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Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302

Conference and Exhibition Indonesia Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation

[Indonesia EBTKE CONEX 2013]

Synthesis Preliminary Studies Durian Peel Bio Briquettes as

an Alternative Fuels
Wahidin Nurianaa,*, Nurfa Anisaa, Martanaa
a Department of Mechanical Engineering,, Merdeka University Madiun, Jl. Serayu, No. 79, Madiun 63133, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

The purpose of the research is to develop and test the characteristics of durians peels briquette as fuel material. It was tested by
applying proximate analysis and was conducted in Laboratories. The researcher carbonized it at temperature 200-500 oC for 1.5
hours. From the process of proximate analysis on 450oC carbonization temperature could be found that there is 77.87% Fixed
Carbon (FC), 0.01% Moisture (M), 3.94% of Volatile Matter (VM) and 18.18% Ash (A). The chemical properties of briquettes
gained 0.09% of moisture content, 0.99 g / ml of density, 6,274.29 kcal /kg of calorific value, the size of 100 mesh of briquettes
composer particle have compressive strength at 15.10 N/cm2 apply on 3.8 cm of diameter briquette in high at 6.5 cm.

2014The
2014 The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd.
Selection andpeer-review
Selection and peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of Scientific
of the the Scientific Committee
Committee of Indonesia
of Indonesia EBTKEEBTKE Conex 2013.
Conex 2013

Keywords: durian peel waste; briquettes; characteristics; compressive strength; calorific value

1. Introduction

Demand for energy, including fuel oil (BBM) is an important global issue of both energy consumption related
to human needs and the resources and the effects of the use of energy sources. Various policies and efforts were
made to maintain the balance of supply and sustainable world energy needs, resulting in a mix of energy policy at
the national or global level must take into account the economic and environmental impact [1, 2, 3].

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +628125913722; fax: .: +62351490758.

E-mail address: w_nuriana@yahoo.co.id

1876-6102 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Indonesia EBTKE Conex 2013
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.228
296 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302

Indonesia is a country which is rich in agricultural crops that potential to be used as renewable energy from
biomass. There is 50,000 MW potential capacity and already utilized only 320 MW or 0.64% of the existing
potentials [3]. Biomass potential in Indonesia which temporarily used is from palm oil, the waste of the rice mills,
wood, polywood, sugar mill waste, cocoa and other agricultural waste. In this case, waste that is not widely used yet
is durian peel. Local durian production in Indonesia is 683,232 tons per year. Many kinds of good quality durian is
not only from Indonesia, but also from import, which from 2004 to 2010 is growing up.
Generally most of the durian shell waste is only used as furnace fuel, or burned away, so it can cause environmental
pollution [4]. Durian peel conversion into briquettes by increasing density will increase the economic value of the
material, as well as reducing environmental pollution.
Briquette charcoal is a solid fuel from organic matter containing carbon, which has a high calorific value, and can be
lit in a long time [5]. Bio charcoal is charcoal obtained by burning dry biomass without air o (pyrolysis). Biomass is
organic material derived from living things. Actual biomass can be used directly as a source of heat energy for fuel,
but is less efficient because of the small density. Value of biomass fuel is only about 3,000 calorics [6, 7].
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition process by using heating in the absence of oxygen. This process is
called carbonization process for obtaining carbon or charcoal. Generated in the pyrolysis process gases, such as CO,
CO2, CH4, H2, and light hydrocarbons. Type of gas produced varies depends on the raw materials. For example, coal
pyrolysis produce gas such as CO, CO2, NO, and SO. In large quantities, these gases is able to pollute the
environment and endanger human health directly and indirectly. Bio charcoal briquette has several advantages
compared to regular (conventional) charcoal, among others: (a) Bio charcoal powerfully produce up to 5,000 calorie
(b) The ignition of bio charcoal briquette does not produce smoke and odor, so it is practical for the bad economy
society who live in cities with inadequate ventilation in their house (c) there is bo need to fan bio charcoal after it
was on fire and to be ember, (d) Equipment pressed formed as needed [7, 8].

2. Material and method

2.1 Material
Materials used in this study are the durian peel waste, fresh durian peel bajul types and peel green pedestal
obtained from durian sellers centers in Madiun. Durian outer skin has been sliced and dried in the sun ( + 3 days )
until the moisture content of 15.38%, then dried durian peel charred / carbonized in a furnace for 1.5 hours to obtain
a high carbon afterwards it was sieved (use 80 mesh and 100 mesh sized sifter). Starch and water were cooked as
glue, with a ratio of 60g cornflour mixed with 200 ml of water were cooked until boiled in the amount of 10% of the
total weight of briquette. Aluminum foil is a packing material when it burned in the furnace. The equipment used
was a knife, winnowing, sieving size 80mesh and 100mesh, furnace for carbonization, mortal, desiccator, printing
press equipment briquettes, basin, measuring cup, flask volume, pycnometer to measure the density of the material
results of carbonization, scales, sieve, vibrator, calorimetry bomb for measuring the calorific value of the fuel, UTM
(Universal Test materials) brand Comten Industries, tipes of tests 94-A is a compressive strength tester.

2.2 Method

The research was conducted and tested in the laboratory. The design of experiment used a complete randomized
design, with variable effect of carbonization temperature 200-500oC, and the response variable is the weight of
material after carbonization process, fixed carbon content, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, calorific
value and density. Briquette manufacture and testing phases are presented in Figure 1.
 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302 297

Biomass waste durian peel

Chopped / slashed

Drying / dried hot sun Test moisture content

3 days

Carbonization process each

sample repeat 3x
(wrapped in aluminum), at a pounded
temperature of 200, 250, 300, 350,
400, 450, 500oC

Uniformity of size
(sieving),
80, 100 mesh
100 mesh particle test
Weight after carbonization
Fixed carbon
The addition of Volatile matter
an adhesive Water content
Ash content
Density
Compression / printing Calorific value

Compressive strength test

Bio briquette

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the manufacture and testing of durian peel bio briquette.

2.3 Data analysis

Data obtained from the experiment, with the replication of three (3) times. Data analysis use Anova (Analysis of
Variance) univarian at significance level = 5% compared to P, the result P is 0.05. If there is a significant
difference then continued by using the Tukey test at level = 5%. The data consists of variables influence the
carbonization temperature 200-500oC response variable weighting materials after carbonization, fixed carbon
content, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, heating value, and density.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 After carbonization mass materials

In this study, the researcher used dry durians peel with 15,30% water content. Treatment process carbonization
at a temperature of 200-500oC measured weights of materials, can be seen in Figure 2.
298 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302

Fig. 2. Effect of carbonization temperature on mass material after carbonization.

Figure 2 shows that the greater the weight after the temperature treatment the smaller the weight after
carbonization. This is due to the temperature of 225-500 C to evaporate the water content, cellulose, hemicellulose,
and lignin decompose, so it effect the weight of the material after carbonization process [4, 9, 10].

3.2 Fixed carbon levels

Based on the calculation of the difference in weight of the material before and after the process, carbonization is
a fixed carbon or carbonized future can be seen in Figure 3. In Figure 3 shows that the higher the temperature is, the
more increase carbon content resulted. Anova results at = 5% significance obtained P > 0.05 indicates that the
treatment temperature significantly affect fixed carbon content. Followed by using Tukey's/ HSD, the results of the
treatment of data is no real difference to the temperature of the carbon content, calorific value and volatile
substances can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Tukey test results on the treatment of carbonization temperature

on the contentcarbon, calorific value and volatile substance with repeat
3 time.
Temperature N Contents Calorific Volatile
(oC) Carbon value (cal/g) matter
(%) (%)
a a
6.3600 a
200 3 19.0433 4.5685E3
23.2400 b 4.7760E3 b
250 3 4.9600 b
49.8233 c 4.7600 c
300 3 6.1191E3 c
59.5300 d 6.1673E3 e
350 3 4.4000 d
70.3033 e 6.2136E3 f 4.1000 e
400 3
f g
77.8700 6.2523E3 3.9400 f
450 3
82.1300 g 6.1362E3 d 3.9400 f
500 3
Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000
Description: The same letter in the same column are not depending on Tukey test.

Tukey test results explained that at each temperature treatment there was an increase in the carbon content
remains a significant and real difference, medium calorific value with temperature treatments would show
significant improvement of the volatile substances the price will drop significantly means that there is a real
difference. A fuel is said to have a good quality when having a high carbon content and has a high calorific value as
well, this can be seen in Figure 3. Carbonization process is incomplete combustion in the absence of oxygen,
resulting in the release of volatile compounds in the form of gas or smoke and leaves carbon residue gas or charcoal.
The higher the carbonization temperature resulted in higher fixed carbon content [11]. Carbon formation during the
carbonization process both at a temperature of 300-500 C and will cause smoke caused by the release of volatile
elements cellulose (C6H10O5) n at temperature 325-375 oC, were hemi cellulose (C5H8O4) n will decompose 225-
 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302 299

325 C. Lignin [(C9H10O)3 (CH3O)]n will decompose at will decompose at temperatures of 300-500C [4].

3.3 Water content and ash content

Water content after carbonization at a temperature of 200-500oC can be seen in Figure 3, the higher the
temperature the smaller the water content, due to the higher temperature of the water the more evaporated. Based on
the Anova test of significance = 5% is obtained P> 0.05, indicating that the treatment temperature significantly
affect the fixed carbon content. Furthered by BNJ uses Tukey, temperature treatment is significantly different.
Highest water content is 0.28% lower than the briquette mixture of coconut shell and wood dust which is between
4.74%. Price levels of ash in this study 18.8% greater than the corn cob briquettes, wood distance, standard charcoal
Japan can be seen in Table 4. Ash content of briquette hardwood briquette is from 0.35 to 0.5%. High ash content
which can affect the caloric value of a charcoal briquette [12].

3.4 Volatile matter

On the carbonization process occurs volatile matters such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen is the result of the
treatment temperature of 200-500 C can be seen in Figure 3.

Fig. 3. Effect of temperature 200-500 oC carbonization against composition of the moisture content (M),
volatile matter (VM), ash content (Ash) and fixed carbon content (FC).

Bio briquette characteristics of durian leather grain size 100 mesh at 450oC temperature can be seen in Table 2
and some briquettes calorific value of some research results are presented in Table 3.
Table 2. Characteristics bio briquette skin durian at the temperature 450oC.
FC M VM Ash Calorific value Density
(%) (%) (%) (%) (cal/g) (g/ml)

77.87 0.01 3.94 18.18 6,274.29 0.99

Table 3. Calorific value some biobriquettes.

Raw material Calorific value Research sources
Sources (cal/g)
Durian Peel 6,274.29 Result of research
Coal 6,999.50 [13]
Sawdust 5,786.37 [14]
Cocoa shells 2,845.42 [7]
Coconut shell 8,142.68 [8]
Rice husk 5,609.45 [15]
300 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302

3.5 Calorific value

After the carbonization process, the material was made to powder and was picked 100 mesh in size to facilitate
testing on the calorific value of the combustion process with oxygen / O2 in bomb calorimetry, because the smaller
the particle size (zoom level) so that the faster burning material. Result of the influence of carbonization temperature
on the calorific value of 100 mesh particle size is presented in Figure 4.

Fig. 4. Carbonization temperature of 200-500 C versus calorific value (cal/g).

Figure 4 shows that the highest calorific value was 6274.29 cal / g This occurs at a temperature of 450 oC.
material difference in weight before and after carbonization of carbonization temperature interval 200-500C the
smaller, due to water content, volatile matter, cellulose, and hemicellulose decomposes into carbon at a temperature
of 225-325 C, while the lignin will break down into carbon at 300 -500 oC. [16] states that the carbonization is
incomplete combustion in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the release of volatile compounds in the form of gas or
smoke and leave the residue gas or charcoal in the form of carbon. Carbon will not burn without oxygen, so the
higher the temperature carbonization, resulting in higher carbon content (Figure 3). In the carbonization process,
carbon is formed in both the 300-500oC temperature and will cause smoke caused by the release of volatile elements
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and fiber [4, 9]. Durian peel briquettes calorific value is greater than palm shell
briquettes, coal briquette mix (type of lignite) and coconut fiber on a comparison of 30%: 70%, teak wood sawdust
briquettes, rice husk but smaller than the calorific value of bio-briquettes from coconut shell charcoal at a
temperature of 500oC, coal and cob corn briquettes calorific/ fuel [15].

3.6 Density

Bio briquette density values 100 mesh particle size were obtained at a temperature of 450 C is 0.99 g / ml is
presented in Figure 5. The greater the density the higher the carbonization temperature is a significant thing with
calorific values obtained, according to a statement Syamsirol that biomass has a low enough density and when it is
in the form of bio briquette have a high enough density [7]. Durian peel bio briquette density is smaller than the bio-
briquettes from hardwood 1.4 g / ml [12] and included in the range standard density briquettes from Japan, which is
0.9 to 1.0 [17].

Fig. 5. Carbonization temperature of 200-500 C versus density results carbonization (g/ml).

Characteristics of bio briquette durian peel compared with corn cob briquettes research Budi (2010), cocoa peel
briquettes research [10], wood briquettes and charcoal briquette standard distance Japan [17] is presented in Table 4.
 Wahidin Nuriana et al. / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 295 302 301

Table 4. Characteristics of durian peel briquettes than corn cobs briquettes, jarak wood, cocoa peel
and charcoal briquettes standard Japan [17].
Characteristics of Durian Corn Jarak Cocoa Japan
briquettes peel cobs wood peel standard*

Carbon, (%) 77.87 79.374 66.01 49.93 60 80

Water content (%) 0.01 0.644 5.87 10.67 68
Ash content (%) 18.18 4.350 11.80 18.98 16
Volatile matter(%) 3.94 15.632 20.90 24.99 15-30
Density (g/ml) 0.99 - 0.16 1.15 0.9 1.0
Calorific Value (cal/g) 6,274.29 7,128.38 5,250.0 4,372.54 6,000-7,000

3. 6 Particle size

Particles results carbonization process pounded and sieved with a mesh size of 80 and 100 mesh, pressing
results have compressive strength N/cm2 14.65 and 15.10 N/cm2. 100 mesh particles have a greater density of
particles, so the price is higher compressive strength, according research Yudanto et al. that the manufacture of
briquettes from sawdust bioarang teak vanishingly small particle size the higher the price of compressive strength
[14].

4. Conclusion

Durian peel cylindrical briquettes with a diameter of 3.8 cm, 6.5 cm high and 100 mesh grain size.
Densification process / carbonization briquetting results raise the calorific value per volume or increase the fuel
density. Durian peel waste may be used as a renewable alternative fuel biobriket the dry weight ratio of peel to peel
an average wet mass of 1:3.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank:

x Directorate General of Higher Education, Department of Education in accordance with the Implementation
Agreement No. Research. 0044/SP2H/PP/K7/KL/II/2012, dated February 9, 2012, the funds provided for
this research.
x Chancellor and Chairman of the Free University of Madiun LPPM, for the opportunity and facilities.
x Mr. Head of Taki Chemical Engineering ITS Surabaya and Mr. Headmaster SMK 3 Madiun the
laboratory facilities.

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