mat ngha) van
co the hieu c ngha qua phng ng hoac tieng cua cac dan toc thieu so
gan gui vi ngi Viet nh co, nuc, ma (xin xem chi tiet trong [41]) hoac co
khi ch la s ghep oi 2 tieng a phng khac nhau nhng ong ngha nh
to ln, bong hoa, man mung..., du sao, ay khong phai la mot dang t kep
ong ngha co nguon goc t hai dan toc khac biet nhau ve a ly, van hoa,
ngon ng nh vi loai t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha. Cac nha nghien
cu tieng Viet van cha thong nhat ten goi loai t nay nen a goi ten khac
nhau tuy tng quan iem: la t ghep ang lap [7, 41] (van c dung trong
gii ng hoc trong va ngoai nc), t oi Han-Viet va Nom [14], t ghep
lay ngha [43], hay la t ghep song tiet ang lap [47]... Loai t nay a gay
ngac nhien, lung tung cho cac nha nghien cu tieng Viet (co khi con b che
gieu na nh cach goi ch oi ba roi [31], t ghep noi lap [7]). Cho en
nay, cac nha ng hoc Viet Nam hau nh mi ch phan loai, mo ta ma cha
tm hieu tng tan va giai thch thoa ang ve nguon goc cua chung. Mot
trong nhng y kien ang chu y ve t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha nay la
y kien cua Le Xuan Mau trong bai viet Chuyen lai ghep t Han-Nom, tac
gia a dan giai va bien ho cho t loai nay nh sau: Nhieu ngi a phat
hien hnh thc lai ghep ma ho coi la tha va mach que v ch khong
ra ch, Nom khong ra Nom. o la nhng hnh thc nh in an, ca hat, ly
le. That ra hnh thc lai ghep nay co nhieu cai ly ngon ng hoc rat ac
sac. Giao s Hoang Xuan Han cho rang v chu y en am hng, en nhac
tnh khi at cau, dung t a tao ra t oi ch co mot am co ngha, am kia
th khong them mot y nao. o cung la trng hp chap mot am ta vi mot
ch Nho, ma hai ch cung ong mot ngha nh tuy theo, th phung, th gi,

* Thanh pho Bien Hoa, tnh ong Nai.

4 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

danh tieng... ch n am tiet de thoang qua tri giac, ch kep de gay chu y
hn, giup ta de hieu cau hn. ieu o cung giai thch viec them mot am
Nom dch luon ch i trc e thanh t kep. Theo toi, con phai them
rang khi at hai am Nom - ch ong ngha ben nhau e tao thanh mot
t, ngi Viet cung ch thc hien mot kieu ghep ang lap: Ghep hai t gan
ngha e tao ra mot t ghep co tnh khai quat, tong hp. Ly le, ca hat, in an
khong con gi ngha cua cac t n tiet Nom, Han na... Cung co khi tao t
nh the ngi ta a tao ra mot sac thai ngha rieng... Hn na ay co the
la do thoi quen gan Nom vi ch (khi co the c) e ba con bnh dan
de hieu. [31].
Nhng xem ra cach ly giai nay cua GS Hoang Xuan Han va Le Xuan
Mau mi ch nhn thay nhng canh ngon, la nhng yeu to phu (thuan tai, de
nh, tao sac thai ngha mi). Hn na, nhng yeu to nay cung co the dung
e giai thch cho nhng loai t song am khac (khuynh hng song am tiet
phat trien doi dao hn n am tiet), th du: t ghep Han Viet-Han Viet ong
ngha nh oan han, khao sat, tranh au hay t ghep Viet-Viet ong ngha
nh d ban, en toi, che chan... ch cha tm ra c goc re, nguyen nhan
thc s a tao ra nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha.
Chung toi a tm hieu, khao sat loai t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha
trong tieng Viet qua cac van ban ch Nom va Quoc ng, cac t ien, t v
xa va nay roi so sanh, sap xep va phan loai theo tng thi ky lch s va
a tm thay c nhng s trung hp khong ng gia nhng t kep Han
Viet-Viet ong ngha nay vi nhng dang song ng Han-Nom co trong cac
sach hoc ch Han bang van van nh Tam thien t giai am, Ngu thien t,
Thien t van giai am (Nhat thien t)... Lam sao co the giai thch c hien
tng nay? Co rat nhieu chng c cho thay nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet
ong ngha ch xuat hien sau khi cac sach tren ra i ch trc o chung
cha xuat hien, ieu nay chng to co mot moi lien quan mat thiet vi viec
hoc ch Han t xa en nay, trong qua trnh hoc thuoc long ch Han thong
qua am Han Viet va tieng Viet, ngi Viet khi noi hay viet a t ong dung
nguyen dang song ng co san e dien at y niem mi nao o. ay chnh
la nguyen nhan sau xa, quan trong lam phat sinh, phat trien so lng t
kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha trong tieng Viet ngay cang nhieu hn qua
thi gian. Khi goi la t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha chung toi muon nhan
manh y ngha kep e neu bat kieu cap oi cua 2 t ong ngha Han Viet
va Viet a hien dien san trong cac bai hoc t vng song ng Han-Viet hay
cac sach hoc ch Han giai am c dan chung khai thac va s dung ch
khong dung y ngha ghep nh mot chu y ket hp 2 t ong ngha khong
thong qua cac dang song ng san co nh tren va e phan biet, chung toi se
goi nhng kieu ghep nay la t ghep Han Viet-Han Viet ong ngha va t
ghep Viet-Viet ong ngha.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 5

Trc khi i sau vao khao sat, chung ta nen phan biet mot so trng
hp tng nh la nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha nhng that ra lai
la nhng t ghep Han Viet-Han Viet ong ngha (ket hp nay van thng
thay trong tieng Han nh han thu, tranh au, hoan h), th du nh: gia
them = gia thiem; tham xet = tham sat; tch cha = tch tr... Nhng
trng hp tren (thiem = them, sat = xet, tr = cha) theo quan iem ng
am lch s la do s bien oi ng am t am Han-Viet sang am Han-Viet c
Viet hoa ve am oc (oc trai (chech) am, co khi oi am v k huy) hay ke ca
nhng am tien (co) Han Viet (co trc khi hnh thanh am Han Viet - trc
thi ng) [10, 30, 40, 41, 43] nen de nhan lam la t kep Han Viet-Viet
ong ngha. oi khi xay ra mot so trng hp thu v nh: di di, mui v,
hoa ra sau khi nhan dien, cac t di, mui lai chnh la am co Han-Viet cua
chnh di, v, nh the cac t kep nay lai tr thanh t lay Han-Viet: di di,
v v! Tuy nhien chung toi van thu thap, ghi nhan nhng t kep thuoc loai
nay e va lam tieu chuan khao sat v xet thay ngi Viet xa cha co quan
niem g ve ng am lch s nen khi dung mot t e giai am, giai thch ch
Han th co le tien nhan ch biet o la tieng Viet, quoc am (khong phai la am
Han-Viet) ma thoi va va e chng minh cho ngay ca nhng t ghep Han
Viet-Han Viet ong ngha cung phan nao xuat phat t viec hoc ch Han.
Con mot iem na cung can lu y, o la hien tng t kep b ao lon
qua lai ve trat t cac thanh to cua t. Trng hp nay van thng xay ra
trong tieng Viet vi nhieu kieu loai t khac nhau, co the la v nhu cau tam
ly muon Viet hoa ve mat ng phap cac t ghep goc Han nh: cao to to
cao; nhiet nao nao nhiet; li quyen quyen li... hay co khi ch v thuan
tai, thuan mieng khi noi nang hoac v nghe thuat dung t khi viet van, lam
th, phu nh: tru cot = cot tru; hng que = que hng; hien dang = dang
hien..., nhng ve mat ng phap chung van co y ngha, chc nang nh nhau.
Do vay nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha ma chung toi ang khao
sat du trat t nao i na, can ban van la nhng hnh thc song ng Han-
Nom, t kep Han Viet-Viet cho nen chung toi se chon la nhng t kep co
trat t ao lon nay e lam bang chng co gia tr tng ong vi t kep Han
Viet-Viet ong ngha.
I. T kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha theo cac thi ky lch s
A. Thi ky t the ky XIII-XVI
Qua s khao sat cha ay u (chung toi cha co u ieu kien e co the
thu thap toan bo c lieu lien quan) cac van ban ch Nom va Quoc ng,
giai oan the ky XIII-XVI (cho en nay, ch con lu truyen lai nhng tac
pham viet bang ch Nom the ky XIII, trc o cha tm thay mot van
ban ch Nom nao) trong tieng Viet a xuat hien 2 t kep Han Viet-Viet
ong ngha trong 2 bai phu [21] cua Tran Nhan Tong, C tran lac ao phu
co 1 t kep: than mnh (H6, c.25) va ac thu lam tuyen thanh ao ca co
6 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

1 t kep: th phung (c.21). Sang the ky XV, trong Quoc am thi tap [70]
cua Nguyen Trai thay co 3 t kep: to tng (B79, c.3), nguyen xin (B107,
c.7), khiem nhng (B113, c.7); trong Hong c quoc am thi tap [57] co 2
t kep: hng que (ong nh thu nguyet), sam(1) hop (He oc). Ti the ky
XVI, trong Bach Van am thi tap [12] cua Nguyen Bnh Khiem thay dung 6
t kep: ong tien (B5), ngu dai (B22), gi thac (B152), hien lanh va ngay
si (B94), doi tra (B160); trong Tan bien Truyen ky man luc [20] cua Nguyen
The Nghi co 3 t kep: Dau tch (Nam Xng n t truyen), xam lan (Le
Nng truyen), quai g (Tan Vien t phan s luc).
B. Thi ky the ky XVII qua t ien Viet-Bo-La [4] nam 1651 cua
Alexandre de Rhodes
Cot xng = xng cot Giam bt Hng thm
Ky hen (ky han) Mau sac Nhc bang
Sinh e Thon lang Tch vet = vet tch
Tr khon Tru cot Tng nh
Rieng 2 t kep can gian, kien cao tuy khong thay co trong t ien
Viet-Bo-La nhng a co trong tap Lch s nc Annam [13] viet tay nam
1659 cua Bento Thien.
(Lu y: T ay tr i, chung toi se viet nhng t kep ang khao sat
ung chnh ta tieng Viet hien ai du trong cac t ien, t v, van ban ch
Nom xa a ghi lai theo loi ky am thi ch Quoc ng s ky hay theo am oc
thi xa).
Nhan xet chung: T the ky XIII en the ky XVII, so lng t kep
Han Viet-Viet ong ngha bat au xuat hien le te nhng ngay cang tang len
theo thi gian. giai oan nay khong thay trong th tch Viet Nam noi g
en cac sach hoc ch Han song ng Han-Nom giai am (cung co the co nhng
a b that truyen? sach Ch nam ngoc am giai ngha viet theo the luc bat co
the ra i thi iem nay nhng v no chu trong vao s giai thch dai li
nen khong thay giong vi hnh thc giai am de ghi nh nh Tam thien t:
Thien tri, a at, c cat, ton con... nen khong dung e tham khao c)
nhng qua bai ong dao xa lien quan en viec hoc ch Han nh:
Cuc ta cuc tac, Ch hi la ln.
Ch ke la ga Va cao va ln,
Gi ca gi nha, Ch tng la voi.
Ch khuyen la cho. An trau o moi,
Bat chuot bat bo, Ch Phat la But.
Ch mieu la meo. Ngoi cao tot bac,
An cam an beo, Ch vng la vua... [48]
ta co the phan nao xac nh c nguyen nhan chnh cua s xuat hien t
kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha thi s ky (trc khi xuat hien cac sach giai
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 7

am nh Tam thien t) o la: vai tro quan trong cua viec hoc ch Han vi
am Han-Viet thong qua tieng Viet bang cach hoc thuoc long cac bai soan t
vng Han-Viet can ban do cac thay o lam ra, hay co the t cac bai ong
dao day ch Han chu yeu bang truyen mieng a lam phat sinh, phat trien
nhng loai t ac biet nay trong tieng Viet.
C. Thi ky sau t ien Viet-Bo-La va trc t ien Anamitico-
Latinum cua Pigneau de Behaine [56] nam 1772-1773
Co mot so t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha a xuat hien trong ca dao
Viet Nam nh: tong a, phan chia, tnh toan, s hai, sum vay [36] ma
t ien Viet-Bo-La khong ghi nhan, nhng t ien Anamitico-Latinum cua
P. Behaine lai co. Do ca dao c truyen mieng t i nay sang i khac
nen rat kho xac nh ve thi iem, cho nen chung toi tam cho vao thi ky
cuoi the ky XVII, na au the ky XVIII. Cung con co mot so t kep nh: Tu
hop (tu hiep), luan ban = ban luan, cam (cam) men, yen tiec = tiec yen
ch co trong t v cua P. Behaine nhng trc o cha tm thay trong cac
c lieu hay truyen khau nen chung toi cung e vao thi ky nay, d nhien
nhng t kep tren ay, chung phai co trc roi P. Behaine mi co the ghi
nhan trong t v.
ac biet la trong Chinh phu ngam khuc [45] tng truyen la cua n
s oan Th iem (1705-1748) dien am co 2 t kep tien a (c.14), cach
ngan (c.55) [du t Phan Huy Chiem (1926) en GS Hoang Xuan Han (1953)
[21], Nguyen Van Xuan (1972) [51]... a tng khao chng, gianh lai tac
quyen dien am cho Phan Huy ch nhng v en tan ngay nay nhng no lc
tren van cha c gii nghien cu Han Nom nhat tr, ong thuan chng to
con nhieu khuc mac cha thong, nen chung toi van tam chap nhan la cua
oan Th iem] va trong truyen Nom Hoa tien truyen [50] cua Nguyen Huy
T (1743-1790) co 2 t kep bui tran (c.99), pho bay (c.995) [theo Sai Phi
Th Trang trong bai viet Bon van e van ban hoc cua Hoa tien, tac gia
a nhn nhan: Theo ket qua nghien cu cua nhieu ngi, th Nguyen Huy
T a viet tap truyen khoang gia the ky XVIII, t nam 1759 (nam ong ti
Thang Long) en nam 1768 (nam ong c bo nhiem lam quan Sn Tay]
[2] nhng t kep tren khong thay co trong t v cua P. Behaine va theo
chung toi chung cung thuoc vao thi ky na au the ky XVIII trc t v cua
P. Behaine 1772-1773.
D. Thi ky xuat hien sach Tam thien t giai am, Ngu thien t,
Thien t van giai am t na cuoi the ky XVIII cho en cuoi the ky XIX
Moi khi nhac en cac loai sach hoc ch Han thi xa, d nhien khong
the khong ke ra cac sach tieu bieu va trong yeu, rat pho bien cho ngi mi
hoc ch Han va c tai ban nhieu lan bang ch Nom va ch Quoc ng mai
cho en cuoi the ky XX va au the ky XXI, o la: Tam thien t giai am, Ngu
thien t, Thien t van giai am (Nhat thien t). Cac sach khac nh Nhat
8 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

dung thng am, T c thanh che t hoc giai ngha ca, ai Nam quoc
ng... khong c pho bien bang do o chung toi ch dung nhng sach nay
e khao sat va lay lam nhng chng c quan trong lien quan en t kep
Han Viet-Viet ong ngha [cac sach tham khao chnh: 15, 16, 29, 37, 60, 61,
73]. Trc het, can xem xet qua ve thi iem xuat hien cua cac sach hoc ch
Han giai am.
Ve cuon Tam thien t giai am, theo nghien cu cua Tien s Hoang
Hong Cam trong bai viet Ve cuon Tam thien t do Ngo Th Nham soan a
a ra dan chng: Theo Ngo gia the pha th nam 16 tuoi Ngo Th Nham
a soan sach di s hng dan cua cha la Ngo Th S va i en nhan
nh: Ngo Th Nham a soan sach T hoc toan yeu (tc sach Tam thien t
giai am) trong thi iem, ch t cung la t luc con tre, khoang nam 16 tuoi
nh thong tin trong Ngo gia van phai; roi luc vao lam quan trong trieu, ong
lai co dp tm toi, hoc hoi them, ca thu nhat tai lieu lan trao oi trc tiep
vi cac ong lieu tien boi, sau o mi phien am giai ngha e soan thanh
sach. So lng ch c Ngo Th Nham bien soan la ba nghn ch... Theo
Hoang Le nhat thong ch, th khoang nam Canh Ty, nien hieu Canh Hng
41 (1780), Tien s Ngo Th Nham c chua Trnh Sam giao cho lam Tuy
giang cho The t Trnh Tong trong phu chua. Nh vay, th rat co the,
trong khoang thi gian nay, do phai soan sach e giang day cho The t
Tong, Ngo Th Nham a ket hp bien soan va hoan thanh viec a in sach
T hoc toan yeu (tc Tam thien t giai am) nh a noi trong bai ta. Va neu
ung, th ay cung chnh la thi iem cuoi the ky XVIII nh cu Tran Van
Giap a ghi theo truyen van [3]. Nh vay theo nghien cu tren, Tam thien
t a c chnh Ngo Th Nham (1746-1803) soan thao lan au tien vao
nam ong mi 16 tuoi (1762). Neu ung nh vay sach nay a ra i trc t
ien Anamitico-Latinum do P. Behaine viet tay vao nam 1772-1773 khoang
10 nam, mot khoang thi gian kha dai cho viec du nhap cac kieu song ng
Han-Nom giai am t Tam thien t vao tieng Viet (chac han thi ky au
Tam thien t a c truyen tay, truyen khau trong gii hoc tro va pho bien
trong dan gian), ieu nay phu hp vi phat hien cua chung toi: Trong t v
cua P.Behaine a thay ghi nhan khoang 17 t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha
giong nguyen mau trong Tam thien t (xin xem phan sau) nhng lai khong
he thay giai oan trc o (the ky XIII-XVII).
Ve sach Ngu thien t, t trc ti nay cac nha nghien cu Han Nom
van cha xac nh c tac gia va nien ai. Noi chung ch cho sach nay ra
i sau Tam thien t, khoang the ky XIX. Nhng theo Tran Doan Cng
que tai xa Kim Loc, huyen Can Loc, tnh Ha Tnh la hau due i th 10
cua cu Tran Doan T a cho biet: Theo gia pha ho Tran Doan tai lang Yen
Trang, xa Kim Loc, huyen Can Loc, tnh Ha Tnh th cu Tran Doan T la
tac gia cuon Ngu thien t. Hien phan mo cua cu van an tang tai xa Kim Loc
tren bia mo van ghi ro. sach Lch s Ha Tnh tap I, Nha xuat ban Chnh
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 9

tr Quoc gia cung ghi: Cu Tran Doan T la tac gia cuon Ngu thien t... Ong
Tran Doan T chieu mo quan chong Tay Sn, sau khi that bai ong b bat
giam 6 thang, trong thi gian tu ong a viet cuon Ngu thien t trnh len
nha vua roi c tha bong. [23]. Nh vay, trong gii han tai lieu hien co,
ta co the tam tin rang sach Ngu thien t a c Tran Doan T bien soan
(hoac bien tap lai) vao khoang sau khi nha Tay Sn (1788) xuat hien va sau
sach Tam thien t (1780).
Con ve sach Thien t van giai am th van cha xac nh c ai la tac
gia va nien ai ra i. Theo Kieu Thu Hoach gii thieu trong Ly Van Phc,
Ngoc Kieu Le tan truyen [27] a cho biet Ly Van Phc (1785-1849) tng
bien soan Thien t van dien am theo the luc bat vao i Nguyen. Vien
Nghien cu Han Nom co lu tr, liet ke sach Thien t van giai am ky hieu
AB. 227, AB. 91, in nam Thanh Thai Canh Dan (1890) cung theo the luc
bat, co le ay la ban ch Nom sm nhat con lai, nhng khong biet co phai
la cung mot sach hay khong, du sao th Thien t van giai am ch xuat hien
vao cuoi the ky XIX, sau sach Ngu thien t.
1. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Tam thien t va
Anamitico-Latinum cua Pigneau de Behaine(2)
Ca hat Ly le
Danh tieng Mu chc
oan t = t oan Nghi ng
Gia them (gia thiem) Phc thm = thm phc
Giai (gii) ran Ta vay
Hoan tra Thoat khoi
Knh ne T rieng = rieng t
K kieng = kieng k Xng hat
Me say = say me
2. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Tam thien t va
ai Nam quac am t v cua Huynh Tnh Paulus Cua [25]
Bach trang = trang bach Hieu thao
Bao boc Hung d
Du do Ky la = la ky
D tha Nhan nhn
Gia doi = doi gia Lao nhoc
Giang xuong Lao gia
Lc sc = sc lc Tuy theo
Phat ra Tung kien = kien tung
Quy ve c mong
Tham xet (tham sat) Xac that (xac thc)
Thieu ot
10 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

3. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Tam thien t va

Annamite-Franais cua Genibrel [26]
Chnh ngay = ngay chnh Tch cha (tch tr)
Luyen ren = ren luyen Tinh rong
Phu giup Th gi (thi gi)
4. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Ngu thien t va
ai Nam quac am t v cua Huynh Tnh Paulus Cua(3)
Binh lnh Tien dang = dang tien
ang be = be ang Thu han (thu han) = han thu (han thu)
5. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Ngu thien t va
Annamite-Franais cua Genibrel
Giai (gii) ranh Tao dng Tiep noi
6. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Thien t van giai
am (Nhat thien t) va ai Nam quac am t v cua Huynh Tnh Paulus Cua
Au th = th au Thoi (thoai) lui
7. Nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha co trong Thien t van giai
am (Nhat thien t) va Annamite-Franais cua Genibrel(4)
Huyen nhiem
E. Thi ky t the ky XX en nay
Sau ay la nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha a co mat trong
Tam thien t, Ngu thien t, Thien t van nhng sau khi khao sat cac van
ban ch Nom, Quoc ng t cuoi the ky XIX tr ve trc, lai khong he thay
hien dien,(5) ngc lai chung a xuat hien t au the ky XX cho en nay.(6)
1. Trong Tam thien t
Nnh hot (Viet Nam phong tuc 1913-1914) [58] (VNPT 1913-1914)
V ngoi = ngoi v (Bao Than chung 1929) [59]
Boi ap (T ien Viet-Hoa-Phap 1937) [17] (TVHP 1937)
Bang gia (TVHP 1937)
Cu xet (cu sat) (TVHP 1937)
Mo men = men mo (TVHP 1937)
Bai lay (Viet Nam van hoa s cng 1938) [9] (VNVHSC 1938)
Am m = m am (VNVHSC 1938)
V mui = mui v (Ch Pheo 1941) [33]
Cap bc (bac) (T ien Viet-Phap 1950) [11] (TVP 1950)
Phong nga (phong ng) (TVP 1950)
Tham sau (T ien Viet Nam 1958) [62] (TVN 1958)
Tuyen chon (TVN 1958)
Chieu soi (Tang Trieu va tanh khong hoc ong phng 1973) [67]
Khi day (Phep la cua s tnh thc 1975) [53]
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 11

Tu sa (T ien tieng Viet 1977) [68] (TTV 1977)

ac o = o ac (TTV 1977)
Nghinh (nghenh) rc (Tay Dng Gia To b luc 1981) [35]
Co xa (Co s) (T ien tieng Viet 1990) [19] (TTV 1990)
An giau (TTV 1990)
Ky gi (TTV 1990)
Khi de (TTV 1990)
Hung manh (TTV 1990)
Huyet mau = mau huyet (TTV 1990)
Tay ra (Ban dch ai Viet s ky toan th 1985-1993) [69]
Song oi (Nui oi 1990) [72]
Tnh lang (Nha ty phu bat hanh 1996) [18]
Di di (Bao Sai Gon giai phong 1996) [6]
Hoan oi (Thi bao kinh te Viet Nam 1997) [6]
Trieu vi (Lc khao Huynh nh kinh 2003) [28]
Cng cng (T ien Viet Anh 2003) [5] (TVA 2003)
An in = in an (Bao Tuoi tre 2003) [1]
Khai m (Li tri ai det? 2004) [49]
Manh mong (Dien an lch s Viet Nam 2009) [55]
2. Trong Ngu thien t
S viec (VNPT 1913-1914)
Thau ro (Vietnamese-English Dictionary 1966) (V-E D 1966) [38]
Vu viec (Bao Cong an Nhan dan 1992) [6]
Huy kieng = kieng huy (Nghien cu ch huy Viet Nam qua cac trieu
ai 1996) [34]
Nao oc = oc nao (Van vat ong nhat the 2002) [52]
Hien dang (TVA 2003)
3. Trong Thien t van giai am (Nhat thien t)
Van ve (Viet Nam t ien 1931) [22]
Nghinh (nghenh) on (V-E D 1966)
Chnh sa (Bao Giao duc va Thi ai 1996) [6]
Tong theo (Ba ngi khac 2006) [64]
II. Nhan nh chung ve t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha
Qua nhng khao sat va dan chng t cac van ban ch viet (Nom,
Quoc ng) va truyen khau theo tng thi ky lch s lien quan en t kep
Han Viet-Viet ong ngha, co kha nang chung toi a tm ra c nguyen
nhan ve s phat sinh, ton tai va phat trien cua t loai ac biet nay: Khi
au t lch s dan toc Viet Nam co ai vi trieu ai nha inh (ai Viet s
ky toan th a at nha inh m au Ban ky) [69] a thong nhat at nc,
gianh lai oc lap sau 1.000 nam le thuoc Trung Hoa ve moi mat, dan en
s hng thnh cua trieu ai Ly-Tran cung chnh la thi iem cua s hnh
12 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

thanh va on nh am oc Han-Viet cua ch Han (khoang ng-Tong) [10,

30, 44]. S truyen day ch Han trong giai oan nay khong con noi va oc
theo am Trng An (Bac Kinh) cua Trung Hoa na. Cac nha Nho, thay
o Viet xa a giang day ch Han vi am oc Han-Viet va giai thch ch
Han bang Quoc am (tieng Viet) cho ngi hoc ch Han thong qua truyen
mieng nhng t vng kieu Han-Viet, co the luc au e giup hoc tro de nh
de hoc, cac thay o a s dung van van nh kieu ong dao pho bien lp
hoc va trong dan gian roi t khi ch Nom xuat hien va phat trien mi bat
au xuat hien nhng sach hoc song ng Han-Nom nh Tam thien t giai
am, Ngu thien t, Thien t van giai am... Sau khi ngi hoc ch Han a
hoc thuoc long, qua giao tiep khi noi hay viet a t nhien mot cach vo thc
du nhap nguyen mau song ng Han-Viet hay Han-Nom t cac bai hoc t
vng, ong dao, sach hoc ch Han giai am bang van van vao trong tieng
Viet theo tng thi ky lch s. Muc ch chnh la nham xac nh, bo sung
them y ngha cho ngi nghe, oc de hieu (vi ngi biet va khong biet
ch Han) cong hng vi quy luat phat trien ng am ngay cang hng ve
song tiet, a am tiet va nhu cau noi tai thuoc tam ly: thuan tai, de nh
va ke ca thoi quen khoe ch, snh dung ch Han. Neu nh cac thi ky
trc khi ch Nom hnh thanh vao thi Tran (theo lu truyen va chng c
van t sm nhat con lai) chung ta khong co g chac chan e chng minh
nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha a ra i vao thi ky nay do qua
trnh hoc ch Han ngoai s oan nh da vao truyen khau (nh qua ong
dao) ra th sau khi ch Nom phat trien va ac biet la ke t khi cac sach
hoc ch Han nh Tam thien t xuat hien sau o la Ngu thien t, Thien t
van... a la nhng chng c rat quan trong e chng minh mot cach xac
ang: Vao thi ky xuat hien Tam thien t, co mot so dang song ng Han-
Nom cua Tam thien t trung hp vi nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong
ngha nhng khong thay co trong cac van ban ch Nom, ch Quoc ng
trc va trong t v Anamitico-Latinum (1772-1773) cua P. Behaine ma lai
thay xuat hien trong ai Nam quac am t v (1895-1896) cua Huynh Tnh
Paulus Cua va t ien Annamite-Franais cua J.F.M Genibrel (1898).
Ngay thi hien tai, so lng kha nhieu cac dang song ng Han-Nom
giong vi nhng t kep ong ngha Han Viet-Viet co mat trong cac sach
Tam thien t, Ngu thien t, Thien t van a khong he xuat hien trc khi
chung ra i va ca trong the ky XVIII en the ky XIX nhng lai hien dien
trong the ky XX va hien nay, chang han nh nhng t kep: duyet xem, an
giau, di di, vu viec, in an, kieng huy, oc nao... Thc trang nay gan lien
vi s tai ban nhieu lan cac sach tren bang ch Quoc ng, qua nhieu lan
hieu chnh, thay oi, bo sung: Tam thien t nhng nam 1915, 1959, 1969,
1999, 2008... Ngu thien t nhng nam 1909, 1915, 1929, 1934-1935, 1939,
1940, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007... Thien t van (Nhat thien t) nhng nam
1909, 1914, 2002...
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 13

oi vi cac thanh kien khinh che, gieu ct kieu t loai nay, theo quan
iem cua chung toi nh vay la cc oan, hep hoi bi v neu tm hieu sau rong
hn ve t Han-Viet, thc ra nhng t Han Viet trong pham vi ang khao
sat, tuy co goc tieng Han nhng ch khi nao chung c s dung trong viet
van, lam th bang ch Han theo ng phap Han mi c goi la ch Han
thuan tuy con khi trong tieng Viet, nhng t Han-Viet nay a c Viet
hoa ca ve am oc (am Han Viet va am Han Viet b bien am), y ngha va
chc nang ng phap. Cho nen goc o nay, chung ta van co the goi nhng
t Han-Viet tuy co goc Han cung la nhng t ng nam trong he thong t
vng tieng Viet. Do o, kieu t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha xet en cung
cung co vai tro tng ng vi loai t ghep Viet-Viet ong ngha.
T kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha, du c khen hay che nhng khong
ai co the phu nhan c mot s that: T xa en nay nhan dan ta a s
dung loai t ac biet nay va qua chng c van t ch con lai t nha Tran ta
co the tam xac nh sm nhat vao khoang t the ky XIII cho en ngay nay,
nhng t kep nay a c nhap the vao tieng noi hang ngay lan trong ca
dao va th van ch Nom, ch Quoc ng, lam phong phu them tieng Viet va
tao nen mot ban sac, mot net rieng cua ngon ng dan toc Viet Nam.
VT
CHU THCH
(1) Cac nha phien Nom van oc la sum hop nhng nh vay la khong ung v thi Hong c ch
Han sam khong the la ch huy cua Trnh Sam e oc bien am la sum c.
(2) Trong Tam thien t co mot so dang song ng Han-Nom b trung vi cac t kep Han Viet-Viet
ong ngha a xuat hien khoang thi Tran en the ky XVII nen chung toi se khong dung e
khao sat thi ky nay (the ky XVIII cho en cuoi the ky XIX).
(3) Trong Ngu thien t co mot so dang song ng Han-Nom b trung vi nhng t kep Han Viet-
Viet ong ngha a co trong thi ky t thi Tran en t v cua P. Behaine nen chung toi se
khong dung e khao sat thi ky nay (the ky XIX).
(4) Trong Thien t van giai am (Nhat thien t) co kha nhieu dang song ng Han-Nom b trung
vi nhng t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha a co trong khoang thi ky t thi Tran en t v
cua P. Behaine nen chung toi se khong dung e khao sat thi ky nay (the ky XIX).
(5) Chung toi a th xem trong T ien ch Nom, Nguyen Quang Hong (chu bien), Nxb Giao
duc, Ha Noi, 2006 va T ien ch Nom trch dan do Vien Viet hoc an hanh nam 2009, nhng
a khong tm ra. (Nhan ay xin chan thanh cam n anh Nguyen Doan Vng, ong tac gia
T ien ch Nom trch dan a co hao y tang sach cung nh cung vi anh Lan Vien Viet hoc
tan tnh giup tai lieu Nhat thien t).
(6) Nhng thi iem xuat hien cua cac t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha c dan ra t cac sach
bao tham khao (ke ca tren cac website) tren ch tng oi v chung toi cha u ieu kien thu
thap, khao sat toan bo cac tai lieu trong the ky XX, nen co the co mot so t kep co kha nang
xuat hien sm hn thi iem tm thay.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bo cao thanh lap va giai the cong ty (Muc Dch vu Du lch), Tuoi tre online, th nam
25/9/2003 (tuoitre.vn).
2. Bon van e van ban hoc cua Hoa tien, Sai Phi Th Trang, tap ch Han Nom so 1(10),
nam 1991.
14 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

3. Ve cuon Tam thien t do Ngo Th Nham soan, Hoang Hong Cam, tap ch Han Nom so
1(80), 2007.
4. Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), Dictionarivm Annnamiticvm Lvsitanvm et Latinvm, ban dch
tieng Viet cua Thanh Lang, Hoang Xuan Viet, o Quang Chnh, NxbKhoa hoc xa hoi, Ha
Noi, 1991.
5. Bui Phung, T ien Viet-Anh, Nxb The gii, 2003.
6. Chu Bch Thu (chu bien), T ien t mi tieng Viet, Nxb Phng ong, 2008.
7. am Trung Phap, (iem sach) Vietnamese/Tieng Viet khong son phan, nguon http://www.
viethoc.com/Ti-Liu/bien-khao/dhiem-sach/vietnamesetiengvietkhongsonphan
8. ao Duy Anh, Gian yeu Han Viet t ien, Nxb Tieng dan, Hue, 1932, (songhuong.com.vn).
9. ao Duy Anh, Viet Nam van hoa s cng, Quan hai tung th xuat ban, Hue, 1938. Xuat ban
Bon phng, Vien Giao khoa - Hien Tan Bien tai ban, Sai Gon, 1951.
10. ao Duy Anh, Ch Nom: Nguon goc-Cau tao-Dien bien, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1975.
11. ao Van Tap, T ien Viet-Phap, Nha sach Vnh hao, Sai Gon, 1950.
12. Gia Khanh, Bui Duy Tan, Ho Nh Sn, Th van Nguyen Bnh Khiem, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1983.
13. o Quang Chnh, Lch s ch Quoc ng 1620-1659, Tu sach Ra khi xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1972.
14. o Thong Minh, Ch ghep am Han Viet &Nom (ch Nom dang Gothic, ch Han-Viet dang
Time), nguon: http://www.phiem-dam.com /1chuhan100.pdf
15. oan Trung Con (bien soan), Ngu thien t, Nxb Thanh nien, tai ban 1999.
16. oan Trung Con (bien soan), Tam thien t, nguon: sachxua.net
17. Gustave Hue, T ien Viet-Hoa-Phap, 1937, (Tai ban theo ban in Imprimerie Trung hoa
1937), Nha sach Khai tr, Sai Gon, 1971.
18. Hoang Hu Cac, Nha t phu bat hanh, Nxb Lao ong, 1996.
19. Hoang Phe (chu bien), T ien tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1990.
20. Hoang Th Hong Gam (phiem am va chu thch), Nguyen The Nghi - Tan bien truyen ky man
luc - Tac pham Nom the ky XVI, Nxb Van hoa Dan toc, Ha Noi, 2000.
21. Hoang Xuan Han, La Sn Yen Ho Hoang Xuan Han, tap III, Nxb Giao duc, Ha Noi, 1998.
22. Hoi Khai tr Tien c, Viet Nam t ien, Ha Noi, 1931, Mac lam tai ban, 1968.
23. Hoi ve gia tr cua cuon Ngu thien t, Dien an Vien Viet hoc, Han Viet, (viethoc.com).
24. Hong Nhue, Nguyen Khac Xuyen (dch va gii thieu), T v Annam - Latinh (1772-1773), Nxb
Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, 1999.
25. Huynh Tnh Paulus Cua, ai Nam quac am t v, Tom I-II, Sai Gon, 1895-1896, Nxb Tre, tai
ban 1998.
26. J.F.M Genibrel, Dictionnaire Annamite - Franais, Deuxieme edition, Tan nh, Saigon, 1898,
nguon sach pho bien t books.google.com
27. Kieu Thu Hoach, Ly Van Phc, Ngoc Kieu Le tan truyen, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1976.
28. Le Anh Minh, Lc khao Huynh nh kinh, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin, 2003.
29. Le Van ang (bien tap), Nht thien t (Han-Nom-Quoc ng), Ban Tu th Viet hoc xuat ban, 2002.
30. Le Van Quan, Nghien cu ve ch Nom, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1981.
31. Le Xuan Mau, Chuyen lai ghep t Han-Nom, tap ch Tai hoa tre, nguon: http://www.cinet.
gov.vn/Vanhoa/Vanhoc/vh-vietnam/tungu/hannom.htm
32. Mai Ngoc Ch, Vu c Nghieu, Hoang Trong Phien, C s ngon ng hoc va tieng Viet, Nxb
Giao duc, Ha Noi, 1997, trang 142-152. Nguon: http://ngonngu.net/index.php?p=207
33. Nam Cao, Ch Pheo (1941), Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 1, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1997.
34. Ngo c Tho, Nghien cu ch huy Viet Nam qua cac trieu ai, Vien Nghien cu Han Nom va
EFEO, Nxb Van hoa, 1997.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012 15

35. Ngo c Tho (dch va gii thieu), Tay Dng Gia To b luc (Ghi chep nhng chuyen kn cua
ao Gia To Tay Dng), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1981.
36. Nguon: tong hp ve ca dao t cac website: http://e-cadao.com, http://cadao.org, http://
vnthuquan.net, http://www.cadaotucngu.com.
37. Nguyen Bnh, Ngu thien t dch Quoc ng, ban khac in nam 1909, ky hieu R.1554
(Nomfoundation.org).
38. Nguyen nh Hoa, Vietnamese-English dictionary, Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Pusblishers.
Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan, 1966.
39. Nguyen Hu Vinh, ang The Kiet, Nguyen Doan Vng, Le Van ang, Nguyen Van Sam,
Nguyen Ngoc Bch, Tran Uyen Thi, T ien ch Nom trch dan, Vien Viet hoc an hanh, 2009.
40. Nguyen Khue, Nhng van e c ban cua ch Nom, Nxb TP Ho Ch Minh, 1999.
41. Nguyen Ngoc San, Tm hieu tieng Viet lch s, Nxb ai hoc S pham (tai ban), 2003.
42. Nguyen Quang Hong (chu bien), T ien ch Nom, Nxb Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2006.
43. Nguyen Tai Can, Ng phap tieng Viet: Tieng - T ghep - oan ng, Nxb H&THCN, Ha
Noi, 1981.
44. Nguyen Tai Can, Nguon goc va qua trnh hnh thanh cach oc Han Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi,
Ha Noi, 1979.
45. Nguyen The, Phan Anh Dung, Chinh phu ngam Han Nom hp tuyen, Nxb Thuan Hoa,
Hue, 2000.
46. Huynh Th Hong Hanh, Cau truc ng ngha cua v t co yeu to sau bieu th mc o cao trong
tieng Viet, nguon: http://www.khoavanhoc- ngonngu.edu.vn.
47. Nguyen Th Trung Thanh, Nhan xet ve nhng t ghep song tiet ang lap ch trang thai tnh
cam con ngi, tap ch Ngon ng, so 15, 2001, nguon: http://www.vienngonnguhoc.gov.vn/?act
=Science&do=Detail&nid=111.
48. Nguyen Thuy Loan, ang Dieu Trang, Nguyen Huy Hong, Tran Hoang, ong dao va tro chi tre
em ngi Viet, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin, Ha Noi, 1997.
49. Nguyen Tng Bach, Li tri ai det?, Tieu luan ve khoa hoc va triet hoc, Nxb Tre, TP Ho
Ch Minh, 2004.
50. Nguyen Van To, Le Hoa tien de Nguyen Huy T trong Bulletin de la Societe dseignement
Mutuel du Tonkin, Tom XVI, No 3-4, 1936, Tan dan, 1937, nguon tai lieu pho bien cua Th
vien Quoc gia Viet Nam http://dlib.nlv.gov.vn
51. Nguyen Van Xuan, Chinh phu ngam dien am tan khuc cua Phan Huy ch, Nxb Van nghe TP
Ho Ch Minh, tai ban, 2002.
52. Nguyen Van Tho, Van vat ong nhat the, Nxb Nhan t van, 2002, nguon: http://nhantu.net/
TrietHoc/VVDNT/VVDNTphilo.htm.
53. Nhat Hanh, Phep la cua s tnh thc, Nxb An Tiem, 1976, nguon: thuvienhoasen.org.
54. Nh Thanh (dch), S ky T Ma Thien, Nxb Van hoc, 1988.
55. Nhc nhoi ve van e chu ngha xet lai giao ieu, Dien an lch s, nguon: http://lichsuvn.info
_/forum/showthread.php?t=8376
56. P.J. Pigneaux, Dictionarium Anamitico - Latinum, (ban thao viet tay) (1772-1773). Nguon:
ban pdf cua NNT trong Dien an Vien Viet hoc (viethoc.com).
57. Pham Trong iem, Bui Van Nguyen, Hong c quoc am thi tap, (in lan th hai co sa cha),
Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1982.
58. Phan Ke Bnh, Viet Nam phong tuc [trch trong ong Dng tap ch t so 24 en 49
(1913-1914)], Phong trao Van hoa xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1972.
59. Phan Khoi, Than chung, 1929, Van th lu tr m, nguon: vi.wikisource.org.
60. Tam thien t giai am (ky hieu R.468), Phu Van ng tang ban, khac in nam Tan Mao, 1831,
(Nomfoundation.org).
16 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 6 (95) . 2012

61. Tam thien t giai dch quoc ng (ky hieu R.1667), Lieu Van ng tang ban, khac in nam
1915, (Nomfoundation.org).
62. Thanh Ngh, T ien Viet Nam, Nxb Thi the, 1958, nguon sach pho bien t: songhuong.
com.vn.
63. Thieu Chu, Han Viet t ien, uoc tue, Ha Noi, 1942.
64. To Hoai, Ba ngi khac, Nxb a Nang, 2006.
65. Tran c Vien, Nong thon mien nui - Nhng nghien cu hng ti phat trien lau ben, Nxb
Nong nghiep, 2001.
66. Trong Toan, Hng hoa at nc, Nxb Tre, 1999.
67. Tue Hanh (dch), Tang Trieu va tanh khong hoc ong phng, 1973, nguon: thuvienhoasen.org.
68. Van Tan (chu bien), T ien tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, in lan th 2, Ha Noi, 1977
69. Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi 1985-1993 (dch), ai Viet s ky toan th, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha
Noi, 1993.
70. Vien S hoc (dch va phien am), Nguyen Trai toan tap, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1976.
71. VietVanBook, T ien tieng Viet, Nxb T ien Bach khoa, 2010.
72. Vu Cao, Nui oi, Nxb Ha Noi, 1990.
73. Xuan Lan (bien soan), Thien t (van) giai am (Nhat thien t), nha in Van minh tai ban lan th
hai, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, 1914 (sachxua.net).
TOM TAT
T kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha la mot kieu t rat ac biet trong tieng Viet. Chung la s ket
hp cua hai t co nguon goc khac nhau, mot la t goc Han (oc theo am Han-Viet) va mot la t
(goc) Viet nhng ve ngha chung lai giong nhau hoac gan giong nhau.
Qua viec khao sat va dan chng t nhieu nguon tai lieu cac thi ky khac nhau, tac gia bai
viet cho rang, t kep Han Viet-Viet ong ngha xuat hien vao khoang the ky XIII, gan lien vi qua
trnh on nh am oc Han-Viet cua ch Han cung s ra i va phat trien cua ch Nom. ac biet,
loai t kep nay xuat hien kha nhieu sau s ra i cua cac loai sach hoc ch Han va ch Nom dien
am bang van van vao na cuoi the ky XVIII tr i. ieu nay chng to t kep Han Viet-Viet ong
ngha c ngi Viet tao ra trc het e phuc vu cho viec hoc ch Han va ch Nom de dang va
thuan tien hn. Loai t kep nay cung phu hp vi quy luat phat trien ng am cua tieng Viet, lam
tang them sc dien at, thuan tai, de nh... nen a c phat trien ngay cang phong phu, tao nen
mot net rieng cua ngon ng dan toc Viet Nam.
ABSTRACT
THE ORIGIN OF SYNONYMOUS SINO VIETNAMESE-VIETNAMESE COMPOUND WORDS
Synonymous Sino Vietnamese-Vietnamese compound words are very special type of
words in Vietnamese language. They are the combination of two words of quite different origin,
one originates from Chinese language (Sino Vietnamese pronunciation), the other originates from
Vietnamese language, but they mean the same or very similar.
Through survey and evidence from various sources of documents in different periods,
the author suggests that synonymous Sino Vietnamese-Vietnamese compound words dual
Sino Vietnamese-Vietnamese synonymous appeared by the thirteenth century, associated with
the stable process of Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of Chinese language and the birth and
development of the Nom language. Especially, this type of compound word appeared pretty
much after the birth of the textbooks of Chinese and Nom language written in verse from the
second half of the eighteenth century onwards. This proves that synonymous Sino Vietnamese-
Vietnamese compound words were invented by Vietnamese people to make it easier and more
convenient for learning Chinese language and Nom language. This type of compound words
is also in accordance with the rule of the development of Vietnamese phonetics, increases the
ways of expressing feelings; in addition, it is palatable and easy to remember... so it has been
developped increasingly, creating a characteristic of Vietnamese language.