C A M B R ID G E U N IV E RS I T Y P RES S

C . F . C L A Y, M A N A G E R

L O N D ON F E TT E R L A N E, E C 4 . .

NE WY O R K T H E M A C M I L L A N C O .

B O M B AY
CA L C UT T A M AC M I LLA N AN D C O L .
, T D .

M AD RAS
T O RO NT O T H E M AC M I LL N C O O F A .

CAN A D A L , T D .

T O KYO M A RUZ E N K A B U S H I K I K A I S H A
: - -

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11 . 1 3 851 458 .
 T HE O WL
A ND

T H E N I G HT I N G A L E
E D IT E D WIT H I N T RO D U C T I O N , T E X T S,
N O T E S, T RA N SL A T IO N A N D G L O SSA RY

BY

J . WH . M A . A T K I N S, . .
,

R E EL R O E SS O R E N L I S H L N
ND P F OF E N LI T ER T RE I ERSI T
G A G U AG A D A U , UN V Y C O LLE E G
OF W LE S E R S TW T H S O M E T I M E ELL O W
A , AB Y Y .
JO H S O E E F O F ST N

C LL G , CA M B RI EDG

M es n il
a fable d c fo lie
11 i1 ne n ait il
p h o so phc i
Ma rie de Fr nc
a e,
'
Tsopet, P ro ] . 2
3 4 .

CA M B RID G E
AT T HE U N I V E RSI T Y P RE SS
1 92 2
 P REF A C E

H I S e di t i on of T he Ow l and the N ig hting ale is m ain l y

bas e d u pon t he w o rk s u b mi tte d as a F e ll ows hi p d isse rta

t i on at St J o h n s Colleg e C am

, b ri d g e som
,
e y e ars a o and sin c e
g ,

l ai d asi d e for var iou s reas ons In t he m . ean t i m e th e

p oe m h a s

re ce i ve d c onsi d e rab l e at t e nt i on m , or e es e ciall

p y a t t he h a n d s
of Am e ri can and G e r m an s ch ol ars . U s e ful e d i t i ons h av e
appe ar e d by W e ll s and G ad o w : fu rt h e r lig h t h as fr omt i m e

to tim e b e e n t h r o wn u pon d ar k p l ac e s in t h e t ext and :

al t o g e t h e r it m a safe l y be s ai d t h at t h e p oe m t o d a is be t t e r
y y
-

un d e rs tood t h an e v e r B ut it is e qu ally tr u e to say t h at mu ch

.

re m ain s t o be d o n e . T h e re are m an y d espe rate p l aces in

th e t e x t s awai t in g s o lu t i on b e si d e s d i fc ul t i e s c onn e c t e d wi t h
,

al m os t e v e ry as p e c t o f t h e w or k : and i t is in t h e h op e o f

c l e arin g u p som e of t h e s e d i fc ul t i e s t h at t h e p re s e n t e d i t i on

has at l e n gt h b e e n u n d e rt ak e n .

As t o t he met h od s e m pl oy e d in t h is e d i t i on it may at on ce
,

be sai d t h at t he m ain e ff o rt h as b e e n c o n c e n t rat e d u po n

p ro

vid ing a r e l i ab l e t e x t : and h e r e t h e a cc u r at e w o r k o f W e ll s

has b e e n of c on si d e rab l e assi stan c e t h o u gh it m

, ,
u st al so be
add e d , b ot h M SS h av e bee n c are fully and in d e pe n d e n t ly
.

e x am in e d T h u s t he t w o v e rsi on s h av e b ee n g i v e n as the
.

si mp l est w ay o f p r ovi d in g all t he avai l ab l e d at a : t he t e x ts

are r e p re se n t e d s u b stan t i all y as t h e y s t an d : a ll d e pa rt u r e s

fro mt he M S r eadi n g s h av e b e e n car e fully n ot e d : w h i l e t he

.

em e n d e d for m s h ave b e e n in d i c at e d by b e in g p l ac e d in squ are

b rack e t s As for t he e me n d at i ons t h e m
. se l v e s t h e y are con
,

c e rn e d for t he m o s t p ar t wi t h t h e C te x t as b e in g t h
.
,
e e arl i e r

and m o r e c ons e r v at i v e o f t he t w o c op i e s : but w h i l e t h i s C t e x t .

t h us b e c om es t h e m ain s u b e c t o f s t ud y t h
j , e J v e rsi on wi ll be
.

fo u n d u s e ful for p u rpo s es o f c oll at i o n and c o m pari son I n the .

vi

s e c on d p l ac e t he e m,
e n d at i ons are m ad e m ain l y in cas e s w h e r e

s c ri b al e rror may be s u sp e c t e d on p al ae o g rap h i c al g ro u n d s ;

so t h at al l ch an g e s aim at r e st o r in g e i t h e r t h e w or d in g or t h e

r am m at i c al c on st r u c t i o n o f t he o r i g in al N o at t e m p t ism ad e
g .

at o b t ainin g a n or m al i se d sp e ll in g T he t w o o r t h og r ap h i e s o f
.

C and t he l at e r s p e ll in g s o f J t he F r e n ch sc ri b al fo r m
.
,
s and ,

t he n u m e r o u s v ar i an t s fo u n d in one and t h e s am e t e x t h av e

all be e n all o w e d t o st an d : for all su ch form s h av e t h e i r

h i st ori cal v alu e T h ey are l an d mark s (
.

in sp i t e o f D ry d e n )
so s ac r e d as n e v e r t o be r e m

ov e d I n cer tain se cti ons of C

. .
,

it is t r u e t h e r e are r e as ons for s u s p e c t in g t he or i g in al sp e ll in g

,

t o h av e bee n p re se rv e d B ut t o n o rm . al is e t h e s p e ll in g on

t h os e l in e s w o uld h av e be e n t oo h az ar d o u s a v e n t u r e : and it

has fo r m e d no p ar t o f t h e p re s e n t e d i t i o n .

T h e n ag ain t he in t e rp r e tat i on of t he t e x t has be en

, ,

at t e m pt e d in a s ome w h at wi d e se nse Efforts h ave n at u rall y .

be e n m ad e t o d e al wi t h d i fc ul t i es o f a v e rbal k in d : and it

is h op e d t h at s olu t i ons h av e b ee n fo u n d for m o s t if not all o f, ,

th e e x is t in g ob s c u ri t i e s n o t ab l y in t h
, e em e n d at i ons p r op os e d

l n 1 1 6 51. 7 48 991 1 3 1 92 0 1 3 2 2 1 400 1 58 6 and in t he

, , , , , , ,

exp l an at i ons g i v e n o f 1 1 42 7 8 81 6 1 1 2 8 1 2 06 1 2 3 0 1 7 54
.
, , , , , .

B ut t he tas k of in t e r p r e tat i on has b ee n t ak e n t o m e an s om e

t h in g m or e t h an t h is t h o u gh no at t e m p t has be e n m ad e t o

d e al sy s t e m at i call y wi t h t h e p h ono l o g y o f t h e p oe m a t as k
al r e ad y p e r for m e d by W e ll s and o t h e r s T he aimhas rat h e r
.

bee n t o d e al wi t h t he p oe mas a p i e ce of l i t e rary art illustrat ive ,

of t h e c ul t u r e o f t h e ag e t h at p r o du c e d it : and an at t e m p t has
t h e r e for e be en m ad e t o V i e w t h e p oe m in it s h is tori c al se t t in g
and t o r e g ar d it as a h u m
,

an d o c u m e n t o f it s ow n p ar t i c ul ar a e
g .

An d in t h is w ay it is be l i e v e d s ome fres h re s ul t s h av e b e e n
, ,

o b t ain e d A par t fr omthe qu est i on o f au t h ors h i p w h i ch m

. u st
s t i ll remain a d ebatabl e p oin t fre s h l i gh t has b ee n t h ro wn
,

upo n t h e g e n e ral si g ni c an c e o f t h e p o e mb a d e t ai l e d in
y
ve st i at ion o f it s s o u r c e s it s fo r mand it s t h e m and t h e s e
g , e

r e s ul ts are no t wit h ou t t h e i r be arin g o n t he in te ll e c t u al

 vii

c ti v i t i es o f t he ag e I f as m a t r ul y be sai d so m e k n ow l e d g e
a y .
, ,

o f co n t e m p orary c o n d i t i ons is nee d e d for an in te ll i ge n t re ad in g

of t h e poe mit is e u all y t r u e t o say t h at t h e po e mint e lli
, q ,

g en tly read is c ap ab l e in its t u rn of add in g to our kn owl e d g e

,

o f t h ose c on d i t i on s by its r e e c t i o n fro mne w an g l e s o f t h

, e

s oc i al and in te ll e c t u al l i fe o f t he t i me s An d t h at a mor e .

ad e qu ate app r e c i at i o n of t h e in t e ll e c t u al a c t i v i t i e s o f t h at

pe ri od is one of t he d esid er ata of En g l is h s t ud i e s at t he

p re sen t t i m e is I v e n t u r e t o t h in k a s t at e m
, ,
e n t t h at wi ll,

scarc e l y be d e nie d .

I t now re m ain s for m e t o r e c o r d m obl i g at i ons t o v ar i o u s

y
s ch ol ars w h ,
o fr om ti m e to t i m e and in d i ff e r e n t way s h av e

assiste d in t h e p r e p arat i o n o f t h is w ork To m y old Cam .

b ri d g e t each e rs t he l ate P rofe ss or W W S keat S i r I srae l . .

,

Go a ll n c z a d
n P r o fe sso r H M C h ad w i c k .I wis h in t he rs t
.

p l ac e t o ackn ow l e d g e m y d e e p in d e bt e d n e ss T o t h e m I o w e .

no t on l y an e ar l i e r t rainin g but t h e g u i d an ce and t he

,

st i m ulu s w h i ch only g e n e ro u s t each e rs can g i v e : and t h e i r

in u e n c e is s u ch as no l apse o f y e ar s can l e sse n T o P rofess or .

W; P K e r I ow e fu rt h e r mu ch e n c ou rag e m
.
, , , e n t and ins p i ra

t i on . M ore t h an any o th e r l i vin g re p re s en tat i v e o f En g l i sh

s ch ol arsh i p h e h,
as h e l p e d t o br in g l i gh t in t o d ar k c o r n e rs o f

th e l i t e rat u r e of t h e Mi ddl e A g e s : and h is assis t an c e t o m e

has no t be e n c on n e d t o h is w ri t te n w ork My be s t t h an k s .

are al s o d ue t o P r ofe s so r W A C rai g i e o f O x fo r d and Mr G G. . . .

C oul to n of St J oh n s C oll e g e C am
b ri d g e b o t h o f w h omh av e
, ,

been m ost g e n e r o u s in s u pp l y in g in fo r m at i o n an d c ri t i c is m on

po in ts c onn e c te d wi t h t he t e xt s : al so t o m y A b e ry s t w yt h
c oll eag ue s P ro fe ssor An d r B ar b i e r P rofe ss or E B e nsly Mr , .
,

L C J an e P rofe ss o r S Robe rts and P rofe ss or H J Rose

. .
, .
,
. .

wh o h av e c o ns i st e n t l y p l ac e d at m d i sp osal t h e i r wi d e s ch ol ar
y
s h i p and l e arnin g : and ab ov e all t o Mr B r u c e D i ck in s o f t he
Uni v e rsi ty o f Ed in b u r gh w ho has b ee n g ood e n ou gh t o r ead
,

t h rou gh t h e b oo k in p r oof and w h ose c ri t i c is m and s u

, gg e s

t i ons h av e bee n of a m o s t v alu abl e kin d T h e re ye t re m ain s .

viii

t o be mn t i e ned
o my in d
d n e ss t o Mr J B all in g e r C h i e f
ebt e .
,

L i b rari an of t he N ati on al Li b rary o f W al e s and t o Mr R ,

.

Farqu h ars on Sh arp D ep u t y K e e p e r o f P rint e d B ook s in t he

,
-

B ri ti sh M u s eu m frombo t h o f w h omI h av e r e c e i v e d s u b
,

st ant ial assis t an c e in t h e m att e r o f bo ok s as w e ll as u n fai l in g

c ou rt esy in r e sp onse t o m an y in qu i ri e s .

An d l as tl y I h av e t o t h ank t he S y n d i c s o f the U ni v e rsi ty

, ,

P re ss for u n d e r tak in g t he p ubl i cat i on of t he p oe m and in

W
,

p ar ti cul ar Mr A R all e r for h is g e n e ro u s and jud i c i ou s

, . .
,

ad v i ce on var i o u s p oin t s c o nn e c t e d wi t h t h e w or k and t h e ,

s t aff of t he P re ss for t h e i r ski ll and c onsi d e rat i on s h o w n in

th e ac t u al t as k o f p rin t in g .

J . W H A
. . .

U N I ER S T Y C O G
V I L L E E or WA E L S,

AB RYST WYT H
E

mb
.

D ece er, 1 92 1 .
 C ONT ENT S
P AG E

I N T RO D UC T I O N
1 T H E H I ST O R I CA L S ET T I N G OF T HE P O EM
2 T HE MSS . xx i

53 T HE T E X TS
T wo xxv

4 T HE D EO HAT F T E P O EM , / xxx iv
5 T HE A H O R
UT I II
XXX V

x l vn

Iv
lx i

l xx iii
A BBRE V I AT I ON S E MP L OY E D I N T HE N OT E S x ci

T E X TS AN D N OT E S
TR AN S L A T I O N 1 52

B BLI I O G RAP HY 1 82

AP P E ND I CES
I N O T E S N T HE L A N G U A G E OF H C T E T
O T E . X 1 87

II T HE N I G HT I N G L E E P I S O E A D 1 94

H OW FA C O N E A L
.

I I I V E RS I O N S O L AN
F T E D L B E 1 96

I V VER S O N S F H CA
I O N F ox F A L E
T E T A D B 1 99

V NO E ON CORNI F I CI AN
T I 2 00

AD D I T I O NA L N OT E S 202

GL OSSA RY 2 03
 I N T ROD U C T I ON

1 . T HE H I ST OR I C AL S E TT I N G OF T HE P O EM
S O M E p i c f l it at u a l w e t h an t h e in c m
e es o er in g t o
re re s o r o rs o

t he i w n and T h Ow l
r o ,
n d th N i g h ti ng al i e u edl y ne fa e e s a ss r o o

th e l w f t d k ind U n t h e d in t h 1 8th c nt u y af te a
s o -
oo e . e ar e e r r

l ng p e iod f n gl ct it w md acce ib l t h ug h th lab u

o r o e e ,
as a e ss e ro e o rs

o f M id V ic to ian c h l -
by t h e nd f t he 1 9t h c ent ury i t
r s o a rs : e o

h d c m t be
a o g d ed
e o a w k f c n id e ab l e l in g ui t ic
re ar as or o o s r s

inte t but it i
re s nl y f l at e y ea
: t h t it s o l v alu ha b gu n o rs a s r ea e s e

to be pp c i t e d and a fai
a re id a f md f it im
a p tan c in re r e or e o s or e

E ng l i h l ite atu Wit h r g a d t o it int in ic v al u ne f t he

s r re e r s r s e, o o

m t c nt timat i p obab ly t h b t I t h b n d c ibe d

.

os re e es es s r e es as ee es r

th m t m t h md ie v al
.

a s

i ac ul u p i c
e os f r o s e e o e e

E ng l i h boo k and t h st at mn t w ill tan d w it h out any so t

s s : e e e s r

o f v t i n B ut a a h u man d c umnt a w ll t h p mi
r e se r a o . s o e s e e oe s

hig hl y ig nicant p c i ll y w h n vi w e d in it p op p p c tiv

s ,
es e a e e s r er e rs e e .

B l nging a it d
e o to a b a
,
s n p i d f u l ite t u
oe s, it h l p r re er o o o r ra re , e s,

f or on t h ing to c e c t ou n ti ns to t h l it y ac t i v it i f
o rre r o o as e e ra r es o

e t im
,

th e I t ugg t f in t nc t hat t he E ng l i h g niu v n

s e s s, or s a e, s e s, e e

c pabl f me t h ing m
.

th n w e ,
as a o th n th O m
e o u lu m so v en re a e r or e

t h B ut t h t t h fabl an d d b ate f m w
e r : a e n t c nn d t o e e or s e re o o e

A ng l L a tin A ng qo- mn w it or an d if w my jud g f m or a r e rs : e a e ro

th t ist ic m i t
e ar f t h w k it i m er o e t h an l ik l y t h t it w a
s o e or s r e a s

p ced ed by ea l i x p imnt w h i c h h av in c b n l st B ut
,

re r er e er e s e s e ee o

t h p oe mha ye t m
.

e g a t e i n t
s e t f d nar ad s i
ren t h at i t r er s or o er e er

f md i v al l ife an d t h u g h t a l i
,

tand f a ph a t h an t h at

m
s s or se o e e o e r er

w h ic h h a be co m fam s il ia i n t h p g ef Ch uc G eat t h ing r e a es o a er r s

W
.

w e re h ppe ni ng in t h 1 2 thand ea l y l
a nt u i Wit h the
e r e r es .

pas ing f t h D k A
s o e M c m
ar e {I t w a th ge o s e a

ll i n w hi c h R o m
I

w hn a n w m
.

ab o v e a an c w a b rn u ic w a e s o : e _ .. e s s

h a d t h ug h ut W te n E u p w h uin w e ula p i it w
e r ro o es r ro e er a e s c r s r as

ch ll e ng ing t h l d el ig i u t ad it i n and t h md i v l g nius

a e o r o s r o ,
e e e a e

w a nd ing x p
s i n in a n w a t a nd n w l ea ning A nd t h e
e ress o e r a e r . se

t h ing a s c te d to m x te nt in T h Ow l nd th Nig hting l

re re e so e e e a e a e

W hat ab v all mak t h t udy of md i v al F nch w k

.

o e es e s e e re or s so

att ac t i v e and p
r fit b l
w ite Ga t n P a i
ro i t h fa c t
a e, so r s s o r s,

s e

1S B ib l i g phy I
ee K
o ra E g li hL i t t u M d i l p 1 81
.
2 er, n s era re e e va , . .

b2
x ii In tr oduction
t h at t h ey re v eal b et t r t h an all h isto ic al d o cument t he
t o us, e r s,

nat u e o fr t h e m a nn e s t he t h o u g h t s a n d r s e n t im e n t s o f o u a n c es r

m
, ,

t o rs 1
a n d t h is i i n t he h ig h e s t se n
s se t r u e o f o u p es e nt p oe r r

I t en able us to see as it w e e into 1 2 th cent u y m

.

s ind s t o l ea n
r r r

m m
, , ,

som et ih n g of t h i h i t l u t l k n d t h i r p b l
e t t e t e e nr a oas o o a
s, e r o e s r .
,

N or can q uit e t he am e e v e lat ion be said t o e x i t anyw h e e e l se

s r s r

in c onte m p o a y E ngli h l it e at u e Am
r r o ng t h
s e st o f t h r e ve r r r

t o app ea af t e r t h N o m an C on q u e st t h is p oe m
.

n acul a w o k r r s r e r ,

al on e ca ries u bac k t o t h
r e b e ginn ing o f t h in gs
s T h e n again it s .
, ,

has al w ay s se e m e d s t ange t h at E n g li sh al one of t h r e l it e at u es o f r r

t he W e st sh ould h a v e fail ed t o r esp on d t o t he e p o ch m ak ing in -

uences of 1 2 t hce nt u y F an c e Y e t if T h Ow l and th N ig h r r ti ng al e e e

be re ad a igh t t h at f ailu re w ould seem t o h a v e bee n m

.

r o e app are n t r

h ow n h ims l f t o be al ive t o t he main

,

t h an e al : if o o u p o t h
r a r r e s s e

ac t i v it ies o f h is ag e an d his w o k is t he E ngl ish c on t ib u tion t o

,
r r

t h g eat E u op ean c on c rt
e r r T he e a in fac t but fe w if any
e r re , , , ,

l ite rary w o k p odu c e d in med ie v al E ng lan d t h at a e bet te

.

r s r r r

w o t h r ead ing t h an T h
r e Ow l a n d th N ig h ting a le W h e th e r w e e .

h a v e in mind it s meri ts as a p iec of a t o t he signic an c e it e r ,

r

p ossesses f o mthe h istori cal p oint f y iew t he p oe mw ill be found

r o

t o c om
,

pare favou abl y w it h the b est t hings d one b y any of Ch auce s

r r

c n t mpo a ie w h il e it has feat u e s w h ich e nd e it u nique in t he

o e r r s, r r r

annal o f o u l i t e at u e
s r r r .

I n app oach ing a w o k o f t h is k ind no ap o l ogy i t h e re f e

r r ,
s or

n e ed e d f o at t e m rp t ing to call t he main f at u es of the age t hat re e r

p od uced it T he h i to ical bac k g ou nd for one t h ing w ill h el p

r s r r

f t he poe m B ut inc e t he
, ,

e m
.

t o b ing o ut t h
r any sid e d int e e st -
r o s

poe mis w it t en da k ly in all ego ic al fash ion t he p esen ce of su c h

.

r r r r

m
, ,

a b ac k
g o u n d r b e c e s a b so l u t l y e sos e n t i a l i n d e ed i t i s d oeu b t fu l :

w het he ap r t f o m h isto i c al
r, a c onsid e at ion an in te ll ige nt
r r r s,

re ad in
g o f t h e p o e m i s p i b l a t a ll I t i s t h e e fo osse p r o p o s
ee d b y r r

o f in t odu c t ion t o m ak e an at te m
.

m
,

wa p t at p l ac ing t h p i n
y r , e o e

it s p p e h ist ic al e tt ing A nd t h at e tt in g w ill be o b taine d

ro r or s . s

n o t w it h E ng l an d onl y as a bac k g o un d but w it h W e ste n E u rop e r r

e 1 2 t han d ea l y 1 3 t h c e n t u ies w it h it c m mon

,

as it w a in t h s r r s o

i nt e ll ec tual l ife it c om mon el igious t hought and t h ose v a i us

,
s r , r o

a c t iv it i in l ite at u e w h ich w e e sh ared in b y all p eo p l e s of t he

es r r r

W est al ik e T o vie w t he w o k as an E ng l i h p odu ct m e e ly i s

r s r r

to m i sm uch f it s m
.
,

s eanin g and v al ue
o F o t he c ivil isat ion of t he r

m
.

1 2 thc e nt u y w as inte rn at ional in k in d a com

r
p n sp i ri t i g n ed : re

1
G P . ari s , L a L i tteratur e f rangaise

an my n ag p
o e e, . 32 .
x iv Intr oduction
n h a gy of t h
w h il e t he C hu ch h u i g i ff t l t h
n o w as t
e e e r
B ut s rg
D a k Ag e a yet mo e moment ous c h ang e w as tak ing pl a c e in the
r s, r

k
aw a e ning o f t h e p p u l a c l a s e To h i m o v e mr e n t w h i c
s s h w a.
s s ,

g e n e a l wr a s t h o u t c o m e i ne p a t o f t h e l a w l e s s n e o f f erud a l c o n ss

m
,

d it io n L o ng su j
s .
b c
e t to e x a c t i n o f t h e o s t u n s c u p u l
o o u ss k in d r ,

t he t o w n o f E u o s p in t h e 1 2 t
r h c e n
e t u y o se u p g a a i n t t h i r r s s

y y F m t h i f u d l l d s t h y c l aim ed e
r e gn
i f t ann o r o e .
e a r o r r

g u a n t
raee a ain st a
g s b i t a r y e x p l o it a t io
r n a rn d i n t h e e n d t h e y :

we e u e s
r cc s f ul i n w sin n in g c t a i n m e a s u r e f au t
a o n o
erm y a s w e ll o ,

om c h h l b i B t h
e og n i t i n f t i i t s a n d i e t e s u t e e w e e r r r
a s s e r o g o e r r

m m
.

ot eh c au e
r at w o
s s k i n t h i s t e mr a n c i p a t i o n o f t h Crso o n e s:

and m o t a c t i v e and p t e nt o f al l w a s t h
s e e c on om
o i c e v o l ut ion of r

t he e p i d w
r o h i c h i v a ll e d i n i t s e rff e c t t h e e c n o m i c d v e l o p m e n t s s o e

of m
,

od n t im e
er W h er v e w l ook in 1 2 th c ent u y E u op e w e
s e r e r r ,

h it h e to w ant ing f c omme cial ent e p ise and l ife

.

n d sig n s, r ,
o r r r .

T he pi it o f t he t im

s r e w as o n e o f a d v n t u e I t w a an ag o f e r . s e

p ilg imag es t he c nt u y of t he C u ad e s A nd w it h t he e v e
r : e r r s r . r

in c e asing int c ou se b e t w e e n t he E ast an d t he W e st n e w m

r er r a ke ts r

e ch an t c l ass w as fo m e d ; w h il e f esh im
,

w e re O p e n d a n e w m e ,
r r r

t u w a a l i v e n t t h e v a iou l o c al in du st ri e
o w h ich n o t o n l y
r s s,
p e s s so g
i n c e ased t h e i out p ut in esp on e t o t he ne w d m
r r r an d but al os e s, s

t ansfo m
r e d t h eir c aft by w h at t h ey had l ea nt f omt he E ast
r r s r r .

T h us I n d u t ry f ll ow e d C m s me ce and the e c onomic v l ut ion

o o r : re o

w as c o m p l t N e ew e e th . e e ffe c t
or sl o w t o a pp e a i n so c ial and
r s r

p ol it ical S p h e e In c ea e d p p it y c h ang d t he l ot of all the

r s . r s ro s er e

me chant t he a t isan an d the se f w h il e a new b gg g is c l ass w as

r r ,
r ,
o eo

fo med w it h an e nt i el y new out l ook on l ife S t ngl y ent en ch e d

,

r r . ro r

in t h e i g uil d s an d in du st ial c or p o at io ns t he t o w n sfo l k p e se n t e d

'

r r r ,
r

a ne w p o b l e m t o t he f ud al l o d of t he ag e and it w as a p o b
r e r s : r

l e mw h ich c ould on l y be s l v d b y t h g ant in g of lib e t ie s and o e e r r

r igh ts I n t h i w ay a n ew fac t o e n t e e d m
. s e d ie v al p ol it i c rand r s:

w it h it t h e w n t a n e w se c ul a sp i it w h i c h w as t o ch ll e nge
re e r r ,
a

aut h g ri t y i n a l l i t s f o m a n d t o o pp o s e th
r e v e y p rin c ip l e s and
s, r

fac t s up on w h ic h t he M iddl e A g es re st ed
I n t he m a si m
.

e ant im e h ow v e il a aw ak e ning n o l e ss im
,
e r, p or r

e t im
,

t ant w as t ak in g p l a c in t he int e ll e c t ual l ife of t h

,
e e and :

ind ee d it i h e e t h at w e n d t he nest f uit of t he 1 2 t hc e nt ury

s r r s

Re na cen ce in t h aw ake ning of t he eason t he g ro w ing f ee dom

s e r , r
_
o f t h o ug h t and i n t h e e v i val f l e arning w h ic h b u g h t in it s
r o ro

o e h um
,

t ain a w id e and a m
r r an e c ul t u e r N o a e t he c au se s o f r r r

M nsm
.

t h e s c h ange s fa t o see k in d s e x p an d e d w it h t he e p an

e r . e x

sio n o f t h e w o rld b ey o nd t h e se as T h ey w e e e nc u age d t o m . ak

e r o r
 T he Historical Se tting f
o the P oe m xv

a be ginning f t h ink ing for t h e msel v es a a re sul t f t he ne w l y

o s o

A t t he am e t im
,

a q ui e d l ib e t ies of a po l it i ca l k ind
c r r e too . s , ,

W te n t ho ug h t w a be ing fe til i ed by contac t w it h t h East

es r s r s e .

A abic l re p ou ed in t h o ug h Co nstantin ple S ic il y and Spain

r o r r o :

w h il e f u t h e i nsp i at io n w a d e i v d f o m
, ,

r r t he w o k s o f A rist ot l e
r s r e r r

many of w h ich w e e x po und ed by A v e oe now fo t h t

,

re rr s, r e rs

t im e N . must the act iv it i of ch o l s li k e Cha t es and P a i

or es s o r r r s

be al tog t h fo g otte n no t he w o k f t he ne w l y f und ed

e er r : r r o -
o

U ni v e it ie Bo l og na P a is a nd O x f d in t he ce nt u y w h ic h
rs s r or r

f ll w ed A ll al ik e w re ce nt es w h ic h f te e d or d iss em
,

o o . e i n at e d r os r

t h n e w l a ning and g av e bir t h in d ue c o u e t o 1 3 t h ce n t u y

e e r rs r

Sc h ol a t ic i m A f t he e ul ts of t h is g eat mo v eme nt t h ey
,

s s s or r s r

my easil y be t ace d in t he int lle c t ual ac tivit ies of t he t ime w h ich

.
,

a r e

we e m mof
,

r ainl y c n ce ne d w it h t h e ol o gic al st ud ie t h
o r e o ne f s or

k n w l ed g e w hich led to t h s l v at i n O f man U p t o t he 1 1 t h

o e a o .

c nt u y h ow e v e p at i t ic t h e l gy as e x po und ed by G eg y had
e r ,
r, r s o o , r or ,

be e n hand d on unch ang ed A nd it tood fo a c eed t h at w as

e . s r r

r oo te d in aut h it y a l ig io n in sp i ed by t he t e o o f H e ll from
or ,
re r rr rs ,

w hi ch t h e w as no e cap e e x ce p t b y pe nan c
er and t e a
s T h en in e rs .

th e 1 2 t han d e a l y 1 3 t hc e n t u ie g ea t ch ang es too k p l ace

r T he e r s r . r

w as a g ad ual c a t ing of L at in Ch i t ianit y in an int ll ect ual

r re s r s e

a w e ll a an m
s o t io nal e n e
s I t w as as if t he m
e e d ie v al m
s in d nows

f o t he t t im e im
.

r e h ad fo un d it se l f and w as set t ing t h

rs p ess of , r

i t s g e niu on t he p at i t ic d g m as and d oc t ines I n t he h and of

'

s r s o r s

Abe l a d fo in tanc d iai lept ic be c ame t he accep m

.

d
W
r s e, te eans of
r ,
n

EE{Ers Scholast icism

.

at ta inin g t ut h in bo t h se c ula and

-

r r

ag ain aim
,

e d at gi v in g a at ion al exp v eal ed t r ut h by

i '

,
lanat ion o f r re ,

re conc il ing c u e nt d oc t ines w it h A is t t l e s t each ing A nd in

rr r r o

im
.

t he h e i o f t h t im
res es e il a ac t i v it ie s w e e al so d i p l ay d
e s r r s e

T h y al l g av e v id e nc e of t he am
.

e e inte ll e c t u a l un es t of e ff o t s
e s r r

to p l ace Ch ist ianit y on a m o e at io nal foo t ing w h il e e l im

,

r i n t ing r r a

m measu the u pe st it i n and t he d ead l ea ning w h ich

,
!

in so e re s r o r

g a t h e d o u n
re d t h e c ee
r d N w as t h is pa t i t i c t e ach in
r s
g . m o di or r s

d o nl y in an int ll e c t ual sens

e T o t h anc ie nt d oc t ines w a
e e e r s

f e h emot i nal v al ue T h ey w e sh ow n t o be capabl e

.

a ls o gi v e n a r s o . er

o f app al ing to w h at w
e d ee p es t in the h ea rts of men t h ough as , r

th e l v e and p it y t h
o e be au t y a nd t h e m y ste y e nsh ined in t heir r r

A nd in t h i im b uing of ea l ie d oc t in s w it h h um
,

t h ug h t
o s an r r r e

lements lay p e h ps t he g ate st achi e v ment of t he Middl e Ages

.

e r a re e

B ut w h il e L at in Ch is t ianit y w as und g oing t his h um

.

ani in
'

r er s
g
p oc ess a im
r il a ch ang w as at w o k in t he se c ul a st udi es of t h
s r e r r e

t im
,

e T o t he 1 2 t h ce nt u y in h t be l ongs a g eat re vi v al of
. r ,
s or ,
r
 x vi

l t te
e ul
rs, t o f a ch
t he an g e d a t t
res it u d e t o w a r d s t he l i t e at u e o f r r

ant iq uit y N O l ong r ega d ed a m l y a p ed ag ogic in t um e re nt r s e re s r

t h t a c h ing of g am ma and h t o ic L atin lite ratu w a

.

f or e e r r r e r re s

m
,

n w a o pp r oa ch d f m t h h um a ni t i cep o in t O f v i w ro i t w a s co e s e :

mend ed and tudied a a mans f di cipl ine and g ene al cul t u

s s

e o s r re .

S lac e in g i f c eation in l ab u ch e rful ne in p v rt y
o r e ,
re r o r, e ss o e ,

mod t y amid ich and d l igh t fait h f ull y a b e t ow d by

es r es e s, re s e

l tt
e w ot J h n of S al i b u y t h g eat e t f 1 2 t hc e n t u y
e rs : so r e o s r ,
e r s o r

h umani ts and h w a not al n in f el ing t h p ell f t h

s e s o e e e s o e

c l as ic H i h umani mw a h a d by B e n a d Sil e t is t h
s s s s s s re r r v s r ,
e

G i al d u C am
.

int e rp e t e r f V i g il b y t he v at il b n i by '

r o r ,
e rs e r s re s s,

A l anu d I n ul i B e rna d O f Ch a t
s e s P e te o f B l oi G il be t d
s, r r r e s, r s, r e

la P and c ount l e
o rr e th t h ug h n t he t h h and t h ss o er s : o o o er ,
e re

w m w ho sc n d t he c la ical tudi I t w a t comb at

e r e so e or e se ss s es s o

it i n f such m
.

th e p os en C ni iani a t h ey w e re c all ed t hat

o o or c
2
s

J hn of S al isb u y w ot e hi M tal g i u
o r t hu p ening th
r s e o c s s o e

t p ha e of th c nt v y b t w een the Anci n t and M od e n

rs s e o ro e rs e e s r s

A nd t h h u m
.

ani t ic p
e it i n a a r ul t w a w ell d f nd ed w h il e
s os o s es s e e

b cam a c mmonp l ac e at
,

o ne at l e a t of t h w i t a g umnt

s e r er s r e s e e o

a l at e d at Be na d f C h a t e u ed t o ay so w ite s J h n
r e .

r r o r r s s s ,
r o

o f S al isb u y t h at w l ik d w a f ate d on t he hould

w r , e e re e r s se s e rs

and t h is d ic t umw h ich w a d u b t l ss w ll k no w n t

O f giant s : , s o e e o

1 2 t h c nt u y sch l a e
wa e u c it at e d b y V i v
r o and again at
rs s r s s e s,
,

t h e n d of t h 1 7 t h c ent u y w h n the d i p ut e b t w e n t h A n
e e r , e s e e e

c ie nt and t h M o d rn w a f u gh t

s e ut an ew
'
e s s o o .

S uch t h n w e s m of t h m e ain f ea tu es of th 1 2 t h c en t u y
re o e e r e r

R na cen c e a mov ment w h ich aff ct d all p h e OT aTnte m

-
'

e s e e e s er s
_

w h ich l d to a g e ne al e m
_

p a
or r
y i f e, an c ip at i n in c ial p l itic al
e r o so ,
o ,

a nd i nt ll e c t u al p he and w h ich b ug ht w it h it a ne w l f
e s res, ro se

c n c iou ne a n w at t it ud e t l if I t w a n t l ng h w ve
o s s ss, e o e s o o o e r,

b f re t h i f r eing of th h uman p irit gav e i e t a d i fo

.
,

e o s e e s r s o es re r

1 P olicr a ticus, P l (M ig n ro . e, P at . L at . 1 99, col . q u t d by T yl

o e a or ,
M ed i eva l M ind II 1 1 5 , . .

2 S ee App nd ix v e .

3 Me t l gi u
a o III 4 (M ign
c s, e, P at L at 1 99, col

C f N k mD N t mI ch 7 8 H c l ti f b ul ill t ngi t qui

. . . .

4 ec a e a Rer u ae re a o a osa os a
um
.

g l i m l ii d b it mi n
.
, , . . .

p a um
alior l b int nt a o res ra e s, or a un t t n f
a s e a se r es ra s erre
um h um
.

ut ait p hil osophus u q u i nani t nt up

Et n

os s s as s a es s
m
er ero s

g i gantu
C f W mu t h v m [ kn wl d g ] th nth A c i nt b c u w h v
.

5
. e s a e ore o e e a e n e s, e a se e a e
t h A dv nt g b th f th i
e nd u
a wn w h ic h i c m
a e mnly illu t at d by th
o o e rs a o ro s o

S imil itud f Dw f tand ing up n a G yant h uld

, o s r e e
e o a nd ing m ar s s o ss o ers , a s ee ore or
f th than h (T mpl E y d S pinga n (Ox f d )
ar er e

e e, ssa s, e . r or ,
 T he H istor ica l S etti ng o f the P oe m xvii
se l f x p re
-
e h e e w e h a v e anot he aspec t of t he R nas
ssion : and r r e

c e nce its w o nde ful d e v e l op m e n ts in l ite at ure and a t

r Earl y r r

in t he 1 2 t h c e nt u y t he m had alread y be c om
.

ed ie v al ge niu r e s

art ic ul ate v oicing it s h p es and it s fears in fo m of it s ow n o r s

d e vi ing A nd t he st and mo t ch arac te istic v l at ion had

,

s r s r re e

be en in t he a ch ite c t u of t he p e riod in t he n b le Romanesq ue

.

r re o

hu ch es a nd t he stat l y G ot h ic c at h e d ral s all al i k e y m

,

c r ,
e b ol of ,
s s

t he e l ig iou fait h of t he g e H e e ind e d c a v ed in s to ne l ay t h

r s a e . r ,
e ,
r ,

r eal poe t y of t h pe riod 3 poe t ry w it te n i n ch a ac te s t h at al l c ould

r e r r r

read w hil e ugg est ing by it g ac ious fo mit w eal t h of d etail its
s s r r s

w o nd e ful e ffe c ts O f c l ou and l ig h t s m

, ,

em
,

r e t h i ng o f t ho y tic y earn
r o s

i ng s o f t he Ch ri st ianit y of t he ag e Of l e s pe rm
,

ane n t v al ue p e h ap s s r

but t ill of c onsid e ab l e n ot e w as t he m

.
, ,

s e di e v al L at in l it e at ure con
r ,
r

n ec te d w it h t h is d a te f o i n t h at w o k w e see th e f r e e in o f t h
r e sp i it r r
: g ,

i n t he b ak ing up of t he b al anc ed p e iod o f c l as ic al p ose and in

re -
r s s r

po it ion fo w h ich no mod el s

,

th e c re at io n f ne w k ind so f p ose c o m o r s ,
r

e x is te d am ong c l assical fo m s I nsta nc es o f t h is o cc u in t he D r . r e

P la nctu N atu a of Al anus d e I n ul is in the M ta log i a of J oh n

/ r e s ,
e c s

o f S al i b u y and i n t hs e c ont e m
r po ary w o k s of ot h e r E ngl is h r r

I n t he L at in v e rse h ow e v e t he e m an c ip ato ry m
,

s c h ol ars o ve r,

ment i yet m e cl ea l y seen T here may be t raced the aband on

.
,

s or r

~m
.

e nt o f c l assic al m et e s and t h e a d p tion o f ac c e n t ual and hy m

r in g o r

f ms mo e c apabl e of e x p es ing Ch i t ian e mot ion and t h ough t

,

or

Wo k s l ik e t he Anti laud ian u it is t rue p es r ve the old c l assical

r r s r s .

r c s, , r e

t adit io n but o n t h
r e ot h e
: h and t h e e a e the p l end id L at in r r r s

hymns of Abe l ard and Ad amd e S t V ic to as w ell as t h at mas

, ,

r, s

o f s t ud e nt s ng th e Ca m i na B u an a (
o 1 1 50
s, w h ic h point
r r

l a ly enough to ne w d v el op ments Ind e ed t he ongs fo mone

c e r e se s r

e m
.

o f th o t st ik i ng p h e nomna o f t h
s e t im
r e W it t en by t he e . r

w an d e ring c l e k s fo un d e v e ry w h e e at t h is date t h e y p a od ie d in
r r r

f rmand d ic t i n t he L atin hymns of the c ent u ry and c onsist ing

, ,

o o :

o f d i nk in g songs f ull o f am
,

r o o us a nd c on v i vial d ia bler ie t h e y int o r r

d uced i nto m
,

ed ie v al L a t in lit e at u e a n e w se c ul ar and sat i ic al r r r

n te w h ic h is found e l se w h e e o nl y in t h
o , e n ug a am a tor i a o f t h e r e e

sch o la rs and in t h e G ol ia d ic
,
de bate s al so d ue to t he v ag rant

r

pe n s .

B ut afte all it is not in t h ese L atin w o k s t h at t he ag e nd it

,
r , r s s

most comp let e and tt ing e x p re ion F o t h at w e mu t t u n t o t he ss r s r

v e nac ul a lite at u e t h en c oming in to being and mo e p a ticu

.

r r r r s : ,
r r

l a l y t o t he l it e at u e of F anc w h e e t he sp irit of t he ag e is
'

r , r r r e, r

r e e c te d i n all i t v a i ty and c ol ou r I n t he Cha ns n d g este

s r e . o s e ,

f or in stanc e w ill be f oun d d e p ic te d t he l a w l ess p ass ions and

,
 XV III
m ne f ntemo
n a c rs o p a y f u d a l io m j u t a i n t h
r e f glia
ra l u ew i ll s s s x

m
,

b d c
te t
e d a n
e w e
~Lc el n t a e a lei t i c a ns d cy ni c
i ar l t a t e n t
o e, r s a re

f t h b u g i l if
o e o f t h t im w it h i ts c u tom it h umu
r eo s e o e e, s s, s o r s,

n d it
a v i c a w
s e ll S t ill
es m isg n ic n t h w e v w a t h l o vo re s a ,
o e r, s e e

m
.

/ d h i c h i h d t h h u t t h w h O l
p t b
u w u e u g o o r s ro e e
I oe ag s,

f t he 1 2 t hc nt u y and w
o a e c iat d w it h t he n me f William
r ,
as sso e a s o

C unt f P iti
o o t g th o w it h B t an d e B n B n t d e
e rs, o e er er r or ,
er ar

V nt d u
e A na u t
o D n
r, i l a n d h urn d a d f t h a b s eide I n re s o o e rs e s .

t hi p t y m
,

a b n n w ning i n u n
e se ec e a t w k e id anred :
1
e s or : e as
s y oe r

nt im
se e n t w h i c h t h n ws p n t t in g c e rt a in
e st t f
e re c i t y e e ra ra a o so e ,

an d gi v ing t l if a m pi it u l maning Fo mo t mng

o e ore s r a e . re s a o

i/ t h s w a t he n w c ul t o f w m an t h d c t in f g t lyd oy ~
'
e e s e o e o r e o co r e,
,

w h i c h w a c nc i v d i n c ul t u d c i c l s a an nn b l ing p a i n
s o e e re r e s e o ss o ,

n in p i at i n t
a s h ig h d d and g n u t h oug ht A nd t h i
r o o ee s e e ro s s. s

f md t h c mmn t h m f t h P v nc l ly ig w h ic h t
or e e o o e e o e se ro e a r
z
s, rs

I v eax p ee i n t t h c
r ss oh i v al u c d f o t h e M id d l
e A g e w h i l ro s o e o e s, e
g
f und in g th t ad it i n f ne :a t N w a it in t h i T ubad ur
o e r o o a r r . or s s ro o

p oe t y al on t h t t h new c h i v l y f un d t i t ic x p i n I n
r e a e a r o ar s e r ess o

ld of n fab l ing t h 1 2 thc nt u y man c t h ame

.

W
t h at w

or e ,
e e r ro es, e s

in ue nc k f t ed O S Of r bl p t n


e n at w es a r e s e or ,
os e r io e a ro s

l iv in a n w s n t o t h ing f t h pi it T h u l v u nd
a e e e se s o e s r . s o e, er

d iff nt f m ll t h omanc e f B enoi t d S int e

e re or s, s e r M an d s o e a o re

C h t i n d e T roy by w h mw e na at d m f t h g reat
'

r e - ,
es, o er rr e so e o e

w ld to i t he d e t hjessj ag e di f C id a f Guin v
or -
s r es a r es o r e ss O e e re,

L o v again i t h t h m f tal s b ug h t f mt he
,

and I ul t se e, s e e e o e ro ro

Ea t of w hi h t h m t n t bl p h ap
,
.
_

t h Fl

s ,
z e os i nd o a e, er s, ar e e or s a

B lEun he u t y an d t h w n d e ful Oh
c r s or a n t f bl f Au e in and o r e -
a eo cass

N i c l tt e B ut w h at v
o e b th ig in f t h i v a i g at e d me er ate ial
e e or o s r e r ,

mant iquity f mC l tic O ient al t o in

.

w h t h e d aw n fe r r ro ro e or r s r e s, 4

ca e it w a f h ion d in acc d an c w it h b nt m
,

s s re as e o r ar
p y or e o e

id l i t w a p u e d int t h muld f 1 2 th c nt u y
e a s, s o r o man ce e o o e r

ro

:

and it e n h i n a a s ul t t h l i v ing sp i it f t h
r e s, s er es , e r o

it p irati n it qu t f b uty nd t ang ad v

s as o s, s es or ea a s r e

all t h t w a f igni c an c in t h 1 2 t hc ent u y t t it ud t l ife A nd

a so s e e r a e o .

t h in uen c e f t h i n w l it at ur w e o fel t t h oug h out W te rn

s e er e as r es

Eu p T h l o v e f h n ou
ro e

nd t h h n u
e of l v
o b c m t he r a e o o r o o e e a e

t h em
.

e of t h M inn s inge in G m
e any f t h T oub ad ou w ho
es rs er ,
o e r rs

ang in I tal y P
s t ug al and Sp ain a w ll or of p art ic ul a p oe t s e as r s

l ik W l f mv n E c h nbach and W l t h v n d V g l w id
, , ,

e o ra o s e a er o er o e e e,

ll f w h mc nt inu d w h t C h ti n d e T yes h d b g un I n
a o o o e a r e ro a e

e man t im
.

th e t oo f h insp i ati n h d b en gi v e n t v e nac ul a

e , , re s r o a e o r r

li te at u gene all y f it w n w t h at t he Nib lung n L i d

r re r : or as o e e e
 T he H istor ical S etting o f the P oe m x ix

assu md e x t an t fo mt h at Spain p od uce d in t he Cid its t

i ts e r ,
r rs

great ep ic w h il e fa t h e nort h t he Mabinpg i n and t he E dd a w e e

,
r r ,
o r

t h frui ts of t h e nat io nal a c t iv it ie

e o T h us F anc e h av ing ou ed
r s . r ,
r s

mm
he e l f by he o w n e ne gy ou ed E u o pe af t e w a d b y he

m
rs r r r s r r r s r

x amp le A new a had g u

,

e . lit at u e in t h ve rn a ulars
er pr r e g :

ad c o m w it h thSw i R e na nce in
,
- -

r
'

ag at l ite a y R na c e n c h
re r r e s e e sce

so cial and inte ll e c t ual ai A nd o f t h i mo v e me nt F n c e w as a

rs .
,
s ,
ra

t h c e nt e and al so t h in pi at i n I f t E u o pe o f a l a te d ate h
e r
:
e s o r r er
r . o

li te at u e ha c o nst it uted a e c nd ant iq uit y t E u op o f t he 1 2 t h

r r s s o ,
o r e

c ent u y he g av a n w a t a n w c ul t u a ne w p h il o ophy
r s e e r ,
e re , s .

S uc h t h n w e e t he E u p an co nd it ions w h n T he Ow l and the

,
e ,
r ro e e

N ig hti ng a l p p ea ed and i t e m e a ains t o in q ui e h r o w fa E ng l n d

: r r r a

ca n be said t o h av e c m e un d e t h am e i n u n c e s an d t h av e
o r e s e o

s h a ed in t he inte ll e c t ual ac ti v it i of t he t ime U p n t he oc i l

r es . o s a

an d po l i t i c al c h ang e s in E ngla nd t h e i no ne ed to d w ll T h e re s e . re

w a ab o ad in t h
s r e l an d t h e sam e sp i i t f p og e s t h e w a t he r o r r s : er s

sam g o w t h o f t w n
e r th e am e a w k n in ion e g a d t o b o t h in
s, s a e r r
g
d u t y and c o m
s r me c e and t h is w as ac companied by a ti ing of r : s rr

th e p ol it ic al w ate by ad mini t at iv e e f ms und e H en y II rs, s r r or r r ,

w h i c h w e e t o l ead o n nat u all y t r th e em an c ip at i n o f t h e r o o

C mmon L e s O b v iou pe h ap s a e t he inte ll e ct ual a chie v me nt s

o s . s s r r e

of th e ag e T h ey a e ind ee d but faint l y e e c te d in c o nt m

. r po ary r e r

E ngl ish l ite rat u e so t hat it has b e c ome al mst the fa hion to
r : o s

r e ga d rt h is pe i o d in E ng l n d as int ll e c t uall y o b sc u e an d
r a e r

ba en not ab l e fo many t h ings it may be but not for its c ul t u e

rr : r r .

Y et t he e a e m
,

e ut m
,

any eas n f o ad o p t in g t h i v ie w w it h t h
r r r ost
o s r s

caution and f ant ic ip t ing g eat d v e l op ment s in b t h l it e a

,
or a r e o r

tu e r nd l ea n in g
a It wa u e l y no t f o n ot h ing t h at a apid
r . s s r r r

g r o w t h o f t he p at o na g e
y st e m w a s w it n s e d u
r n d e H nry } s e s r e

a nd Ad el aid e an d lat on und e Hg ggyj l and E l ano o er r e r : r

em
, , ,

t h at ag ain t h o ug h o ut t h sam
, ,
e c e nt u y E n lan d
r ain ed in e r ,
g r

c l o e to uch w it h F an c e t he l it e a y c nt e of E u p e T h 533 0
s r
,
r r e r ro . e

co unt ies fo me t ime w e e p ac t icall y

r ,
r so un d on ki ng ,
r r er e :

T oubad ou
r a nd F e nch sc h ol a rs f e que nt ed t he E ng l ishc u t
r rs r o r :

E ng l ish mn oc k e d t o the sc h ol f Fran c e all O f w h ich mu t

e o s o : s

h a v e aff e c t ed E ng l i h inte ll e c t ual l ife N w as it w ith F an c e s or r

al on e t h at E n l i h mn h
.

g a d l at i n s A t t hse c o u t o f H
e n y II re o . r e r

ll nat ions of E u ope had t h e i ep n t at i v e H nry n v oy s

a r r r rese s: e s e

w e e t o be found ab o ad i n e v ry q uart e
r and w h il e i nte c o urse
r e r: r

1
Wll (0 E N p xxx i) q u t th t t mnt f J J c b (T h F bl f
e s . ( . . o es e s a e e o . a o s e a es o

A eso p I 1 80) t th ff c t th t tw th i d o f t h F nc h w it
e e e f th p i d a o -
r s o e re r e rs o e er o

E ngli h mn mn c nn c t d cl ly w ith th E ngli h c u t

.
,

( 1 1 54 1 2 06 )w
-
e re s e or e o e e o se e s o r .
 h the fa E ast w as b eing o p ened up by t he C rusad e rs t rav e ll e s
w it r ,
r ,

l ik e A d el ar d of B at h Mich ae l S cott and D aniel M o ley w ere r

b inging bac k f omBag d ad f omS icil y or Sp ain much of w h at

, , ,

r r r

A nd i f m en s m
, , ,

w as v alu ab l e in A ab i c l e tt e and l e a nin g in d s

r rs r .

w e e e x p and ing a a e s ul t o f t h is i nt e nat ional t afc at h m

r s r e r r ,
o

t he e w as al s d awning a n e w nat ional se l f c on sc iousn ess Rac e

r o -

e co m
.

ant a on i mb t w h e No m an and E ng l ish se ct i n s o f t h

g en t s e e r o

munit y w as apidly b co ming a t h ing f t he p a t ; t he foundations

r e o s

o f o u n at i nal inst it ut io n s w e
r o being sl ow l y but t ul y l aid I n
'
re r

o c iall y i t w as an ag e o f e nl ig h te nm
.

sh o t p o l it ic all y and en t and

fp og ess in E ngland : and in inte llectual matt e s t oo the same

r ,
s
o
r r r , ,

im p u l ses w e e a t w o k r r .

An d t h is is seen in t he l it era y outp ut of t he p e iod w h ich in r r ,

E ngl an d w a a c onsid e ab le a it w as v a ie d in c ha act

s s r No s r r er .

w h e e e l se sav e in P a i
r we e o m
,
any w it e t o be fo un d m
r s, en r s r rs ,

ll ed w it h an ard ou for l ea ning o d e v o ting t h eir w h ol e n rgies

;
r r r e e
V t o l it e ra y w o k I n c e tain d ire c ti n ind e ed E ngl an d m
,

r r r a be sai d o s,
.
y ,

t o h av e led t h e wa
y T h e L at in Ch o nic l e f or i n t an c e G e o ff r e y r rs, s

o f M on m o ut h W ill iamo f Mal m

.

e b u y H en y o f H un t in g d on
, s r ,
r ,

B ened ic t of P et e b ough and the est must c e tain l y be eg a d ed

r or , r r r r

a o ut t and ing d u ing t h is p riod

s s T h e e w as not h ing e l se w h e e t o
r e r r

c o e sp ond t t h i achie v e ment o t o d i p ut e t h e i up e mac y in

.

rr o e r r s r s r

T h e n t oo E ng l and at t he t im e h om
,

thi o t of w o k
s s r r e w a th e of s

e m
.
, ,

V th ed iev al fab l e All t he imp ortant y e ions of Aesnp w e e d ue

. rs _ _ r

t o w it e s w h o b e l o ng e d t o 1 2 t h c en t u y E ngl an d and it w as t h
r r e r :

l t c oll ect ion of A l f ed of E ngl an d t og et her witht he An ng mus

os r o
,

N v l ti of G ual t e iu A ngl ic u and t he Ysop e t of Marie d e Fran c e

e e e r s s, ,

t h at in t od uc e d t he A e op ic fab l e t o W e st e n e ad e
r B ut in t he
s r r rs

g ne al ac t ivi ti of t he t ime E ngl and al so p l aye d a con p ic uous

.

e r es , s

p a t T h ere w a no b an c h of l it e at u re t h at w as not ul t i v ate d

r s r r c

b y he men o f l ett e w k s of t he ip est c hol a sh ip fan c iful

.

r rs : or r s r

c oll e c tions of st ies and l egend s oman c es and lais L at in hymns

,

or r

and l y i c s l e tt e s an d c om monpl ac book s d ebates and fabl es all

, ,

r r e -
, ,

w e e e p e e n t e d e it h e in L at in o A n l o N o m an fo m
,

r r r s
g : and t h
r r r r e
-
,

e ul t w a a s tand i ng w it n
r s s s t t he w id e i nte e st o f t he ag e and es o r s g , ,

t o t he vg gsai g Of t he d e t ail s o f
ilg e nius

t h i l it e at u e but l itt l e n ee d h e e be aid

s r r I t w as assoc iat e d w it h r s

t nam
.

g e a r es l ik e J o h n o f S al isb u y and G i al d us C am bre nsi : it r r s

t oo k i t s c ol u ring f ro m ourt c ast l e and m

o onast e ry w h il e i t w as
_c :

e m ain m
, ,

o ve m
i

e p rese nt at i v e of al l t h
r e n t s of t h e ag e M u ch of it .
,

f or i nstanc e w as c on c e n e d w it h sat i e w it h h ew d e e c t i ns r r s r r o

on m
, ,

en an d t h ings t h e p od uc t as a l e o f an al e t and c ul t u re d r r
g , , r
xx ii In tr oduction
a cc un t o f t h A ng l o S x o n an d N o m an k ing s d o w n
()i v A n o e a r
-

to t h a c c e ssion o f H e n I I I
e A F poe( if 2 2 9 . . .
-
r . r s .

() v T h O w l a n d th N ig hting a l (
e ff 2 3 3 e e

un f U e L a d y W
.

S e v e n sh o t po e m ( L ng L if O i il l
()vi

an d W
r s o e, r s o r

i t D md ay D ath T n Abu s A L u t l S th S m
,

oo s wn) e e es, e o er

v l ume and by Mo is in
, , ,

i nc l ud e d by W ig h t i n his P e cy S o r r c . o rr

Old E ng lishM i scellan y 1 87 2 ) (

ff 2 46 .

( ) v ii C hard ry

s

d b at
e e .

L e P eti t P let . A F .
-
r . ve r se
(
ff 2 4
.9

T he C . te tx of The Ow l an d the N ig hti ng ale is i n a sing l e h and

w r it ing st h al f f t he 1 3 t h c e n t ury and it has t he
Of the r o ,

foll ow ing c ibal p e c ul ia iti an d abb e v iat ion F o w t he O E

s r r es r s . r . .

r unic y m b ol ( w n ) i em
s p l oy ed w it h a d t abo v e t o d isting uish
e s o

i t f mt he o t h e ru nic l e t t e (
ro th n ) o f im il ar f or m W h e n t he
r r or s .

d ot i mitte d as is not inf equ ent ly t he case (cf 1

s o ,
t he r . .

sy m b ol s a e ap t t o be c nfused O c ca ionally t he F e n ch w is
r o s r

pl y ed and w h il e t h is w mig h t al so st and fo r on (of w l l 3 1 )

.

em o : . .

som e tim e a sing l e u ( v is u e d t o d e n o te O E w

) s
(c f v te l 3 58 s . . . s e .
,

u ichl th b ot h 1 and 6 are used t h o ugh t h

s Fo OE I
.
) r . . e ) ,
) ,

l at te o c c u onl y af te 1 91 1 O E
r rs i s e p ese n te d b y t w o r r r r

bol s u and occu i nd i c iminat ely (c f i ui 1 6 1 7 v om1

. . .

sy m
.

: 9
) r s r . .
,
r .

O E pal g i e p sente d by 3 (
. .

v e y a l y y as in y l
s r re w h il e r r re e .

y mb l s f
.

t h e e a e al o t w
r r sl(ong and sh o t ) Of t he abbre
o s o or 8 r

o t c om
.

v iat ion t he foll w in g a e am

s ong t h e m o mon bu h(bu 3) r s : ,
r ,
r

is d enot d b y 1 w it h a h o iz o nt al st o k e t h ough t he l o w e p a t of
e ) r r r r

t he l e t t e a t by 1 w it h a h o rt o bl ique t o k e nd ing in a h oo k
r: ) s s r e

p l ce d ab o v e A na al is p e ent ed by a w vy l ine
a . s p l ac e d re r s a

ab o v e t h e p c e ding l e tt e i re e b y an i w it t e n abo v e t h e r: -
r ,
-
r or e r

l t te r follo w ing
e by an obl iq ue st ok e w it h a h o k at t he e nd
: -
er r o :

a n d by t h e u ual sy m bo l t h oug h t he f r ma n is al so fai l y

s o r

c ommon T he p oemis mo e o v e d iv ide d int o p a ag ap h s f nu

. r r r r o

e q ual l ng t h t h e i nit ial c ap it al of each p a ag

e ,
p h be ing in ed ink r ra r .

T he spaci ng i s as a ul e c o e c t and eg ul a ( cf h o w e v e r 1
r rr r r .

A oug h at t emp t at p unctuat i n ha b een mad e by means of st ops

.

r o s

p l ac ed at t he e nd s of t he l ine s and t he ab se nc e of suc h stop s :

( c f 1 6 6 7 ) ig h t l y d no t e un o u l ine s
r C o e c t io n aee o cc as io n s r -
rr s r

all y m
.

ad e by m
. .

ean s o f p wncta d l n ti a ( c f etud and t h e e e e e r

f e q uent ma ginal c o e c t ion d u t o a l at e h and

.

a re r r rr s e r .

T he J e u M S ( J c on ist of t w o qua t o MSS part l y p ap e

s s s s r r,

pa tly p a ch ment bound tog et h e T he pap e p ar t b el n gs t o t he

. .

r r r r o

1 5th c entu y and c on t ains one it mo nl y i

, .

r t he st T he p a c h e e r r

ment sect ion contain nume ous ite ms all w it t e n in one and t he
. .
, .

s r , r
 T he M anuscr ip ts xx iii

sa m h nd e a and is c atal gu ed
ce ntu y o as bel o ngi ng to t he 1 4th r ,

t h oug h i t w o uld see mt o be m e co

,

c tl y d esc ibed b y M o i or rr e r rr s

as l at e 1 3 t h c e nt ury A t all e v e nt s t h i po rt io n o f t h M S an d
.
,
s e .
,

t h e e fo e t h
r e J te x t r f T he Ow l a n d th N ig hti ng al is c e t ainl y
o e e, r

l te t h an the C t x t ment ioned abo v e T he M S itsel f as is

.

a r . e . .
,

st ate d on a y l e af w as p e se n te d t o J e u -
C llege O x fo d by r s s o r

T ho W il k in L L B e c t o B M up e M nte in A gro G l am
, , ,

. s, . o gar r . . s r o r

ne ns i c 1 6 6 0 and l ik e t h Co tton M S it i c l ea ly an d eg ula l y

: e s r r r

B ot h a e in fac t e xcell ent pe ci m

. .
,

w rit te n . r e ns o f 1 3 t h c e n t u y s r

boo k h an d l es g and t h an t h at of t he 1 2 thce nt u ry le s p l iant

-

,

s r ,
s

t h an t h at o f t he 1 4th

.

T he c onte nt s o f t he J e su M S a e as foll ow s s . r :

()
i A Ch o n i c l e o f t he K i ng s o
r f E ng l an d 90 0 1 4 45 (If -
.

1 2 1 6 )
()
ii The P f O L
as si on o
u r or d (ff 2 1 7 .

The Ow l a n d the N ig h
'

()
i ii ting a le ( 229
A g r up c on i t ing mainl y f E ng l i h p m f w hi c h
.

()
i v o s s o s oe s, o

a ll e x c p t ne a p i nte d in M i s O H Mi lla ny pp 58 (f
e o re r o rr

. . sce , . .

2 42
v
() L e D c trinal
o
(
ff 2 7 4 .

() vi C hard ry, L a vi e de set Do man r s . A F .

-
r . ve rse
(
if 2 8
. 0

( ) vi i C hard ry, L a vi e S ei n t J osap haz . A F .

-
r. v e rse (if . 2 96
3 1 7)
C har d ry , L v e rse ( 31 7 e p et t
y p le . A F .
-
r .

T h i M S it w ill be not ic d c ontains no t onl y t h t h re e Cha d y

s e e r r

po m but al i of t he se v e n sho t p oe ms t h at appea in 0

.
,

e s, so s x r r

Am f atu es t h at call for not ice i t he s tate me nt made

.

o ng ot h e r e r s

by T h s Wil k ins ( o n e t ime o w ne r of t h e MS on f 2 2 8 h

)
l
o t e -
r

t at e m
. . . .
,

s e nt be ing as f o ll o w s :

On p a te O f a b oak n l eaf of t h is M S I fo und t h ese v

r r s e e e rs e

w i t te n w h e e by t h A u t h o m
.

y bee g ue t at

r ,
a r e r s

May te r J oh an e u g e t ]? of G uld euo d e 190

s r e r .

An d ndel on t egg en pat syng n ul he no

se ) o s e .

Ac on h is e w i e he w il l e nd y hi song s s e s

G od loue d of H e ue ne b o v all e am
.

o ng
r e s

Ame n
, .

T h is re f e nc e t o a b oake n l eaf e
er

is at h e p uzz l in g as
r r r ,

no w h e e d e t h e re app e a any t ac e o f a l af cut o ut o to n

r o s r r e r r

d oe h ow e v e r e xist s me i egul a ity in t he MS as W ll s

.

T he re s, , o rr r .
, e

W ll (0 d N Int p xxv ii) d c ib th n t b ing p b b ly

1
e s .
'
. ro . . es r es e o e as e

ro a

du t Th e Wilki n M Ric h d E lli f J u C ll g O xf d ha inc

o os . s . r ar s, o es s o e e, or , s s e

d nit ly id nti d th h nd w iting

e e e b ing th t f Wil kin
e e a r as e a o s .
x x iv Intr odu ction
pointed out w h ich seem to t h w me l igh t u p n t h d ii
l
,
s ro so o e

c ul ty T h u it i c u i u to note t h at f 2 53 v c ont in a f g~
s s r o s . . a s ra

ment ry p o m(O H Mi c llany X X I ) w hich b eak s Off ab up t l y at

.

a e s e r r
,

t h bo t t o m f t h at p age w h il t h f ll ow ing p ge (
. .

e o f 2 54 ) b egin e e o a . r . s

f a p m(
,

w it h t h la t 7 1 1 e sO H Mi X I) th . o t 1 1 11 f oe . . sc .
,
e rs . o

w h ic h a found on t h l ow e h al f f f 2 6 1 v T he p ob bil it y
re e r o . . r a

t h ef er i t h at c tain f l ios f t he MS h av e be e n d i p l ac e d in
o re s er o o s

v id nt t h at f 2 6 1 v mu t in any
.

t h p oc e se f b ind in g fo it i
r s o r s e e s

c a com b fo e f 2 54 r B ut if f 2 6 1 i m
. .
,

se e e r o v e d t o t h i ea l ie . s s r r

p o ition in t he M S t h e n if 2 5860 mu t al o g o w it h it in c e
. .

s . . s s , s

th e e qu n ce o f v
s s eis u n b k n t h u g h out t h o e p age e r es t h at ro e ro s s:

i t say on po emb gin at t he t op f f 2 58 r and f omt h e e

s o e e s o . . r r

on t o f 2 6 1 v t h po e m o v e l ap f omp age t o p age as d o al o

,

e s r r , s

t he p o m f omf 2 54
. .

e st o f 2 57 v
r . r . . .

T he pag es as r t o ed w uld t h e fore un as foll ow es r o re r s:

() f 2 53
i
m
. .

()
ii A p ib l g p t o all o w f
o sso t he c o pe l e t i n of t h e f rag
a r o

mnta y poe mon f 2 53 v

e r .

i ff v
() ii 2 58 6 1 r

m m
. . .

()
i v A n o t h e g pa f o t he c p l e t io
r n o f t h e p o b e gu n o n r o e

f 2 6 1 v nd end ed n f 2 54
. . a o . r.

v 57 v
() if 2 54 . r . .

A ft r t hi w uld c me f 2 6 2 r w h e e t he i eg ul a ities c a
e s o o . . r rr r e se,

e x cep t fo th fac t t h at f 2 6 2 b eg in w it h t h cl ing l ine of

r e r s e os s

poe m t h at y t an t h er g ap em l ik ely h e e H ence it w ould

. .

a so e o se s r

mt h at in t h M S as it st and t h e e a p obably t h e gap

.

se e e s, r re r r e s,

tm
.

I t i n t w t hy t h at im
,

all of w h ich su gg i ing l a v es il a ss e es . s o e or s r

lac un a a fou nd in t he F n c h ct ion O f t he M S and it is

e re re se s .
2

p bably to ne O f t h (
ro l o ?) l eav in t h E ng l i h sec t i n of o se es e s

t h M S t h at T h s W
o ese o

e . il k in in hi not e feo . s s re r s.

W it h gard to the c ib al p ecul iarit i s f t h i J t ex t f T h

re s r e o s o e

Ow l an d th N ig hting al it w ill be f u nd t h at t h y m
.

e b l s and e, o e s o

abb v iati n mp l oy ed a much t he ame as t h of C T he

re o s e re s o se

F en ch w h ow v i m
.

r o e c on i t e nt l y u e d ; and w hil e t he
e r, s r s s se

y mb l b (
,

s tho
) i a r ul e p v d t o th
s e e xc l u i
s a o n o f O s p o a d i c re se r e , s

r

f m of thd occu ( T he sy m
,

or s c f 1 1 1 2 06 o b l y al so app ea s
r . .
, o r

S 1 Wll 0 d N Int p xxviii

ee e s,
:
ro

m nd P ti t Pl t d J K c h (H il
. . . . .

S 2
Ch d y J
ee ph t D
ar r , osa az , se or anz , a e e , e . . o e

b nnro ,p ii d u ch u i n v n blatt n ind d i g . v : l uck n r a sre sse o er s re rosse e

en st tand n w l c h in di e ,J 7 51
e 8 7 4 1 3 82 1 51 0 und P t Pl t 440
e e vv568 os . -
e e

A n t t th m ff c t i l in t d n
.
, , .
,

vo n L ( i MS . s . . o e o e sa e e e s a so ser e o
th in ide f th b in di ng f th M S by J K c h 1 87 6 I t i
s e o e t t d th t ol f e o s s a e a a ea
i m
. .
, .

s i ing b tw n H 2 2 8 nd 2 2 9 2 3 2 nd 2 33 2 47 nd 2 48
ss e ee . p ctiv ly a , a , a res e e .
 T he T w o Tex ts xxv

f q u nt ly f i nd g ul a ly fo O E p l g (c f y de l 6 1 y d
re e or a re r r . a .

. se .
,
er

t h am pa ag ap h d ivi i n a in C
.
,

l. Th e re a re ach l in e s e r r s o s s . : e e

be gin w it h a c ap ital and t h init ial c ap ital

s f t h pa ag aph s ,
e s o e r r are

c l ured l te nate l y bl u and red

o o a r e .

3 . THE T WO T EX T S
In d ying t h te x ts f any l ite a y w k t he st and fo
st u e o r r or r re

m t Obj c t i t d i c o v a ac c u atel y a pos ibl w h at t he aut h

os e s o s er s r s s e or

ac t ua ll y w r t I n t he p ese nt in t n c w h a v t w o v e ion
o e . r s a e e e rs s,

c p i d at d iff nt dat and it w ill t h f e be neces a y in t he

o e e re es : e re o r s r

t p l ace to i nv stig ate t h g n i of t he t w t x t i t h rel a

rs e e e es s o e s, . e . e

t i n in w h ic h n t e x t tand to t h
o o ee ot h and t h e re l at i n f
s ach s er o o e

to t h o i gin al
e r .

E R R E L AT I O N S H I P
()
a T H I .

()
i F r m w hoat h a al ead y bee n aid w it h eg a d t o t h s r e t w o MS S s r r .

it i cl a t h at J
s e r
p n t a l a t v i n th
r e r ese a n C T he p e c
st i v er er s o r es e

h and w it ings mak e t h i c l

. .

r w h il th e pe ll in gs w ill al o be
s e ar, e s s

fou nd to poin t in t he ame d ir c t i n s e o .

()
ii I t i e q u asll y c e t ain t h at th t t a i n d e
r
p n d n t pi s e ex s re e e co e ,

and t h at J is not bas d o n C T he v id nce f et h is i a f ll w e e or s s o o s:

a f w l in s t h at a e m m
. .

() J a sup pl i
. es i sing f Ce vi e r s ro .
, z .

ll 86 7 7 0 7 7 1 and t h l at te half f l 1 2 54 and t he e r o :

fa t t h at t h l in f md p a t f t he o iginal poemand
.
, , , .

c ese es or e r o r

a n me r c ibal in e rt i n i p v d b y t h hy me
re o e s r s o s, s ro e e r s

m
.

C ain e f u n d C ab e nt f J h ch
(B) t er o i n a rr o rs w i re s ro

c l a l y t h iginal fo ms F o
.

ag ain upp l i w h at ws es e re e r e or r . r

instan ce t h sc ibe of C occasi nall y w ites e f

r t and . o r r or ,

i n t w p l ac an f o t w he J ha t he t co ct ly E o
es or re s rre rr rs

n t un c m mn ow ing t o t h imila ity

. .
,

f t h i k in d w e

o s re o o o e s r

f th sc ib al f m f
o e t and and (
r T ) Ex C In
or s or r , ,
: . : . a /r ,

J bat (l . C i w a t J w a (l . C tes J
. r e, . rr e . . sor , .

tt (
sol es C an J t ( 1 1 1 47 6 M eo v e o, o or r

e J m
. . . .
,

C ad t h ng ( . re l s

1 t n ( l
o wh e . s or e . er . or e

c ect ly ha anh ng a t u and t h d tail po in t

o rr s o e, s or e: ese e s

t o t h in d p n d n c e f J e e e e o .

w h il J is a l ate r an d in d e p nd e nt v e i n it is c l a
()
iii B u t e e rs o e r

c p i d f ma mmn rig i n a l f bot h C

.
,

t h at b th t ts w
o ex er e o e ro co o o or

c tain fault y ead ing in c mmon pa t f moth

.
,

and J h a v e er r s o a r ro er

d tail w h ic h ugg t t h i commn igin

.
,

e s s es s o or .

() E a n u r
rroe a d i n g a
eo c m m n
s to C a n d J T h u b t
s h re o o s o

m
. .

MS S ad b f bu ( . l 805) f f f (l
re e or an f . or or ox . or r

( 1 .n n f n ( 1 Ce e a d he 3 b J h
or w ] f e . . r s o e ,
. o e : or

hg } o G b b J b ba t f bab
s ; M . 0 e, . eo or e o re

v e C and J read ba l f hul (

o r . l w he
. th r e or e . re e er o r
 xx vi Introdu ction
is d ue t o t he bricat o w h il e in l 1 7 1 1 b ot h c ibes ru r, . s r

gl y b g a ne w pa ag ap h
w ro n e in r r .

B oth MS S a e Ob cu e in muc h t he same p l ac s vi r s r e z :

C J w o d om
.
, .

es, it te d w it h bl add e d in l at
r han d es er

o d om
. .
,

( 1 C chi l J c h id ( l C i n un J w i t ted e, r

i n m add d l at
. .
. .
, . .
,

C f u 3 l J fu l ( l
o
(1
e e er e e oe

In m
.
. .
, .

C d ach J th he (
. re l e, any o t h e p l ac e t h
. e
ec . r s

J c ibe had a v oid ed d if c ul t ie by sub stit uting d iff en t

s r s er

w o d s fo fo m
.

r s o b c u e in r E : C b ech J b h
r s r x . . r e, . ec e

( )
1 l 4 .C f 3 J so p : (
1 . 0 e, . e .

(
7) M o eo v e t he f
ra c t t h a t t herM S S i n w h i ch t h e t w o v er

i ns a e fou nd c on t ain e v e al it e m in c o m mon (ee

.

s o r s r s s

I nt od uc t ion 2 ) ap a t f om
,

r T h Ow l an d th N ig hting a l r r e e e,

ee m t o sug g e st t h at t h ad b e f o e t h emon e and

,

s s e sc ib e h r s r

t he sa m MS e .

()
8 A n d t h is is su pp o te d by th x i te nc
r e e s e o f or t h og aph ical r

e c ul iari t ie s in
p c e tain id n tical cti
r e se on s of C and J . .

v b e l ow
( ()
see i ) .

()
iv L l y thi c mmn ig in al f C and J w as not t h
ast s o o or o e

md iat p y f t hat te xt T h i i ug
. .
,

a ut h s t x t but an i n t

or e er e e co o s s s

m
.

es t e d b y t h t w y t e f o t h g ap hy f ou n d in C
o s s e w h n e s o r o r e re o
g .
,

s p l ling e x t end o v c t ain s c t ion f t h t xt w h il an t h

e s er er e s o e e e o er

s y te mis f und in t h e m
s o aini ng ecti n
( () b e l ew ) T h i
r s o s se e 0 o s

d ub l y t mof p ll ing e m to p int p t ty c n c l usi v el y t

.

o e s s e s e s e s o re o o

th w e k f t w diff nt c ib
or o o B ut uch c ll ab at i n i im
e re s r es . s o or o s

po ib l w it h ega d t C i t l f f t he h and w iting f t h at t t

ss e r r o se or r o ex

i t h am T h d o ub l e y te mm
.
,

s e th
e s ug h u t ro u t t he f
o h av e e s s s r e ore

x i t d in th t x t f mw h ich C w a c pi d and inc it i nu

.

e s e e e ro s o e s e s
l ik l y t h at t h aut h h im l f w ould mp l y t w p lling t h
.

e e or se e o o s e s, e
o nl y p ibl e i nf
oss nc i t h at C w a c p i d f ma c p y f t h
e re e s s o e ro o o e
te x t and t h at t h i in t e m
.

aut h ed ia t te x t w a c o p ie d by t w

or s ,
s r e s o
d iff nt c ibe w ho und to k d iff nt ct i n f the w k
e re s r s, er o ere se o s o or

o ne be ginning w i t h t h t l in th t h e h al f w a t h ugh t h
e rs e, e o r
y ro e
poe m and t an c ib d t h i o ig inal in acc o dance w it h t h ei
-

r s r e e r r r r re

s ec t iv c i b al p ra c t ic
e s r es
p .

N d t h ab n c e of t hi s d ub l y t m f p ll ing f omJ
or oes e se o e s s e o s e r

e c om mon ig in f C and J T h
.

r ai se an y d ifc ul t ies a to t h s or o

y t emof J w h ich i c n i t ntly u d t h ug h out i

. . e
s ing l e s s s o s s e se ro s
,
id nt ic al w it h n eit h e r f t h C o th og ap h i
e a nd t h p o b ab il it y e r r es : e ro
i t h t t h J c i be w ho md e ni d nd c
.

t he f r e o re s a e . c te d hi
s r , o r se a o r re s
t x t al
e ,l v ell d all v ariat ion in p ll ing a h w ent al ng On
so e e s s e , s e o .

th th
e o h and t h a ig n t h at t h J c ib t oo ha w k ed
er e re re s s e s r e, s
f oman iginal t h at contained m v ariet y f c ibal p ac t ic
, .
, or
r or so e o s r r es .

T h u it i c h a a c t e i t i c o f t h o e
s s r c t ion f C in w h ich t h c nd
r s s se s o e se o
y te m f o t h ograp hy (
.

s s o r i e B s p xx i x )app ea t h at abb v iat i n

. .
, ee . rs, re o s
a re u ed f s ba t and por w he a l w he in C t h e w d a e er , re s e se re os or s r
w rit t n in f ull B ut in t h J t x t a im il ar p ac t ic e m
.

e a be t a ed , e s r l
y r ce
. .

S W ll 0 t N n t 1 902 1 ee e s, . a . o e . .
 T he T w o Tex ts x x vii

t he bb e vi at i ns are e mp l y ed in t h se c t io ns c o re pond ing to

a r o o e r s

t h e of C in w h ich t h am
os e abb re v iat ions o cc u ; a nd o nl y in e s r

A nd t he inf e n c e t o be d aw n f o mt h e e fa c ts is
.

t h se ec t ions
o s er r r s

c l a I t w ould se emce tain t hat bo t h c ibe s had be fo e t h em

.

e r . r s r r

a v e rsi n f t he o igin al te x t w it te n by t w o 0 py is t
o o an d t h at
r r 0 s:

w hi l e t he c ibe of C ha fait h fully p od uc e d t h d iffe e nt p ell

s r . s re r e r s

ing s o f t he t w c py ist t he J c ib e ha p e e v ed but one o f

o o s, . s r s r s r

th e pe c ul ia i t i f o ne o f t he Oopy ist s H e n c t he g e nesis of C

r es o e

a nd J m
. .

ig h t be b ie y e p ese nt d as foll o w s
. r r r e :

A ( ig inal t x t ) or e

B (
inte r md i e ate te t ) x

b
() T H E T wo V ER S I O NS
W h en w e t u n to c on id e m c l o ely t he t w o MS S d esc ibed
.

r s r o re s r

e p oe m
.

abo v w e sh all nd t h at t h e y c o nt a i n t w o v e rsio ns of t h

e,
,

d iffe ring in v a i ous d e t ail s and t h at w h il e t he C te x t o n t he

r : .
,

w h ol e upp li es t h
,
s e be t te v e sion t he J t e x t is t he ul t of a r r . re s

f ee h andl ing of the o ig inal and t h us c ontains mod i cat ions

,

r r r

w h ic h d e t ac t v e ry c onsid e rab l y f omi t s v al ue as a c o p y o f th

,

r e r

or ig inal te x t .

()
i I n t h e st p l ac e t h e J sc rribe w ill be fo und t o m i t f o re

H e om
, .

q u n tely c ta i n n c er a y w o ds it s it i t u e o nl y o ne
e ess r r s r

l ine (1 1 3 08) c mp l te l y but his t o tal omi sions a e c onside abl e

.
, ,

o e : s r r

an d a e f a m o e num S omet ime he d op s

.
,

r r e o us t h an t h o e of C
r r s s r

met ical easons in o d e t o O btain w hat

.

a w o rd appa e nt l y f o r r r r r r

be eg a rd ed as a m H e ee m
,

r o e e gul a l ine s t o h a v e d isl ik e d t h

r r e r . s

e l isio n o f unst es e d v o w e l s w h t h e al o r be fo e
( r i n
se i on ) a n d e r x r r :

in o rd e t o gi v e a t e s t o t h ese l ig h t y ll ab l es b e f e q ue nt l y o m
r s r s it s r s

unim po rtant monosy ll abic w o ds f o mt he t ex t Ex r r . :

C no bu hauest w el ha pe cl aw .
,
sc r e .

J no bu hauest scharp e claw e (l

f such o m
. .
, .

T h e e a e o v e ft y c a e
r r r i io ns in J t he w o d s s o ss r s

w l and u e b ing m
e c r ost f e q ue nt l y d opped t h oug h n o 3st ba t
e r r

m
, , , ,

f or ;] a n d u t a e al l t e a ted i n r
si i l a f a h io n Ex r J l 2 8 3 r s : :

u t l 444 : sum 1 1 040 c f al o 1 1 6 1 5 6 6 7 7 1 4

. . . .

[ f orb ] l 3 56 [ ] [ :
] : s

1 02 2 1 2 07 Many of t he se o m issions it m
. . . . .
, , ,

, . ig h t be add d sp oil t he ,
e ,

s ca ns io n an d t h e e fo e can sca c e l y h av e be e n ch arac t e is t ic o f

r r r r

T h e n again a w o d i o c c a io nally o m it t e d f o m
,

t he ig i nal te x t
or

r s s r

J be cause it meaning w a app are ntly unfamil ia to t he sc ibe

.
, ,

. s s r r :

E x [ h 3e] l 7 01 [ l ] bles (in l ate h and ) 1 7 48 ; w h il e in ot h e

. : o . i es r . r

1
I t i f c u p ibl th t m f th mi i n w d u t th f t th t a so ere e o e ac a

a y
s o o r se oss e e o e o ss o s

m
,

in th c i b p ini n uc h w d w d und nt nd unn c

e s r e s o o s a or s ere re a a e e ss r co

mn c u f mi i n f mL tin MS S
,

o a se o o ss o ro a .

c 2
xx viii In tr oduction
ca es no d oub t the om
s ission m a
y h a v e be e n d ue t o c are l essness .

Ex [ ubs] l 66 7
. s . .

b e id s o m ng w o d s t h e J s c r ib e i s O fte n fo un d
()
ii B u t it t i s e r ,
.

i nt od uc ing int his t e x t ch

r ang s i n th o d er a nd h O f w d e e or c i ce o or s .

h f oll o w ing a e in t an c e s of such ch ang e s i n t h w o rd

() T e a r s e

rd e an d it i
o ig ni c ant t h at in ea ch c a e t he rhy t h m
r, of s s s

t he l ine i n J sue a s a e sul t o f t h e ch ange : E x

. rs r .

C T o me heo h i mon send re e

J T me h i e mone he o send (
. .

. o 1 r . .

C H e f be laue d ies t o m e m en h ro c

J H e of t o me be leued ies h e mmnch (

. .

. r l o e . .

T h e e a e h ow v e o t h e in t anc e s w h e e t h hyt h mis

r r ,
e r, r s r e r

p ese v ed in pite of ch ange in t he w o d o d e Cf

r r s s r -
r r . .

B)
( I nst an e s o f t he c
ang e of w o r s are st i ore nu e r ous ch d ll m m .

F l
ai ing t o n e rstan a w or u d
in his o i i na ( a w or d d rg l d
g e ne ra res e r e ll y p
i n t h e s ri e w o u so eti vd
es J c b ld m m
m
.

b
s u st it ut e a w o d w it a to t a i fe re nt ean i : r: h lly d f ng Ex
m
.

C bov n e str in d , bouhof lyn a (

'
ba nn e, bar e J l C J
m
. . . . .

l C ( J
cho k er i n e,
g co h er i n g (
e ay telen , l C
J mahte b (
. . . . .

l eo

O ag ain t he sub st it u t io n m
. .

r igh t be d ue t o t h d i t e e s re o

e p l ac e a w o d t h at w a
r p o sib ly b e co m ing a ch aic b y r s s r

o ne o f a m o e fam
,

il ia k ind E x C chan ling J cha ng r r : . : .

,
.

l ing ( l C w 3 J b ( l . C i tid J i w u j . e e, . er e . .
,
. r i

l( C unhw a t J un hap (l C w u p hipe e, r sc

C mi m m m
. . . . .
,

J t v hip (l . re
psc J i n y ( l e . . sr e e, . s e .

C an f ale l n d J of all l nd (
. l o e, . e o e .

I n eac h of t h e e c a es i t i hig h l y p obab l e t h at

s rat h t h an s s r er

J p esent t he o igin l f m: and t hi i sug geste d by t he b eak

r s r a or s s r

d o w n Of t he hyme in J in simil a cases w h e e t h va iat i n o cc u s

r r r e r o r

yming p osition E x
.

in t he h

r .

C manne. ba n n J ma n ba m e
(1 1 3 8 9 90
) e . ri e r .

C l ue e eu e J lu t on r
(1 1 4 5 7 8 ) e e e e

m st mst (1 1 92 3 4)
-
. . .

C n or . e J n b eo er . or, e er .

Cf al so
. 1 3 56 1 57 8 589 90 1 1 4950 1 2 7 7 8 , , , , ,

1 487 8 .

A nd , J c b
t er, t he c s ri e h ly fu r h
as onsist e n tc i n tr od u ed i n to
m m h ch h h y cc
.

his tex t od ern i sed f or s, w i , w e n t e o ur at t he e nd o f a

l f q ly
in e, re ue nt inj hym
ure t he r x e c n ml y m
T he e ist e n e o f o r a rh e s
g lf m
.

ch c
i n su C p
ase s in oint s t o t he r e t e nt io n o f t he o ri ina
.
or s in
h v
t at e rsion Ex : . .

C ha 3t . w ajt J hayht
e w au h t ( 1 1 1 0 5 6) r e . e r e .

C da3 .
-
l a3 J
d y
e l w
( ll 1 1-
4 1s 2) e . a e s a e .

C f uli b. ul i O J vlwl
e

uli j ( ll 1 2s3 9 40
) e

. o e e az s e ) .
xxx Intr odu ction
consonants to d enote a sh ort p ec e d ing v ow e l ( c f C d dsp l l r . o e e

l 1 2 09 hw uc h l 93 6 3a e l 1 2 2 2 C d d l 1 543 c e rr o

ap h y m
. .
.
,
.
,

Of t he t h ee y te m t he (
.
,

h g ust i n al l p o b a
B) o rt o s s s, r r r

bilit y be d es c ib ed as be l ong ing t o t he ea rl ie t d at e I n fac t t h at

r s .

s ste m i
y w ll be o f u n d t o c o in c id e i n a l mo st a l l i t s e e n t ia l d e t a i l s ss

c f h e t eat m e nt o f O E a co h w m e d ial g ) w it h t h e sp e ll in g s
( t r

cha acte ristic of w o k s w ri tten abo ut 1 2 00 e g O H H mili s

. . .
, , ,

o e

W
r r ,
. . . .
,

S J ulia na S aw l a d and A nc en Ri w le ( es T it u s M S ) A n d r r .

if a fu t h e su gg est ion m
.
, ,

r ay be h aza d d it is no t at al l unl ik e l y
r r e ,

t h at in t h ose se c t ion o f t h C te x t w h re t h is ort h og raphy

s e . e

appea s w e h a v e t h r e t e x t fait h full y re p od uc e d i n it s o iginal r r

fo mas it l e ft t he aut h o p en
,

r r s

On the ot h e h and t he () o t h ography su gg ts t h at som

.

r e a r es

am o un t o f m
,

od e rnising h as tak e n p l ac e in t h e se c t ion s in w h ich it

is found T he use of 3 ( . for O E hand O E g gu t t and p al ) be l o ngs . . . .

,
. .

to a l igh t l y l at e d ate t h an t h
s e o t h og ap hy : t h
r e appe aran c e r r

h p s t o f urt h e r sc ib al al t e at ion w h il e t h
of w
(f o O E w ) oi n
r t e r r :

for O E do)al so ee m
. .

un u ual an d rat h e p uzz l ing u e f o ( s t o po int s

e d i e ct io n W
s r s o

in t he sam h at t he sc ibe of t he inte me diate co py has

. .

r . r r

app ar e n tl y d o ne in t h e l att e instanc e s is to su b st it ut e for t he r 0 cc

of h i s o igin al t h sy m r bo l s being e qui v al e nt in Angl o F e nch fo ms

e -
r r

p oems
.
,

I n L a Vi ale S in t J osap h a e fo e x am pl e (eone o f t h e A F z, r -

r

forms in and co o ccu as v a iant s

. .

in c l ud e d in t he C and J . o r r

o f as fo m e c om mn ound v alue of all t h ee p obabl y being

.

s th r ,
o s -
r r

Ex C quo J qu o C . : . n J n : C a vog l
er , J a vo g le
. e r : . soe seo e, . e :

C d o l J d oel C j evn jeovn J jofn I t i mo eo v e not w it h

. .
,

.
, . : . o e, e, . e . s, r r,

o ut it s signican ce t h at in t h e C t e t of T h e Ow l an d th e N ig h ti n x

al t e nat i v e fo r m in a
, .

g al e, r
(f or c a ) cc a s i o n a ll y o c c u r c f
s bo s o : e

o ag ain fo m in
.

l( (f r
o c f s h (l rw e l n s so r eor e o c e

he mfor ho m(
. . .

(l . l o w h il st w de ( l n od ( 1 3 88) . o . e .

hav e in each case an e p lac ed afte t he ( in a l at e T h e se r o r

fo m t h en p oint to t he confu sion w h ich p e v ail ed in t he c ibal

r s, r s r

e o fo rm
,

use o f so a and o and t h e re fo re th s in t h o t h og ap hy

, s : e
() -
a r r

must be regard ed a so many F ench sc ibal sp ell ings w h ic h h a v e s r r

2
,

1
S imil v ar ariants o ccu r el sew h ere . In D mSi i (Dig by M S
a e r z . 86 ) the s ric b e
wri te s as (
for G oed (
O E G od ) . . r oed (
OE . . r ed
)1 2 54 :
. noen (
O . E nOn)
.

l 43 3 ; w il e h h
oe oc urs reg ul arl in l a e of heo is hoe ( c
al ong sid e heo) is y p c Th
m
.
.

f
al so ound in L a3a on s

ru t ; 30 c ( =heo ) o urs in Ro e rt o f l ou e ster s

B cc b G c
C hronicle And w il e in O E H o ili es the or s soven ( h
O E seof on ), son ( OE m f m
m B
. . . . . . .

) (
si on , nod e O E n od
) a e ar , i n L aga on s r ut, again , t he s e ll ing so i s

. . pp p
f q
re ue ntl ound in l a e Of oyf p c
F c h c ib l f m
.

2 F or o th er r en s r a or s, see App end i xI .

() (
a ii) .
 T he T w o Tex ts
bee n ubst it ute d fo the no mal eo f rm found in t he (
s r B) sec tion r -
o s s

of C an d t h ro ug h ou t t h
.
,
e w h ol e o f J .

B ut w h il the () eth o g ap hy t h u be ars e v i d e nt t race s o f

a or r s

mod e ni ing t he ame an be said f the J te x t and w it h ye t

r s s c o

m
.
,

g re a t e ce rr t ain t y T h e d e v l o p e n t o f . t he d ip h t h o ng s a n on ey e , ,

()ci b e f e g u t
ort an d p al h t h e u se f y i n p l ace of an ea l ie 3 o r r

e m
, . .
, ,

a nd t h e ch an e o f O E g to w af t e l and and in t h ed ial r r,

g
posit ional l t h ese d ta il be l ng to a l ate d at e t h an t he fo rms
. .

e s o r

o f e it h e th e ( o h h og ap hy
r
) t t a r e or r

F romt he abo v e consid e at ions it t h e e f e be come cl ea t h at

.

r r or s r,

in t h m eat te of p ll ing C suppl ie a mo accu ate copy of t he

r s e . s re r

C ep od uc t h doubl e y ste mof pe ll ing w h ich

,

o i ginal t h an J
r r r es e s s

p obably gu ed in t he inte md iate c opy w h e e one sc ibe had

. .

r r r e r r

at te m pted t o md e ni e t he ot h e be ing c ont ent t o copy the te x t

,

o r s r

e in te m
,

as it st ood J o n th e o t h e h and gi v es us t h
. e diat e t e x t af te
r r ,
r

so m e am
.

ount of e v i io n and a fte it s p e ll ing in pa t ic ul a had

r s ,
r s ,
r r,

bee n b oug ht u p t o d ate H nc t he se ct ions of C in w h ich t he (

r B) e e .

may ea onably be eg a d ed as e p od uctions

.

o t h og ap hy a ppe a
r r rs, r s r r r r

of th e aut h o t x t t he () se c tio ns g iv e us t h at o iginal in a

r s e : a r

sl ig h t l y m od i ed f m w h ile J suppl ies a v e rsion t h at ha u nde

or : . s r

gone a sy ste m at ic ch ange o f pe ll in g S .

S R B A L E RR O RS
()
d C I

I n t he fo g ing e ct ion s t he m
.

re o ain feat u e in w h ich t h

s e C and r s

J te x t d iff f o mw h at may be ega d ed as the o igin al v e sion

, .

s er r r r r r

ha v e bee n n te d W
.
,

e h a v e se e n v e b al ch an ges in J
o . o th og ap h i r r r

cal m o d icat io n in bo t h C an d J and i t no w

s em ain t o e x am ine r s

t h o e d e p a t u e f mt he o iginal w h ich c am
.

s r r s ro e abo ut in t h e p oc s r r es

o f c o p y ing and w e e d ue t o , c ibal e ro S uch e o is ine v itab l e

r s r r r . rr r

i n all t an c ip t ion of M S S
r s r but in t he p ese nt instan c e t he r i k . : r , s

w as in c ease d o w ing to t h
r e fac t t h at b o t h M S S w e e b ased o n an
, . r

inte m r ed ia te Co py w h ich i t sel f d o ub t l e s c o ntained om , e am o u nt of s s

inacc u ac y H e nce t h e a e t w o so u c e o f c ib al e o in C and J

r re r r s s r rr r

So me e h av bee n tak e n o v e f omt he co m

. .

mon o iginal
.

rro rs e r r r

b o v e fo e x am p l h l h a e c l ea l y d ue to
( see 3 ()a a es ) w i e o t e s,
r r r r

e l at te it m
,

t h c i be s f C and J t h e m
e s r o se l v es an d of t h
. . a be aid
y : r s

t h at w h e rea s t he e o o f J a e l a g el y d u t o th sc i be s at t e m pt
rr rs . r r e e r s

at i m p ovi ng his te x t t h ose of C a e mainly of a mc h anical nu

r , r e

co n c i u k ind t he esul t of an at te mp t t o c opy ath e t han to

.

s o s r r r

im
,

p o v e t h te x t
r e .

I n g e ne al t he sc i bal e o rs w ill be foun d t o be t h ose c om mon

,

r r rr

to all t ansc ibe rs but t h e y a e by n o m

r r ean
: w it h o u t a S pe c ial r s

in te es t for apa t fr omt he m

r , o e o b vio us e m
r e nd at io ns t h y sug g est r e ,
xxxii In tr odu ction
h y
t e a e n ot w i t o h
r u t t h e i v a lu e i n c l e a ri n g u p d i f c ul t ie s c o n n r e c t e d
w it h c e rt ain l i d esp e at i oc r .

T h u w e n d inst anc es of s :

()i D i tt g ap y h Ex C oo n r n 1 44 6 C a n
.
d J n n .
1 : 1 3 5.
8 e o e . : . . e e . :

C and J lu te i (
.
fo l u t i ) l 1 3 88 C of f l 1 46 9
. s s s r s s . : . o . .

()ii H ap l g ap h y E x C b [ ]
o r s n g 1 1 1 .
J n u b [ f o
. : n u . o er e s o . .
,
e r

C h l 6 C h i [ ] h ld l 1 7 1 3
b ) 1 2 05 : e cl i
. u es
[ ] a p 1 6 7 .
s
r e c r e . : . s c e e . .

Cf al so 1 7 6 7 (ee n ote ) and l 930 (e e note )

. . s . s .

()i ii T r ansp i ti o n f le tt e E : Cos b u t e

( f o L u s
o t e ) l 2 4 9 : rs . x . . re r r .

C blod (. fo b ld ) l 3 1 7 C wr l ( of o w r ap) l 1.
2 1 8 C h l a
: d ( f o . or ) r . : . r

hald ) 1 1 5 7 6 C i h c
(f o : G [ a r t f
( o r t ) 1 r1 7 2 1 p e r o e . .

W
.
. .

()
i v ong d ivi i on f w d s Ex : C is h l ( f o i h t )1 2 3 C o or o e r s o :

m
r s

m
e

m
. .
. . .

is t u n g ( f o is tun g )
e e l 51 5 C r a n i i n J n y in e
( f o a n t i n e) e e, o e r e

l 7 59 se e no t e C and J mnn h n de ( fo mn n h
. .
.

on d
) l 1 4 0 2 o es o r o es e :

r m
:

fo h g l ) 1 1 6 02 C m
.
. . .
,

C and J h 3 1 h w } (
. . o e ), o an n nn e ; ( f r an o e . : . e e o

k n n e) l 1 7 2 5
e . .

v si m
1
() C o nf usi n o f il a l t t s o r e er

() 1 w i t t
a e n f o r h E) x C r ( f o h e s
) l 7 4 8 se e n o t.e : C . : . es r .
,
.

b ] (
u f o b u h ) 1 1 1 2 5
r ; 6 1 4 0 5 1 4 2 8 r: C ,
n b r ( f o n h ) .
, ,
. o r e

G i nn ( fo i n noh) .C hp ( fo hh) o r . e r e

I 1 405 C h o ud ib . J houbsyl e ( : fo h uhij ) l 1 586

. s e, . y r o s ye .
,

se e n o t e c f al o 1 6 51 . s . .

h w itte n fo Ex J bihouhte (for bihouhte) l 1 99

r r . : . .

C f loh ( for op ) l 92 0 C bun ch ( for bun h) 1 1 1 6 49 : c

note ) J mith
.
. . .
,

1 6 51 s e al so C hw i t tu l 1 3 56 (
: e . es . : . s es

l 1 2 06 (note ) . .

c o n fuse d
C
(y) w and 1 E w ri t
( f i t ) 1 1 7 1
) o . x . : . s s r r s e .

C bin n ( f w i n n e) l 6 7 0 C bi (
.
, e fo or l 905 . : .
,
r . .

and r c o nfu e d E x C ) C
()
8 t d a t
(f or d a l 1 1 s0 6 : . . : . r rr . .

wa t 3 a t (f o w a r s,3a e
) 1 1 1 2 2 1r e 1 2 2 2 : C h i
r t ( f o rr e, rr .
,
. e r

hi ) 1 1 3 41 C aw t ( re fo a w er ) C wbt( : fo e r e s r

w b ) l 1 3 60 C m i t m fo m mp )
. . .

e er pe ( .i : se e. s e r sr e e

al so C bar f a t l 91 8 C a h fo t a ch e ) l 1 449
( b ) e ( or : r c e r e

m
. . . . .

m
,

and u c on fuse d Ex C
() n e : f on
( f
f o o
) 1 1 1 3 5 r r r

am m
.
, . . .
,

1 6 1 4 C hn ( fo h ) 1 88 : 1 C h i n ( f o o h i ) 1 8 90 r : r :

C w i do n (fo w isd om) I 1 482 : C un (f um) 1 1 598

. . . .

s r s or s :

C inmaj (
. . . .

f o wnn ab ) l 1 6 1 8 C w on hd (
. e ie r f r e e . : . r e e e o

w r ueh ed ) l 1 400 see n ot e o e .

, .

() d i f Ex C (o w n b ) l 901 : C
3
3 d f

w t t e n o r w n r . . : . e e r e c . .

1
See N pi a er , OE . . G lasses, p xxxi .
,
f or si mil ar s ri al errors c b .

2
S inc th
y d i tinc ti n b tw n th tw l tt w th d t pl c d b v
e e o nl s o e ee e o e ers as

Wll h w v f qu tly d
e o a e a o e

I(
) f w ) th c n f u i n i
or ily i t ll ig ib l
, e o s o s eas n e e . e s o e er re en re a s
w in t d f p in p l c
s ea wh th p w itt n w
o p b bly ig in l ; c f p a es ere e r e as ro a or a . ane

l 1 65 See n ote

m t x clu iv ly in th
. . .

3
T he use of

for b) is
3 ( f ound al os e s e e (
B) or t h og ra phy of
 T he T w o Tex ts xxxiii
Od er
( f or 11 9 03 ,
90 5 : C . .
( f
f or ul i e b)

l . 1 2 3 9:
. fo r sul ie o)
C su l ied ( 1 2 40 :
"

l . see also C h oud s i lw . l . 1 586

( no t e ) .

i t w rit te n fo r u : C and Ex J fo r bih

biha i tes t ( a ues t )

J m
. . . .

l
1 322 :
. s i thes (fo r s nu w es ) . l . 1 2 06 , see no t e : see a so l
n ote s ll
7 59, 7 6 3 , 1 1 89
m
.

mi t
.

0
() 8t a nd 3t co n fused . Ex . : C . s
(f or i jt) l . 78: C .

n u3te
(
f o r n us te ) l . 1 7 51 : see a so l 1 1 6 42 , 1 3 00
. .

Of t he e rro rs mnt i
ve t ho e incl ud ed und e ( ev) a e o ned a bo s r r

T h e y a e all p resum
m
,

w rt h y o f l ose att e nt i n
o c abl y d ue t o bad ly o r

w l t te s in t he in te m
.

fo r e e diat e copy
r an d an insp ect io n o f r

se e f a i m
,

t he h and w i t in g h a act e i t ic of t he pe i od (
r c ile ) w i ll r r s r cs s

s h ow how easily such e rs migh t a ise w i th a a el e ly cop i d rr o r , c r ss e

te x t to w o k f ro m M ost o f t he e o r it w ill be not ed oc u in rr rs, c r

B) s ct io n of t he t e x t t h at ect ion in w h i h t h s ibe aim

.
,

t he ( e ed ,
s c e cr

at m e re copy i ng and t oo k no l ibe t ie s w i t h h i t x t B ut w h at i

,
r s e . s

pa t icul a ly val uabl e in connect ion w it h t h ese sc ibal e s is t he

r r ,
r r ror ,

fac t t h at an acq uaintance w it h t he main te nd e ncies w ill h elp

g eat ly in t he sol ut ion of te x t ual d if cul ties I n mo e t h an one
r r

p assage e me nd at ion suggest t h emse l v es fo ead ings w h ich see med

.

s r r

hope lessly c up t (e g 1 1 C 7 48 J 1 2 06 C 1 3 2 2 1 400

orr :

mend t h e ms l ves
,

em
. . . . .
, ,

w ill be fo und t o com

.

and t h es e n d at io n e s e

becau e t h ey a e pal aeo g ap h ically easy

s r r

By w ay o f umma y it can no w be tate d t h at in C and J w

.

s r ,
s . e

h ve t w ind epe nd ent c p ies of a ce tain t e xt 0 d at in g f omt he

.

a o o r r

st h al f J f o mt he cond h al f of th 1 3 t hcent u y T he te x t
.
,

r r se e r

f o mw h i h t h y w e e b t h p ied w as it sel f a opy of t he o ig inal

.
, , .

r c e r o co c r

p e m and it w as p bably w it te n by t w o c ibe s ne of w h om

o : ro r s r o

ai m
,

ed at in t od ucing a m od e ni e d pell ing w h il e t he ot h e w a

r r s s ,
r s

co nt e nt to co p y t h e t e x t as it stood Th e C sc i be in d ue ourse r c

mad e a t ans ipt o f t h i composite t ex t o t h at in his ve sio n w e

. .
, ,

r cr s s r

have a d oubl e sy ste mo f t h og aphy p ese v d T he J s ibe o n

,

or r r r e cr ,

h and aimed at mak ing a t h ugh e v ision he e w ote

. .

th e ot h e r o ro r : r -
r

e w h o l e poe m in a m e md e n sp e ll ing and al t e ed t he

,

th d ing or o r ,
r re a s

w h e e ve h e a w t
r H e has t h e e f e t ak e n nsid e abl l ibe t ie
r s . r or co r e r s

w it h t h e te x t H e has f e q ue nt ly o m it te d w o d w hich h con

. r r s e

sid e e d unn ecessa y o w h ich p es n te d d if ul ty

r he ha ch ange d
r r r e c : s
,

th e wo d o d in pl ces f e q ue nt ly t t h inj u y o f t he m
r -
r er et e a r o e r r :

he has int d uc d n w w o d s fo v a io u e as n and t t im

,

ro e es h ee r r r s r o s, a

is found co nf using t he ol d e ine ion I t i t h e re fo 0 w h ich r x s . s re .

MS . C . and w as p ro bably charac e ris ic o f the second scribe o f t he i nte r t t md i e a te

t xt
e .
 4 T HE D
. AT E OF T H E POE M
I n t he v a iousr at t e mpt md f mt im t
s a e ro e o ti mt d e o ate the

p oe mw id e d iff en of pinion h av b n v al d T h a l ie t e ee re e e e e r s

w d W
,
er ce s o .

e d ito S v
t en nr, f lle sot o n i n
,
nn o t in g oit w i t h
e t he ig n ar co ec re

of R i h a d I
c
( 1 1 8 9r T n B in k M i a n d S k e a t pl a ede i t r ,
or r s c

a bout t h m id d l o f t h 1 3 t h e nt u y and ( o d in g t S k at )
e e e c r ,
acc r o e

e t ainl y n t l t e t h an t h t im e of H en y III

p t iv d it ions of Wa ton
r
c r o a r e

w h il M ad d n and H az li t t in t h ei

e e r r es ec e e r s
,

H i t y a igned as it d at e t h b g inning f t h e ign f E d w a d

s or ,
ss s

e e o e r o r

I
not l at e t h n Ed w a d I

(1 2 7 2 O t h ag
n e rs

hav in l in d to t he a l i d t e Wigh t M at ne and W

,
or r a r

l k
'

e c e e r er a . r z r c er
,

o nn ct ed it w i t h th e ig n f J hn ( 1 1 99 e B e ch ug o o rs s

W
c e r

g te d 1 2 1 8 2 5 M b h and Hall 1 2 2 0 e ll
es ors ac1 2 1 6 25 0 s ,
,
.
,

w h il Gad o w w o ul d pl ace it i n t h e on d
e t h i d d ad f t he e s c or r ec e o

1 3 th e nt u y c r

I n inv t igating an w t h i q u t i n f d ate a t a t m

.

es e ay p e h p s es o o ,
s r r a s

s afe ly b m ad e f emt h fa t t h at th h and w iting f t he a l i MS

ro e c e r o e r er .

l g h h l f h h nt ury F om h i i t
( i e b o n t o t e
e t s f t 1 3 t rs t a o e ce . r s

f ll ow th at t h iginal t t m
. .

o s eu t h av b l n ged
or it h t thex s e e o ,
e er o e

O pe ning d e ad f t he 1 3 th n t u y
c es o t o th nd f th e 1 2 th ce r or e e o :

f or s in 0 i a ce py f a py f t h at o iginal m t im m
s co o co o r so e e o re

t h t an m i io n t be m
.
,

o l r w oul d h av e t o be all ow ed f
e ss n
ad e or e r s ss o .

A nd t h i i ugh ly bo ne ut by t h
s s ro t h og p hi of t h C t x t
r o e or ra es e e

S uch m
. .

od e ni ing pp ea in t he () ti n be l ong to t h
r s s as a r a se c o s e

ea l ie h al f o f th 1 3 t h nt u y w h il e t h B o t h o grap h y w h i h
r r e
() ce r e r c

may reas n bly be eg d ed a met hing lik t h o igin l be

,

o a r ar s so e e r a ar s

c lo em bl anc t o t h p ell ing h a

se r e s e te i t i f w k e s 1 2 00 c ra c r s c o or s c . .

T he i t h i h ow ev
re s t o be dd d t h at t h m e p b abl d t e
s, e r, a e : e or ro e a

i s af t a t h
er , r
e t h n b e f 1 2r 00 f i n at h (B) t h g ap
or e , h y w : or e or o r e

nd a i n l f
occ s o m in n O E a or p ll ing n t f und in
s
1
o a s e o o

t in f m in
. .

1 2 t h nt u y w k a w ell a
ce r or
2
,
sOE ) w hi h s ce r a or s
3
o . it c

h and t h omp a at iv
.

a r e rar e in t h 1 2 th nt u y On t he t h e ce r o er e c r e

f F n h w d f omt h v abul a y f th p oe mand

.
,

ab n
se ce o re c or s r e oc r o e ,

t h d l it y w it h w h i h t h
e e e Ol d E ngl i h in i n l y te mh bee n
c s ex o a s s as

1
Cf houle (
l l
p r oud e (
m
. . .

2 S eeM b hME ors ac Gr a 1 21 a 1

C f mn (l m (l
. .
, . . .

3 co e
. . co e .
 T he D a e o t f the P oe m xxxv
pres v er ed , see mt l o
y e n d su pport to t he ear l ie r d at e In an case ,

g m
.

n it h
e e r of t ese ar u h
e nt s can be ca e d d e cisi e ; and al l t a t ll v h
can safe ly
be said is t hat t he an d w rit in and t he or t o ra ies h g h g ph
of g h k m p
t a e n t o e t e r , see p
t o o int to t he e ri od 1 1 901 2 1 0 o r
(
l at e ) as t h at in w h i h t h poe mw as mo t p obably w it te n
r c e s r r

Wit h ega d to e vid ence of an inte nal kind the poemin t h

.
,

r r r , ,
e

st place contai ns a efe re nce t o a ce t ain K ing H enry w hi h

r r r c

ha an im
, ,

s po t ant bea ing on t hi question of d at T he eference

r r s e . r

i as foll o w s
s :

at be K ing H e n i
pat und e
y r r

J su hi o ule d me ci ! (
,

1 1 1 091 e s s s o r .

and f om it v e y na t u e it can o nly all ud e to a d e p a ted m

r s r ona ch r r r

e fo mo f be ne d i t ion be ing one t h a t w as use d i n co nnec t io n

, ,

th r c

w it h t h e d ead T h at it fe s to H en y III ( d 1 2 7 2 ) i at any re r r s,

p o sible fo uch an a sump t ion w o ul d t h ow t he p oe m

.

at e im
.

r ,
s : r s s r

int t he l a t q ua t e r o f t he 1 3 t hce nt u y a d ate ul e d o ut by t he

o s r r r

e v id e nce abo v e T he all usio n m us t t h e e fo e be

. o nn ected w i t h r r c

H en y II (d 1 1 89)5 w it h th at gen ous p atron of l e t te rs w h ose

r

er

munice nc is comme mo ated by mo e t h an one w iter of t he

.
,

e r r r

pe iod and w h ose l e gisl ative efo ms const it ute a l and ma k in ou

r
2
,
r r r r

nat ional h i t o y B ut if t he H e n y all usion be t h u inte rp e te d

s r r -
s r

t he fo w a d l im it of t he d ate be om
.
,

e s th e y a of H e n y d e at h :

r r c e r r s

t h at i t he poemcanno t h av e be en w ritt e n be fo e 1 1 89
s, A nd r

w it h e q ual c rt ainty it m
.

igh t be ad d e d it cannot h a v e bee n

e

in t h at y ea H n y III cam
, ,

w i tte n aft e 1 2 1 7
r f r e t th e t h on e
: or r e r o r ,

a nd w it h t h
, e lat e H e n y e ig n ing t h e fe e nce w o ul d not h av e
r r r e r r

be e n f ee f omso m e am ou nt o f am
,

r r big uity T h pe iod 1 1 891 2 1 7 e r

e ee mt o be a l ik ely on fo t h
.

w o ul d t h e e f r or e com
s p osit ion of t he e r

p oe m a d t e in cl ose ag em e n t w it h t h
a e e v id en e se t o ut abo v e re c .

T h e e i h o w e v e ye t anot h e
r s, on t e m p ary all u ion t h at callr, r c or s s

f r o n id e at io n I n t w o pl a es in t he te x t e fe e n e is m
o c s r . ad e t o c ,
r r c

a Maste N ich ol a f G uil d f d H e is d esc ibe d as a l e i t h n V

r s o or r c r c, e

living at Po t i h amw ho had n t h it h e t o eceived t he e cognition

.

r s ,
o r r r

he d ese v e d and t he q ue t io n t h e e fo e ari es w h e t h er it i

r : s r r s ,
s

possibl e to id nt ify t h M as te N ichol a t h u me nt ioned o as to

e e r s s s

t h ow so m e m
,

r e l igh t o n t h at t e of d at e I t w o ul d h av t o be a r . e

1
J H t (S l ti n f mE l y Mid d l E g li h II 56 6) th t m
all sugg e s s e ec o s ro ar e n s a so e

f H n y p t ti n f m
.
. ,

nt in t n
re ce s a in t l ice of d t in 1 1 1 093 e r

s ro ec o o s re s s re e rre o

m min t l g b tw n [ i ] v d by th int v nt i n f K ing

. .
,

wh e re so e

s re o -
e ee s sa e e er e o o

H y th S nd f mth v ng n f w ng d hu b nd
,

e nr e e co , ro e e ea ce o a ro e s a .

C f G ui t d P vin L B i bl
2
. ol 31 8 ; l in P t
e d Bl i D ro s, a e . a so e er e o s, e

p res tig iis f or tuna e .

 xxxvi I ntrod uc t ion

l
c e ri c o f the na m e of N ich olas, o ne asso ciate d w it h the diocese of

Sal isbury ,
in t he h Po tishamand G uild
j urisd iction of w h ich bot r

f d t hen
or l ay w hil e his co nd i t io n in t he ea ly p a t of t he 1 3 t h
: r r

e nt u y o e a l ie o ul d h av e t o be uch s t o sugg e st ne g l ect at

c
( r
) w r r r s a

th e h an d of t h aut h o i t ies s T he ch ance s are l e a l y again t u h

e r c r s s c

o ul d se e m o h av e be e n d on e w it h o m
.

an id e nt i at io n : e t it w t e s
y c

am o unt of plau ibil it y and w i t h sul t s no t w it h o ut t h e i he a ing

l
s re r r

on t h e q uest ion o f d ate T h u i n T h Ch a t a n d D o umn t . s e r er s c e s

i llustr a ting the H i s tor y of the C i ty an d D i o cese f

o S a li sbu r y i n the

1 2 tha nd 1 3 thCen tur i es , 2

e nt ion is ad e of o ne N ich ol au s cap el m m
l an u s arc hid i acon i w ho app ea a w itn to a d o umnt
rs s e ss c e 0 1 2 09
y t ak e n at G od l ming (
. .

L v e nt in in o d in n a G uild f
3
at er on , an a e
) or r r

1 2 2 0 re fe e nc is al
, mad e t one Nickolaus u bmni t cap i ta li
r e so o s o or

Gud ef d w ho i aid to h av e b e n connected w i t h t he C h ap e l of A ll

or ss e

Sain ts H e t m I f as ee ms at l east
,

e fo t he t w o p e ce d ing y e a
r r, r r rs
4
s

p ossibl e t he a ch d eacon ch aplain of 1 2 09 is t he submonito of

, .
,

,
r s r

th e C hap t r o f G uil d fo d i n 1 2 20 w e t h e n h av e cogn i an ce of a

4
e r s

J cl i Nich ol as by nam
,

e r c, e wh o up t o t h e y ea 1 2 2 0 h ad ass iat ions ,

r oc

w it h t h e d iocese o f S al i bu y and w it h G uil d fo d in p a t icul a ands r r r r,

wh o h ad h e l d d uring t h at t i m e no v e y l uc at iv e of ce I t is t ue r r r

t h at no con t m
.

p o a y eco rd of his connection w it h Po ti h m

e r r r r s a

ha as ye t om s e t o l igh t t h ough t h
c e N ich ol a i n q u st ion m a h av e
y ,
s e

sid ed t h e e be fo e p rocee d in g t o H e t m
re r e i n 1 2 1 7 ; a ch ang e
r r r

w h ich m a h a v e e sul t e d f o m h n g f b i h p B i h p H bert

y a c a e o s r e r o s ,
s o r

P oo e being succe d ed by his b ot h e R i h a d in 1 2 1 7

r e I n t h at r r c r

e v e nt so m
.

e d at e be fo
, 1 2 1 7 w o ul d be t he t im t o w h ich t he neg re e

l e ct all ud ed to in t he p oe mw oul d nat u ally apply and t h ough t he r :

e v id e nc
,
i im p e fe t inc the id nt icat i n is not compl e te y t
e s r c ,
s e e o ,
e

it is not w it h out i ts v al ue in ad d i ng t o t he p obabil it y of t he r

o p e nin g d ecad e s o f t h e 1 3 t hce nt u y as t h app ro x im at d at e o f r e e

t he co m p o it ion of t he p oem s .

A nd in k ee p ing w it h t h at d at e a e t ain ot h e consid e at io ns re c r r r ,

no ne o f w h ich i co n cl usi v e but w h ich t ak e n t og et h e

s affo d r, r

e v id enc o f a cum
, ,

ul at ive k ind
e T h u t he p oe t m igh t w e ll be e . s x

p e ct d to be t ay incid e nt ally om
e e k no w l e d ge o f e ve nt s connecte d
r s

w it h t h e pe io d : and so m e such h isto ical

r em inisce nce ee m s to r r s

S WG d w Eul und N htig ll pp 1 2 1 3 w h th

1
ee a o ie t t d ac a ere e case s s a e
th t tim
.
, , .
, ,

f or e rs e

Ed WD M
.

2
y L nd n 1 891 I 7 3 acra o o

gi t m d WJ n
. . .
, , ,
. .

S V tu
3
ee S i b i n
e s re L nd n 1 883 I 2 97
s ra ar s er e se , e o es , o o

I t m t ibi p ll d H tm d O mnibu S ti l ign d hu

. . .
, , .

4
e es ca e a e er er , e anc
s s: ea a

q u mt n t Ni h l u ubmnit p ituli d G ud f d p d imid i m

c,
a e e c o a s, s o or ca e e or arca ,
mi mt n ti d u bu nni
, ro a
t t nuit
e e ea a ra sac s o s a s .

 I ntr od uc t ion

of consid e rab e l mat u ity r and l e arn in g

h ich w can scarce ly h av e

ckam ag
,

be e n w r it t e n be fore 1 1 8 6 , w h en Ne ,
ed 2 9, re t urne d to
E ngl and afte ho lp p ent ab road t he o f P a ris

r a e ri od s at sc o s .

T he use m ad e o f t h is so u ce s o n e a g ain a p t w i t ing r ugg e ts s ,

c ,
oe r

t o w a d t he e nd r f t he 1 2 t h e nt u y
s e a ly in t ho e fo ll o w ing c r or r

c nt u y
e I t is t ue t h at t he d ebt to M a ie d e F an e (e I nt o
r . r r r c s e r

d u ti n c 8 p l ii ) w it h
o g a d t o th e n igh t ingal e e p i od e and
x re r -
s ,

nam
.
, , ,

t h u e of Al f e d e i n co nn e t io n w it h t h p o v b of

e s r s c e r er s

t he p oemare bot h om pat ibl w it h an e a l ie d at e ; fo L au ti c e r r r s c

app ea ed c 1 1 7 5 r nd a v e i n of t h P ov b f A lf d has
a rs o e r er s o re

om d o w n f o mt h
.
,

c e e 1 2 t h e nt u y r Y e t t he ad op t ion o f t he c r

d ebat e f o m
.

a f mwh ich ou i h e d o n t he Co nt inen t t o

r or r s

w a d th r e cl o s f t he 1 2 th ce nt u y an d m
se o o e p a t icul a ly t h e r ,
r r r

massumed by t he d bat e in ou p esent p emt h e e

,

e l ab at e f or or e r r o ,
s

ag ain a e a g um e nt
r f o t he l ate d at e as i al so t he e fusal on
r s r r : s r

t he p a t o f t h e N igh t ingal t o a e p t e o d eal by bat t l e

th
r a a e cc r s

Way of s t tl in g t he d i p ute (ee 1 1 1 50 if no te ) T h at t he C MS

e s s . .
2
. . .

it el f w a w itt e n soon af t e 1 2 1 6 is sugg st e d by t he fact t ha

s s r t r e

t he sh o t A ng l o N m r an C h on icl e o f E n g l i h K in g
-
or w h i h p re r s s, c

c a i e o u p o min t h at M S b e ak s o ff ab up t ly at t h
s r e e yea 1 2 1 6 r r r

leav ing om pace fo the c nt inuation f t he Ch onicl at a

, ,

s e s r o o r e

l at d at and h e e again it w ould see mt h at t he p oe m in all

er e : ,
r ,

p obabil ity had been compo ed ome fe w y ea s ea l ie

,

r ,
s s r r r .

S o t hat e vi e w ing t h e e vid e n e a

r a w h le h w e ve incon c s o o r

e l usiv e e ach d e t ail m

, ,

d se mt o be
X

a
y in i t l f app e a a a e w o ul se r, c s e

est abl ish ed fo pl a ing t he p oemin t he a l y p a t o f t he 1 3 th

r c e r r

ce nt ury and f or p o int ing t th e e ign o f K ing J o h n 1 2 1 7

(1 1 99 ) o r

e p oe m
,

as t h e p e iod in w h ich t h r wa m ost p obably w it t e n s r r .

5 . T HE A U T H OR
Wh o the aut ho r of T he Ow l an d the N ig hti ng al e actua lly w as,
canno t be stat e d w it h an
y ce rt aint y In n e it he r o f the t w o M S S
nite a ti n md e t h e i n ont emp o a y ef n
.
.

is an d
y e sse r o a : er s o c r r r e re ce

to uppl y t h inf m
s at ion n ha t ad it i n any t h ing t o y n
e or : or s r o sa o

t h i p a rt i ul a po int
s c r .

I n any d i cu ion of t he que t i n h w e v s t he ss t w o name s o , o e r, re a re s

w hi h bv i u ly
c ll f on id ation On i t h at f J h n f
o o s ca or c s er . e s o o o

G uil d fo d w ho i d ibed in t he J e u MS a t h w ite f

r ,
s e scr s s . s e r r o

1
S N kam D N t R um d Wight (
ee ec R ll S i ) P f e a er e r o s er es re ace

H ll ugg ti n (S l ti n f mE ly Midd l E ng li h II 56 6 )
.
, .
, , .

2S l ee a so a

s s es o e ec o s ro ar e s

f n i md t th g d p a k pt by th Ju ti i rHub t
.
,

th t in l 1 7 32
a

Wlt d u ing Ri h d th Fi t b n f mE ngl nd in 1 1 94

, .
,
re ere ce s a e o e oo e ce e e s c a er

a er , r c ar e rs s a se ce ro a A D . .
 T he A u th or xxx ix
c e rtai nve es contained in t h at M S t he ot he i N ich las of
rs : r s o

G uil d fo rd w ho i ment ioned at m l e ngt h in T he Ow l an d th

s so e e

N ig hti ng al its lf A nd ince S te v e nso n t ed ite d t he p oe m

e e s rs ,

t h e e t w o nam
.
,

es h av e be n d i cu sed in co nn e ct io n w i t h t h e

h ip but w it h ut any d ec i ive resul t Wh ile t he ea l ie

s e s s

aut h ors ,
o s . r r

sch ol a rs o n t h e w h ol ,
incl ined to a ce p t N i h ol as as t he aut h o
e, c c r,

r e ce n t ed ito rs h a v e o n id e e d at h e m o e se io u ly t h e cl aim o f
c s r r r r r s s

J h n t h ugh all alik e h av ag re ed t l eave t he q ue tio n an op en

o o e o s
'
,

o ne

minly
.

I n t he t pl a rs ce , the case fo r J oh n of G uil d f o r d res t s a

on the f ll w ing
o o co nsid e r at io ns :

()
1 I n t he MS ( see I nt rod uct io n
no te co n t ain ed 2) i n t he J e sus .
,

w e h av e d e nite e vid e n e o f t h e fa ct t h at J o h n o f G uil d fo rd w as c

a 1 3 t hce nt ury w rite r o f v e rse I t is t r ue t h at t he st ate m en t t o .

t h is e ffect h as com e d o w n in a 1 7 t hce nt ury h and : but t h e re is

no re aso n f o r d oubt ing t h e e x pl anat io n gi v e n by t h

(
e w rit e r at

t h at t im e o w n er o f t h e MS am e ly h at he h ad co p ied h
) n t is

ad com
, ,

s ta te m e nt f o m a broake n l eafe of t h e M S as it h

e in to

r .

his p osse ssio n T he p ese nt co nd it ion o f t he M S w it h its se ve ralr ,

l acun ae and it s d e range m

.

e nt o f fo l io s (see I n t od uct io n mak e s r

mi mi pl mnt s
,

it at po l east ssi b l e that o ssio ns a nd s ace e had cc

cu ed in t h p
rr e r oce ss o ly l nd upp t
f bind in g : and h
t us ind ire ct e s s or

xi t n k n l af T h n to t h l in gui t i

to t h of b
e e s e ce a ro a e e e . e o, e s c

n te m
,

f m f t h f u l ine qu ted a
or s o e o r p aneou w it h t h J u
s o re co or s e es s

M S T he p assage i w n t ing in C and in all p obabil ity t he l in

.
1
s a . : r es

we i gi nally
re o r p i d add ed by t h ibe of J H en t h y
co e or e scr . ce e

supply l ea 1 3 t h e nt u y vid n a t t h activity f J oh n of

c r c r e e ce s o e o

G uil d f d a a v e w rite of t h t im
or s e rs -
r e e .

()
2 H i t h w i t
ee fsa t l ea t o n
e f th ve
r pie e o iginally
r o s e o e rse -
c s r

in l ud ed in t he J e u M S
c t h i al i x pl i it ly ta t d in t h
s s : s so s e c s e e

n te re f
o ed t o ab v e rr o e .

()
3 H i na m ugg s t om t e sf n nect i n w it h N i h l a
es s s f e so r o co o c o s o

G uil d f d n wh o be h l f T h Ow l an d th Nig hting al w a b

or o se a e e e s o

m m m
,

v iou l
y w it t n
s T h ir e d iat e o b.j t f t he
e p w a t o w in e ec o oe s

reco gnit i n f Ni h l o and it w ul d nat u ally h av e b

or c o as : n w it t n o r ee r e

by m n inte te d in his w l fa u h J h n f G uild f d

so eo e re s e re , s c as o o or

migh t easonably be tak n to be

r e .

h f h b gg h at t h d i l f h C
() I d 2
4 t a u t e e n u
s, t e r t r, t te s es e a ec o e .

C f th f m h t i ti f J u (C w ) M y t (C M i t )
1 . e or s c arac e r s c o e . o , a s er . a s er ,

G uld u d ( e C G uld f d ) nd d y y g w h th g p lling (in t d

or e . e or e , a en ,
s n e, e re e o
s e s s ea

of C i) . u occ r .

I

1
by P. ef . C igi A pp nd ix I ()
ro es so r ra e , see e . a .
x l

x
te t h a t a f sK e n t
r i h p e
ce s o u l ia i t i ( A pp e n d
s i x I c a n d r es see .

h
t at t h p mmay t e h oe f e h a v b e n i g i n a lly w
e re o r i t t e n i n t h at e e or r

pa ti ul a d ial e t T h i w ul d mak it p ibl f t h aut h o t

r c r c s o e o ss e or e r o

h av b n a G uil d f d manJ h n f G uil d fo d f in tanc

.

o o r or s e
e ee or ,

wh m ll h v p y h N h l
n t a t o i f i n d i o a in D o se t
co s r e c s r
a w e a e se ,
o
y
wh e e it w u d b
r l p i d
o b y i b e e co w h w u l d en at u ally giv scr s, o o r e

it t h ut h w
e so te n p u l
- ia it ies i t n rw p e e n t
ec r es o r s s .

On t h t h h and t h a er t a i n g a v d if u l t i
e re w h i hp
r e ce r r e c es c re

v nt us f m ga d ing J h n f Guil d f d a the aut h f u p e m

e o ,

o o or s or o o r o :
e ro re r

() b g i it h t h i t h i n g i n t h i b a l n t e t n o o co

W
1 T n w o e n e e re s o scr
,

imd ly h h h l k

n ect h n it e w i t eT h O w l a n d t N i g t i n g a l e i in e e . s

t anr i p t
scr f t h a t n t ao pp a n f 2 2 8 o e n d a i t t and
e i
rs ot . r . a s s s,

f appa n tly t t h p
re e rs re ding v e o t h at i e to T h P a i n
r ece rse s, s, e ss o

L d h gh h i t h h l i u n l ik l B u t t h n t h i l
of O
w s

ed by W
t e
u r t u or ,
n e o e y s o o s e .
,

i n t it s o i ginal p it i n it ha be n t an f
s o r os o : il k in s e r s e rr s

f m a b aken l af
ro

ro a nd w h i h v e e of t h e

ig inal f l io m
: a
y c e r e or o s

h av e be en p e nte d by t h at b oak n l afe it ann t h av

re r se

r e e

c o e

be n aem n g t h e po i t o f 2 5
os 3 w h e t h
r or t i g u l.
a ity
,
er e rs rr e r

oc cu Irsn t.
h e w d toh n t e
r c a nn o t orh a v b s, n o ig
e i n a lly o e ee r

in t e d in t h n igh bo u h oo d f T h
ser e e e Ow l and th e N ig h
r ti ng al o f e, or

t hat po m m t o an nd on f 2 41 ve co es m 1 2 f l io b f t h
e so e o s e o re e

gul a iti b gin M ov e had a ef en t o ou p mbee n

,
. .

irre r es e . o re r, r er ce r oe

i nt e nd ed t h i bal n t e w oul d u ely h av bee n w it te n at t he

e scr o s r e r

m
,

e n d o f t h p in t hee b l a n
oe k p a e l f t a t t h e fo t f f 2 4 1 vs col 2 c e o o . . . .

H en w m
,

a af ly inf e t h at t h s e e f n w a i nt e nd e d t
r re e r e ce s o
ce y e

apply n t t ,
T h Ow l an d th N i g hting a l b ut t
o o e me t h p m e e, o so o er oe

in t he MS .

()
2 A nd t is is h l
a so su ggested by t he te r m f
s o f r e e r e nce . T he
p mall ud ed to in t h n t
oe a d ip e o e is d e scribe d a s
a son g

: e scr

ti n m
o in k p in g w i t
or e h m e f t h e h t
ee e p oe m s
(ff 2 43 7 2 ) so o s or r .

t h an w it h T h Ow l an d th N ig h ting a l e e e .

I t my b th t W
1
ilkin h d
a mp ile a nf in t ing th n t w h s a so e s e c a reaso or ser e o e e re

h d id thu pp
e ntl y ibing th Ps a i t J hn f G uil d f d F
are in
ascr e ass on o o o or or

2 3 1 ) p int d ut th mt
.
,

tn
s a J K h (Ang l B ibl
ce , as oc f th f u e XX I o e o e e re o e o r

m th t f th P i n nd thi my h v w igh d w ith

. . .
.
,

l in i thes s e sa e as a o e ass o a s a a e e e

Wilkin A t th m tim th um
,

s n f thinking thi
e sa e pti n t e ere are r easo s or s ass o o

b highl y im
.

e p b bl T h t n ipt w p b bly in t d w h it t nd
ro a e . e ra scr as ro a se r e ere s a s

for reaso n f p th g t p t f f 2 2 8 nd th w h l f f 2 2 8 v
s o s ace , e re a e r ar o a

v it i igni nt Wll p int d ut th t

. r . e o e o . .

h ving b n l ft bl nk M
a ee e a ore o er s s ca as e s o e o a

it v y im
, ,

p b bl th t
.

th n l u i n f th P
e co i ni
c u h s o t do e ass o s s c as o ren er er ro a e a

y u hmtt i q u t d in th n t w tt h d t th t p m
an s c a e r as s
(
S o e e o e as a ac e o a oe ee

Wll 0 t N p xxviii ) S th t th w h l th w uld mt b n

.

e s, . a . . . o a on e o e ere o see o e o

case f nn ting J hn f G uil d f d w ith T h P

or co ec i n f Ou L do o or e a ss o o r or .
 T he A u th or x li

()
3 N o d t h e tabl i h mnt f J hn f G uil d f d l aim
r w o ul e s s e o o o or

s c

to ne f t he o th
o op m w ant a l aimb ing ad v an ed f er oe s arr c e c or

himin nne t i n w i t h T h Ow l
co nd th N ig h
c ti ng ale
o Th i e a e e re s

m (ff 2 43 7 2 ) to ugg t t h t ny n f t h em
.

n t h in g in t h
o e p oe s .
-
s es a a o e o

w a d u to t h aut h o of
s e u p oe m O n t h en t a y in ubj ect r o r . e co r r s

mtte t eat mnt and g n al ut l k up n l if t h e i a w ld

,

a r, r e e er o oo o e, re s or

p e t iv w k mk ing it h igh ly im
,

of d iff e n e b t w n t h
er c e ee e r es c e or s, a

p babl e th at t h w it f t h so ng w as al o the ut h o f
ro

e r er o

e s a r o

The Ow l and t e h N ig hti ng al e .

()
4 N or d oes t he p rese n ce l K enti h fo m in ne of o ccasiona s r s o

o f t h x ta nt e e p i p v e mu h in nn t i n w it h the aut ho h ip
co es ro c co ec o rs

o f t he poe m E v n if t he K nt i h i ginal be g ant ed f

e th e s or r or e

gumnt t h l aim f J oh n f G uil d f d w ul d h a d ly be

.
,

k f e o ar e e c s o o or o r

um ably h ail ed f rom

,

t ng
s ro t h an t h e o f N i h l a
er F bo t h p
os c o s . or re s

t he S E d ist i t ; bo t h w ul d t h r c f e b f mil ia w ith K nt i h o e re o r e a r e s

fo m nd it is a easy t imgin N i h ol t h ough e mv ed t o

.

r s: a s o a e c as, r o

D orse t v t ing to hi n t iv d ial ect in at te mp ting a ve nacula

re er s a e r r

p e ma it i to imgin J h n e mpl y in g t h K e nt i h d ial e t fo

,

o s s a e o o e s c r

t te m
,

a im s il p t at G uil d f d On t he ot h e h and it is ig ni ant

ar a or . r s c

t w h o v e h my h av e be e n h o w s t h at h i w e ll aw a e
,

t h t th p
a e oe e r e a ,
s e s r

f t h v al ue f v a i nt f o m in h lp ing out hi h y m (
,

o e o r a see I nt r s e s r es ro

d uct i n 9 p 1 x vii) A nd it my w ell h av b n t h at t h K e nt i h

o , , . x x . a e ee e s

f m d i h g d t h i f un t i n in t h o iginal v e i n T hi w o ul d
or s sc ar e s c o e r rs o . s

im ply an iginal w it t en in d ial e t th e t han K nti h th

or r a c o r e s e

so ut h w te
-
n d i
es l t f irn t n e an d in t h at cas
a ec t he w igh t of
or s a c e, e

t h v id e n e w ul d
e e ct w it h N i h l a w h w o ul d n at u ally be
o re s c o s, o r

f m
a il ia w it h bo t h d i l t e m
r ploy d a l imt h at oul d n t a ec s e c a c o

d n it e ly b m
,

e ad e n be h l f
e f J h n I n any ve nt t h e
o K nt i h a o o e se e s

l ment l v u v y mu h a b f
.
,

e e s ea e st h e y anno t b
er aid t o c s e o re : c e s

t e ngt h e n t h l i m f J h n
s r e c a s o o .

T h i t h en i t h a e f
s, J o hn of G uild fo d T h e is n t h ing
s e c s or r er o

im
.

nt m
,

w h i h d nit ly po in t t h
c e e a th ut h o ; t h ugh a a s o s e a r o s co e

e sam MS a a p
,

p o a r
y p
roe t w h v e w in l ud ed i n t h
o se rse s m e re c e s oe

l k of t h m u nam h my
.
,

d v t ed t t h inte
e o o t f e re s s o a c er e sa e s r e, e a

p ibly h ave be n t h w ite f t h l at t poe mas w ell B ut t he

o ss e e r r o e er .

th e ory l k p babil ity it i a ba p ibilit y and n t h ing m

ac s ro : s re oss , o o re .

T he a fo N i h l a
c se f G uil d f d on t he t h h an d i
r c o f a
s o or ,
o er , s o

d iff nt kin d and e t

e re nt i ly n in t
,
nal vi d n r Re f
s s e n re o er e e ce . e re ce

i m
s ad to h i min t w p a
e g f the poe m( 1 1 1 91 o1 7 46 iii) ssa es o . .

T he h i d
re eibe d a a w ll k no w n cl i
s e scr t h n l iv ing t s e -
e r c, e a

P o t i h min D
r s a t; man it i tated f con id abl p ts
o rse a ,
so s s ,
o s er e ar ,

famou fo hi w it ing (
s r 1 1 1 7 56 8) and h
s i ta te i n l ite a y
r s .
-
s s r r

A . d
 I n t r od uc t i on

mt t a e rs 11
( g h ig hly est e med fo his ip
1 95 besid e s be in e r r e

w isd om his sound j ud g m

.

e nt and h i v i t uou w ay of l ife In s r s .

e um
,

th e p e mh e gu e as t h
o pi e ag ee d up on by b t h d isputant s
r s r r o :

an d it i n ot w it h out sig ni can ce t h at h

s i ch a a t i d sc ib d s r c er s e r e

at con id e abl e l e ng t h and h

s ri qu l it ie s a e p e e n t e d i n a m ost s a r r s

favou abl e ligh t S t ill m

,

r o e sig ni nt i t h h in t t h at is g iv e n o f r ca s e

his negl t a t t h h and s f t he auth o i t i s D i t ing uish e d m

.

ec e an o r e . s

t h ough he w a he is aid t o hav e been sad ly in w nt f p at onage

s, s a o r .

H e ha but one l ivi ng t o t he g eat sh am

s e of t h e bi h o p s an d o f r s

iman d o f w h at he ha d one (

al l w h o h av e h e a d o f h r 1 1 1 7 60 s

Whoeve may h ave be n the aut h of t he p oemone t h in g at l ea t

.

r e or s
,

i s ce t ain an d t h at i
r t h at o e
n bj e ct t h e m a i n o bj e ct of
s, o -

t he w it e r w as t o o m me nd t he ca e of N ich ola t t he p op
,

r c s s o r er

q ua t e fo p efe men t S uch a concl usion is inevitabl e f o mt he

r rs r r r . r

n at u e a nd t h r e pe ist e n y o f t he all usio n N nee d s uch a n

rs c s. or

o bj e t be c gard ed a in any d eg ee u p ising T he id ea of

re s r s r r

iman d
.

ch ing a p erson as an h ono an d as m

oo s e an o f p aising h r a s r

fu t h e i n g his w l fa e see m t o h av e been gene ally t he m

r r e r o t iv e s r

h oo ing t h j ud ge in t he P ov encal p a timn T he same se em

"
,

fo r c s e r r e . s

t ue fo t h
r e m ost p a t o f t h
r e Ol d F e n h j u p ar ti S o t h at t he
r r c e

p oe t w h oe ve he w as in t h us ad vocat ing t he cl aims of N ichol a

, ,

r s,
, ,

w a b ut e m
s pl oying a famil ia l ite a y d evice of t he t i m e fo t h e r r r r

p a t icula p u p ose he had in v ie w

r r r

I n t he ab n e o f any d nite tat e m

.

se e nt as t o t h
c e aut h o sh ip e s r

of t h e po e m it w a p e h p inev it abl e t h at t he quest ion h o uld s r a s s

N ich o l as h i m l f m
,

b e raise d a t o w h e t h e s igh t no t h av e bee n t he r se

e p oe m A nd i nd eed t h is po s ibil it y h
,

w it e
r of t h r as be e n
. on s c

s id e e d by m r o t o f t h os w h h a v e d e l t w it h t h w o k
s T he t w
e o a e r . o

e a l i st e d it o s w
r e e i ncl in d t o fa v o u t h r e t heo y er b ut sin e t h e n e r r : c

t he v e rd ict has som e w h at ch ang e d and so m e o f t h l ate sch l a ,

e r o rs

h ave p ef ed to j e ct t he id ea I t w ill t h e fo e be nece a y

r e rr re re r ss r

in t he t pl ace t o e x am
.
,

rs ine t he g o und ad vanced f th e co n r s

f or W
, or

d ent ej t ion of N i h ol as a a ut h o
r ec ii l ke and T n B i n k
c s r : c r e r

bo t h e g a d e d t h im p o sibl w h il e Mat ne t h ugh

e id e a as

r r s e, z r, o

r at h e mo e caut iou al o incl ined st ongly t o t he s me opinion

r r s, s r a

T he m a in a g umnt b ough t fo w a d fo
.

r d is d it in g t he N i h ol as
e r r r r c re c

t h eo y w a t h at t he el f p aise t h u invo l ve d w oul d be i n ed ibl e

r s s -
r s cr

nnect ion w it h such a m

, ,

in co an a N i h l a w as said t o be H is s c o s .

s l f p ai e w o t e M et z ner w o ul d su p i e us i f h w e e t h

e -
r s ,
r e ,
r r s e r
,

S 1
Wll 0 t N p xxvi n 1 w h Kn bl h D i S t itg d i ht
ee e s, a
:

e re o oc e re e c e

im
. . . .
, , ,

l i hn und A l tf n b i h n p 48 nd S l b h D S t i tg d i ht

P n rove z a sc e ra z s sc e ,
.
, a e ac , as re e c

in d A l tp
er n li hn L y i k 1 7 7
rove z a l qu t d sc e r , , are a so o e .
 T he A uth or xl iii
A ccord in g to Wl k ii c e r, a ain , g it w o u d l p v ro e himt o
h av e be e n
o ne of the mt os co n ce ite d o f m en Or , as T en B ri n k
p ut it mnn in w h i h hi vi t u hi j u t i p ud

t he a er c s r e s, s s ce , r e n ce ,

nd w i d m it i m
,

a d w l t up n mk
s o a re p ibl t g d e o a es o ss e o re ar

m
,

[ N i h l c
] t h
o asp t h i l f bas u u h el u d t i n w ul d ill
oe se ,
e ca se s c a a o o

a g w
re eit h t h B ut i t m y f
ose i ly b k d g u a a r e as e are ar

mnt u h t h uf i t ly n l u iv t w nt t h u f t h
, ,

e s s c as e se s c en co c s e o a r ra e se o e

im p ibl ? T b gi w it h w ng i f n mt

w ord
oss e o e n a ro n ere ce see s o

h v b d w n f mt h l f p i f N i h l g nt d t h t it
,

a e e en ra ro e se -
ra se o c o as, ra e a

w as h w h w t th p m I t i l
e o t h t hi mt iv in
ro e e oe . s c e ar a s o e so

w ri t in g w ou ld
l g n f pe n l v anity but the
be , n ot t he ind u e ce o rso a

f a d n ite mt i l e nd H e m
,

at tainmn t e o eigh t t h f j u t ly a er a e re o r e s

be t a x d w it h be in g am
.

e bit iou h w d and p a ti al but it w uld s, s re r c c : o

n t n ec
o a ily f ll w t h at h w
e ss r exc iv ly v ain B ut ap a t
o o e as es s e . r

f m upe i l
ro s so nin g i t h re an yt h ing in t h nat u e
r c a r ea f t he ,
s e e r o

cas e t h t ul o ut N ich l a a
a r ut h
es f t he p oe m ? T h ha g o f s s a or o e c r e o

e x iv e v anity e v n if it ul d be maint ined w oul d h a d ly be

cess e co a ,
r

mod t y ha n t p ved t o be an ent ial ing d i nt

,

d e i iv e f
c s or es s o ro e ss re e

in t he a t i t i t e m pe amnt I it t h n t h at a se n of t n
,

r s c r e . s e se ess,

m upl of n i nce w ul d h av p v ented any w ite fro m

, ,

so e scr e co sc e ,
o e re r r

ad p t ing t h i d e vi e in
o d to fu t h e his o w n int e
s c t s ? B ut t h at
or er r r res

i u ly to test t h m
s s at t e b t he appl ic t i n f me od n t and d r a o o er s ar s
re
y
pe iod in w h ich imagin t iv e w iting w
.

It wa s a r t a l ge a r s ere , o ar

e xte nt n ny mu and it i u l y n ot incon iv abl e t h at in an

a o o s: s s re ce

it y an abl and am
,

f anony m
,

ag e o bit i us w ite f tt ing und e a e o r r, re r

o f unm ite d ne g l e t m m n of w inning e

,

se n se igh t er so t t c re r o ea s r

gnit ion w h ich al t h ugh th ey c uld n t b qua ed w it h mod n

,

co , ,
o o o e s r a er

co d w ul d i nv l v e n o g eat sa i ce
e, o f se l f esp e t und
o 1 3 th r cr o -
r c er

c nt u y
e nd it i n
r I t w uld t h e f e ee mt h at t h
co o s h s be e n o re or s e re a

v tate ment f t h a in mintaining it t o h ave b n i m

.

a n o e rs o e c se , a ee

pos ibl f Ni h ol a t h av e bee n the ut h at l t f t h

s e or c s o a or e as or e

r ea ns peci ed
so A nd t h am h ol d t ue of t h t h e
s bj t ion e s e o s

w h en W
e s r r o ec

xampl mint in d
.

t h t h v bee n ai ed
a a e ii l ke
r f s as c r or e e, a a e
, ,

t h t N i h ol
a and t h p oe t
c tood f
as tw o pa at p on ince e s or se r e e rs s, s

t h poe t i p res nt t h ug hout t he d bat e w h

e s e a Ni h lro i e e re s c o as

s

po k n of a n ab nt p e n w h d w l t t P t e h am
,

al w y

a s s e s a se rso o e a or s .

B ut t h e i u ly nre al d if cul t y h
s s re f t h d i p ut an t
o re e re : or e s s

t h ugh ut a
ro p e nte d un n i us f t h p en f t h
o re r e re s as co sc o o e re s ce o e

poe t w h v h ea t he d i p ute f ma pl e of n alm

o o er rs e nt ( 1 s ro ac co ce

H ad t h p t e v al ed h im l f at any t i m an d h d a f e nce
.
,

e oe r e se e, a re e r

h p b n I 40 B i t ag I 7 0
1 2
A l t ng l Sp e . r ac P ul u B un
ro e , . . a . ra e, e r e, . .

3
E l y Eng li hL i t t u (B hn) I 2 1 7
ar s P B B I 70
era re o ,
. .
4 . . . . .

d 2
xliv I ntr oduc ti on

t h en been m ad e to an abse nt N ich o l as t h e case w o ul d h av e bee n ,

di ffe ent T he e x i te n e of t w o sepa at e p e sonal it ie s w ould t h e n

h av e be en e tabl ish e d E qually i el e vant to o is Wiilck r s
r . s c r r

s rr ,
e
.
,

furt he a g ume nt rel at ing t o t he fact t h at at t he close of t he

r r

poem( 1 1 7 89) t he d i p ut ant s a e re p esent ed a se t t ing ut to t he

.
s r r s o

abod e of N i h ol as I f he [ i e t he aut h r w ho w as p e ent] w ite s

c o r s r

Wiilcke w e re one w it h N ich olas w hy shoul d [ he] let t he bi d s

. . .
,

r
r,

n g fo t h f omh s con ce al m
,

o a w a y i n st e a d o f com i i e nt o wh y r r r
g
B ut h e e again t he an sw e seem
,

co ul d h e no t t e ll us t h

e ve d ict l s l r
r r

plain I t w as no pa t o f t he d ebat e conv ent ion for t he p oe t w ho

r

,

e v eal h im
.

o v er h ea d t h e d i p ut e t o
r sse l f t o t h e d isp utant s n or w as
,
r ,

it at al l nec a y fo any v e d ict t o be giv e n

ess r r I n accord ance w it h r

s m
.

ul es o f the l ite a y d ebate t he p oe t aim e e ly at p ese nt

th e r r r

,
r r

ing a case at gi v ing t he p os and cons of t he quest ion at issue r

A W
.
,

e ll s co e t ly stat e s th e p oe t h ad no int e nt ion of gi v in g

s rr c :

a d e nite ly f o m ul at d st at m re nt o f h i sol ut ion o f t he q ue st ion

e e s

t h at he h ad aise d r

T h ese t h en a e t he a g um
,
e nt
,
w h i h h av e be en advanced t o
r r s c

p v e t hat N ich ol as could not p o sibly h av e be en t he aut h or and

ro s :

th e case cl ea ly est s on no v e y substant ial g ro und s

r r I n f act r .

aut h orsh ip m
,

t h ere see m s t o be n o d e nit e eason w h y t h e a

y n ot r

be at t ibute d t o N i h o las w h il e on t he o t h e r h and t h e e a e

r c : , ,
r r

e t ain consid e at io ns w h ich end er t h at t h eo y not at all un l ik e ly

c r r r r .

()
1 I n t h e st pl ace w h il e u nrd u e im p o t ance n ee d not be r

e m e re stat e m e nt o f T h o m as W e n am
,

at t ach ed t o t h righ t t h at th
e ,

of N ich ol as o f G uil d f o d app e ars in t h e p oe m rin a w ay w h ich

w oul d l ead any o n e ac quainte d w it h t h e m anne in w h ich w rit e s o f r r

t he M id d l e A g s nam e t h e me l v es t o be l ie v e h
e im t o be t he aut h o s , r
3
,

y e t it e p r
ese n t s t h er c on v ic tio n o f o n e w it h a w id e k n w l e d g e of o

med i val t ext and is t he efo not w it h out it s d nite v al ue

e s, r re e .

h o t h e r h and t h ere i t h e un d oubte d f ac t t h at t o w a d

()2 O n t e ,
s , r s

th e e nd o f t h e 1 2 t hcent u y w h en t h e oral t ad it ion w as b e g innin g

r , r

to d e l ine an d inc ase d p at o nage w as being e xt e nd ed t o p oe t s

c ,
re r

f or p ol it ical an d p e so nal se v ice w e nd aut h ors beg inning t o

r r s,

inse t t h e i nam e s in t o t h e ir w o k s in som

r r e fash io n o ot h e r r r .

S uch efe e nce w e e no t al w ay s as d i e ct as t he w e ll k now n

r r s r r -

stat e m e n t in O m ul um I n t h e p ro l og ue t o D oon d e N a nt ui l

r . / e ,

1
P B B I 70 2 Wll 0 mp N xxvi
T Wight B i g B i t L i t (Ang l
e s,

mP
. . . . . . . . .

3
. r , o . r . . o -
Nor . e rio d ) p 43 8
, . . L ond on, 1 846 .

4
G P i E qui hi t iqu d l
ar s , s sse s or e e a li tt f rangai se 1 3 P ar is, 1 91 4
T hi b k i ll d O mul umb
.

m mp
.
, . .

5
s oo s ca e r ecause Or co osed it
P
( re f . 11 . 1
xl v i I nt rod uc t ion

A nd in t is h ew d and h um h oro us p e sonal it y w e m

s r a
y p e h ap r r s

d e te t t he N ich ol as of the p oe mw ho a co d in g t o d e sc ip t ion has

c ,
c r r ,

many of t he cha act ri t i s t h at h av e bee n a c ibe d t o the aut h

r e s c s r or .

T he p o t ait of N i h ol a it i t ue is p os ibly o f a at t e in g k i nd :
r r c s, s r s r

but t h at p a t of t he d es c ip t ion e l at ing t o v e i abl e fact s m

,

r ust r r r ,

s u l y be acce pted a t ue and aut h e nt ic

re ince d e p t ion in t h e e
s r s ce s

mat te w oul d d e feat t he obj ect of t he p oem T h us w e may t ak e

,

rs

it fo g ant e d t h at N ich o l as o f G uil d fo d w a a cont e m

.

r r po a y le i r s r r c r c

o f onsid e abl e l ea n ing w ho e m

c r e it s h ad bee n i g no ed b
r y t he,
s r r

e cl esia t ical aut h it ie

c s T h at he w a con e rned w it h l e gal
or s s c

business m a o n ably con cl ud ed f omt h

.

ay be re e p assag e in w h i h
s r c

e fe e nce is m e so und j ud g m
,

r r ad e t o t h e n ts he h (
ad w itt e n 1 1 1 7 55 r

is i m
.

T h at h w as so m e t h in g o f a p oe t m
e o e ov e pl ied in ,
r r,

1 1 1 95 6 : and if any v al ue is t o be at t ach e d t o t he obj e ct io n s

.
-

r ai ed by t h
s e Ow l 1 1
( 2 0 2 t h e n w a e t u nd e stand t h at h e e r o r

had gu ed as a m
.

an o f t h e w o ld in hi yout h had d e v o te d


r r s

h imse l f t o n ug a ama t i a and a such had ac qui d an uncl e i al

,

e or e, s re r c
,

k now l ed ge of l ife w h i h l ate r on w as e x t end ed in t he urse of

,
c , ,
co

his j ud icial l abo u s I t t h e e fo e e qui e n g eat st e t h o f t he

r . r r r r s o r r c

im ag inat io n t o e e i n N ich ol as t h aut h o of t h

s e p oe m T h e d ev i e e r c

t he e in ad op te d m
.

r igh t w e ll h av e app eal e d t o his sh e w d n ess and r

sense o f h um our H e w oul d m e e ly h av e be n ad ap t in g t o h

. is o w n r e

uses a g o w in g p act ice of t h

r e t im e a nd l ik e H am
r l et he migh t :

h av e ex used h im
, ,

sel f sit h h e h ause and s t e ng t h and w ill

[ ] ad

c , c r

t o d o it
Wh th my b id nti d w it h t h
.

e er h
t is N ic h ol as of G uild fo r d a e e e e

h d ea h apl ain of 1 2 09 and t h ubmnit f 1 220 i f

ar c co n s c e s o or o s, o

course, h oul d b a e
uncer t ain s: but , i t
o e an s s e d d d it i by n m un
t f mt h ub d in t
,

l ik ly T he t he o y d e iv e suppo t a ea ro
e . r e s o a e
r s r ,
t l s , r

posit ion h ld by t h is N ich ol as bet w ee n 1 2 1 02 0 w h il e as ch ap

e :

l ain t o t he arch d eacon w ho in t h o d ay w a t he l egal of ial f ,

se s s c o

th e d ioce e h e w oul d n at u ally acq ui e a sp ecial k no w l e d g e o f

s r r

l egal mat te s and w oul d p obably be esp onsibl e fo r t he d aw ing

,

r r r r

up of m
,

any j ud g mnt s o nn ecte d w it h e c l e iast ical ase s o f t h c

d iocese W
e e c s c

it h a fai am oun t of pl ausibil it y t h e fo e t hr e p oe m er r

may be asc ibed to N i holas f Guild fo d ; and he in his t u n may

.
, ,

r c o r r

possibly be N ich olas t he a ch d eacon h apl ain me nt ioned in the ,

r

s c

y e a 1 2 09 Ab ol ut e e t ainty as t aut ho h ip is o ut of t he q ue s
r s c r o rs

t ion but N ich o las of G uild fo d m

.

: ust at l east be said t o h o l d t he el d r .

 xl v ii

g6 . T H E F OR M OF T H E P O EM
T he t ype l it h N ig hting a le hi h The Ow l an d t e

m
of e ra t ure to w c

,
m
be l ongs na ely , t he d e bate w as one w h ich w as spgg ig lly p hara c ,

u
-

a f TO

h
t ce nt rig
s r w it h t h
h

te rist ic of t h e 1 2 th n t h
a g e e e

Ch ansonsde g este , t h e f abl i au x and t h e P rov e n c al l yrics t h e d e ba te

may be regard ed as t he nat ural e x pl es sion of t he med iev al ge ni us

,

v e come d o w n,
_~

W

at t h at p art icul ar pe riod : and of t h e w or k s t h at h a

T he Ow l a n d th e N ig h ti ng a le re p r ese n t s n ot o nly t h e e arl ie st p oe m

of t h e k ind in E ng l ish but a l so o ne o f t h e g reat e st if no t act ually

t he g reate st , of al l t he m
,

I ts formis t h e re fo re o f
,

ed ie v al d ebate s

e o r igi n and d e v e l o p m e n t of t h at form

.

co n sid e rabl e int ere st : an d t h

a re al so m at t e rs o f t he g re at e st i m p or tance F romt he Caro lingian .

o n w ar d s poe m s of th e k ind h ad be en const ant ly app eari ng i n ,

Lat in for t he most p art t h ough occasionally in the v ernacul ars as

,

w e ll : and w h il e t h e 1 2 t h an d ea rly 1 3 t h c e nt uries w i t ne ssed t h e

g reatest po p ul arit y of t he formit is re p resent ed inte rmit te nt ly ,

ri gh t on t o t h e e nd of t h e M id d l e A g e s T he d e bate h ad t h us an

e x te nsiv e v o g ue : and it w as k n o w n und e r a v arie t y o f nam

.

es t h

m
e

m
con ic tus, cer ta mne con ten t o , i d isp uta ti o, al ter cati o, estr if p le t
l l mnt w a
,

m
, ,

ve y t he t he

mm m
d isp u toison . B ut in e r case , e sse nt ia e e e s sa e:

t he r l
as a w a s a s y irit ed co n te s t in x erse be t w e e n t w o or m o re b

i
mm m
d isp a e ld

fo r mw e must t h ere fo e g o
.

F t i al
or g r
-

back at l east t o t he C arol ingian e ra t o t h ose sch ol a ly act ivit ies , r

as sociat ed w it h t h e nam e o f A l cuin w h ich h ad f or t h e ir obj ect t h e ,

st ud y o f Lat in as t h e key t o t h e v ast l ibrary o f p at rist ic t h ough t

A nd am e l ite ary w o rk s w h ich h av e co m

.

o ng t h e d ow n f ro m
r t h at
d istant p e iod are t w o Lat in p oe m
r s O f g r eat h istori cal v al ue o ne :

th e Oonf l ictu s ver is et h iem i s ascribe d to A l cuin o r to som e m em ,

b e r of his sch oo l ( 8t h ce n t ury ) t he t h e r D e r osae li li ique ce ta ,

o , r

mi ne d ue to Sed ulius S cot u an I rish S cot grammarian w ho i s,

ourish ed in Lo rraine d uri ng t he 9th cent ury Wit h t h ese t w o 1

-

p oe ms t he v ogue of t he med ie val d ebate may be said to h av e be gun

.

B ut t h e y t h e m
.

se l v e s w e re r e p re se nt a tiv e o f a e t ea l ie r t rad it i n
y r o

wh ich w e nt b ack to t he p asto al ecl og ue s of T h e ocri t us and V i gil

( r r

and m
,

o e p art icul arly t o t h o se V irg ilian e cl o gue s co nsist ing o f a

r

conte st be t w e e n t w o sin ge s an d concl ud in g w i t h a j ud gm e nt p ro

r

n oun ced b a t h ird p arty T hi s cl a ss of w o r k be l o nge d f

1
y o t .or ,

1In upp t f t hi s t t mnt A J an y L a T n n p v ncal

or o s s a e e see e ro

e so ro e e

E F a a] in R m a nia m pp
.
,

Annal d Mid i II 28 1
( ee a and J H r o

Han f d C la i al l gu and md iaeval d bate (R m

. . . .
, .
, , .

or ,

ss c .
ec o ani Rv w
e e e

o c e ie , 11 .

pp 1 .
-
2 2 9y
 x lvn l

e xampl e the t ird ve nt h E cl ogue f V i gil : and sim

h and t he il ar
se s o r

o f e a l y im
,

con te st a e t o b e f o und in t h w o k
s r it at o s C alp u e r s r r r

nius ( l t ce nt u y ) and N e m
s esi anu r
(3 d cent u y
) f o i nstance s r r r :

st ill l at e i n V sp a s J ud i ium O i t p i t i jud ic Vu l an

r e c oc e s or s, e c o

h y as w ell a h at f am E cl o gue o f T h e o d ul us
( 4 t ce n t u ) r i n t
,
ou s s

w h ich in t h e 1 2 t h cent u y app e a e d i n t h e t e x t b ok s o f t h r r o e

-

hool s T h i t h en w as the Lat in t ad ition w h i h m e im me

, ,

sc s, r c or

d iate ly l ed up t o t he m A n d it is im
.
,

e die v al d e bat e p o t ant t o r

e e a l ie t e am
.

note t h at t h pl e ( i e t he Oon i tu o f A l cuin and

r s x s . . e s

t he ta mn o f S e d ul ius S cot us) w e e as t h ei subj

cer / e t s ugg e st r r ec s ,

l it t l e mo e t h an l it a y e x e ci s of t he ch o l s p ed agogic e ffort
,

r er r r se s o ,
s

sim il a in k ind t o t he d e l am
r a ti n t he id d l es a id t h e nug a
c o es , r ,
r e

p o t ei ae cul t iv at e d by ch l a s o f t h at ag
c s o r e .

H o w t h n are w e t account f or t he g e at p op ul a it y o f t he d
e o r r e

l
"
bat e in t he 1 2 t hand e a ly 1 3 th ce nt u ie fo r t he f a t t h at it t h e n r r s, c

becom e t h ough o ut all W

s r e t e n E u op e o n e o f t h e h a act e istic s r r c r r

f m of l ite a y e x p e s i n ? T h e xpl anat i n is t o be ought in

, ,

or s r r r s o e o s

th e i nt e ll e t ual l ife o f t h e t im an d t h e key se e m t o l ie i n t h

W
c es e : s

act i vi t ie s o f Abel a d w h o d om inat ing the 1 2 t hc nt u y w it h hi

r e r s

p e so nal it y an d fo ce gav e t med ieval t h ough t a

, ,

m
r r ,
o

and a ne w m H e it w a w ho t o ut o n a sh
m
e t h od a o s se re r r

it at iv e d ct ine cu r n t at t he t im
.

a of aut h eor o r s r e

A nd in hi fam
.

o us S is tN n h is m e t h od i e x pl aine d a nd ill ust at e d

ce o s r .

H e h el d t o beg in w it h t h at an at t it ud e o f d oubt sh oul d p

, ,
d r e ce e

al l scient i se a ch f o t ut h c ince d o ubt le d t o inq ui y and inq ui y

r r r s r r

mo eov er t h at t h i h ealt h y s ep tici mw as best ind u d

,

t o t r ut h 2
r s c s ce

by oll at ing d i co d ant o p inion d a w n f omecogn i ed aut h o it ie

c s r s r r r s r s,

h e min a p osit ion t o acqui p ut t re

t o s h a p e n t h ei w it s as a esul t o f r r r

I n sh o t the st key t o w i d om
r , ,A b e l a d d e ned
r s r

b l ittl d ubt th t p t f mth in t n f und in th V i

m
e e o a a ar ro e s a ce s o e r

t m mili jitp a yi mi n hsi in T hi t

y

g il ian e cl ogue s , th w
e cer a f e a ar r r or s a
x
;
l e ast is sug g e s e t d by t h f ll w ing f e
(du t P
o f o H J R ) re eren ce e o ro e ssor . . ose :
Asell io S abino ses te rtia d uce nta d onavit p ro d ial og o in q uo bol e ti e t ce d ul ae
e t o streas e t t ur d i cert a en ind ux e rat

( m
S ue tonius, d e V i a T i beri i , t
On the d i f usion f of the t mn i
cer a e n a g re at nu mb er o f l iterature s see G reif
s
account in Z ei tsch f ur verg l ei chend e L i t tu g er a r esc hich e N F t 1 2 89 95
md
-

m ni mu
.

mp
. .
, .

2
D ubitand o e ni a inquisitione ve s: q
in uirend o ve ri tate
mu
er
cip i s

(
S ic et Non, ed . V . C o usin, p .
 xl ix
as

unt irin g and pe rsi ste nt q
in uir y
: an d on h t is basis w as e rect e d
[ I that y of dial g t ig w h i h int od uced
st ud to 1 2 t h ce n c r by A be l ard
h ola s to o k t he pl ace of g am ma a t he mi t e ss st ud y f
,

tu y r sc r r r s s r -
o

Of t h subse q ue nt d e v e l o p m me t h od t h e e i
,

th e a e g . e nt s O f t hi
e s r s

n ne ed t o p eak I t w a at nce appl ied to t he st ud y f t h eo l gy 2

o s . s o o o

a nd l aw it w a t he inst um s
: e nt e m pl oyed in t he Summa T h la
s r e eo

g i e a
o f t he 1 3 t h e n t u y t h se e n y cl o p a e d ic
c w o k s i n w hi
r ch o c r

S ch ol ast i i m eac h ed it s h igh es t po int A nd in al l t h ese applica

c s r

t io ns o f t he m
.

e t h od t h e re w as p ese nt t h e oll a t ing of d isco d an t r c r

O p inion a ec mmnd ed by Abe la d B ut at te mp t w e re al so

s s r o e r

s

mad e to econcil e t h cont ad ict io ns t a i ve in t he e nd at s me

.

r e r o rr o

p ositiv e t ut h a p oce s w hich inv ol v ed a d p a t u e f omthe

,

r r s e r r r

o igi nal m e t h od I n A be l a d Si t N n no u h h a mni ing

r r s c e o s c r o s

p ted t he aut h o had aimed not o much at t he

.

had bee n at te m : r ,
s

im p a t ing of t ut h a at t he h a p ening of t he w it of be ginne

r r s s r s rs

i n p h il osop h y A nd t h i w a t h m
,

e t h od t h at in uen ed f or t h s e s e c

most p a t t he inte ll ect ual act ivi ties of 1 2 th cent u y sch ol

.

r It r ars .

e v e yw h er e d e vel o ped t h
r e ta te f o a g um e nt and f orm al d i w sion s r r s ,

a nd it est abl ish ed incid e ntall y t h e v ogue o f t h e 1 2 t h cent ury

d bat e Wi t te n at st as a m
e r e re e e rci e in t h e n ew st ud y of
r x s

d ial ect ics t he d e bate soon be am e m

.

W , e o ne of t h ost po p ul a of c r

fo m s B efo e t he end of t he 1 2 thcent ury it had apidly

r . r r

d e v e l pe d and had beco m

o e o n e o f th e m ost ch a a t eg ist ic typ es in r c ,

t he l ite at u of t h
r e p e i od re r .

T he h isto ry of t h at d e ve l op m
_

e nt h a e t t o b e w it te n and t o s r
y
d ea l w it h it at all f ully w oul d be o ut of pl a e h e e Y e t som e kno w c r

l d ge of it s main feature s is need ed fo an app e iat ion Of ou

.

e r r c r

poe m: and in ge e al it may be aid t h at t he d ebate in t h 1 2 th

r1 r s e

a nd ea ly 1 3 t h e nt u ies becam
__

r e e v e y w h ere a fav ou i te l it e a y
c r r r r r

d e v i e and t h at m
c , any of its them es ci cul ate d t h ro ugh out W es te n r r

Eg op e bo t h in Lat in an d in t he v e nacul a
r as f ee l y as t h e r r s, r ro

mances t he han ons and t hef abliau Among the mo t familia w e e

,

, c s c
c s r r

t he d ebates be t w ee n t he S o ul and t he B od y be t w ee n S um mer and

.

Winte Wate and Wine Ph ill i and Flo a all of w h i h appeared

,

r, r ,
s r : c

1
H ae c q uipp p im pi nti
e r a sa e ae cl a vi s d enitur : assid ua s cilice t se u fre
qu n e a in te rr og atio
2
E g P t L mb d B k f S t ne er o ar oo o en e ces

G ti n D tum ut C n d i d i d ntium n num

. .
, .

3
E g ra a ecre a o co r a scor a ca o

I t i p h p w th n t ing t h t th mth d
. .
, .

1 s er pp in B n E y
a s or o a e e o re a e ars aco

s ssa s,

wh th
e re p nd n f th v i u ubj t
e d v l p d in a
ros a d co s

o e ar o s s e c s are e e o e cco r

n
a ce w it hB n m k n th ntith f thing w hi h pp a t th
aco

s re ar s o

e a es es o s,

c a e ra e

en d f th ix t b k f th A d n mnt f L
o e s ning ( B n Wk d
oo o e va ce e o ear se e aco

s or s, e .

E ll i nd S p d
s a g v l v pp 47 2 e , o . I . .
1 I n trod uc tion

se v e al v e p
h g i w
rsio ns
n e e o sses ed o f sp e cial sig ni
Ot s
in r e a a rs r

m
.

cance T h e g o.w i n g p o p u l a i t y o f r t h e f o f o in s t a n e w a r r ,
r c , s

ll
i ust at ed by r t h e V i i P h i l i b t i i n w h i c h t he O E
s o ( a n d L a t in
) er

m m
. .
,

A dd of th
r ess e S ou l t o th e B d y w a t a n sf o e d f o a d ia l o gue o s r r r

in t o re ug l ar c n t n ti o f o m T a ceso o f a ep a s t o a l o i gi n ar r r r re

fo und in t he bscene Al te ati o Ganymed i t H l nae w h il e t he

.

o rc s e e e :

C a ol in gi an u e of t he d ebat e as a l it e a y e x e ci e i ill ust rat e d

r s r r r s s

in t he cha m ing d i p ute bet w ee n t he Vi ol t an d th Ros

r s I n t he e e e .

1 1 th cent ury Conf li tu vi t li n i a f e h v a ie t y f t h e m

c s o e h ad s e r s r o

becom e visibl : w h e eas t h e G l ia d ic n ot e is h e a d in t h

e r e sat i i o r r r

cal Gal i D ia log u i n t de ag uamet vinum A s f s t he t h e m

er es . or

t h em se l v e t h ey a e a v a ie d as t h y a e n um
s, r er u s S ome f o r e r o s r

in tance w e e of a p e sonal k ind and as an e am

.
,

s r pl e migh t be
r : ,
x

tak e n t he d i p ut e bet w e en U ban II and C l e m

, ,

s e n t II w it h eg a d r r r

t o t he p o ion of t he t ipl e c o w n
sse ss Ot h e s m o eo v e r r r ,
r r,

l ik e the D i p u tati i n t c et o ulumo C ha d y P tit P l t w e e

s o er or c r r r

s e e r

o f a p ure l y d id actic k ind t he fo m e d eal ing w it h t he q uest ion : r r

w h et he t he h e art o t he ey e w e e t h
r e g e te cau e O f sin t h
r e r r a r s ,

l atte w it h t he ld cont est bet w een op timist ic yout h and a d e

r o

s airing old ag e I n th e G ol ia d ic D O l a va ll n i bu t Cl uni a r e re e s s e

p
h and may be h ea d e ch oes of ea l ie
.

en ibu s o n th
c s e ot h e ,
r ,
r r r

monastic d iffe ences w hil e in D e Mau t Z il and D e P by tr ro e o o r es er o

et L og i o a e d i cu ed f u t h e m o f in t e e st t o conte m
,

c r at t e s ss r po a y r rs r r r

cl e ics r N o w as the t h e m e o f l o v e w it h o ut a pl ace in t h e se d e

r

bat s I n o ne ca e t he d isp ut e w a o nce ne d w it h t he i v al laim

.

e s s of sc r r c

in the A lt cati G an ymd is t H l na )

.
,

Lo ve and Gold el se w h e e ( : r er o e e e e e

it is a quest ion of t he l ov e o f yout h as o pp o e d t o t he l ov e of s

w om en : w h il e in t h e fam ous D P hi ll i d e t F l or a and in t he l ate r e e

v e sions of t h at d ebate it i t he e sp e tive me it s of t he cl e ic

r
1
,
s r c r r

and t h k nigh t as l o v e s t h at a e un d e d ebat e

e r r r

B ut if t he t h e m
.

es w e e of t h is v a ied k ind so w e re al so t h r r e

fo mand t he cond uct o f t he d ebat e w h ich in gene al consist e d O f

,

r , r

m
, ,

a sh or t int od u t io n d esc ip t iv o f t h
()1 r e s ce n ec a n d c i cu s t a n ce r e r s

of t he d isp ut e a sp i i te d d i cussio n w it h som

, e am oun t O f
r s

d ram at ic incid e n t and ( 3 ) a b ie f j ud g m e n t p o nounce d b

, y an r r

appo int ed j ud g e t h o ugh t h e j ud g m e nt w as not b a n m e a n s

y y
In to t h is f ame w o k h ow ev e migh t be w v en a
,

a l w ay s give n . r r , r, o

g eat v a ie ty of d et ail t he mo t l abo at and p ict u es que re sul t s

r r ,
s e r e r

b eing p esen t in t h l at e i e t he v e na ul a fo m
r e s B e t w en t he
r, . . r c r, r . e

1
E g C n il
o c e de Rmi mnt (
L
e re o at ) Fl or enc e et B lancheour B l anche
R mni
. .
,

our et F l or ence A
( ~ Nor M el ior et Yd oine (
A S ee E F aral , o a a,

mpp
. . . .

x . . 47 4 ff .
 T he F o r mf o the P oe m li

Lat in and t he ve mp i gp typg

a i l
'
s, in d ee d , mny b a ro ad

sib e. l T he l ff and co nvent io nal

a tt e r, as a r u e , are l l ess st i : 2

he cl as sical all usions and refe rences t h at abo und in t he

w o k s t h e y e l abo ate t h
r e na rrat iv e and t h e d am a t ic e le
r r

t h e y int ro d uce so m
,

e am o un t O f l oca l col our and ai m al t o

at a m
,

o re oll oq uial st yl e I t w as but sel d o mt h at a Lat in

c .

op e ned w it h o ut a d e scr ip t iv e in t rod uct io n of som e sort o r

ot he r, t h o ug ht h is is t he case in t h e D i sp u ta tio in te cor e t o cu lum r .

k s pl a e und a sh ad y t he d is ute t a p e c er

in i t s m any col ou e d obe o th e s e ne -

r r
2
r c

migh t b a mead ow n a a h d y b oo k o a ga d en full f f a

e e r s a r
3
,
r r o r

r

g ant ow e o el se a w ood c ntaining all t h t e s k now n to
rs r o e r e

l a sical to y T hen too the poe t might be ep ente d a ove

,

5
c s s r r res s r

heari g the d bate f ro m a p la ca of c oncealm

.
, ,

rr e e n t o t h d isp ut an t s r e

migh t appea bef e m

,

h n th e cou e o f a v i io n i
i i
r or nd i n ne rs s a o

s uch v i ion t h e poe t i w aft e d up to t h t h i d H e av e n w h e e h

s s e e r
, r

h e a s t h case a gued befor t he d ivine t ibunal Af t e t h ese p e

r e r e r

r r

l im
.

ina i es t he d i p ute w oul d b

r ,
a ied n w it h but a m
s inim um e c rr o

o f na at ive o d am
rr at ic in id e n t I t is but s l d omin t h e e Lat in
r r c e s

ny ci um
.

al t a ti n s t h
er c at o e stan t ial d e tail a co m panies t he d ia
a rc c

l o gu e t h ough an x ep tion must be mad e in the ase of D e P hi l

,
e c c

l id t F l
e e a w he e l abo at e d e c ip t io ns o f t h
or e y o un g gi l
re and r s r r s

t h ei e q uip m
,

r e nt a e fo und as w e ll a o f t h e Co urt o f Lo v e t o w h i h
r ,
s c

t h ey t u n f o a d cisio n of t h e i q ua e l
r r F o t he m t p a t h w
e r rr r os r o

e a g um
.
,

e ve th
r, e n ts o f t h e d isp utant s foll o w
r n w it h o ut inte o r

rup t io n each a g um e nt be i ng co m p ri ed in a x d numbe of

r s e r

l ine s and all bei ng d aw n f omB ibl i al or classical so u c A nd

,

,
r r c r es .
,

in t h i gul a fa hib the d ebat e w oul d move t o a convent ional

s re r s

e app o int ed j ud g e w h m
,

cl ose w it h t h e v e d i t of t h r cigh t e p re o r

it he som e p erso nal it y such as P al ae mn t h

,

se nt e r e p oe t t he Po p e o , ,

o r th e D e it y o el e t ain ab t a ti ns l i k e R e aso n o
,
r se U sus
c r s r c o ,
r

et N at ura .

I t is to t he h e e med i val d ebate t hat

ve r nac ul ar g ro u p of t s e s

Th e Ow l a n d th N ig h ti ng a le ob vi usly be l ong s f ro mt h
e e Lat in o :

t ype it i m a k ed o ff b s c t a in l ea d iff n ces I t s f amew k er r or

y r e e c r r

it is t ue re m ains m e am
.
,

r u h th e t h e e i still t h in t od u to y c s : r s e r c r

n e to a f o m
,

de ip t ion t he d i p ut e and t he l osing e f

scr ,
s al , c r e re c r

1 Con ictus veri s et hi mi

e s.
2
D e rosae t min l i l iique cer a e .

3 D e P hi ll id e et Fl o ra .
1 D i p u t b tw n t h V i l t
s e e ee e o e a nd t e h R ose .

6 D Cla reva l lensi bus Cl uniacensi bus

e ct

md i mt m
.

A l t ercatio G any e s .
7 G oliae D i alog as i n t er aq ua e vinu .
 l ii I n trod uction

j ud g me nt mnt i md i d in v B ut t he t r eat e s o e ari o us p art i ul a c rs,

nd t h ul t imt f mi mthing quit d iff f omt h at

.

a e a e or s so e e e r e nt r of

t h L tin C ni tu
e S m f th m g
a lp o c s
. o e o e o re e n e ra o in t s o f d ist inct ion
h av al e read y been h inte d at . I n T he Ow l a nd the Nig hti ng ale t h e re
i s, f o r inst ance, nabsence o f c assica
{i
h rase an d all usi ng
q , t hose l lp Of
m
g

n u ero us r e e re n ces t o i r i , O id , T ibu us, ound i n t he at in

f V gl v ll f L
i w o rks f romt ime to tim
T hen e th e t oo, is e nl i ve ned by d ial ogue
L
i t he in t rod uction of narrat ive an d d ramat ic d e tail s : it becomes
.
, ,
/ 1 /

l ess stiff and for m al b

y eason o f t h e v ari d l e n gt ha d
e p g g n of t h e
r

se v e al a rg um F resh col our again is add ed by t he numerous

,

r e nt s

e fe r e nce s t o cont e m
,
.
,

r
p rag m
o li f e an d sgg ne s : a n d w hi l e t h e d i sp ut e

gains in vivacit y in conse quence of i ts more famil iar st yl e it is

M W 4 M

al so w ort h not i ng t h at t h e argum e n t s are no w supp o rt ed no t by

m
,

B ibl ical o r cl assical ari th it y but by reference t o t h at inedg y

fount o f w isd omk no w n as T he P over bs of A lfr ed But t h ese
,
/

?
r

d e p ar t u e s f omt he Con ictus t ype d o not al to ge t h e r account for

"
r r

t he n ov e l t y in t he f or mo f T h e Ow l an d th e N ig h ti ng ale T h e re
a e s t ill po int s o f d iffere n ce som
.

r e o f w h ich sugg est t h e in ue nce ,

Of t h 1 d Fr enahly ric S uch at l e ast is h igh ly p robabl e in con

e
2 .

ne ct io n w it h t h e o p e nin d e sc ip t ion t h e r eal ist ic d etail s O f w h ich

g r

mmn t m
,

a are co o o the a u bes, t e p asto u r elles and t he h

c ansons dra a

ti ques, w h i h p ang f omt he p p ul a d ance song s o f t he May d ay

c s r r o r - -
"

festivit ie s T h e n t oo t he fact t h at the p o t agonist s a e bi d s is r r r

e sam
.
, ,
\
al so sugg e t iv e o f t h e in ue nce : t h e nigh t ing al e in th

s e se

M ay fest ival s and al so in ont em p o ary F en h ly i s w as f e

, c r r c r c r

q uent ly e nd ow e d w it h a sy mbol ical meaning and st ood as in t he

,

p e ent p oemf oL the a dvo cat e n r messenger of l ov e Wh et h e

, ,

r s r

t he fo mo f T h Ow l a nd th
.
,

r e N ig h ti ng ale o w e d any t h in g t o t h
e e

in u nce f t he ou t ly t enpon o j u p a tis is p h ap s m

e o c o e
r s r e x -
r er r

d if cul t to say it is n ot unusual in such d isp ut es t o n d a con

:

t em p a y p e onality nominat ed as j ud ge and al so t o nd j ud g

or r rs

ment w it hh eld at t he e nd of t he d ebate T h ese feat u es a e p esent

,

. r r r

in T h Ow l and th N ig hting al e and t h y re p e se nt d e p a t u e

e e e r r r s

f mt he Lat in t rad ition On t he o th e h and it w o ul d e qui e

ro . r , r r

no g eat me a u e of o ig inal it y on t he p a t of t he p oet t o h av e

r s r r r

d e v ised t h ese d etail s f o h imel f r s

T h e e y e t em
.

ain s h o w e v e
r o ne o t h e r ch a act ri st ic fe at u e i n
r r, r e r
)
9

e formo f t h
.
,

th e po e m a f at u e w h ich is p e h ap s t h e m o t d is ,
e r r s

t in ct ive and i nt e e st ing o f al l A nd t h at fe at u e has e fe e nce t o

r . r r r

1
S ee Introd uction, 9, p l xxv
C f imil md i v l Di ti h
. .

2 . s f
ar re e re nce s in Chard ry

s P e ti t P l t t e o the e e a s c s o f
Ct a o .
l iv I ntrod uc t ion

1 . 550, ) h at it i n o w
see n o t e
h w aka uw heya ta
m
er t urn t o , and a : h t
e s r

o pp o ne nt I n v i t ue of t h is igh t t H KO e rp t t k r s c

e pl aint i ff w it h m an y m
. , ,

an d i n t h i sh e ch a g es t h is
1
e p t ex ce o r

d manou s T he Nigh t ingal e foll ow s w i t h he

li i
gqn in
e e r .
a r re c

w h ich sh e d e f nd s h e l f against t he cha ge o f t h w l and t h en

e rse r s e :

t h ase d eg ne at a s f eq u nt ly h app e n e d int o a l e i e g ul a r e oos rr r

e c
q eg r , ,

d i p ite inw h ibht he pl e ad e s ac use o ne anot h e in t e nuo u

l h d '

s i r c r s r s

t e m e h o ne st iv ing t o c nfut e t h
r s, ac e ot h e so as t o w in in t h
r e o r,

e n d a j ud g m e nt in h e fav ou T hi is w hy in t he l at t e h alf of r r s r

t he p o mw e nd t he a g um
.

e e nt l e s l ea and coh e e nt T he r s c r r

N igh t ingal e it i t ue e x p sses e t ain v ie w s a t o t he l ov e t h e m

.

s r ,
es re c r s -

t he n cu e nt and t he q ue t i n of sup e io it y is n v e allo w e d t o

rr ,
s o r r e r

r e ce d qui te into t he backg ound B ut t he p o e ed ings a e now

e r r c r

fo m
.

c nd ucte d w it h a l e s p un ct il io us
o ega d fo al it i s sand r r r r e ,

tow d s t h ar e e n d t h e e are p assag e o f i nd is im inat e e vil ing r s cr r s .

And w h il e init s b oad out l ine t he d e bat e t h us f ll w s t he l ines r o o

p o a y law suit e qually cl ose is t he esembl ance w h en

, ,

o f a c nt e m o r r -
,
r

w e con id e th e m s e t h o d and t h e sp i it i n w h i h t h
r e d isp ute i r c s

c ond u t d T h o ugh out t he act ion bot h pl ead s a e anim

c e r at e d er r

e s m
.

w it h o ne and t h e obj e ct ea ch t i v es t o cat h h e oppo ne nt

a : s r c r

t ipp ing and e nd a v urs to p oint t o som t ech nical e o in h

r e o e e rr r r

pl d ing A mistak e in pl ead ing w oul d be l ik ely t o hav e ve y

,

ea r

E ve y mist ak e in pl ad ing ev e y mi ken ning o

.

ous esul t

se ri r s . r e , r s r

s tu l til qu i um b o ugh t a n a m ce m
o e nt o n t h e pl e ad e
r if t he er r,

mistak w a t o be et ieved and bot h of t he d isputant s a e

e

s r r r

e v id e nt ly aw a e f t h at fact H e n e t h i pl ead ing is l ik e a

r o c e r

fe n ing bo ut bet w e en t w o w a y and easoned sw d men t h e e

.

c -
r s or s : r

a e l unge s
r ip ost e s and fe int and ea h o ne
r em ains o n gu ard s, c r

e f am
,

a gainst t h il ia t ick s O f l e gal d ebate ( p la i t s wr n hr e l r e e c

Am e at te m
, .

o ng t h e e co g ni e d t i k s f pl e ad in g w as t h
r p t t o sh o w
s r c o

t h at t he ch a g e w a n t a bon a d app eal b ut w as o n t h

r s e ot h eo e , r

h nd t he out come of {33 1153 and h at ed (d iumet

,

a T o es 1 1 r o

t abl i h t h is p oin t w o ul d m
,

s e an t h e b e ak d w n of th e ca e an d r -
o s ,

th e Ow l e o t t o t h e e t a t i s in l 1 1 83 w h e e she a cu
r s r s he r s c c r c s es

an ie n t m et m
.

Opponent of a ld nibe ( al i ce
) Y e
o e g e n e a l w a s t h e c r r

m
.

t i k f ange ing an O pponent and O f ausing himas a e sul t t o

r c o r , c r

mak e a ist ak e in pl ead ing T his al w as at te mpte d by t he

, ,

so

me measu e she succ ed ed (l

.

O w l an d in ,
so B ut t he N igh t r e .

1
1 1 556 6 6 8 ; 83 7 93 2
.
-
.

2
See P oll o ck and aitland , H is M t
or y o f Eng li hL s aw , II . 61 5 . Al so 1 1 7 07.

83 6 ; 955 1 042 -
.

3 P
oll ock and M ai tland , H is t or y o f Eng li hL s aw , I I . 51 9 .
4 I bi d . II . 61 4 .
 T he Theme of the P oe m 1v

in gal e is aid to h av e see n t h ough the t ick in t ime she re called t he

s r r :

ayi ng t h at ng y m ld oma good pl ad e (

s th e an is

a 1 1 943
r se e r .

a nd o sh m s anag e t o stead y h e
e e lf bef o e e p lyi ng to h
s e O ppo ne n t rs r r r .

T h N igh t ing al
e on th e oth hand i m e, o e succe s f ul in h e er s r s r

W
,

t a ct i as a pl ead e
cs wh n h e co nv ict s t he O w l of a tul til qu i um
r, e s s o

and cl aim t h at t h
( 1 . e s

bo a t ing of he o w n d i g ace
s r T h is claim ad vanced by s r ,

th e N ig h t ingal e i n o t w i t h out its im po t ance it is e nd rsed by

,
s r : o

th e ne igh bo u ing b i d wh j oi e t h at a d eci ion has at l engt h

r r s, ? o re c s I

be n e ach ed and w it h t h i t he l g al di p ut e com

e r : es p a t i ally s, e s r c c

t o an e nd w it h t he N ight ing al e t ium ph ant r

T he f mO f T h Ow l a n d th N ighting ale is t h e e fo e one o f con? S u m

.
,

)

or e e r r

s id e able inte e t
r O i g inally a d ve l p m
r s e nt o f t h e p ast o alr n e o r l

l ate L at in l it e atu e i t became f romt he t im of Al cuin ne of I

.

r r e ,
o

g ni ed md ie val g n
, ,

th e re co s un t il in t hee 1 2 t h and e arl y 1 3 t h I e r es, ,

c e n t u i s it e ach ed t h
r e ,
e h e igh t o f it p op ul a it y w h n i t appe a ed
r s r e r

i n t he v e n a ul a s as w e ll as in t he o i gi nal L at in I n it s ge ne al
r c r r . r

o ut l in t he poe mt h u
e e c ll s t he ea l ie Con i tu and ta mi na
s r a r r c s cer :

b ut in it v a iou d e tails it p oint t o a d e v e l p m

s r s e nt o f t h ose s o

e a lier t yp
r I ts t eat m e nt
es for instance is fre e r and m
. r o e , ,
r

o i gin al
r it has bee n in ue nc d in pl a e by t he ly rical p oe t y o f
: e c s r

France it p oce d u e has bee n mod ell d on t h at of cont mpo a y

: s r r e e r r

l a w uit s and al to ge t h e t he fo mis f ull of h i t o ical inte es t

-
s ,
r r s r r ,

w h il e i t is al so e x e ll e nt ly ad ap t d f o t he pecial Obj ect in

c e r s

Vle W .

HE M E OF T H E P OE M
g7 . THE T

N o t l ess inte e t ing t h an t he for mis t he t h em

r s e of t he p oe m ,

w h ich w ill be f ound t o d e al w it h o ne o f t h e o uts tand in g d e v e l op

ments in t he lit e at u e of the age I t w as usual fo uch d bat es

m
r r . r s e

t o tak e up quest ion of co nt e p o rary int e t a nd T h e Ow l

s nd re s : a

th e N ig h ting al is ce rtainl y no e x ce p t io n to t h
e e g e ne al ul e As r r

em
.

to t h e act ual na t u e of t h a th e th e e h as b ee n so m
r e d iffe e n ce r r

Ea l ie inte p e t at ions fo t he most pa t h ave

,

o f o p inion r r r r r r

a ss um al f o m T h
.
, ,

e d a ge n e d ispu t e h
era bee n said t o stand fr s or

t he old con ict be t w e e n pl a urea n asce t icism be t w ee n c abb d

.

d
1
e s ,
r e

a e and y o ut h be t w ee n g av it y and ag ain i t h be en as

g , o r r ,

d esc ibed as A rt again t P h il o op h y t he aes t he t i as o pposed t

r s s
"
c o

a m t he s t i t m
,

or e se rio us vi e w o f l ife o n as t ic pa t y on t h e one ,
r c r

T n B ink E ly Eng li hL i t
1
e tu (B hn) I 2 1 5
r , ar s er a re o , . .

S int bu y S h t H i t y f Eng l i hL i t
2
a s r tu p 60 , or s or o s era re, . .

K Eng li hL i t tu M d i l p 1 83
3 e r, er a e va

Wll Ow l d Nig hting l p l i

s re e , . .

e s, a e,
:
. x .
 l vi

si d e, t he m l or e at it ud inar ian a mng t h l gy n t h t h ; nd

o e c er o e o er
1
a

f or eac ho f ggest io s e e s o
t he se su o e a o n th i mthi ng t b id t h ugh
r s e s , ,

it m ust al so be ad d ed no o e e se e s o s a e e a s n f th m m t uit l l t h d t il
o

i t h p mw h i h
,

of t h e ca e I nd ee d t h e e a e s ec c r e en es n e oe
s .
,
r c p i f
r e r c

se e mt o p oint t o a subj e ct l e s gene al and in spite of t he s r :

e l a bo a te f rmo f t h d e bat e in spit e t o

r o of t he id e i sue s and
e o, s s

t he pe sonal it ie in w h ich t he d isp utant s ind ul g e t he m ain t h e m

, ,

r s e ,

v e al s it e l f w it h t ol e abl e cl e arne ss a s a q ue st ion t h at st ood in

1
r e s r
, ,

int im at e rel at ion t o t h e ag e

I n t he st pl ace it w o ul d see m l ea t h at t he d ispu t e is con

.

r c r,

ne d p im So m
,
!
a il w it h t h ng o f t h bi d u h
gig g i
L c e tw o r s c
l er
y r e r .

might rezsdhably be gat h e ed f o mt he ch oice of bi d s as d ispu

r r r

t ants w e re it not al so d nit e ly t at e d by t h

,
e p o e t h im se l f e s , ,

be fo e t he cont e t be gi ns (
r 11 1 1 B ut it is f u t h e sugge st d
s .
r r e

by t he o p ening w o d s of t he pl aint iff in w h ich acco d ing t o l eg al

r r

e pl aine st o f t e rm
,

cu t omit w a ub al io i i e t o b e sta t e d in t h
,

s s b s .

T h u t he N igh t in gal e op e ns t he p ocee d ing s w it h e m

,

s a k on t h e r r r s

Ow l s o n g (

11 3 5
s l ate on she begins her fo mal pl ea w it h a r r

mo e d etail ed indictment of t he same (1 1 2 1 7 41 1 Hi) A nd

.
,

ha ges a e al so b ough t forw a d f omt ime t o

. .

al t h ough ot h e r c r r r r r

t im e t h e y a e m ly incid e n t al : i t is w it h t h

r e re e sing in g of t h e

O w l t h at th pl ain t iff is p im
,

ea ily conce ne d w h il e an ar aig n r r r r

ment of the N ight ing ale s ong is t he main l ine of t he d e fe nce

,

s .

y h
T he ke to t e alleg ry w ill t h e e fo e be found in t he co nt ast
q u
r r r

of t h e t w o songs and a h i nt as to t h e nat u e of t h at cont ast

: r r

may furt h er be gat h e e d f omt he particul a bird s ch sen t he r r r o

O w l wit h he fabl ed w i d om t he Nj
m gh e associat d w it h
r tipgal s , e

e so l ut ion ne e d no t be base d o n m

t hep assio
M e B ut t h e re

t he p o mit sel f is suf cie nt ly e x pl icit n t he p oin t

.

co nj e ct u e r : e o

Fromt he t h rust and pa y of t he d bat e t he d ift of t he ll egory

.

m
rr e r a

becom
,

e cl a and t h e d i p utant s can be un ask ed b n otin h

@
at
s e r,
y g w
s .

i st of t hei song and second ly O f t h ei pe sona li tie

,
r , r s, r r s

T o beg in w it h t h ere an be n m
,

i t ak e about t he cl aimO f t he
.

, c o s

Ow l w h e n she stat e s t h at her ong s u g e m

, en t o ep e n t and n d s r r

pa don fo t hei sins t hat t hey i nspi e good mn w it h l onging and

r r r , r e

ll t he w ick ed w it h te o of t he e vil s t o come (

,

1 1 86 9rr r

e N igh t in g al e be m
.

92 7 No an t h r c i und e sto od w h e n she p o s r r

t est s t h at h e s n gs b i ng d e l igh t k n tin g e l 986 t o m h

r
( o
) r e n an d t a t s e , .
,

it is of l uue ichsin ge ( l T he cont ast is of a su e ty

sobh

. r , r

e b o ad issue w oul d se emt o l ie be t w e en t wg

,

suf cient ly pl ai n th : r

t e s of p oet s and p oe t y be t w e e n t h e lig i us d id act ic p oe t r

yp e r r o
,
y
C u th p Hi t y f E ng li hP
1
o r t y I 1 34
o e, s or o s oe r , . .
 The Th eme of the P oe m lv ii

c ha acte i stic of t he M id d l e Ages and the ne w poe t y w it h its

r r r

l ove mot ive w h ich o iginate d in t h cent u y 1 1 501 2 50

,

-
r e r

A nd t h i in te p e t at ion m
.
,

s a be co n iste nt ly appl ied t h ough out s r

y r r

th e poe mto w h at is said o f t h e so n gs an d the disph tants ali k e

Wh en the N ight ingal e fo instance atta k s the Ow l fo he l ugu
.
,

,
r ,
c r r

b ion singing w h ich t e o i e

r s and d e p e se s all w ho h e a rr r s s r s r

m
,

( 11 o w h e n s h e co pl ai n s
r t h a t t h e O w l s in g s o n ly in

of m
.

t im e f t ro ubl e a if en v ious o f t he h app ine

s o s
(
e n 11 41 2 ss .

at m
,

t he efe e nce i obv iously to t h

r r ed ie v al relig io us p oetry w h ich
s , ,

m
based on p at ist ic teach i ng sough r t by t h und e i ng and t h eats ,
r s r

t o bd g Bu t t he Ow l t oo lay s st ress on t h
'

ein t o G o d .e didact ic , ,

qual iti s of he ong ( e 1 1 53 5 ill ) on t he k now l ed ge she po sesses O f

r s .
, s

t he y m bol ical m
s eaning of t hi ngs ( 11 1 2 1 3 w h il e sh e is found

edi e v al a cet i te m
.

be t aying t he m
r p er w h en she ch a ges t he N ight s c r

ak in g use o f w ant o n t h em
,

in gal e w it h m es t o t h e abuse of y oung

mind (1 s I t is t he re l igious p oe t a oppo se d t o t he se cul a s r

A nd t he cont ast is fu t h e em
.

p h as i ed by t h pe on r r r s e rs

w hich t h e di p ut ant in d ul ge T h u in t he efe re n e s to s s . s r c

th e t y annical be h av iou o f t h ll and h l ly

r e Ow l
( 6 1 if ) e u nc e an r .
,
r

w ay s 11 91 t w e h av e bv ious all usion s t o cl e ri cal abuse h

( ) f t e o s o

t im
.
,

T h n too t h e a e t he O w l boast s of he p e fe ence fo

1
e e er r s r r r r

e ti em
.
, ,

a l ife o f e nt ( 1 1 2 2 7 if ) of her w ell o d e e d inging at

r r .
,
-
r r s

reg ul a h ou s 1 1 3 2 3 and h e care for t h e fab ic of t h C h u ch

( r r . r r e r

H e e it cannot be d oubt ed o ne o f t h e re gul a cl e y

( 1 1 60
. 9 iii ) r , g , r r

A nd w it h e qual cert ain t y t he N igh t ingal e m

.

i m
s eant .
, a
y be d e ,

scr ibe d as t he se ul a l v e p oe t H e song s a e said to be ung c r o -

. r r s

o nly in ult g ed ci c l es ( 1 1 1 03 1 if ) he t ech nique is cl aim

r rc e d to be . : r

ne t h an t h at of he opp onent (1 1 48 7 59 ff ) he d efence of l ove

r r : r

m
.
,

7 d p i y ut t e an ce s of cont e m p o a y
( 1 1 1. 3 8 if ) n s a co u n t
. e a rt n a n r r r r

l ov poe t s : w h il e l ate on she i ind ire ct ly a us d of being a1

e -

,
r ,
s ,
cc e

unih od e d l( t h at is be in g not o d ained sh

. e d oes not po se ss ,
r s

e p iest ly p re og at iv e of ut te rin g a cu T h e e is but o ne

th r r rse r

p a sage in t he poe mw h ich seems to be inconsiste nt w it h t h i

.

s s

1 F or o w l =

mnk o

An lmin Mig n P t L t 1 59 l 699 d
see St se e, a a co

u i u ly m
. . . .
,

2 Courthope Hi t y
( s or f E ng l i hP t y I 1 3 4 n ) h
o i int
s oe r , . . as c r o s s er

p re ted thi p s as sag e . H t n l t

e ra F p t wik i hw t bu d t (l 1 1 79)
s a es or re s e s e c a es .

as

I know thou d oe s t f th
so k f p i t d w ll ing
or In lity th
e sa e o a r es

s e .

rea e

d uties and th e Ow l , in stead o f reg arding the Nig htin

w ord w i ke : ofce s

or

gal e as a cl eric w ho ai

m
ed at w inn ing a rie st s d w ell ing , is , on the contrar , p y
co nd e m ni ng her o one nt for e r or pp
in g the ri estl y unction , be ing as she p f m p f
was, a1 uni hod ed (
i e unord ain ed ,

not unheeding ,

as Co urthope
mmd i
. .

translate s) T he taunts . of the Ow l , w hichi e ate l yf oll o w , su pp y v l e id ence

on this p oint. S
(ee ll 1 1 80 if . .
)
 I nt rod uc t ion

gene al interp etat ion and t h e e t he d if ul ty i mo e app a e nt

r r r c s r r

um t h an eal I t is w h e e the N igh t ingal e cl aim t h at she t oo sings

,

I
r r s ,

s to e m
,

and t h us see m
.

of ch i ch e son ge

r

l( -
p h asi e the s

Y e t t h is p ass ag e is by no m
.

n d id act ic q ual it y of he inging r s e an s

e p oe mif int e rp re t e d in t h
.

o ut of k ee p ing w it h t h e rest o f th e
,

spi i t o f ce tain l ine s w h ich p e ced e i t (

r r cf 1 1 7 1 6 w he e th r . . r e

N ight ingal e stat es t h at since al l e a t h ly ong s are a p ep arat ion r s r

i fo t he harm
f
r on ies o f H av e n t h e re fore h e sing in g is no t w it h out
e ,
r

is e p eat e d w h e n t he r

Nigh t ingal e cl aim s t o t each t h e vir t ue of d e l it y ( l and .

th e t ansit o in es o f ea th
r l y p a sion (
r I s An d t h is he d o e
r s s s

mainly fo a t act i al p u p os in d e t o mee t he d ou oppo nent

.

r c r e, or r r r

B ut t he p oint score d is o m
,

a it w e e o n h
s e r o w n gr oun d r e t h ing s

more as w ell it is an a gument d raw n f omt he teaching of Lat in

.
,

: r r

C h i st ianit y acco d ing t o w h ich t he N igh t ingal e w as p aised not

r r r

e m
, ,

as t h essenge of l o v e b ut as t h e song t e ss o f t h
r e g l o ie s o f,
s r r
,

t he C reato I t is as t he ong st e s o f l o v e t h at t he N igh t ingal e

r
1
s r s

g u es in the p re sent po e m: but t he Old d id act i not ion is also

.

r c

util ised as a sort of p as a d o in a bo ut o f d ial ect ics s

T he d iscus ion in t he p emm

.

a
y
s t h e e f o e b e said t o d e al w i t h o r r

th e e sp e ct iv e m
r e it o f t w o d iff e re nt t yp es of p oe t y t h
r s e ld r o

r e l igiou s p oet y o n t h e o ne h and r th e n w l o v e p o et y o n t h e ,

e -
r

t to consid e t he at tit ud e t ak e n up by r

th e poe t o n t h is p art icul a question I n acco d ance w it h t he r . r

d ebate conv ent ion n o d e nite d e cision is g iv n at t he e nd of t he e

p oem t he d iscus ion is b ok en off ab upt ly befo e the umpi e

,

: s r r r r

ha t im s e to p eak Y et t he symp at h ie s of the poe t can be read

s

be t w ee n t he l ines and t he st ate mnt m

.

ay be h aza d e d t h at al t h ough
,
e r ,

t he bal ance is h e l d fai ly be t w e n t he t w o d isp utant it is t he

r e s,

N igh t ingal e w ho in t he e nd se em s t o g et t h e be tt e o f t h a g um e nt r e r .

F o o ne t h ing it i not w it h out it s sig ni cance t h at t he N ig ht in

r s

gal e gure s as plaint i in t he law uit : she i out to e m

,

ed y an
'
-
s s r

abuse t o ri gh t a w o ng and t o l aimfo l ov e p oe t y it s rel ease

r c r -
r

f omthe h eavy h and of t adit ion T h en t oo it is not e w o t hy t hat

, ,

r r . r
,

t he N igh t ingal e is rep e e nted on t he w h ol e as t he bet te te m

,

r s pe ed r -
r

of t h e t w o com batant s : she i s t he m ore at t a t i v e pe so nal it y sh e r c r

sh w s m
,

o o e sel f re st rai nt t h an t h
r e Ow l-
and sh e in d ul ge s t o a ,

l esse ext e nt in v il e pe rsonal it ie and abuse A nd in t he e nd it is

r s

o i m ad e t o t ium
.

t he N igh t ingal e w h p h she accuses t he Ow l of

s r
2

a t e h nical bl und e r and

c laim fo h ersel f t he v ict o ry w hich i c s r s

j oyf ully endo ed by the company of at t end ant bi d s I ndi ect ly

,

rs 3
r . r .

1
Se e note , 1 . 7 36 .
2 S e e 11 . 1 6 49 ff .
2 S ee 1 1 1 6 58 if . .
 T he Theme of the P oe m
t h e e fo e t he poet may be aid to have giv en his v e d i
r r s r

d ecl ared again t t he m on po ly o f re li gio us t h e m

,

s es in o

and h a a ll ed at te nt io n t o t h
s c e

re o gni tio n
1
c .

B ut w h il e th is is t rue i t h o ul d also be ad d ed t h at t he N ight s

ingal e and co nse q ue nt ly t he poe t has in id e ntally om e crit icism

,

c s

to m ak e o n t h e love t h e m es t h at w e e h aracte istic of t he ly rics

Whil e commend ing love poet ry she d oes so wi th rese va
-
r c r

of th e ag e .
- r

t io n : sh e h as a p t t to m ak e against t h e a t i ial co n ve nt io n al
ro es r c

t h e m w h ich gu e d in so m
es any o f t he F re n ch ch an sons and w h ich
r ,

a lso gav e a bia t o T roubad ou w o k I n t he ancie nt ch

s a n on d c r r s s

d am se w h i h acco m panied t he May d ay fes tivit ies the co m mon

.

c -

th m e w as t h at of la m al m ac o d ing t o w hi ch m
,

e a i arri ag e /r e, c r ,

w as rep re se nt d a a h i te fuf fO mof slav e y and t he h usband as

'

e s r r ,

an od ious t yran t l vil ai n te ) h h i

( g l o w o w as w o n t t oeil l t re at e s -
s

l o t hin g he bad ly of t tim

,

w i fe c es beat in g h e r and p utt in g h e -

r r

k and key T his subj e ct m

, ,

und e l r oc at te r e nte e d i nt o t h e ch a n ons -

r s

d am
.

r atiques : and t h e t rad it ion pe rsiste d in t h e co urt ly poe t y of r

th e T ro ubad ours as w ell as in t h e d oct in es fo m ulated i n t h e r r

Court s of Lo ve T h us l ov e w as se l d omce l eb ate d sav e in opp o

,

sit iou to m or ac com

.
,

ar iag e th e l o v e w h ich p reced ed

r panied V
ma iage be ing gene ally e xcl uded I n court ly lyrics ma ied
,

rr r rr

w om
.
,

e n al one w e re id ea lise d and t h e ir e x pl oit s w it h l o v e s sung r :

w h e reas so ngs in h o nour of y ou ng gi l s w e re com p arativ el y a e r r r

A nd ag ain in t he Court s of Lov e it w as d ec ee d t h at a m

.

an coul d r

l ove o nly a ma ried l ad y w hi le l o ve in ma iage w as d ee m ed i m

,

r ,
rr

po sible I t w as against thi art icial cod e t h at

s s

ee m
.

s s t o h av e ut te ed h e r p ro te t H e r y m pathies r s s

of m
.

aid s l o th e peccad ill oes o f w iv e s sh

( f . r

ll ure ment of fool e ve n t h ough he m

a ar iag sh ould han to
s, r r e c ce

be unh appy ( l w h il e a v i rt uous w i f m igh t al o t aste of e s

l ove and y t e main fait h ful to he ma riage vo w (

.

e r 11 1 3 40 r r s

pl ea fo a more at ional t eat mnt t hat t h

.

It i in sh t
s, or ,
a r r r e e

N igh t in gal is h e m ak ing f l ov e t hemes mo e in k pin g w it h

e re or -
r ee

o d ina y m e poe t w ul d see mto h av e h

,

r o alit y and t h at t h
r r : ad o

t his obj ect in m ind is l ea ly uggeste d by minis nces of t h c r s re ce e

mal ma i mot ive f und he e and t h ere in t h poe m

r e o r e
2

T he m ain t h m of
.

u poet is t h e re f re o n o f c n ide abl

My e e o r o e o s r e

p ec tive m
,
inte est H e d iscusses t he
r e i ts of t w o t y pes f p oe t y r es r o r :

d e nite ly om mending th poet y t hat too k l ov fo its

.

an d w hi l e c e r e r

S n t 1 1 7 94 1 ee S Int d u ti n
o e, 8 p In
. .
2
ee ro c o , , . .

6 2
 lx

th eme as opposed to the ol d e so t f a el igi us k ind he al so r r o r o

passes j ud gment on t he cont emp o a y l im itat i ns of t h at t h m

, ,

e r r o e

a b oad e and a h e al t h ie t e at m
,

and ar gue s f ent N o n eed w e

or r r r r . r

be g eat l y surp ri sed at nd in g an Eng l ish w i t e of t he e ly 1 3 th

r r r ar

ce nt u y h and l ing in h
r is p oe msuch ubj e ct s as t h e s and h an d l ing s e,

t h em t o o in so o iginal and st ik ing a fash ion T he ch all n ge of t he

r r . e

ea lie r ligiou t ad ition had al ead y gon fo t h in actual l it e a y

r re s r r e r r r

d e v el op m e nt s : and n al e r t o nt e m p o a y such as our poet musto c r r

u ely h av e be e n co ul d p o ibly h av e re m
,

s r ain ed i gno an t o f t h e ss r

h ange t hat w e e t ak ing place at t he t ime Of t he natu e of t h o e

,

c s r . r s

ch anges som e t h ing h al ad y be en said o f th e w o k of t h

1
a s e re : r

T ro ubad ou w ho sang f l ov e t o t h e m
rs a cul t al m ost a e l igi on
o r

e nt t h at m lyri s omet h ing

,

w it h a beaut y and a enem ad e t h e i r r c s

n e w in t h e ach ie v e m ent s o f m an : O f t h o e w o nd e rf ul om ance s r s,

t o in w h ich l o v e appe a e d not m

o e e ly as t he art i cial c n v en t ion
r ,
r o

O f t he ly ri cs but a a t mend ous my st e iou s fo ce p ot e nt fo

,

s re r r r

go d o e v il in its in uen e on mank ind A nd such w o k s coul d

, ,

o r c . r

no t but com e in t o v io l e nt on t ast w it h t h e l ite at ure t h at h ad c r r

sp ung f omt h p at ist ic t ad it ion w it h such w

r r e k s as t h D i
r r ,
or e es

I a the M o al Od e t he Le ge nd s of t he S aint
r e, r ,
w it h o t h e w hi h s, o r rs c

d eal t w it hV isions of H ea ve n and H ell w it h V i s and V i t ues ce r

N or coul d t h o se d e v e l op m
, ,

an d t h e S e v en D ead ly S ins
2
e nts on

F en h soil h av e been unk now n t o ul t ured E ngl i h men of the

.

r c c s

t im e f or E ngl and und e H e n y II had be c m

: e a t ue col o ny o f r r o r

France in mat t e s O f t ast e and t he l at ion bet w een t he t w o

r re s

co un t i es w e re o f a m
,

r ost int im at e k in d T h e e i t h e e fo e n o t h in g . r s r r

im p obabl e in att ibut ing to an E ngl ish p oe t f t h is p e iod a d i

r r o r s

cussion a t o t he e l at iv e v al u s o f t he ol d and ne w sch ool of

s r e s

poet y T he only w ond e really i t hat F ench l it a y act iv it ie

r . r s r er r s,

w h ich p od uced such resul t s in G e m

r any and I t aly and el e w h e e r s r

d id not l ead t o om e sim

,

il a e sul t o n E ng l ish
s oil I f h ow v e r r s ,
e r,

w e h av e n o t h ing in E ngl and t o o e spo nd t o t h e M innesinge s o f c rr r

Ge rmany or t he T oubadou s of I tal y and S p ain t h e e i at l east

r r ,
r s

T h Ow l a n d th Nig hti ng a l t o h ow t h at t he n e w mv e m
e e e nt in e s o

F an e d id not pas al to get h e unnotice d and t h at E ngland too

r c s r ,

played a part in t he new E u p ean conce t

Apart f omit s p onoun em
ro r

e them e poe m
.

r e nt s on th e se l e ct e d t h
r c ,

1
S ee I ntrod uction , 1 ,
pp xvii
.
'
.

2
S ee al so FA . . P atte rson, The Mi d d le E ng l ishP eni en t ti l L y ia r c, New York,
1 91 1 .

2
P o ssibl y , as Mr G G C . . oul ton sugg ests, because the v ernacular w as no t
p
s oken at the E ng lish court .
l xii I ntrod uc t ion

T o t he mk ing
a h e e w ent a g eat va ie ty of l earning
of t he d ebat e t r r r

em iniscenc and bo o w in g d a w n f omm any sou err A nd s r r rc s

r

es .

if w e m
m
t d tI d k th e va
.

a n o t rious d e tail s t o t h e i c r
y
ul t im ate sou ce o w i ng t o t h
r e v a t am
s, ount o f m ate ial co m mn s r o

to m ed ie va l w o k s ye t a k no w l d g e of t h
r e bo o w in g s t h e m l v es e rr se

o ut it s v al ue w h il e f urn ish ing som

,

w ill no t be w it h e id ea as t o t h e ,

re ad ing o f a 1 3 t hce nt u y cl e k r r .

h ap s t he m o st fam il i a o f su ch bo ow i ng s t h at of t h
()

m
a P e r e r rr is

nigh t ing al e e p iso d e

m
co nsist in g v

(1 1 1 04 9 f a t e
g y ry o s r

a co m d ow n f o m
.

e vh chh he 1 2t hce nt u y

p p o l a e i t s e r r

W
in t w o sl ig h t l yd iffe e nt v e ions fo und in t he L a u ti o f M ari e
r rs s c

d e F an e and in t he D N a turi
r c mo M e a

m m
.

F omea h of t h e e v e ions t he E nglish p oe t has appa ent ly t ak en

r c s rs r

c er t ain d ist inctiv e d e t ail s F m b e ro

mm h
.

ga hapl g s bir d . In The Ow l an d

the Nig hting ale, fo r inst ance , it is stat ed t at t he j eal ous h usband
Liim c g in
r e
"
t w el e iw at ,
set t

l eide c e b e fo r t o la h e
cc .
(
1 1 1 056
mn
.

A nd w he r eas in N e cka o d e t ai l s of the k ind are g iv e n in

mt h
,

L au sti c the e od o f ca ptu e i r s care u f lly e laborate d :

Il

n o t vasl e t e n se mi un a s

ne
pui
face
s l es
p m
en

l
g
N i ot co d re n e chast aig nie r

i e
gi n
e t e nt
r
,
r ei z
ar
u
le
lagun
v er
,

u i1 n e e te nt l az u g l um1
( 1 1 95 . .

F omN e
r cka m n th E ngl ish p oet p robably t oo k
o e ot he r h and t he
mid
, ,

his account of t he nigh t ingal e s d eat h ( cf 0 an d N l 1 06 2

. . . .

w il d e h o se w e re r I n L u ti t h e ne ck of t h e cap t ue d o s c r

ni gh t ingal e i b o k e n by t h e k n igh t in t h
s r e p ese nce o f h is l ad y : r

w h ere as in D e Na tu i Re um( 1 ch

t he acco unt
r s uns as r r

i z e l ot e s p hil omnamquat uor

.

foll ow s m il es e nimquid amnim

.

: s e

e qui s d i t ah i p ae ce pit
s r T he p oe t has t h e e fo e m
r ad e use of bot h r r

t he cu re nt v e ionr t ak ing f o me ach w h at uite d h

rs s, is p u p ose r s r

A nd m e h ime l f h Fro m
.

o e o v e r ce t ain o t h er d e tail s h
r ,
r a s add e d s .

M arie d e F an e Y n h has p o sibl y t ak e n the id eas O f t he

r c

s o ce e s

j e al ou y of t he k nigh t and Of t he ill t e at me nt to w h ich t he l ad y

s ,
-
r

w as subj e cted ; and ag ain w h e n t h e k nigh t a a re ul t o f h

3
is , s s

cr ue l ty is said t o h av e be e n o ut l aw e d cond e m ne d and ne

d by ,

D i L i d
1
e M i d F n d K W nk p 1 49
a s er ar e e ra ce, e ar e,

d d u ! q uid m uit n bili l u ump a

. . . .

Cf l
2
. S d
a so : e o e ec nt i s er o s vo cr r e ce r x ,

in ts ar Hipp l yti T h id qui d i ipi ? (I bid I h

o es ae , e s r

. . c .

S2
p l nd n t I 1 081
ee . xx a S n t 1 1 1 093 1 096 1 098 1 1 01
o e. . .
4
ee o e s, .
, , , .
 l xiii

o rd e r o f K ing H e n y t h ad d it ion i p bably mad ut f m r e s ro e o o co

p l i me n t t o t h l g l e f m b ugh t a b o ut b y t h atemo n a ch
e a r or s ro r .

(b) E q u ally l a t h o ugh m p u zz l i ng i n m f i t

c es d tail r, o re so e o e s,

hav e bee n sk il full y w ork ed int o t he poem

m
T wo w e ll k n w n fabl -
o es

t h fabl f th e O w l and t h h h
o ne , e e o
g Ea on (1 1 99 t e o t e r .
,

3 7 a nd w h ereas t he
t h at of t he C at and t h e
M 0 1 809 )
mb d i d l igh t md i ati n e ar gum
.

l att e r is e o e in th e nt w it h but s o c o

fo m h w f m ve i n th n
,

the o r n id a bl
er d iv g en s s co s er e er ce ro rs o s e

c u nt and pe n up p obl e m f a
rr e
,
mw h t ompl i ated nat u
o s r s o so e a c c re .

) T b g h h O l d h F al f l f h
(i e in w it o t e w n t n a b e i o n o t e a e co s e

m t f milia f it k ind I ts main id i found in one f t h

,

os a r o s ea s o e

d in g t o w h i h a sm
.

bi d fabl e of B id p ai
r -
a s
a l
l f al co nj g hi h 2
, cco r c c

a h aw k but in p it : s e

f m h eupon th h aw k b
.

o u er e o

se v r t h at a bi d
es nat u e c ul d n t be h anged and t h at f m
r

s r o o c ,
ro

e g g t h ough it w e e h at h ed by a pe acock nly a av e n

a r a
v n e s r c o r

om In m e d ie v al t im
.
, ,

coul d possibly e e t h fabl e

c appea d in s e re re

va iant and x pand ed fo m I t d eal t w it h t he ing t itud e h w n

.

r e r ra s o

by w h mit had bee n gen

.

by ne bi d t o ano t h
o r u ly ed er o ero s r e ar :

and w hil t h i ing t it ud g ne all y t o ok t h

e s e f m f d eli ng t h
ra e e r or o e

nest a in ou p s nt p oe m it m igh t al r ul t in th
re se e l ay ing so res s

of t h f t e mt h e a v iat ion of t he t h m
e os r -
e bas d on ob e v at i n
o r, ar e e s r o ,

and co m monly conne ted w it h t h u k oo l gend 3

c e c c e .

I t is w h en w p o ee d t o inv e t igate t he e l at i n x i t ing b t w e n

e r c s r o e s e e

u poe t v i n nd t h se ve al v e i ns be l onging to t h 1 2 t h

o r s e rs o a e r rs o e

and f ll w i ng ce nt u ies t h at o ur d if ul t ies be gin

o o fo w i t h all
r c : r

m f t h f bl o u poet has tain points in

,

th e v a i ant f r or s o e a e r ce r

co mmn t h ough n th t h h and hi versi n an be d es ibed a

o o e o er s o c cr s

Am
,

id nt i al w i t h no n
e c o ng t h e ea l ie t x tant ve ion a e th o e
e r s e rs s r s

f t h A ngl o Lat in R m
.

p e nte d by R m n i )
o e ul u
( e -
u lu T v o s r res o s r e er e s s

and Ma i d e F an e Y p t bo t h of w h i h b l on g to t h l at t e
'
r e r c s so e c e e r

h al f f t he 1 2 t h en t u y Y e t t h w k w h i h a p umbly
,

o c r . e se or s, c re re s a

e a l ie t h an T h
r r e Ow l an d th e Nig h ting a l d n t a ount fo all e, o o cc r

t h d tail s f o u po t v in t h at n it h f t h m an

e e o r e s e rs o ,
so e er o e c

hav bee n t h only ou e u ed by t he poe t T h u ce tain l

e e s rc s s r e e

ments w h i h a w nting in t h se a l i fabl a to be f und

.

c re a o e r er es, re o

1 F th p t pl y d by th
or e f bl in E ng li h md i v l lit tu g n
ar a e ese a es s e e a e ra re e er

a l ly J A M h Th E m
, see .
p l umi t h E l y R ligi u
. os er , nd D i d ti e x e n e ar e o s a ac c

L i t tu f E g l d N w Y k 1 91 1
er a re o n an e or

W nk D i Qu l l n d E p d
, , .

2 C bin t d F a n e l e

e es , x v see a so ar e, e e e es so s er

pp 2 3 36
.

M i d F n
ar e e ra ce, . .

3
C f Od f Ch it n N ti n 4 (D u ul t bu n t )
. o o
er o , arra o es, e c c a e r e s .
l x iv I ntrod uct ion

in h er of the l ate te xts in Od o of Che iton s Nar rati nes

o ne or ot r ,
r

o

st h al f of 1 3 t h cen t ury ) f o i n t ance in t h e C nt M or ali ss

( l r s ,
o es

(c 1.3 2 0) f N ico l e B o z on i n t h
o e F abul ae ( c 1 3 50 ) of J oh n o f ,
.

S h ep pe y and t he Lat in t ansl at ion ( 1 3 501 400) of B o n s

c r zo

F omw h ich i t w oul d eemt h at ou p e t toge th e w it h

.

C n te o s r s r o r

ate i al f om e rt ain 1 2 t h
,

t h l ate fabuli st s p robably d e w his m

.

e r r r r c

t h an t ho se al eady m
,

ce nt u y o u ce s ot h e
r s r e nt io ned A nd t h is is
r r

bo ne out by a cl ose e am
.

r inat ion of t he va ious t e x t i n w h ich

r x r s
1
,

tw o m ain v e ion o f t he fabl e m a

y b
rse cl e arly d e t ect e d
s .

A B
1 ) T h f bl n ne n Ow l nd
a (l ) A B uzz d tak
e co ce r s a th p l f a ar es e ace o
l n th Ow l
R mM
a a co . e .

( o 0 nd N. B )
ar .
(
.Od a J hn ) . oz . o . o .

(
2 ) A l f i nd hip x
c ose r e i t b tw n ()
2 T h B u
s zz a d (O w l ) de p n s s
gg e ee e r ro sa e
th t w bi d ul t f w hi hth by t l th in th F l n n t

e o r s as a res o c e s ea e a co s es .

f b th l id in th F l n (0 d N Od J h n )

mM
egg s o o are na e a co s . a . o. o .

nest (o
R ar B oz )
W ti
. . . .

T he
(
3) al con is said to g o in F (
3) an ng
Rom Od o
.

search o f ood for i ts oung f y .

( . . J o hn ) .

(Mar 0 and N B oz )
W ti W
. . . .

4)
( an ng . (4) hen the F alcon re proache s
M
( ar . Od o . B oz .
) the oung b ird s f or d e l ing the nest
y ,

t e repl i s that t e cu p r t s
h h y l i i
o ur
brothe r yond er f ell ow w ith the big
,

head
(Ro O and N J ohn ) m
W
. . . .

(
5) anting (5) T he cul prit i s f orthwi ththrow n
mM
.

Ro
( . ar . B oz .
) out o f the nest and i t s neck i s broken .

(0 and N Od o J ohn )
W ti
. . . .

(
6) p int ut th t l
T he F al con o s o a a (
6) an ng .

th ugh h uld h t hth y ung Owl

o s e co a c e o 0
( . and N . B oz .
)
sh uld n t h ng i t n tu
e co o c a a
R mM
e s re .

( Od J hn )
o . ar o. o

W ti
. .

(7 ) P v b qu t d m l ro er o e as ora
(
7) an ng
T h ugh n ppl ll v m Od J
.

hn )

o f a a e ro e er so ar ,
(
Ro o o
n lw y b
. . .

th t w hi h b
e reeit c ore ca a a s e
kn ow n
Mar
( 0 and N B oz )
W ti
. . . . .

(
8) an ng
(
8) Rf to the oul bird that f
Rom Mar
.
e e rence
( . . B oz . Od o . J o hn ) . d el e s its own ne st .

( O and N L at tr B oz )
. . . . .

F omt h is comp a i on it w oul d app ea t h at w hil e one v e sion

r r s r r

A
() o f t he fabl e is o ugh ly e p ese n t e d b
y t he A n g l La t in r r r o-

R m oulu M a ie d e F ance and B zon and anot h e ve sion (

s, r B) by r o , r r

Od o of Ch e iton and J oh n of S h e pp ey t he ac ount gi ve n in T he

r c

ting a le e m
,

Ow l an d th e N ig h bod ie s e l e men t s of bo t h t adit ions r

(A B and t hus e p ese nt s a v ersio n O f a r r

c m p osite and e cle ct i k ind T he actual sou ces used by ou p oet
o c . r r ,
 lx v

h ow e ver must st ill re main unce tain P e h aps t h ey w e re sep a ate r r r

ve ions of t he p im
,

it iv e R m
.

rs ul u o ll ec t ion of A e pic fabl es of

r o s c so ,

w h i h at l east t w o d ist inct fo m

c s h ad appea e d be fo re t h e e nd of r r

th e 1 2 t h ce nt u y
On t he th e h and he m a
y rh av e used o t h e r
. o r ,

t e x ts s u h as t hat l st coll ct i n o f fabl s in E ngl ish v erse at t i

,
c o e o e r

b ute d t a 1 2 t h ce nt u y A l f ed of E ng land
o as w ll a t h at r r
z
e s

us N v l ti ( 1 1 7 5) d ue t o W
,

An ny m o al t e
e e e o f E ng l a nd a ch ap
"
c r ,

l ain f H e n y II A t all e v nt it w as f omAl f ed of Engl and s

.

o r e s, r r

e m
.

co ll ect io n t h at M arie d e F a n e l aimd t o h av e ta k e n t h ate i al r c c e r

fo he Y p l r
w h il
r t he p e n e o f E ngl i h p ro v e bs i n t h
so e : e e r se c s r

L at in t e x t o f Od and in t h An g l o N o m an v e ion o f Bo z on al so
o e -
r rs

s ugg e t s b o w ing s f ro m
s a n E n gl i h so ur
orr T h at t he An nym u s ce o s

N v l ti t o o w as w e ll k now n at t he t im
.

e e e e i t he inf e e n e t h at s r c

must be d aw n f omt he t races of t hat collect ion f und in F en h

, ,

r r o r c

an d I t al ian f abl e s w h il e J acobs f ur t h e r d es c ibe t h at o ll ec t i n r s c o

t he st and a d A e sop of m ed ie v al C h ist e nd o m S t h at it m

,

as r a r o
y .

w ell be t h at o u p oe t w as ind e bt d f r h is v e ion of t he Ow l and

r e o rs

Fal con fable t o bo t h of t h e e c ll e t ion and t hat he d e w f om s o c s, r r

e ach w h at h is pecial p urp ose ee m ed t o e q ui e

s s r r .

T he o t h e anim al fabl e w k ed int o the poe mis t h at of t he

r -
or

Cat and t he F o ; and t h is t o is a sto y of w o l d w id e p op ul a i t y

x ,
o ,
r r -
r ,

So m 83 f e abl es based
( haedrus)w ere turned into p rose in the
on the L atin P
nin th ce ntury , probably at the schools of C harle agne and w ere attributed to m
Rm Another prose collection by Ademar d e C havannes ap
,

a t it i
c ous o ul us .

f rst ubl ishe d by Nilant in 1 7 09)

peared be ore 1 03 0, consis ing of 6 7 ables ( t f p
m
and kn o wn as A nony us Nil ant S ee J J
acobs , F a bl es of A esop , ; I p xx
P Ha y C m
. . . .

al so .
p ti S tud y f A p i F bl in B n (Univ P
rr , o ara ve o eso c a e oz o . re ss ,

C in inn ti c p 14
a , . .

A d ing t J Ja b (F bl f A p pp xviii if ) a ll ti n f 1 64
9
ccor o . co s a es o eso , . . co ec o o

f bl (b d n Bab iu and Bid p i) h d E ngl nd af t th thi d u d

a es as e o r s a reac e a er e r cr sa e

o f R i h d I and w a t n lat d int L t in by n E ng li hmn n md A lf d

c ar s ra s e o a a s a a e re

id f an O x f d J w namd B a hy h(
, ,

w i t hth e a o B n d i t u 1 P un t u ) w hor e e er c a e e c s e c e r o

him l f t n l at d num int H b w hymd v

,

se b
ra f f bl
s e a (F F bl er o a es o e re r e e rse ox a es ,

P a t f A lf d A aft w a d t n l t d int E ngl i hall it a

c .
p wr o re s eso as er r s ra s a e o s er

tiv v e an d t hi
e rse , g in w t an l t d int F n h by M i d F n
s a a wh as r s a e o re c ar e e ra ce , o

att ibut d th
r ll t i n t K ing Al f d I t i f u th n tabl th t Al f d th
e e co ec o o re s r er o e a re e

E ng li hmn i mnti n d by R g
.

s a Ba n as n a lie t an lat ( R g o e o er co s a e r er r s or see o er

B n C m
aco p nd i umS b d ii
, o d B w e p C f al J Ja b J w in a , e . re er , . . so . co s , e s

Ang i Eng l nd pp 1 6 5
ev n 7 3 2 7 8 81 a

Wll M nu l f th Wit ing

-
.
, .
,

I t n i t d f 60 f bl in L at in v
3 co s s e S o a es e rse . ee e s, a a o e r s

i n M id d l E ng li h p 1 80 e s

C f M i d F n Y p t (E p il 1 61 8) L i i Al v kimult l ma I
. .
,

4 ra re s rez , a

W
ar e e ce , so e

m
. .

l a t n l ta p ui F S a nk
"
n E ng l i j l i i i D i
ra s a a n
s e an e s e eo r e r co s . ee r e, e

F b ln d M d F p 3 2 8
a e er . e . . .

S 5 Ja b F bl f A p I p 1 7 9
ee co s , a es o eso ,
. . .
l xv i I ntrod uc t i on

w h ich has assu md mny f m th

e a or s r ou gh out the cent ur ies
I ts
ve rw eening p id e of ome animal or ot h er in
.

mmt h m i
a e e s t he o r s

t he num e ous t i ck w h i h i t h
r as at it d isp osal I t d e sp ise s anot h e
r s c s r

but in t i m
.

an im al w h o i s cap abl e o f but o ne t ic k e of nee d t h at r :

o ne t rick p o v e mo e ff e ct ive t h an all t he d e vi es of t he ot he

r s r e c r.

T he st o y is al ad y found in I nd ian f abl e w h e e i t i a sht h at

r re r s

boa t of it sk il l in l ud ing t he sh e m
,

s s s an T he l at t e h ow e v ere r . r, ,

em p t ie t he pond and t he shis aught : w h e eas t he f og inno

s ,
c r r ,

c nt of all t ic k s
e scap e safe l y t o l an d
r I n t he M ah a e bh arat a s

gant c ow boa t s t o t he amingo of

,
.
,

again ( B e n f ey I an a r ro r s

it s h und ed and n e t i k in t he ai : but i t is h o pel e sly o ve c m

.
,

r o r c e s r s r o

in t he on t e t t h at foll o w s I n an ient G e e e t oo t he fabl e w a

c s c r c s

p obably k no w n t h ough no v e sion of t he st o y has act u lly ome

, ,
.

r ,
r r a c

d ow n B ut t he p ov e b of Ar h il o h us ( M

id ilt i nf ZV t

r r c c 7ro o o ar , o/

m e e x i t e nce of so m
.

x i

p y )
vo s v e e s t o p
teo in t t o t h

a s e su h st ory s c ,

as d o al o t h e p op ul a fai y t al es of t he B al k an p eninsula T he z
s r r .

fabl e nat urally va ied in di ff e ent pa t s of E u op e T he boast ful r r r r .

anim al is g e n erally t h e fo but it s fe ll ow m igh t be t he h e d ge h og x :

( G ) t h ane ( R ussia
) t h e squirre l
( A m e ni a
) t h e ok o r co r

e d o v e : w h il e in W
e e e
r e c ,
cr , , ,

th e ste n E u op e i t i al w ay s t h e cat A n d in r r s

e W
.

th e t th e fabl is ge ne ally as f ll ow
s A cat and a fo e nter
e r o s x

f it s m
.

up on a d iscussion in w h i h t h e fo boast ,
any d e v ices c x s o ,

w h e ea t h r e cat h s as to confess t h at sh e po ssesse b ut o ne S oon s

com i d gs and t he anim

.

a f te w a d s t h
r e h unter e w it h h al s t ak e
r s s o

t o igh t w h e e up on t h cat e scap es by cl im

,

bing a t ee but the

: r e r

f o i cap t u e d and m
,

al t e at e d b he h ound
3
x s r
y t r s

T h i t h en is t he f ormof t he fabl e as cu e nt i n t he 1 2 t h and

.

s, rr
,

follow ing ent u ie I t appea s fo in t ance in t he Ang lo Latin

c r s . r ,
r s ,
-

Rom ulus in M a ie d e F ranc e s Y p et as w e ll as i n t h e fa bl e

,
r so ,

c o ll e ct i n s of Od o o f C h e it n and J o h n of S h pp y
o an d in e a h r o e e : c

case t h e ve ion w ill be fo un d t o be p act ically t he am

rs e In Th r s
4
. e

Ow l an d the N ig hting a le t he fabl e app ea in a sl igh t ly al t e ed rs r

fo m it is all ud ed to by w ay of ill ust ation and t he t i k s o f the

r : r r c

fo com e n fo a m
,

x o e sp e i c t re at m
i ent r So me amount of va ia r c . r

t io n in t h is d e t ail ind ee d is seen in t he d iff e e nt v e ions o f t h, e , r rs

fabl s : t he fo is c e dit ed w it h t w o (
e M a ie d e
x se v ent e en Od o
r
( r

o e igh t y A n g l o L at Rom d e v ice s in ad d it ion t o a bagf ul

of C
) .
( r
) -
. .

S1
W nk D i Qu ll n d E p d M i d F n pp 2 4952
ee ar e, e e e es sO e er ar e e ra ce, . .

S2
i bi d p 2 50
W nk (ibid )mnti n n xt n i n f th t y w hi h u in Finni h
ee . . .

3 ar e e o sa e e

f bl (S h k Fi ni h M a h Wim 1 87 7 p
. s o o e s or c o cc rs a s
a e c re c ,
n T h w lf b
sc e t f rc en , e ar , , . e o o as s o
hi 1 00 t i k th f
s f hi 1 000 th b
r c s, f hie w iftnox in ig ht ; but th
o s ,
e are o s s ess e
ca t h nl y n t i k by w hi h h
as o o p e r c , c e e sca es .

S4 A pp nd ixee e IV .
 l xv ii

of t ri c ks h ing d e ni te i aid as t t he nat ure of t h ose

: but no t s s o

t i ck s T he t eat m
r e nt o f o u p oe t i
r h o w e v of a mo e con e te r s, e r, r cr

k ind he d esc ibes t he t h e main t atage mof the fo w it h so m

.

: r e re s r s x

am o unt o f d e t ail and fo t ha t p u po e be has d aw n upo n t he r r s r

e t im ibly upo n N eckam

,

n at u al h isto y o f t h e po s D e Na t u i s

r r ss r

R um F o inst anc he e fers t o t he f int and d e vio us c u es

er . r e, r e s o rs

of t h e fo w h en p ursued
x

V or he can
p b
a es r i3te

t w o3e .

b e uo x kan cro pe bi b h e e ie ,

fro mhis fo me w e ie
an t urne ut r

a n e f t so n e k um
,

e ba rt o :

bo nne is be h und es sm e l fo r d o 81 5
w i t h w h ich m igh t be co m pared t he st ate ment of N eckam: E st

e nim v ulpe s v ol ubil is p e d ibus e t nun q uamre ct is it in e ribus sed

[ ]
to rt uosis a m
, ,

f act ibus r So fa of course t h e e i n o t h ing r, r s

i n t he ill ust at io n w h ich coul d not be re g ard ed as com mon k now

, ,

l ed ge or at l east t he esult of p ersonal obse rvation B ut one

, , ,
r .

ot h e r d e tail t h e re is w h ich cannot be d escri be d as such I t co nsists

e state m
.

of t h e nt t h at t h e fo x w h e n h ard p re ssed w ould tak e t o -

e sce nt by h an gin g d o w n f ro m
, ,

a t ree and t h ro w t h
, e h ound s o ff t h

8 bo ugh L e :
'
A n he kan h ongi bi be bo 3e
'

,

an so fo rl ost
be h u n d h i s f o e r

m
,

an t urnb a3e n e ft to b an ore . 81 6

B ut t he pl ain fa h at t he fo cannot cl imb and w oul d t h e efo e

ct is t x r r

be inc a ap bl e
o th e t ri k d e c ibed
f So t h at w h at w e h ave h e e
c s r r

is a p iece o f unnat ural nat ural h isto y p alpably d e iv ed not f om

.

r r r

vation but f ms m
, ,

ob se r , e w o k o f a pse ud o scie n t i k ind

ro o A nd r -
c .

th e ac t ual sou ce i s m ost p ro bably N eckamin w h o e w o k oc urs

r s r c

t he sam e su p ising stat m

,

r e nt v i
r V enat o i s quand oq ue [ vu1 p e ]
e z

r s

d um am
,
.

e vad it insid ia o alicuj

s u arbo ri usp e nsa cane e are
r s s s s rr

co git q uae v est ig ia se ui h abe an t I n i nt od ucin g in r

q
i s fash ion t he fam
,

th i lia fabl e into his w ork t he poe t ha g iv n r ,

s e

a f esh col o u
r to t h e t al e he has ad d e d ce rtain d e tail w h i h
r : s, c ,

h ow e ve fanciful in k ind g o to mak e hi ill ust rat ion mo e pic

r ,
s r

t uresque and real i t ic s .

ap art fr om as al so m
()0 B u t t h i s A
w te ial t h e p o t h ad e e

tak e n f o mt g
i

use o f ce t ain po int
m
,
r e
p p
o ul a nsat u al h ist o y o f r r r r

th e t im e and h a d aw n in no l igh t m
,
s easu e up on t h
r e leg ends s r

t pl a f u t h b w ings f mN k ma pe h ps
I n t he rs ce , r er o r ro ro ec a re r a

see n i n th e pa ag s w h
o tate mnts a e m
r ad e as t o t h habits
ss e e re s e r e

D N t R um
1
h 1 2 5 p 2 05
e a . I bi d p 204
er , 11 . c .
, . .
9
. . .
l x vul I n trod uc t ion

and q u a l it ie s o f bi d s F o i n st an c e t he c h a g e br o u gh t.
b y t he r ,
r r

Ow l again st t he N igh t ingal e t h at he av oid e d t he c l d e count ries s o r

igh t w e ll h av e be e n d e ive d f omt he p ages of

,

of th e N o th m r r r

N e kam g Loca mul to f ig o i obno ia d umamo i vaca t ill e

,
r s
c e : r r x

p h il omena] reformid at quae si int e im

,
. . ,

ceb i r s, av icul a i ta [ i e s r

visit at m is op e amnon i m
,

o d ul at io nib u d ul cis im
. .

al i uo
q a s u c ,
p en s s r

d it l
O again t he e fe e nce t t he ingi ng qualit y of t he w e n
r r r o s r

is m
.
,

( ll 1 7 2 1 t h igh t al so h av e b ee n due t o a passage in

d e t in t amc ili co p o e a it umt antae sono i
N eckami
.

f e e s g x r r rr r

t at is quis non m
.
, .

T h e n t o o t he esp ect acco d ed t o t he

i e t ur l r
z
, ,
r r

w e n and t h
r e d ig ni e d p art he pl ay s tow a d s t he cl ose of t he s r

migh t al so h av e been uggested by a passage

,

d ebat e ( 11 1 7 1 7 s

f or he re l at es t he fab ul sam na at io ne m
.

d ue t o t he sam e aut h o

r o rr

e g iam
,

ac o d in g t o w h ich t h
c r e w en q u a v e r o ast ut ia d ig n it a te m r

. . r

int e av es v isa e t sibi ad quisivis e t h ough he is ca e ful t o ad d

r s s ,
r

t hat t he sto y v ul go no tume st T he ind ebt e d ness of ou p oe t

s
r . r

in such case s as t h se is cl ea ly op e n t o q uest ion but i n view of t he e r :

unm ist ak abl e use o f N e ckam w o k in at l east t w o ot h e r pl aces i n

s r

th e p oe mi t i s not un l ik e l y t h at f u t h e b o o w in g m a h av e oc r r rr
y
A nd am
,

cu rr ed w h e e t h e e v id en e i s l e s d eci iv e
r ong such bo c s s . r

r o w ings w e m a re asonably incl ud e t h e p sag e s m en t ione d abo v e as

y

m
as w e ll p e h a p s as t he curiou ill ust at io n f und in 1 1 1 02 1 2
,
r ,
s r o .
-

(se e note
)

mm
.

I t is, h ow ev e in d eve l oping t he ch a acte s of his t w o p ota o

m v
r, r r r

niet s t h at t h e p oe t h as d aw n M

ra y

r .

M any t ad it ion connected w it h botht he ow l and the nightingale

r s

w e e i n e istence and t h
r x e po t h as ut il ised m ost o f t h e m
, for his p a e r

t icula p u p ose T h us hi
r r s

em
.

bod y t h ge e d is

( ll. 9 1 ()ii t h e o w l as a bi d t h at avoided t h e l ig h(t 1 1 2 2 7 ii ) r m

.
,

()ii i t he O w l as a p o p h e t o f e v il (1 1 1 1 45 l ) A c co rd in g t o c o n . . r

te m
"

porary l earning t he t of t he se ch a acte i t ics w as appl ied rs r r s

to t he sh ort ca e d o w l ( n ctua ) co nce rning w h ich Al anu d e I n suli s

-
r o s

t antae d eform
,

w o te
r :

it at is st e rq uil inio sord escebat ut in ej us
fo mr at ion e N at u am e d e e s f ui e r t h o ugh t h is
cr r ss

feat u e is al so menti ne d in the onte m

r p o a y Ae sopic fabl d e
o c r r e

(ee Appe nd ix T he ot h e q ual ities on

ac ipit e e t no ct ua
c r s r
,

t he o t h e h and had efe e nce t o t h l ng ho rne d o w l (

r ,
rbubo) T h u r e o -
. s

Od o f C h e iton in one of his fabl e s (

o r D R sa et V la til ibu ) g ive e o o s s

t he t ad it ion e x pl aining w h
r t h e o w l w as cond e m n d t y at
y e o

1
D N t R um a h 51 I bid
er
'
h 78 1 I bid
c h 78 2
1 c 3

d T Wight (
e .
, . . . . . . . . 1 . c . .

4 D P l n tu N tu
e a c Angl L tin S ti i l P ts R l l
a r ae , e . . r o- a a r ca oe , o s

S erie s), 11 . 43 8 .
 lx x I n tro d uc t ion

A nd t is t ra it ion is h d p ved
re se r by N e cka w m h e re he w rite s in
h t he nigh t ing al Quid uod q n octe s t o t a d ucit

co nne ct ion w it e:

inso mn e s, md l i idu e c oso g ar rit ui

p e rv igi l ind ulg e t ? N o nne j
a m
v it m l a c a u t l iump
s ra rae o culis cor d is co nst i tuis, no ct e s cu md i bu e s

in l aud e md i in m p v a ex e n d e nt iu m
()
d O u p oe t h a t h f r d aw n f e e l y upo n t h e bi d l o e of
s e re o r e r r r -
r

hi d y B ut eq u lly im
s a p o t ant a e t he bo ow in gs of a st ill mo e
a r r rr r

mini en e f f l k song sung by d an e

.

p pula k ind g t h
o r e . o se r e sc c s o o -
s c rs

du m
.
,

ai i n F an ce an d p ved fo u in t h han n

at t h f t e es r ,
r ese r r s e c so s

f t h j ng le u
o e T h e e folk on g had d eal t w it h ne
o rs nv ent ional
s s s

m o co
-

rd ing t o w h i h m iage f om
.

t hem a th t and point

e, cco a e wo an c rr r s s

d i u f mof l av y w h il e t he h u ban d w a a j eal ou

, , ,
"
4 w a an s o o s or s er s s s
,

t y ant w h ro il l t eate d h is w i fe by be at ing h l ocking he up and

- r er , r

l t h ing he badly S u h w a t h c mmon mtive of the han n

,
2
c o r . c s e o o c so s

d am a tiqu
r f t h j n g l eu and a t
es o of t h e ie in u n e i f
o rs, ra ce r e c s, or

in tan e s en in t h m
s c
odi at ion int od u ed int o t h
,
e e nigh t ingal e
e c r c

p is d e (
e 1 1 1 07 7
o w he t he N igh t ingal e e x pl ain t h t t h
. e re s a

Knight w as o g el u f his w iue t h at

s s o

H h i e bil k in ne bu e e r ec o r ,

b at h i e w a s bobe t onge t u e ( 1 1 1 r0 8 1 s r

s r . .

T his p art icul a d e t ail w a app a ent ly ad d ed t o t he t y by ou

r s r s or r

p oet at all ve nt s it fo ms no p a t of t he L au ti v e i n O
: e r r s c rs o r

m
, .

(a g ain t h e e i t h, l at e p ag e (
r 1 1 1
s 5 2 3 w h i hi
e t ill ro ass . c s s re

lea l y eminis nt f t h ese han on ale ma l m

c r r ce a i o f o it e m c s s r es, r

bod ies t he t h e m in y e t m o e d e t ail ed fo m T h e

e th O w l
a r r re e

ins f m a ied w o m e n a be in g m
.

th ost ly d ue to th

nd on
co e es s o rr s e

j alou y and uel t y of t h ei h usband T hu he m

I
e s cr plain of r s. s s co s

t he n g l t t h at s u h w iv
e ec x p e ien e T he h u band in p u uit
c es e r c . s , rs

f pl ea u
o ab o ad s re r ,

haueb at t o mhi s ri 3t e sp use ,

w ow e s w e st e,

t le re h use ,

bunne ischrud c iue d w robe

"
w el
let heo bute m
,

e t e t cl obe
(
1 1 1 5

an 2 7 . .

On his re t urn h ome he be h av es l ik e one d ement ed : e ve yt h ing

r

h
t at is d o ne o r said by his w ife e nrage s him :

h w an heo no3t no misd eb

an of t ,

heo haueb be fust in h ire teb (

1 1 . . 1 53 7

1
D e Nat . R um1 h 51 ;
er ,
. c . se e also note , 1 7 3 6 , for
. a si mil ar re e re nce f in
one o f Od o o f C h it n f bl
er o

s a es and e l se w here
i ttera ture f rancaise d u m
.

3
S ee G . P aris, Melang es d e L

oyen age ,
p . 549 .
 l xx i

A nd t h ro u gh out it all , he re min l j l u

a s e a o x :

Ne mt n o o n mn w ib h i
o pk re S e e:

he ue ne b

heo l
w u e ano n t o bre ke
hi re s p u ing e 3e f heo l ok e b
m
,

o erb w ib anne faire s e ke

p b
hire bilukb mid keie c l ok e
.

he "

ba bu h is sp using o ft e t o b oke ( r 1 1 1 553

-
r r . .

H e re t he correspo nd ence w it h t he m al m a i e t h e m e is too cl o se t o /r

ad m i t of any d oubt T he p oe t is e v id e nt ly ad ap t ing t he m

. ot iv e to

hi pa rt icul a p u p ose A nd w h il e his a q uain tan e w it h t he t h e m

s r r . e c c

may h ave b en d ue to t he Fre nch chans ns it is not impo ssible t h at

e o

hi k no w l ed ge m a h av e bee n d e iv ed f o m
,

a so u ce neare r h o m
s
y e r r r

T he vill age s um me fest ival of E ngl and seem t o h ave closely

.

r s

rese m bl ed t h at of and it is no t unli k e ly t h at sim ila r

f l k so ngs may h ave bee n sung at t he May d ay ites in E ngl an d

o - -
r

B ut if po p ul ar o igi n m y b suspe ct ed in t he pa sag es m

.

a r en e s

t ione d abo v e t he case i v n cl ea e w h en w e t u n to t he p ve b s e e r r r ro r s V

e poe m w h ich m
,

of t h a
y saf e ly be ,
at t ri but e d t o a popula so u ce r r .

O f t he e igh te e n p rov e bial ut te ances h ow e v e r w h ich occ u in r r , r

t he poe m no l ess t h an e l e v e n are ascri be d t o K ing Al f ed T o

,

himis g iv en t he cred it of t h ei o ig inal ut te ance and t h is cl aim

, .

r r r ,

6 1 2 th ce nt u y r

w h ich h as com e

o eo ve the e i r r r s

t al so o nn ct ed w it h t h e 1 2 t hce nt u y i e c e r

El ured us in p ove biis it a e nit uit ut ne m o p ost il lum a mlius

. .
,
3
r r
p :

al l of w h ich see m s t o po int t o A l f ed as t h e aut h o o f t h is p ov e r r r r

bial w isd om Y e t no d nite e vid n ce in suppo rt of t h is cl aimis

. e e

fo t h coming t h e e i no t a e of any such p o ve bs in t he w it ings

r : r s r c r r r

co nnect e d w it h h i na m H ow fa t h e y m a be t aced t o Al f ed s

e s r
y r r

lost Hand b k mu t also rem

.

ain unce tai n t h ough t h

oo s e d escrip t i n r , o

o f t h at w o k as mul t imodo divinae sc ipt u ae os ulos d oes

r

s r r c
"

no t po in t t o any g reat p o babil it y On the ot h e h and it is h igh ly r . r ,

s ig ni cant t h at t h ree at l e as t o f the sayings at t ibute d t A l f ed

r o r

in ou poema e conne cte d l ate o n w it h t he nam

r r e o f H e nd ing ; r

a nd m o e ove t h at sim
r ilar p ro v e bial ayi ng s had p re vio usly be n
r, r s e

1
See E . K C hamb. e rs, Med ie val S tag e ,
1 . 72 .

3
98 1 00 ; 1 35
See 11 8 ; 1 7 6 ; 2 3 5 6 ; 2 89
-
92 ; 2 947; 3 49 52 ; - -

569 7 2 ; 6 3 7 8 ; 685 8 ; 7 6 1 2 ; 942 - 4 ; 1 03 7

- -
42 ; 1 07 4 ; 1 22 3 6 ; 1 2 6 9 7 4 ;
-

W
- -

1 2 7 5
80 3
Ann Min inl on Ang l ia S acra, 1 2 89
WH
. . . . . .

4 A sser s L
ife of A lf red , ed S te enso n, cap 88 O ord , 1 904 . . . v . . xf .

5 S ee p v ro e rbs , 11 . 6 87 8 , 7 6 2 , 1 2 7 1
-
.
 lxx ii I ntrod uc t ion

at t ri but ed Sal omon and M arcolf t he form to e r be in g t he re

p e r

sent at iv e of J e w is h w isd omt h

,

e l at te r t he supp ose d rul e r of a race , ,

call ed t h e H und ing s A nd j ust as t h r e is no re ason f r t ak ing e o

e aut h o sh ip o f S al o m
.

t oo ser io usly t h on o r M ar colf o r H e nd ing r

so t he use o f A l fre d s nam

,

e in co n n e ct io n w i t h 1 2 thce nt u y


p ro r

v erbs is p robably not h ing mo e t h an a l it erary d e vice a means of r

e aut h o it y of a g r eat nam

,

add ing t o t h e say in gs t h Al fre d s 1

e r

e at t h at d at e w as suf cie nt ly r e m
.

n am ot e t o carr y w it h it t h e

d ig nit y t hat coms f omag e : and it can t h e r ef o e har d l y be e r r

d oubt e d t h at in t he A lf re dian p ro v e r bs of t he p oe mw e h av e e l e
ments of p opul ar w isd omof t h at shre w d communal p hil osophy ,

at e v e sp rings fromt h e l ip s o f t h e p eo pl e

th r .

h r em ains t o m e nt ion ce rtain e l em e nt s w h ic h o ur

()
c T e re
ye t
p oet has t aken fromthe w ork s of Lat in Christ iani t Ow in g to
t he p op ul ar ch aract e r o f t h e p oe m such d e t ail s are l e ss co m mon ,

t h an in som e of t he ot h er cont e m p orary w ork s in t he Lat in d ebates ,

f or inst ance w h e e cl assical r e fe re nce s and p h rase s are abund ant ly

r

found A t t he same t ime h e re and t h e e in t he p oe mw e d o nd

,

.
,
r ,

mng t h l ud d t h f n t o t h S v n mu t be in c
F omt h a l i t p e i d f W n
and a o e se s e e r e e re ce e e e

D ad ly S in (
e 1 1 1 3 95 s r e e r es r o o es e r

manast iEiEmth Ch i t ian Fat h s had at te mp t d to g ul at t h

.

e r s er e re e e

w ay of l if e by e x p ound in g t h p in ip l v i th t b t m ank ind e r c a ce s a e se :

and a ly in t h ee 5t h rnt u y t h e igh t h i f v i e w e e at g i ally ce r ,

e c e c s r c e or c

set f t h by C or ian p id b in g ga d d as t he w t of in
ass
3
,
r e e re r e ors s s .

Aft t h t im f B n d i t, t h D d ly Sin ( d u d t v n)
er e e o e e c e ea s re ce o se e

b am an int eg al p a t f C h i t ian t a h i ng
ec e nd f
r med n of r o r s e c a or o e

t h mst c m mn t h m in md i v l l it at u e T h e f n
,

e o o o e es e e a er r e r ere ce

in t he p e mi l i t t atmnt f t h
.

w h i h oc u c nc f th
rs o s o e o e e ar es re e s o e

t h m in E ng l i h l it at u
e e : and t h t he v n ins a mn
s er re e re se e s re e

t i n d sin
o e f t he h and in o f t he p i it w hi l p id i
s o es s s s r e r e s

d ibed a t h m
e scr o t d ead ly o f all s e s

Th n t th ee g ound f t hink ing th at t h d sc ip t i n

,
oo, er a re r s or e e r o

I
( of N w ay an d
or t h b a b a o u N o t h (
1 L 9 99 1 0 1 4) i p aet ly r r s r s r

Th d i
1
t f in tituti t d i d
e es r e i d l gi l t
o re er i s on s o a e e or cano n se e s a or s

h w n in E ng l nd
s o l t th 1 4th nt u y by th tt i buti n t K ing Al f d
a as a e as e ce r e a r o o re

of v y thi g upp
e er d t b p i lly n ti n l nd x ll t (P ll k nd
n s ose o e s ec a a o a a e ce en .

o oc a

M itl nd Hi t y f E g li hL w p xxviii )
a a , s or o n s a , 1 . . .

T h n tith i b tw n th
2
e a wl nd th nig ht ing l
es s up n w hi h th
e ee e o a e a e, o c e

w h l p mi b o e d l oe m t h v b n f p v bi l kind S n t
s ase , a so see s o a e ee o a ro e r a . ee o e,

1 1 41 1
.
-
1 6 .

3 S ee H . 0 . T ay l or , Cl assica l H iter ag e o f Midd le Ag es , p . 1 62 .

4
S ee 1 . 1 41 6 , note .
 T he P oe m as L iterat ure
based o n a si mil ar d escri t ion p fo und in t he O E t rans . . l at ion of

I Orosi us

Histor y T he m t p p ul h l hi t y in 1 2 t h nt u y
os o ar sc oo -
s or ce r

m v f gm t f t h O E
.

E ngl and w a t hat of os s : oreo e a e n s o

s e O iu r
1
r, r . .

t an sl ation in h and w ri t ing of t he 1 1 t h ce n t ury h av e rec nt l y

r e

bee n di sco ve d
and it i t h e e fo e po
re
ibl e t h at ou poe t m
: a
y s r r ss r

h ave be e n acquainted not only Wi t h t he Lat in te xt but al s , ,

o

w it h t h O E v e rsio n o f t h at po p ul a w o k
e . . A t al l e v e nts t h e re r r .
,

are d e t ail s in t he poe t s d escri p t io n (

id eas as w e ll as p h ase s)
r ,

w h i h see mt o p oin t to som e k no w l ed ge o f A l fre d s acco unt (ee

c s

no te , 1 .

l a t ly t h e i t h a sociat i n f th l ily n d t he ose wit h

A nd s re s e s o o e a r

ming of p in g (1 1 43 9
,

t he n o co and t he h oi e of t h ose
s r . c c

w e a t yp i al of t h p ing t ime and l ov e (ee note 1

o rs s c e s r -
s , .

T hi an h a d ly h av e b e n t h
s c r ul t f bs v at i n i t w oul d e e re s o o er o :

r at h mto est upon ome ea l ie l ite a y c nv e nt ion h arac

e r see r s r r r r o ,
c

t e i ti p robably of t h
r s c e po t cl a i al p iod and e x i te nt al read y s - ss c er ,
s

in t h l ite at ue of the 9t h c nt u y w h
r e wrend t he d ebat e f e r , er e o

Sed uliu S ot u e nt it l ed D
s c a lil ii qu tam
s in e r os e e cer e .

P OE M a s L I T E R AT U R E
9 . T HE

I t now re m ains to in qui e w h at use o u p o e t h as m ad e of h is r r

various mate ial s how far he has u cee ded in giving to his w k
r : s c or

art ist ic q ual it y and life : a nd fu t h e w h at a e t h e p a t i ul ar r r, r r c

feat u e s t h at m
r ak e t he po e m w h at it is o ne o f t h e ne st ac h iev e

ments in E ngl i h med ie val l ite atu El he main p u pose of the

s r re . r

w it e
r it has bee n ugg e t e d w a t co m
r, mend h imse l f (o o ne s s s o r

N ich ol as ) t o t he fav o u abl e not ice o f his o nte m po a ies H e com

,

r c r r

plains of negl e t a case fo e cognit ion is mad e out : and t he eal

.

c : r r r

busines i d o ne in t he e ul ogies so a t full y pl aced nea t he be ginnin g

s s r r

and t h e nd o f t h e e p e m B ut f o th e pl ea t o be ffect ive i t w as

o . r e ,

ne cessa y abo v e al l t h at t h
r e w o k sh o uld be w id e ly r ead : and no r

v e ffo t has t h e e f re be e n sp a e d in m
r ak in g t h
r e app eal as ge ne al
o r r

as po ssibl e T h us a poe min t he p p ul ar d bate form d eali ng

. o e ,

in all g i al fa h io n w it h a l iv e q ues tion of t he d ay w a a d e v i e

e or c s ,
s c

w e ll cal cul ate d t o se v e t he p a t i ul a o bj ect i n v ie w B ut w h e n

r r c r

into t he p oe mw as po u ed a m ub id ia y d etail d aw n f o m
.

a of r ss s s r r r

th fav o u ite rea d in g of t h

e r e t im e the app eal m ust sure ly hav e

A t e ve y t urn t he e ad e r w oul d be m
,

bee n g eat l y inc eased

r r et . r r

1
SeeT rail l ,
S oci a l E ng la d , n 1 3 3 6 ; S choel d , E ng l i sh i L t tu era re f ro mth e

mn C
.

Nor a o nq ues , 49 t p
mi
. .

1
See Na ier , M L Ep . . . v . . 59- 6 3 .

A
l xx iv

by so mdl e e ectab e l l d p ve all u ing

d e t ai l The ve y r t it le w ou ro r

n animl fabl
.

ug h t up w h il th w o a -
es : e er e as

mat te a o t uit
l r s v y t t e
o
n at u al h i t
s y and bi d l
e er as r s or r -
o re ,

p ov b and m
r er s p la e m ini n e
ex e f F en h l v p tr y f g sce c s o r c o e -
oe r ra

ment f p t i ti l a ning and abo v all t h legal tmo ph and

, ,

so a r s c e r e e a s e re

p ed u o unningly unte f it ed T h p emi in h t

, ,

ro c re s c co r e e o s, s or

p h f p a t i al w it T he l em e n t h av e bee n w ll m
.
,

a t ium r o r c c ingl d . e s e e

w i t h an ye to t h e me ain bj e t and t he e ul t is a t ibut t t h o c : r s r e o e

s h w d nes f t he p oet t t he ubt l in igh t he p e d int

re s o ,
o s e s oss sse o

mn and t h ei w ay y
e r s

omt h ing m
.

B ut t h w k i e or t h n a u e f ul o a ion l
s s e or e a s cc ss cc s a

p m oe l eve ad v t i emnt d e ving of p e t v n i n a

or a c r er s e se r r es c e e

mod n ag I t i a p iec of a t amazingly p ut t g t h e f ull f

,

er e s e r o e r: o

am
.

s rt ik ing ff t eu ing biz a

e c s, an d p i t u que w it h a w e ll
s ,
r re , c res :

pl t a n i t nt all g y a va ie ty of in id nt ol u
o co s s e e or r c e c o r,

f oml iv ly and
, ,

w e ll a the anim om
,

e ,
as at i n t h at se o c s r e

p emi in fa t a ing ni u ly w ough t o s, c s e o s r

h e w d ly pl ann d I t is f e f mt he f ml e n
,

i s s r e f re ro or ss e ss o so

mu h f th md i val a t and h l i t h mi a l e in nn t ion

.

c o e e e r : e re es e r c co ec

w it h a w o k f t h i p e io d r o s r

t ual fo m mth ing h In m

.

Of it s ac a al ad y b
r n aid so any
e s re ee s

w ay s t h p e mi
.

ep entat i v e o f t h e v n a ul a

e o s r d bat
r es f er c r

e es o

th t im
,

e e w hi h t ood f a d v l o p mn t o f t h
c s a li and m
or e e e e e r er o re

l e w h e my b f und h int
,

c on v n tional L at in t yp
e o th t e : s a e s er a e o s

for many of t h t uct u al featu e f u po mand t he auth

e s r r r s o o r e , or s

d bt t
e hi p do s w a d ubt l
re f n n gl ig ibl k ind
e ce sso rs s o e ss o o e e

B ut w h at v e t h at d e bt my h av be en a t o t h a t i t i v al u
.

e r f a e ,
s e r s c e o

th e ul t t h
res can be n d ubt
e re I f t h p t h b w ed o o . e oe as o rr o

l ibe ally h ha mad hi b w ing hi ow n ; and a lie d e v i e

r , e s e s o rr o s s e r r c s

a e h and l ed w it h a f
r ed o mand an o i g inal it y t h at d i t ing ui h
re r s s

t hi p s mf mall th e t f it kind
oe ro e r s o s

d ed t h at t he p oe mha b e n
.

I n t h t pl e it w ill b
rs n a ce , e co ce s e

p ovid ed w it h an e cell ent f amw k n w ll ad ap te d f t h

r x r e or ,
o e e or e

p u p e in h and T h i an p o it ion to b gin w it h in w hi h

r os . e re s ex s ,
e ,
c

th e b ckg aund i k et che d and t he ase is stat d t hi i f ll ow d

ro s s ,
c e : s s o e

by a n i t o f w its w h i h
co c a he a o t f i i w h en t h a c re c s s r o cr s s e s

em bly of bi d a l im t h N igh t ingal e a v i t ; and aft e t h at

,

s r s cc a s e s c or r

t h a t i n mv e
e c o n if t a d n u mn t t h ugh n
o s o as ol ut i n f o o e e ,
o o s o o

th eon i t i a tually gi v n
c c s T h d i p ut e i t h u
c o n t u te d o n e e s s s c s r c

d amt i line t h gumnt a ma h all ed in ff tive fa h ion

.

r a c s: e ar e s re rs e ec s :

and t h ad need n v
e re b in d oubt s t o w h
er th me ain i sue
er e a e re e s

li es B ut t h i i by n man all
. s s M o e ma kabl e till i t ho e s . re r r s s e
 lxxv

wa
y in w ic t is h h h out l in va iet y of d etail and e is l led in w it h a r

fo o f the v a ied m
,

wit h
d e ices w ic v h h se ve
a t ist ic e nd s ate ial
r r : r r r

t h a t e nte s into t h st u t ure t h e e is but li t t l e t h at an be t e m

r e r ed c r c r

e so m
,

et hi n
w

r eal l y upe uo us o
s t h at fail s t o contg gdb
r r g to t h e
T he n igh tin gal e e p i o d e fo in tance i no m
,

gzherzl pl an e e s r s s r
-

ph asising t he main cont en tion

, ,

id l e inse t io n it ha t he e ffect of e m
.

r : s

o f t he O w l t h at t he l o v e ong of h opp one n t o f te n l ead t o -

s s er

g a ve abuse and d isaste

r T h anim al fabl es again a int od uced r e -
re r

to ill ust ate ce rt in m

.
, ,

r o al t ut h in t he Ow l and t he Fal con fabl e

a r r s:

w e h av e an ill u t at io n o f a w e ll k no w n H o at ian ms r axi min t h e -

r ,

fabl of t he Cat and t he F o an ill ust at io n of t h fac t t h at t ick s

e x ,
r e r

a e val uabl e o nly in so f a as t h e y a e ucce ss ful

r T h en too t h e re r r s .
, ,

a re t h e p o v e b t h t l e nd aut h o it y t o t h
r r s e v a io ua tat m e nt s th r r s s e : e

c ap s of nat u al h i t o y a nd bi d l o e w h ich a e ut il ised i n d e

s r r s r r -
r , r

v eIO in
p g t h e p in cip a l ha ac t e rs and in ill ust at ing e rt ain p oin ts
r c r r c

o f p o p ul a w isd o m E v e n t h
r e d a i ng i nt ro d u t io n o f l gal
p r c e ro

must b ga d ed as someth ing mo e t h an a me e t u de

.

c ed u re e re r r r o r

f p i f m ach i y h at int od u e m h
f or c
e or i
: t i a e ce o n es t e t od in t o r r c s

th e a g um e nt
r and gi v e s a m e,
o ut l ine to t h e course o f t h e r r

d ebat e .

B ut w i h le
poe t ha t h u w v en int o hi f b i a va i ty of
the s s o s a r c r e

mat i l w it h unu ual k ill n t less ma k abl a hi t u t u l

er a s s , o re r e re s s r c ra

d vie fo gi ving to t h a t io n in
ces r a ed v e i im il it ud and fe c cre s r s e, or

mak ing t h di pute m lif l ik nd al I t w s f in tan e

w

e s o re e- e a re . a ,
or s c ,

a h appy and igi n l t h ugh t t h at f m

or ak ing t h t i m d u at i n
a o f , o e e- r o o

t h q ua e l t h p i d of on night T h Ow l w it s unt il nigh t fall

r re e er o e
g
. e a -

l( 41 )be f e t king up t t ight ing al h ll ng and in t he d aw n

or a e s c a e e

m
.

( 1 1 7 1 8 ) t h t h u h t h we n a n d t h r t
s f t h e pp a on t h
e re , e re s o a e r e

n e by w hi h t im t h d i put
.
,

sce ,
of t h t w
c n igh t bi rd is
e eve s e e o -
s o r

By th i touch of Nat u an i f al i mi given to t h en

.

s re a r o re s s e sc e :

th e a ti n i c p o pe to a J un nigh t in an Engl i h vall y w h n

o s r r e s e , e

t h boo te f t h b w n w l and t he
o e ee h of t h
ro e w h it e o ne a o scr c re

al m os t al n in ply
o i ng e h
to t e n o t o fre t h n igh t in g al e F A nd es e .

somt h ing o f t h am e e ffect is bt ained by t he v a in g l n th

e e s
y g o r e

and to n o f t h ut te an e of th t w e d i p ut an t r Iii m t of t h
ces e o s s . os e

E t iii d ba
t es tl g diabgue i

e ied o n w it h a d ull mnoto nou
i s ca rr o s

f mal it y each tate mnt be ing l im

or , i t ed t o a x d num
s be of lines
e e r .

In u p o rnt poe m h w e v
rese th e d ial gu is n d u t e d w it h a
o e r, o e co c

vi va it y and a f ed omt hat d o aw ay w it h all f mali ty w hil e

,

c . re or ,

s ugg t ing a w ell t h viciss it ud es o f n

es s t u l d i p ute Y t it is
e a ac a s e

ft e all in t he na t ive l e m e p em
.
,

a r e nt so f ee ly w o k d i nto t h
rra e r r e o

m
, ,

t h at t he aut h n t u t iv e o t p a lpably ee n h

g pj
or s co i s r T e s e re
g h
c
F h
s s s .
l xxv i

is, p l imina y ki mi h ing w h n

rst , the re r s r s e the Ow l su ggest s a
'

mu h
,

d i i n by t i al by com
ec s o bat ; l te o n t h e r a r , er is c ad o caused

by t he gat h ing f t h bi d ; and u h in er o h e e maye r s s c cid e nt s as t s

p h p be pa all l d in om of th oth
e ra s e e e e r e r d e bat e in t h at o f s s,

P hi lli s an d F l a fo instan e B ut ac t ion o f t h i k ind i n t

or r c s s o

e f am e w o k o f o ur p e se nt p oe m I t fo m
.
,

co n ne d t o t h r s an r r . r

int eg al p a t of t he d ial og ue as w e ll in fact t h sh o t int e l ud es

r r : e r r

a e am
,

w h i h b ak t he a gum
,

c re e nt at f e q u n t in t e v al r on g t h e r e r s, r

most ff ct ive feat ur s of a w ell o nst ructed poe m A s the di pute

e e e -
c s

p oceed w e h ave visibly b ough t be fo e us t he h an ging mood s

.

r s, r r c

of t h e t w o p o t agoni t s c n d e nce g iv in g w ay t o p e pl e x it y o
r s ,
o r r

vex at ion a note of t riump h c eep ing in be fo e t he launch ing of r r

e w e igh t y a g um We see the Ow l again w it h he sullen

,

som ent r ,
r

de meanou w it h d o w n ast eye t h at on occa i n can bl aze w ith

.
,

r, c s s o

fu y ; w e not e t oo h mo e t im
r o ous o ppo ne nt h igh sp i it e d but
, ,
er r r ,
-
r

caut ious y in g al f t at t h
, e e nd t o ann unce h o e vict o y S uch o r r .

pa ages a e of cou e t he nat ural b eak s in t he e p o t of a h eated

ss r rs r r r

at io n m
, ,

c nv e ad e b one w h o h ad b ee n p s n t at t h e w h ol e
o rs
y ,
re e

aff ai B ut t h e y d i ch a ge im
r po tant funct ions in t he st uct u e
s r r r r

e p em e t h ing m o e t h an m
.

of t h a w e ll o Obv io u ly so m s e e l in k s s r r

t h ey aff d re l i f st of all f om
.

be t w ee n t he e v e al a g um e nt s r r s, or e r r

t he l ong bo ut o f pl ad in g by ad d in g v a ie ty and an im
, ,

e at io n t o t h e , r

w o k ; t h y se v

th
r al so a d am
e

e p e so n al it ie s o f t h t w
r
at ic p u p os
r e by t h o w ing l igh t o n
d isp ut ant s ; and at t h sa m e ti e e t hey o
r r e

e
r

m 1

ppl y a unning o m ment a y ch o us fa h ion n t he va ious

m m
,

su r c r ,
r -
s , o r

n n

si t uat io n i i a e h h

n l h
w

s e e t e w o e co u se o f t e r

d isp ut e I
T he p o mhas t h e f o e been k il fully p ut t oge t h e
.

e re it is h a a r s r: c r c

t e ised t h rough out by a nice p op o t i n o f p a t s by a subo d inat i n

r r r o r r o

e v eal unm
,

of d et ail s t o t h e m ain id ea ; and t h e e q ual it i i t ak s es r s

ably a t ue e nse o f f r m Y e t m e w e nt t o t he mak ing of t he

s or or

r a co m
.

p e mt h an a w ell
o d e igned st u t u e pl i at d mach in e y
s r c r o c e r

giv ing simpl e esul ts T he w o k consist s o f an all e go y w it h bi d

,

r . r r r s

as t h e acto s : it is a n at te m r p t to giv h uman in te est t o an e r

ab t act q ue sti n b
s r
y m e an f a y mb o l ical t e at m
o e nt
t and i t is s o s r

he e in w h at is afte all the e ssent ial asp ect of t he p o mt h at

r r e

e poe t s w o k m ansh ip m
, ,

the re al te s t f t h b aid t o l ie d

o a
y e s A n r

ad m
.

i abl y has t he p e t d isch a ge d t h i p art of hi tas k t h o ugh

r o r s s

his suc es is p e h ap t he l e s su p i in g se eing t h at t he m

,

ed ie v al

m m
c s r s s r r s

man t h ough t and fel t in symbol s so t hat allg eam

,

tgp l ly

m
,

to 1 2 t he tu y m et t h e poe t h s ch o se n w ise ly i n tak in g

m
in d Y a
gg s r

terial fromt he ani al y orld fo in so d oing he has based

.
w

his a
"

r
 l xxviii I ntr od uc t ion

d raw n : h emat once f omt he d s ip tions giv en of

w e re co nise t g r e cr

t he ir out w a d fo m s an d h abitr T he d et ail s a al l t h e e t h ou gh

r s. re r

e m
,

t he y a e ne v e obt usiv e
r o n e at l y a e t h e y pl a ed in t h
r r ,
o ut hs r c

of o ne o t h e o f t he bi d s T h
r o e Ow l f
r in t anc is d p icte d asr .
,
or s e, e

h o t of b d y w it ha l a ge he ad a h oo k ed bill sh a p cl aw s d a k
s r o ,
r , ,
r , r

sta ing e y e r and w it h uffy f eat h e s t h at g i ve h

s, e w h e n an g y r r r

a w o ll e n app ea an ce
s H e h aunt is a h oll w t e e co vered o v e w it h
r r o r r

he l iv s n m
.

ivy : s i e and nail and u h l ik e c eat u e

e o c Bl ind s s s c -
r r s .

and sil e n t by d ay he sin g o nly a t n ig ht and he w ei d h arsh

,
s s : r r

c y i r eve y w h e
s e ga d e d as t h
r e fo e unne re r of e v il T he N ig ht
r r r r .

hand is a sm
.

i ng al n th e ot h e
e, o all e bi d w it h d ull b o w ni h
r ,
r r , r s

pl umag J a l it t l e d irty ball a the Ow l is pl e as d t o all he

e

s e c r

S he f e q uen t s t h w ood l an d of d am
.
,

r p lo w ly ing d i t ict but

e s -
s r s,

nly d u ing t h
o e sum
r m mo nt h s and in ert ain p t of E ngl and : er c ar s

fo in S ot l an d and I e lan d he p e se n c i q uit e un k n w n H e

r c r r r e s o . r

Ow l is d isco d ant it is h e a d d ay

s r : r

J un t h ugh ea ly in J une it is ap t e, o r

sea o n i s o v T he bi d s a d aw n s er . r s r

oml i fe
,

t ak e n d i t ly h
f t e a e r ec r : re r

han d of th M u alis} and w a e e r e r

w it h m e e t o k g u eg but w it h l ife size r s c r -

eat u e s t h at om p el our at te nt i n by t h ei r c o r

h ee eal ity
s r r

B ut t he p oet has d one ye t m as m

.

o t han t h is h e h ad e h is re

m
:

cre at u l iv e by e nd ow in g tmh emw it h h um

re s
m
an p e so n al i y an d b
mt y r

st i of m
,
u '

ibin g t o t he ni thoght s a
a sc r nd f e l ings cha i en e
'
c .

A nd in d ee d t his w as t he o nly w ay o f giv ing t h e ml ife it i L a s

Fontaine s met h od at a l at dat e fo w e can nev e k no w mu h

, ,

er r r c

mo e t h an the out id e f a imal t he o nly inne l if w can

r
/
s o rr s, r e e

im ag in e b ing aft e al l ee u ow n T o som

, e e t e nt
r t he m o al r x r

e bi d s my be i nfe e d f om
.
, ,
r" l
q uali t ie s o f t h th e p h y sical ch
f a r a act e rr r r r

i t ics d ep ict e d t he Ow l f
s e x am pl e is sullen and gl oomy s i
: ,
or , a s

om
,

nat u al in o ne w h
/
r o i s un igh t ly and et h ing o f a l use s s r ec :

w h erea t h e N igh s tin gal e a f ail song st re ss w h l o v es t he un is ,

r o s ,

o f a g ay e t em p ament a mil d e r and mo e l ovabl e nat u e th an

r , r r

h r pp o ne nt B ut t he p e t d o s not l eav e h e e t he d e l in a tion

e o o e r e

t e s f a m e is d one by t h e d am at ic m
.

of h is ch r : r e t ho d by or r ,

t he infe en ce s t o be d aw n f omw h at is
r r h} t he r

bi d s t h e m
r se l v es I n t h is w ay w e l ea n t h at t he O w l is a d ou r r

ghte r w it h an o v erbearing manne and k een ea o ning p w e

.

, r r s o rs,

giv en to coa se inv e t ive w h en p ov ok ed and apt to p ov e su ly

r c r r r

and v iol e nt w h e n w orst ed in a g um

,

e nt all o f w h ich is bo ne o ut r : r
 T he P oe m as L iterat ure l xx ix

by t he ehe ins pires, e sp ecially in t he breasts of t he

rce h at re d s

we ak e r em m
be rs of he r t ribe A s for her vi e w s on l ife t h ey are .
,

of th e narro w as c e t ic k ind : l ife t o h e r is at be st a bad b usiness,

and h e liv e s be st w h o sh ed s m o st t e ars H e nce he r p rid e in t he \ /

dism m
.

al na t ure o f h e r so ng s w h ich are a pe rpe t ual re ind e r of t he

m m t ind u ing mn t l v t h
,

t e rr o rs t o co e , and ai a c e o ea e e ir e vi l w ay s .

T h gh out t he d i put she i conscious of he r own ect it ud e of

ro u s e s r :

he se vi es t o m
r r ank ind h spe ak s at l e ng t h
c B ut fo t he f ail t ie s
s e . r r

of o t h e she h a no sy m
rs pat h y fo he stand s al oo f f omthe lighte r
s r s r

eat u e o f gl oo ma P u itan be fo re
,

sid e o f l ife S he i in b i e f a

m
s, r cr r r

m anent in h um
,

m
.
,
-

t i e and he
type p,i e r a n na t I n a
s k ea r e . r

cont ast w it h h
r e t and t he N igh t ingal e a g e n tl e
r s eat u e w h
s o r cr r ,

h old s he w n again t h b ow beat ing o ppone nt by he d aring

r o s er r -
,
r

t h ust s he
r h appy to t s and t he sel f cont ol she d ispl ay s
,
r re r ,
-
r

t h ugh out t he d i p ute

ro T he cause she pl ead is t h at f sw ee t n
s . s o ess

and l igh t ; t h e ng sh e sing s a e o f l o v e and t h j

so s o o f l ife H e r e r
y
mis ion is imply t o p ad h app ines a ound ; and she is t h e e f e
.

s s s re s r r or

be l ov d by all he f ll o w ; e v e n N at u
e mil e at he app oa h
r e s re s s r r c .

No i r he w it h ut a m
s s o e e iou p urpose in l ife t h ough he
o r s r s ,
s

cl aim s f h ong a v al ue of t h e i o w n F o t he l ov t ick e n

or er s s r . r e- s r

s ul sh
o e h a m e sag o f h o p eas he ch a ity is a w id e as h um
s e an it y : r r s

Spi it ual p id e i t o he th mo t d ead ly f ins and w it h

r r s r e s o s :

u banit y and a t sh r e is a t e nd e e be l ag ainst h a r h nu r r rs

A n e a ly h um f th m
,

aut h o it y anist w it h a t o u h
r od e n
r c o e r

he p e e nt a b av e sol d ie in t he Lib at i n W
.
,

of

s re r s s a r r er o r

h umanit y .

T he e t w o p o tag o nist s t h us stand o ut la

W
o nal it ie of t hrs

and d iE E T hey a e bi d bviously enough but t hey a

s r c e r

r r s o : re

h uman being a w ll T h ey a e bi d s w it h t he mind t h at human

s s e r r s

im a gin e t h e m t an sfo m
.

b ing w o ul d p
e s e s co ul d w o ss s ed f t he e r r or

t im
, ,

e be in g in t bi d and i t is in t h is d ual
o h a act t h at t h e i
r s: c r er r

fas cinat ion eally l ie s LB ut t h is fascinat ion is by no means onn ed

,

r c

e tw o m
.

to t h ain a t o s it is h a a t e i t i as w ll of t he w o l d t o
c r : c r c r s c e r

w h ich t h e y be l o ng t h at q ue e e l usiv e w o l d of t h e p

t s ow n r r oe

mk ing born as it w e e f ome mid night fan y T h e e ind ee d w e

.

a r o s c r

munity f c eat u e e mov d f omt he haunts of

, .

s ee a st an ge co m r o r r s, r e r

me n l ivi ng a p imit iv e l if of t h ei ow n full of fact i ns and fe ud s

, r e r o ,

and
y e t n t so v y diff e e n
ot af te al l f o m
er l i fe a w e k n o w it Of
r r r s .

th e m em be rs of t h at c m munit y some tak e pa t in t he act ion f o r o

t h poe m t h ese a e t h
e e th u h th
: e t h o st l r t he w ood pe ck e a nd r s ,
r e, -
r

t h w re n
e C nce ning o t h e . again w e h e a
o r o nly in p as in g rs, r s

t h ro ugh re fe e n e s m
, ,

ad e by t h e Ow l a nd t h
r c e N igh t ing al e ; and t h us
 I n trod uc t ion

it is t h at we l ea rn o f t he t in y t it mu o se and t he be icose ll coc k ,

of

hed g e sp arro w s and mgp i

ging w a on th yo ung o n and a es w a r e c r ,

o f c ow s in l a ge ock
r att a k ing h aw k
r in t he m a h e s I t is
s c s rs .

t h e e fo e a see m ingly sub tant ial w o l d t h at t he p oe t has

i
r r e at e d
s r cr :

a co m munity ep e e ntat iv e of the bi d life w it h w hi h w e a e

r r s r -
c r

famil iar N or is t h ere any t h ing inco ng uou o o ut of k e eping in r s r

e m
.

t h is fanciful w o l d of t he p oe t t he bi d s f or t h o t pa t

f
r s: or r s r

it y w i t h t h ei n at u e t h e y em
, ,

act in confo m r ain t u t o t h e l aw s o f

r r r r e

I t is not w it h out it s ign i cance f or e x am

,

t h e i o w n be ing
r
1
pl e s , ,

t ha t t h e y dis u s o nly such m as bi d s m

.

c atte
s igh t e asonably be rs r r

supp ose d t o d is uss n am ely t h e i so n g s t h i h abit s and t h

c ,
e l ik e ; ,
r ,
e r

or t h at w h e n t h e Ow l t h e at e ns v iol e nce it is w it h h e cl aw r and ,

r s

e at t e m
I
th e cl aw s o f h e r f ie nd s t h at h pt t o f igh te n he opp nent ; 2
r s s r r o

or again t h at t h e im ag es w h i h om e nat u ally t o t h e m ind of c c r s

a e t ak e n i n g n e al f om
,

th e d isp ut ant s, r t he anim a l w o l d a nd, e r ,

r r ,

h av efe e nce e ith r t o t he bi d al ead y me nt ione d o t o u h

e r r e r s r r s c

anim
,

al as t h
s e cat th e f t he b a e and t he h o se T h
,
e t ut hox ,
r r . r

is t h at t he p e t has p e e v d his ct io n w it h e xt ao d ina y k ill

o r s r e r r r s :

ne it h e t he act ion n o t he d e bat e e v e l e av e s t h

r e a ni m
r al pl an e o f r

be ing T he e ad e is n e v e p uzz l ed a he is in e ad in g D y d en s

. r r r ,
s r r

Hi n d a n d the P an th w it h t he b w ild e ing ch ang e t h at om er , e e r s c

ov e rt he a to s w h i h at one t im
c r , e a e rat i nal c eat u e s cap abl e
c r o r r ,

o f d is u sing ab t use d o ct i ne
c s l ik e t ansubstant iation w h il e at
s r r s r

ot h e t im t he b ut e c ation one o f t h e md in k ing

,

r e s t h ey e ve t t r r o r re r

mon w ate ing pl a e for animal s t he oth e pa ifying

,

om

at t h

e c r -
c , r c

he t ail and l ick ing he f o t h y j a w s I n T h Ow l a n d the N ig htin

'

r r r . e

g a l e, cm t h e o t h e h a n d t h e ill u i o n ri s ne ve d est o y e d,
t h e fa b l e s r r :

a s it t and is on sist ent t h ough ut and all o f a p ie e I f w e an

s s c r o ,
c . c

supp o e such b e ing

s a th e po e t c e at e to s i t at al l t h en f om
s r s, ex s ,
r

hi t eat mnt of t h emw e m

s r e ust ad d w h at H azl it t aid o f t h e ,
s

ch a act ers o f t h e T m h h y oul d not act p k f l

r
p t t at t e c e s ese a o e e or r

m ak s t h e m
,

o t h e w ise t h an a e po e t

r
[ t h ] s e .

T he fabl e ha t h e fo e be e n h an d l e d w it h w ond f ul t act

s re r er

e ve y t h ing is
r l ea ly o ut l in d conc et and onv in ing ; and t he
c r e r e c c

w o km ansh ip t h o ugh out p o int s t o a m

,

r r ast e of h is aft B ut r cr

so m e am
.

e t h ing o f t h e k ill h as l o bee n sh w n in onne t io n w it h

s s a s o c c

t h all e go y w h i h t h
e r e fabl e h
, a b e en d esig ne d t o b ing be f o e it s
c s r r

r e ad e s R unnin g t h ough o ut t h
r . e na at iv e i a e ond a y m
r eaning rr s s c r

e t o y in to i n t i m
,

w h ich b ings t h r at e con ne ct io n w it h l if e

s r a n d t h is
;
of t h e w o k sh o w s t h e sam o ig ina l it y o f t eat m e sam

m
sid e r e nt t h e e r r

e sam e e quirem
,

e ff e ct i ve h an d l in g and t h e insig h t , td t h e n t s of ,
. r .

S hw v n t 1 1 3 03
1
8 ee , o e er , o e, . .

C f 1 1 1 6 878 l 1 1 1 06 7 7 1 2 . .
, a so .
-
.
 T he P oe m as L iterat ure lxxx i

ago
KOf t he nat ure o f t h at all e go rical t h e e so e t hing has alr eady m m
SEEK sai d I t has be e n sh o w n t o r el ate to co nte p o rary songs
. m
and singe rs, to t h e ch all e ng ing o f re lig io us poe t ry o f t he o ld t ra

d it io n by t he sec ul ar l ov e poe t ry of t he ne w ; and it onl y re ains -

m
to s ugg es t t he q ual it y o f t he t reat e nt T he all ego ry , to be gin m
m W m
.

w it h , is pl ain to t he si pl es t o f souls it h a ind w el l v e rse d

mp
.

in co nt e y f bl n n o rar ul d fail t o ead

a w h at w a
e, o o e co r s

mant into th d isp ute f t he bi d o to see in t h i quarr l a

e e o r s, r e r e

f e n t t he t uggl e t h en be ginning b t w n th d iff nt

re e r ce o s r e ee e e re

f poe t y in t h w o ld f mn
,

type s o r N v e t h l es t h p oe t ha
e r o e e r e s, e s

l e ft but l it t l to h an f mt h p ni ng ne t he ant ith is i

.

e c ce : ro e o e sce es s

c el a and t h ont ast i afte w a d d v l ped by a numbe f

r, e c r s r r s e e o r o

t k es by t h
s ro e l aim nd unte l aim f th bi d t h i c s a co r- c s o e r s, e r

c ha ges nd ounte ha g unt il t h ead i onvin d f w h at

r a c rc r es e r er s c ce o

t h po t w a abo ut
e e I f a i ind e d t he e t h u s f an
s s s e cas e s cce s o

y la g ly d ep nd up n t he ingeni u d v l p mnt f anal

.
, ,

a ll eg or r e e s o o s e e o e o o

gie be t w n t h ymbo l and th t h ing y mb l i ed t h n T h Ow l

s ee e s s e s s o s e e

ting al m
,

an d th N ig h e u t u ly ank h igh amng w o k e f it k ind

s s re r o r s o s .

Y t th poe t has not e x h au te d hi eso u

e e in t h w k ing out f s s r r ces e or o

hi m s any nal gi All t h w h il e h has be e n t ll ing an int e t ing

a o es . e e e res

st or y a to y w h i h lik Gu lliv T v l an b ead f itself ;

s r c e er s

ra e s, c e r or

is k ill a a t o y te ll e l ies no mll pa t of hi

, ,

and in h s s s rt a an
r -
r s a r s a s

a ll g i t f it i by t h i man th at he manage t b ing h o m

e or s , or s s e s s o r e

hi ubj t A p t f omt h
s s ec . a l i mw it h w h i h h
ar nd w
r hi e re s c e e o s s

s to y t h re a
r t h subt l t y and t h e t ain t w i t h w h i h h ha
e re e e e r s r c e s

v il d hi m
,

e e eani n g I n o m all go i
s f in t n. th t y h s e e r e s, or s a ce , e s or o

sc ures t h g u at iv e e n ; i n t h e rs r t he g u at iv n
se e d t sey o ,
r e se s es ro s

th e st o y B ut in u p
r . e nt p oe m a p fe t bal anc ha b n
o r res er c e s ee

a t tain d t h all g y ne v
e : bt ude in to t he l ite l na at iv e
e or er o r es ra rr ,

t h ugh it i t h
o ll t h m a a t f und e ton T he bi d
s e re a e sa e s so r o r e r

k n w i but a p ndant f h umn i t y ; and t h imgi

.

w o ld w r e o s e o a soc e e a

nat io n i it w e d by t h d v i e A f t h rigi nal ity f t h

s, as er , re e e c s or e o o e

t at m h av nly t t u n t o ome f t h a l ie n ative

.

re e nt w ,
e e o o r s o e e r r ar r s,

to t h Ow l nd t he F al on fabl
e a f in t anc nt ain ed in t h c e, or s e , co e

poe mw h i h f m a g d e x mpl f t h typ in quest ion And

,
c or s oo a e o e e .

th w
e re h all nd a na at iv f b fa t w it h t he m al p
e s rr e o a re c s, or a

pe nd ed t h bi d me e aut mat d ull l ifel e me h anical

: e r s r o a, ss, c

l itt l mo e t h an pe g f human t t ibutes T h m al in h o t

,

e r s or a r . e or ,
s r ,

has t i d t h t y w h ichi w nt ing in lif a w ll a in realit y

s e e s or s a e s e s

C m
.
,

o pa ed w it h u h na t iv u all g y a um it j u t v al u
r s c rra es o r e or ss es s s e

and p t i ns t h
ro e d iff en
r be in g n
o , f q ual it y n t m e e ly f
er ce o e 'o o r o

sc al e O u poe t it is t ue h r a nla g d t h c pe f t h f bl r s e r e e s o o e a e:
.
, ,

but h ha l b at h d f
e s a so h l if int o all it d t il w h il b ingi ng
re e re s e s e a s, e r

f 5
lxxxii I nt rod uct io n

to his w ork a ne se nse o f p rop ort ion and bal ance B o t h t he fabl e .

and t h e all e gory h av e bee n c hanged be y ond al l reco gnit io n : w h at

w as m e ch ani cal and im pe rsonal before has fel t t he quick eni ng ,

t ouch of t h e p oe t s g e nius

Leaving no w t he all egory w e app roach t he w ork fromanot h er

.

h a vie w t o inq ui in g w h at l aims m

,

st an d p oin t , w it ay be ad v ance d r c

for t he w o k as p oe t y and w h e t h er t h
r e aut h o has gif t in t he
r ,
r s,

matt er of e x p e ion at all comp arable w it h t h o e he po sessed as

r ss ,
s s

fabul ist and all gori t I s t h e e any t h ing fo instance to be said

e s r r

f o t he t yl e in w h ich he ha p re nte d his w o k?D oe his m

.
, ,

anne r s se r s

e t o t al e ff ect ? W
r s

ad d anyt h ing t o t h hat comm and h as h e sh o w n

of t h e inst umntsat h i d isp osal of t he d ict ion and t he v e se

r e s ,
r

he has ch o e n fo his p u p ose ? A e t h e e any colou o t ones t h at

s r r r r rs r

g iv e sp e cial d el igh t o t h at h e lp t o v it al ise t h e t ,

h e m e of h
r is wo k? r

T h e e a e q u st ions t h at a i se w h e n w e t u n to t h is id e of t he
s r e r r s

wo k r and t h ey
: all fo so m e so t o f answ e r if w e a e t o app o
c r r r r

iat at al l ad e quat ely the app eal o f it s art F romt he v e y nat ure
,

c e r

f t h ings l it t l e e nough w oul d be e p e cte d f o m

.

o ,
w o k of t h is d at e x r r .
'

T he E ng lish g enius w e a e w ont t o ay w as ina t icul at e as ye t r s r :

e fum bl ing e ffo t s f conte m

, ,
,

and w e p oint t o t h po a y w ite s as r o r r r r ,

w o k w h ich w h il e v al uabl e f o h ist o ical

r easons e q ui es al so r r r r r

so m ad e f o c ud e and i m
,

e all ow ance t o be m
,

p erfect w ork mansh ip r r .

B ut T h Ow l a nd th Nig hti n g a l d oe s n ot ask t o be t ie d by any

e e e r

me e h isto i al st and a d it has qual it ie s t h at w ill stand a t est of

r r c r :

a m o e absol ut e a nd s a ch ing k ind

r In a m ul t it ud e o f d iffe e nt
e r r

e p oe t com mend ed his fabl e by his manner of p e

.

w ay s h as t h r

se nt ing it ; and i nd e ed w h e n all t h ing s a e consid e ed h is t ech niq ue r r

must be d esc ibed as mast e ly a marvel of l iterary art be fore ou

, ,

r r m r

med ieval a t w as bo n r r

N o t h ing t o begin w it h is m
.

o re r m a k abl e t h o ugh t h p o int e r e

has h it h e t o al m
,

o t escap ed not i e t h an t h
,

e p a t i ula st y l e i n
l
r s c r c r

w hi h t h c e p oe m is w it t e n A n app a ent ly art l e ss v e in in w h ich

r . r

t h ing s a e said si m
,

r ply and di e t ly w it hout any t aining fo effe ct r c s r r

e m
, ,

any t o turi ng f t h
r e sy nt ax f o t h e ak e o f t h
o e t e but w it h w o d r s r , r

foll ow ing w o d a in o d in a y w e ll b e d sp ee h t he imple t u t u

r s r r -
r c , s s r c re

and d i t io n o f p o e g l id ing n at urall y into v e se w i t h o ut e v e

c r s be r r

co m ing p rosaic t h i is t he styl e in w h i h ou p oe t has w it t en

s c r r ,

and t h e fact in it se l f is not w it h o ut it s ig ni cance F o w h at s r

h ave h e e is cl ea ly t he t x am pl e of t h fam
.

il ia styl e I

w e r r rs e e r

in E nglish t h at st yl e w h i h a co d ing t o Co w p e is of all ty l e s

,
c , c r r,

s

e m ost d if ul t t o uc e ed in Lat o n in Ch au e r t he same

th c s c . er , c ,

S hw v
1
K ee ,E ng li hL i t
o tu M d i v l pp 1 81 2
e er , er , s era re e e a . . .
 T he P oe m as L it era t ure lxxx iii

ve in u in S wift and P io too t hough w it h t h e mth e i a

occ rs : r r re s

nem
,

re e nt d u t f u t h l ite a y p act i e: B ut t o ou poe t be l ng

e o r er r r r c r o s

th e h ono u o f ori gi na t in g t h r e t yl e i n E ng lis h : h e rs t at te m pt d s e

to buil d up t he p oe t ic id iomon a co ll oq uial basis .

A nd in t h i he has suc e e d ed t o an asto nish ing d e g ee fo no

s c r : r

w he d o e his t o ne rise abo v t he co nv e sat iona l l e v el no w h e

re s e r ,
re

d oe s it fall b n at h t he di g nity o f a t E v e ry w h e
e e he w ite in r . re r s

i e i t ibl e e ff o t l es fas hion d e pe n d ing f

rr s s r s his e ff ec ts up n t he or o

pl t fo ms o f e x p ession upon a v ocabula y d aw n f omthe

,

s im es r r ,
r r r

l ip s of the peopl e and consist ing of w o rd s full of co lou nd li fe F o r a r

himt h e e xisted no poe t ic di ction t he m

.

ost t i v ial and o m monpla e

,

r e : r c c

w o d cam r e ali k to h
s i p e n Y e t t he w o d he u es a re ne v e
e s . ut of r s s r o

place o l acking in d ig nity ; his olloq uial i m he h and l es w ith

r c s s C

u nf ail ing m od e at ion and tast e ; and in so d oing h

r e h a ad d ed a ne w s
)
3
po w e t e x p e sion B ut in ot h e w ays as w ell is t h is conve sa
r o r s . r r

t ional to ne m aintai ed and no t abl y in t h e abse n e o f co n v e nt ional

n c

T he poe mf o one t h ing on tains n pa ages of

,

s t y li t i d e v i e
s

c c s r c o ss
, ,

n w i t ing n one of t h g l itte o e l e vat ion d iv e d f rom l assical

.

e r ,
e r r er c

a ll usio ns a nd t h l ik e All t ick in fact are p act ically avoid ed

e r s, ,
r :

m
.

o u p oe
r t w i t e s w i t h t h e ga
r
y g oo d h u o u o f o n e w i t h a g oo d -
r

sto y to t e ll : and h
r e w ites t o be und e tood by t h r e pl ain m an rs

mo t of al l A nd o t he eff t t h oughout is im
,

pl ig it y it e l f t he

m
s s ec r s s ,

pl i ity t h at esult f roma w ll onceal ed a t and w ant ing in

.

s im c r s e -
c r

gy n charm Y
,
- -

ne it h e e n r er or d lyi ng t he e can be er r

d ubt as a o m
.

n o o pa i on w it h ont mp o a y w o k w ill plainl y

c r s c e r r r

t ut h w oul d ee mto be t h at o u p e t
,

st yl e g e w

r s r o s r

p art ly o ut of hi subj e t mat te D eal ing w it h a t h eme t h at call ed

s c -
r

fo no p e t e nt ious t at m
.

r r e nt h e h a hit up on a v ein t h at giv es

re , s

j u t t he l igh t and w h im
s sical to uch e qui ed w h il e im p a ting to r r r

t h na at iv e an ai o f nat u alne ss a lm
,

e rr o st r a p abl e o f pe uading r , c rs

u t h at uch t h ing co uld be B ut m u h w as al so d ue t o t h e p oe t s

s s s c

im
.

o w n pe rso nal it y t h e styl e ea ll y be ing but an e x p e sion o f h

,
r r s

se l f I f t h e e i p e nt t h nai v t f o ne d eal ing in fabl es t h e e

r s re s e e o r

l so t he easy famil ia it y of a w it ind ul ging in j u d sp it ;

.
,

is a r a e

e r

a nd t h e a e th es e q ual it i r mo e t han any t h ing el s t hat give t o

e s, r e,

th e poe m it p ecul ia h a act e and t one

s r c r r

I t w o ul d h o w e v e be id l e t o d e ny t h at t he fam
.

fou poe t has feat u es of its o w n t hat d istinguish himf omlate r i l ia st y l e o f

,
r, r

r r , r

w i te rs in t h a m
r e v e in T h e e i for e x am
e s ple hi f nd ne s fo
. r s, , s o s r

s y nony m and fo e pe ating hi s id eas t races p e hap s of t he u

s ,
r r r ex

E g tif t t 1 t
' ' '
bi h i h l bi g d t (
"
1
s g (1 s a re s ron l t l l 2 ib l w sc r c e re e osvo e o e

u m
. . . .

'
(l . h ul i g 2 h t
c a
(
l n
1 u d d (
c a er e l . l 11 488 n e e o er e e . a so .
,

52 6 , 7 03 , 7 57 , 842 , 865 , 1 005, 1 083 , 1 1 03 , 1 1 3 7 , 1 1 6 0, 1 3 47 , 1 52 1 , 1 647 .

l xxx iv

of t he l ie p
l ly of t h o e t ic mnn m p a r t ic u ar

m
be rance e ar r a e r, o r o re e

ad it i n w h i h up t t h en had p v ail ed O again

Q g l t
a a o c o re r,
q r r .
,

th i the l e mnt f allit tign w h i h un t h ough out hi

e re s e e o e t c r s r s

n m

Fbl N v bt u iv e in its effects it se v

-

w o k l i k v in
r a e e s l e e er o r s , r es,

mp h a i t h i mpo tant w d s in l in
.

n t w it h ta nd in g t
o s o e s se e r or a e,

dd in g an in id nt al h a mt o t h p oe t
,

w h il e xp i n B ut
a c e c r e s e re ss o .

m t t iking jf all i t h pbe t u f imil w hi h heighte n t h

os s r o s e

s se o s es, c e

vit l ity f t h w k a a w holeTiii awa np ced nte d in ou

w '
a o e or s re e r

n t iv
a l it t u e S att e e d t h ugh out t he p ma e quite a
era re c r ro oe r

l emnt of ne u
.

n um b f img er o of t h is k ind w hi h ad d an
a es ,
c e e s r

p i t t he tyl e w h il t h ey al s st ik e h me by t h i d aring and

r se o s ,
e o r o e r

un p t e d q u l it y
ex ec a th e bill f t h Ow l i
. o e s

l ik ned t e o k d o a cr o p e i t e nt o n g of t h
e rs s s e

N igh t ing l t an I i sh p i t h atte ing (l w h n th e Ow l

a e o r r es s c r . e

is s aid t o ing a l ug ub i u ly s a h n in t h s n w ( 1 o t her o s as e e s o . r

t w it te ing f t he bi d o n t he upp o e d d feat f t he O w l i

r o r aid
s, s s e o s s

x it m
,

to all t h
r ec e e nt t h at f ll w e g am bl
c e th w o o s a

e r s o ve r ro

1 664 th g u may be d e ibed a un nv enti n l p

e re s scr s co o a er

h p but t h ey m
a s, u t al b id t be f e h and ig inal T h y
s so e sa o r s or . e

p nt in a t ing f h ion t h v iou p int t h ey a d ign d

re se rres as e ar s o s re es e

t oill u t at e ; and h s r w it h ut a d o ubt th e in u n f t he

e re, o e ce o

T ubad u m
,

ro ay ind i ot ly be fe l t
rs re c

B ut t h p e t d o s n t d e p end up on im
.

e o il l ne f th l o u
e o s es a o or e co r

ing f hi p m in d v e l p ing hi a g umnt h mk

o s oe : u f e o s r e e a es se o a

n um b f ill u t t i n w h i h ap a t f mt h i f un t i n f p
er o s ra o s, c ,
r ro e r c o o re

se nt in g t h ab t a t i n n e te fa h ion upply al
s r c w eal t h f co cre s s so a o

im v y mte ially to t he p i t u que q ual ity f

,

age y w h i h ad d r , c s er a r c res o

th e wo k A nd w h at w e h av h e e
r . n p int f t h d x e r a re o re r s o or o o

s ce n t h ey
es : e e ct i n augh t f ar mth w ld a und e t ing
r e o s c ro e or ro e

mini n f on t m
,

re sce p y l ife it mnn and u tom it

ce s o c e o ra r s a e rs c s s, s

mmn igh t and und In pi d by T oubad u ng ou

,

co o s s so s . s re r o r so r

p t it i t u may d ep i t in gl ow ing but nv nt i nal fashion

,

oe s r e, c co e o

th f m f t he n m
, ,

e il i as n ar ing of p ing (
ce 1 1 43 7
e o wh n o co s r e

t e es nd m
.

r ead w
a a e d k d w it h bl omw ith l ilie and w it h
o s r ec e oss s

t h at bu t f mt h bl
,

ros se k t h n ; o again it may be t h

rs ro e ac or r e

se as on f ut um n w h n th
o ah eav a e be ing ga n ed nd t h,
e e s es r r er a e

l av a e st ain d w it h b w n (
e es r 1 1 455 B ut t h
e a e b
y n o ro ese r

man hi h a a t i ti ff t H i n a m ften tak en

.

e s s c r c er s c e ec s . s sce es re ore o

1
E g w i s an w ar of w ord s ( wil e of bore w urch

. . 1 . l 408)
en bar e; ( .
rusche
l rostle l w ud ew a le (
l al so 11 2 96 , 3 3 5, 3 96 , 43 7 , 495, 52 4, e tc

mil l ti g t mu i
. . .

3
Cf al so si es re a n o the use of w oad l
( the s c of the harp
nvi u m (
.
.

l
( . an e o1 s an . a usel es s w el l
 I ntrod uc t i on
"
at te mpt ing t E ngl ish w ord s into a fo e ig n moul d in spite of
o r un r ,

t he p e si te nce o f t he nat iv e acce nt ual t ad it ion an d w it h ut t he

r s r o

guidance of ea l ie mod e l s Y et t he p oet may be said t o h ave

,

r r .

t ri um p h e d ov e most of hi te ch nical d if cul t ies : he has econciled

r s r

th e E ng l ish w o d acce nt w it h t h r e h y t h m e quire d an d h

-
a g eat ly r r ,
s r

e n h ance d by h is m e t ri cal e ffe ct s t h e a t ist ic val ue of t h e sto y h e r r

t e ll s l l
Wit h surp rising kill t o begin w it h has the poe t imp essed
.

s r

e m
, ,

up o n h i ead e s t h
s r e t rical p at te n upo n w h ich h w o k s
r By r e r .

fa t he g at e p o po t ion o f his v e se s co nsist s o f no m

r re r r r al o t os l
y r r c

labic iam bi l ine s w it h t h se nse com

c pl e te in coupl et s : so t hat e

t h e e an ne v e be any d ubt as t o t he ont oll ing h y t h mo t he

,

r c r o c r r ,
r

met i al e ffe t s he has prima ily in mind A nd so the nar at ive

r c c r r

p oc e d in e a y uninte up t ed fashion t he sh o t l ine h a monising

.

r e s s rr ,
r r

w ith th e n ai v t o f t h e t he m e e ; w h il e a g umnt and d e c ip t io n r e s s r s

fall nat u ally int o coupl et fo mw hich is al o w ell suit e d t o the

r r ,
s

r e d und an y o f t h e st yl e
c .

L q y
E u a l l su p ri ing h o w e v e
r i s t h sk ill w i t h w h i h t h
s ,
e p oe t r, e c

ha run g t he ch an e up on his cho e n h yt h m w it h t he esul t o f

s s r r

ov m
,

b inging about t e ne essary v ariety of m S om e t im

1

r e nt c es e

ad e by t h om
.

t he ch ange is m ission of a syll abl e e it h at t h e e er

beg innin g o in t he m
n ,

1
id d l e o f a l ine
r

A nd t he r t f t h ese d . s o e

vice o iginally a me ans of av oid ing d i pl ace ment of t he w o d

,

s, r s r

acce nt h as ul t im at ly t h e e ff t of em p h a i in g a part i ul ar w ord

e ec s s c ,

e mv m
,

o r of in t od ucing int o t h
r e nt a d e l igh t f ul t och aic v a ie t y ; o e r r

w h il e t h e se ond t h ough l e c pl ea ing in it met ical ffe ct s is

,
ss s s r e ,

n v e t hel e a l i e n ce f ou nd i n A n g l o F n h p oe m s l ik e C h a d

e r ss c s re c r r
y
-
.

V a iat i n of a d iffe ent k ind again e ul t s w h e n t w o yll able s a e

r o r r s s r

in l ud e d und e a l igh t ac e nt
c r A nd w h il e h e t h in ue n e f c
3
. er e c o

th e nat iv e t ad i t ion w o ul d se mt o h av e be e n at w o k t h
r e e ffe ct e r

p od uc d is f an anapaestic k ind t he t i yll abic foot coming as

,

r e o r s

a w e l com e el i f t o t hre q ui k e u e en e of t h e accen t in an i am bic

c r c rr c

W
V l ine i:B ut t he p oe t has ye t oth e (l e s
.

and sp e ially no t abl c is t h w ay i n w h i h h f o mt im e e to t im e e

r t7

c e, r

b eak s up t he unit y of hi co upl e t o by his use o f njgm

m
,

b mn t 4
r s r e e e

b ing el ease fromt he m

, .

r s r on ot o ny t o w h ich o t o y ll abi s ab b c s c

a e a t t o t e nd
r
p C h t ie n d e T .o y e s ee m t o h avr e b e e n t h e st r s s r

1
Of 1 1 . . 87 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 3 0, 1 6 2 8 , e tc .

2 Cf . ll 2 1 .
, 56 8 , 6 81 , 92 3 , e tc .
3
Of 1 1 . 7 0, 3 55, 87 0, 8 7 5, e tc
. .

1
Cf . l l 97 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 5, 2 57 , 3 2 5, e tc
. .

5
Cf . ll 2 3 , 1 51 , 3 3 7 , 409, 42 5, 42 8 ,
. e tc .
 l xxx vii

to brea k up the h the rst

cou pl mi t ing p h
e t, in te r na a rase w it
l in f t he coupl t a co en n a ne
e o ase w i t h t h
e e l in e
nd mm i g w ph c r

c nce becam im l i
,

th at foll o w ed B ut a as a e l at e wh t w
a w it h h e r

ma k of elegance ; and ou poe t ad d consid e ably to his freed om

.

r r s r

of m ove m e nt b a d op t in g t he sam e d vi ce M eo v e t h a m e or r
y e s e .

e ffec t e sul t s f omh r i s use of un o u l ines w h i h occur f eq ue nt ly

r r -
c r

t em pl oy ing t h emw ith unva y

,

t h ough out t h
r e poe m and t h e p : oe ,
r

ing sk ill has l e v e ly ad ap te d hi v e rse to t he na at iv e p urpo e

, c r s rr s

he had in vie w
N o w h e e h ow v e is t he poe t mt i al a t m
.

r o e lea ly d i
e r,

s e r c r r c r s

pl ayed t h an in his hand l ing f t h h y mes w it h w h ich he ad o n

,

o e r r s

his poe mthu ad d ing a ne w m u i t o Engl i h v s Fromt h s c s e rse e

t he appea as a maste of t h i b an h of hi aft fo t he

, .

rs rs r s r c s cr : r

hyme t h o ugh ut a e w ond erfully o ect and t h i in p it e of

r s r o r c rr s s

t he f q u n y w it h w h i h t hey o cu in an o cto syll abic p e mand

,

re e c c c r o

and s m
,

th e eve d m
s read e in o nse q ue nce upo n h
e is u es T hu c re so rc s

he und e stand s t he v al ue of v a iant fo m

.

and d ial ect f o m in 1 g

r s r r r s ,

im
,

supplyi ng h w it h t h e p a t i ul a w o d h e e qui e he he lp s o ut r c r r s r r s:

his es u ce s w it h el f h ym
r o ring fo m s t h ough he u es f t h is p u
s -
r r
3
,
s or r

po e only w o d t hat d iff ed in maning ; and w h e eas occa ionally

s r s er e r s

he is con te nt w it h assonant fo m it i but ra e ly t h at hi h ym

es r s ,
s r s r

an be aid to b eak d o w n
c s On the o t h e h and t he e x cell e n e of
r r c

aj o ity of t h o e h y m
.
,

the g ea t m r es is be y ond al l d isp ute

r he ca e s r : r

ful l d i c iminate s in hi ch oi e of hy m
y s r ing sound
and l ink s c r s ,
s

r
L
t ge t h e o nly v ow el s id e nt ic l in qual i ty and quant it y T he n t oo
o a ,

h v a ies hi effect s by t he in t d uct ion of m as ul in e and f m

.
,

i e r s ini ne ro c e

hy mes ; and nat u ally e nough it i t he l atte t hat p red ominat e ;

r r s r
6

in h y m
, ,

f or in g w o d in E ngl ish t h e e w oul d of te n o c u af te

r r s r c r, r

hy m
, j

t he acce nt ed ing sy ll abl e an ine ional e nd ing w h i h w oul d

or r x c

o t o f e x t a syll abl e and g o t o fo m hyme of a

,

co n t it ute as s r a r ,
r r

d o ubl e o f e m inine k ind B ut w h ate v e t he ause t h is v a iat io n

r r c r

hyme i not w ti hout it s effe t upon t he h a mony o f th p o m

.
,

of r s s c r e e :

t he fe m inine h y m es b im g about a d el ay ing g raca of mov eme nt ;

r r
v
an d fo g eat e a tist in t his v ein w h ave to w ait unt il Ch auce
r a r r r e r

co m es

hym
.

S uch t h en , ,
is t he p oe t h and l ing

s of t is h
l ight and lew ed r e

1
C f il ik (l e i l iche (
l l
w ai la w ai ( l
w ola w o ( sc a h m s

m(1
. . . .
.

l
( sc o h e

f m
. .

1
F or occas ional use o f e n ish or s se e A K t pp e nd i x 1 .
(
a
)(
i) .

3
Cf
1 1 1 53 4, 3 91 2 , 42 5 6 , 603 4, 8956 ;
. .
- - -
see , how e v er , ll . 267 8 -
.

1 1 505
Cf 6 , 987 8 , 1 53 1 2
min t i n b tw n 5(G E a) nd e (O E
. . .

A pp nd ix ()(i )f di
86 6 e 1 0 v or scri a o e ee a u)
T h p p ti n f m ul i f minin hym i n ly 1 t 4 (1 90
. . . .

1
e ro or o o asc ne to e e r es s ear o
lx x x v m I ntrod uc tion

of his : an d his pect i but in k ping w it h

t reat mnt e in t is h r es s ee

th m any id d a t f t h e t of t h p oe m w it hit w ll d igned

W
e -
s e r o e r s e ,
s e -
es

f m it p i
or ,
s all g o y i t l v e h a a te d aw ing and e r ,
s c e r c r c r -
r ,

th m t yl iii w hi ht h t o y i p I f t he t t
n

e ann and er s nt e d
e c e s r s r e se . es

o f a p oemi it s ml t ne it unit y f ff t t h n T he Ow l
s co e e ss, s o e ec ,
e

a n d th N ig h ti ng al m
e u t u ely n k hg h n t h ee annal of us s r ra i i s o r

l it at u f vi w e d f mw h at t andpo int w w ill t he w o k

er re : or , e ro s e r

e t in g in t h m l v
,

ha q ual it i e s, arr s y e t n t ibut ing a h i n it e se e s, co r e c s

What in f t w ad mi
s

w n w y t o t h h a mny f t h
,

o a e w h le e r o o o .
,
ac ,
e re

in t h p mi n t i t l ack f a t but t h w ay in w hi ha t ha
,
'

e oe s o s o r e c r s

mad u e f t he h mly and t he famil i

, ,

e s o o e ar,

pl ace to t i t ic nd ar Out f u h t h
s e s . o s c
'

bird l -
ou p oe t h
or e , ate d a t i k in g an d
r n o igi nal p h anta y
as cr e s r a r s

int w h i h h has w k d a y m bol i mof N at u

,

o w n d vi i ng

o c e or e s s re s e s

tog t h e w it h imge d aw n f om n t em
,

e r p y l if nd lik ely t o
a s r r co o ra r e a

nd mi a in e v y m ind A n d ince t h p in ip al o namnt

r ro r er . s e r c r e

o f fabl w as t h av e n ne h ha t fo t h hi p h ant a y in a t l e
es o o e s se r s s r ss

l it tl mo t h an a
,

c oll q uial f
o h ion e quiring in hi e ad
as r s r e rs e re

k n w l ed ge f mmon w o d and t hin g and a t h at w e

,

o o co r s s, e rs er

a t t uned t t h sim pl h y thmof t he to yll abi l in T h ough ut

o e e r oc s c e r o

k in h t h has maint ain d ont a t w it h t he ommn

.

th w e or ,
s or ,
e e c c c o

pla w it h eal ity ; nd l ik t he giant A nt aeu he ha gaine d

ce , r a , e s, s

t engt h in t u h ing mt h e E a t h
s r o c o r r .

H ow t h p mapp al ed t ea li e oe d n nly b g u sede o r e r rea e r s ca o e es

me d ow n n ith f w hich an
,

t h ugh t h t w MSS t h a t h av e
o e o co e er o c

h ave be n t he iginal unmi tak ably p int t

.

e or me d eg ee of s o o so r

p opul a ity T mod e n ead

r

. h ow ve t h poe mha ye t m e
o r r e r s, e r, e s or

t o o ff f w h n pl a d in i t t ue p e p ctiv
er : or e it p nt s n e w
ce s r rs e e, re se

l ight and sh d es unt l s o ve t n and und e ton t h at ould

s a ,
co e s r o es r es, c

h ve i t ed f n it h t he p oe t n hi iginal d e [ F ul t
a ex s or e er or s or rea rs a s

in t h w k m my h and t h e e be found
.

e an h ip i t i
or t u s s r e, a e re r :

im th m
,

a i nally a l in l p w it h d e f t iv h y t h n at iv

m
o cc s o e s ec e r : or e e
rr
x p i n may t t ime d v l p a ud it t h t eem
'
forc e f th e o e ress o a s e e o cr a s s

to m

m
od n e ad e er vi t ue ve d n Y t
r rs a u h l ap e r o r o e e e so , s c s s

f omgo d ta t my be cond oned w h n v i w ed in a hi t o ical

.
,

r o s e a e e s r

l ight : bl e m i h up n w h i h it w ul d be fat uo u s to es o c o s

insist .

A nd f or t he r est , g w e can no t but be co n sci ous o f t he abo und in

m its of t he poemand of w h at i t eally stand f or A medie val

er r s

p e mw ith a l u ing d i tinct ly E ngl ish it ensh ines in singul a

.

o co o r s r r
,

F1
th p b bl in u
or f th p m n th l t
e ro t if kn wn a T h
a e en ce o e oe o e a er s r , o s e
T h tl nd t h N ig h
ros ti g l
e a n t I 1 1 09 e n a e, see o e, . .
 T he P oe m as L it erat ure l xxx ix

fash ion t he inte llect ual e ne rgies of an ag e t h at mark ed a ne w

p hase in t he civil isat ion of Weste rn E u op e and t he be ginnings
,

of m uch o f ou m I n it m
,

od e n E ngl ish c ul t ure

r a r b e h e a rd
y
at sp irit of cri t icismw h ich w as t h e n fo r t h e rst t i m
.

ech oe s of t h e ,

ch all e n gin g t h e o ld t rad it ions in l ite rat ure and l ife ; in it t oo

may be found t aces of the l ite rary cond it ions of the t ime t he
, ,

fo ndn ess for such t h ings as all e go ries d eba tes and fabl es t he in
e m
, ,

siste nt call of t h e ne w l o v e poe t ry t h o v e in t he d ire ct ion o f a -

ne w sy st e m o f v e rse m
,

ak ing A nd as such it is a p o d uct of 1 2 t h

ce nt ury W
r
-
.

es te rn E uro pe : it l oo k s back to t h e T r oubad o urs an d ,

on to D ante and Chauce r .

Y e t it q ually t ue to ay t h at the p oe mis al o a

w ou ld be e r s s

r e ect io n of 1 2 t hce nt u y E ngl and f o i t co l o u ing is tak e n f ro m

r : r s r

E ngl ish l ife and s e n its fo mi in uen ed by l egal a t ivit ies

c es, r s c c

un d e H e n y II w hil e it idiomand vo abul a y are e mini ce nt

r r ,
s c r r s

of t h e h om e ly pe e ch of D orse t sh i
s o K e nt M o eove w it te n re r . r r, r ,

as i n al l p robabil it y it w as in t h e e ig n o f K ing J o h n t he ,
r

poe mal p e se v s t aces of t h g ow ing p i it of ind e pend ence

,

so r r e r e r s r

am ong E ngl i h mn of t h e b oad e ning inte ll ect ual sy m

s e pat hie of r s

such m G i ald us Cam

,

e n as J o h n o f S al isb u y o b en i an d l ast r r r r s s: ,

but not l east it i a sil e nt w it nes t o t h g ad ual f u i n of t w o

,
s s e r s o

race in it fas inat ing bl end of t he F e n h a nd E ngl ish ge niuse

s, s c r c s

T o thi m ix t u e of acial q ual it ie s m u t ind e d be at t ibute d m

.

s r r uch s e r

of t h e h a mof t h po m fo if it i manife st ly E ngl ish it is

c r e e : r s

F e n h as w ell F e n h in its fo m
,

r c ,
al e x ce ll e nc an d it s unit y o f
r c r e

pl an in its u banity it g od se n e it l ogi and abo ve all in t he

, r ,
s o s ,
s c, , ,

d el igh t ful v e in f mck y t h at p vad s the w h ol e

o o er er e

Ot h e r q ual it i s t h e e a e of inte est t o t he m

.

e od e n
r ead e : fo
r r r r r r

t he poe t has e x te nd d t h e co p of bo t h fabl e and d e bat

e he hass e e,

int od uced ne w e ffec ts into t he nat ive l ite a t u e and w h il e he has

r r r :

re v ea l ed une x pe ct ed e sou ce s in t h e v ernac ul a r he has al so m r ad e r,

use o f po p ul a m at e i al o ut of w h i h w as subs q ue nt ly t o e m
r r ,
e ge c e r

t h g eat anim
e r al e p ic of t h e M id d l e A ge Y e t it is af te all s r

e p oe m
.
, ,

as t h e e x p e ssion o f a uniq ue p e rso nal it y t h at t h

r app eal s ,

nally to mod e rn ad e s fo in it w e h av e t he aut hentic ut te

re r : r r

ance o f one w h o l iv e d und e the e a ly P l ant age ne t and w h ose r r s,

am bit ions and fancies w h o e t h ough t s and m ood,

a e t h e e in set s r r s

d ow n fo all t o read T h at the w o k gi v es p oof of g nius as w e ll

r . r r e

as t h e hi gh est a t is a fact t h at w ill be o nced ed by al l w h

r o k no w c

t he p oe m B ut w h at at t act s us m o t is t h e ri h h um anit y o f
r s c

t he w o k its f es h ness of ut te an e i ts sim

.

r r pl e ince e hand ling of r c s r

e ag e l ong conte st be t w e n asce t icism

,

e g eat p ro bl e m
,

o ne of t h r s t h -
e
xc I ntrod uct i on

a nd pl e u e F mout f t h at d i tant p a t t he v i a f w
as r ro o s s o ce s re e :

t h ugh Abb t S am n y t l i v es in th p ge of J o lin and t e ll

.

o o so e e a s ce , s

u o f t hi ng w w o ul d n t
s s e d ily f ge t A not h
o reaad ing f l if i
or er r e o e s

p e en t d by u p t w h m t mind u f t h j y of l iving
.

r s e o r oe ,
o co es o re s o e o

d u t f th m
.

B t h e d ing
o r a t u ; th y a
s a re r e q ually t h
e e p e re en ro c o e

and t h i e r a
g nd t
e: a t h at ag e w m
o ay e t u n in T h Ow l a nd th
e r r e e

N ig hting al nd
e, aat h gain t h c nt f on w ho p ok e in th
c c a e a ce s o e s e

daw n .
 A BB RE VI AT I ON S EM P L OYED IN T HE N OT E S
A ng . A ng lia .

B T . .
= Bosw orthT o -
ll e r, A ng lo S ax-
on

C .
= MS Cott o n Cal ig ul a A
. IX .

E D D
. . .
= E ng lishD ia lect D ictionary .

G .
= E ul e und Nachtig al l , ed . WG d . a ow .

H . S el ectionsf ro mE arly Midd l e E ng lish(

2 by J ose phH ll
a .

J .
= MS J esus
. C ll g
o e e, x
O fo rd , 2 9 .

o
f E ng lisha nd Ger mni a c P hil ology .

M .
= Mat z ner ,
A l teng lische S p rachp r oben .

ML N .
= Mod ern L a ng uag e Notes .

MI R .
= Mod ern L a ng uag e Review .

Mors bach= Morsbach Mittel eng l ische Gra mmati/c ,

.

Eng l i shD ictionary .

Braune, B ei trcig e

u . .

S ie v e rs = S ie v ers, Ang el scichsische Gr a

mmti/a c .

Sk . Morris Skeat , S p eci mn e s o

f E ar ly E ng l ish .

St .
= The Ow l and the Nig hting ale, ed J S tevenso n . . .

S tr . The Ow l a nd the Nig hting a le, ed S t rat . m ann .

Str Midd le E ng l ishD ictiona ry , ed Brad ly

e

W Wll
. . .

= The Owl h Nig hting ale, ed J E

and t e e s

W Wight
. . . . .

r = . The Owl and the Nig ht ing al e, ed T . . r .

 T HE O WL A ND T HE N I G H T I NG A L E

CH u mer e d ale
w as in o ne s ,
Ms o C)
(
F 0" 2 33 r' co" 1
in one sube d i3e l e h ale

ihe rd e ichhold e gre t e tal e

an h u le and o ne ni3ting ale .

5 F p
at l ait w as s t if 1 s t ar c 1 s t rong
w il e softe 1 lud am
,

sum

ong ;

an ai er a3e n ob e r sv al

b ,

1 le t b [ at vue l
je md ut o a1 .

1 beres c u st ee i er se id e
b of o

at alr w e rst e b at h i u
10 b e w st e : -

1 hu re t hu re o f ob ere [ s] songe
"

hi hold e p l aiding sube stronge .

.

b e ni 3t in
g ale b ig o n b p
e s e c he ,

in one hu rne of one bre che ,

2 .
d tt do( n te) 7 m g
seein ib 8 w lo e . . ar e er . . o e. 1 0 . a l ere , rst a
d el eted . 1 1 . o pere .

l m
su O E su er e , the L
er e = S or ( f e m d sg ) o f su (a ce rtain): W f m m m
mf
. . . . . . . . .

Si v
e ers 2 93 , a 4 ence S tur e l s sugg estion ( H A ng 1 x 56 3 ) hat su t

m
se e
m m
. . .

q v p f
er e here is e ui al ent to so er e < O F r so br e w ith arasitic e be ore is
mm v y
. .

unnece ssary : nor i s G ad o w s re nd ering ,

a su er
( a l l e ), at all a l ikely

one (O f a Hl so K
s v and enyon , x11
m v y
. . . . . .

d a le v y H all e

t t
no te s hat
n or h o f P ort isha i s a all e now call e d
m f m H mp
: . .

R H
Myste co b , or ed by a ton and id g e ill s , and on the east sid e o f the
f m
or er are so mp e f m
its , w here the hund red courts w e re or erly hel d
(H u tc h in D t
s , or s e sh i r e, 1q an td u e ri es w h e h er th i s.i s th e scene o f th e
p
d is ute .

v y t
2 sue = sw ie (er ) A s a rule a d otte d b i n MS 0 s and s f or so : but
W
. . . .

v y
here it i s e id entl a scribal e rror f or ,6 n o te s th e occurre nce o f th is
m m
. .

e rror so e nine ti es in th is MS , e g 1 1 1 7 1 , 6 3 8 , 7 58 , e tc
f m
. . . . .

ha le < O E hea th ( p
corner , cranny): cf th e hrase
ro hal e to hurne

f m
. . .

q t
uo e d by S e d g eel d ro y an earlt x
M E P sal er F or the e istence of this
f m m
. . .

or in Mod E ng p . H
l ace na es ( H e g al e ,
. ail e s , e tc ) see S ed ge el d ,
-
. . .

M L E 1 x ii 2 40 1
f m
-
. . . . . .

4 . T he d iff erence of or is d ue to d iff erence of

se nt n e nt ce acce
J ny ht g l ) T h w d pp 1 6 tim in C w ithmd i l n
-
.

i 3 ti g l (
n n a e e a e e or a ears es e a
5 tim w ith ut th l tt f m u ll in
. . .
,

ti f th MS I n a r a ons o
J th i v i bl f mi y ht g l x p t in l 2 03 w h Ni hting l i
es o : e er or s occ se c e .

. e n ar a e or s n e a e e ce .
, e re a e s
f u d I n L u ti by M i d F n th B t n w d l u ti (l 6 ) i
o n a c, ar e e ra ce , re o a
h w ing th t th l t 1 2 th nt u y f md id n t
. s e or s c . s

gl d i ht g las n e a e, s o a a e
nt in md i l n L g mn (
osse e ce r or o
necessar ily co E S t 3 4 2 49) h w v mint in
a e a o e a e er a a s
th t im
. . .
, o
a ils f int u iv n
ar cases o f und in O E nd q u t O E l nd n r s e are o . . a o es . . c e e ,
 T HE O WL AN D T H E NI G H T I NG A E
L
I nci i p t alt er cacio inter l o mnam t B ub
e e o ne m
CH um e re d ale
w es in one s ,
MS 1 6 1% COIL (
J
F 2 2 9 r co" 1
I n one sw ibe d y e l e h al e
0 '

I he rd e ichh o ld e gre te tal e

An vle and one ny
'
hte gale .

5 b at l
p ya d w es at if 1 stare 1 st ron g
Su mbw il lud am ong ;
e so ft e

1
And cyb er ayeyn ober sw al
le t bat vu e l e m
,

And od vt al .

And cyber sey d e o f obre s c u ste

10 p at alt e - w u rst e [ ] b at hi yw ust e :

1 hu re 1 h u re of obr es songe
Hi hold e playd ing sw ibe strong e .

e Nih e ale bigou k

b t g b p
o s e e

I n one hu rne o f one be c h e ,

L atin he ad ing in red .

ha lant ung e (
A S Ch n ) in upp t f hi ro ti B ut M WH s or o s asser on as r
f m p b bly ib l
. . . . . .

S t v n n p in t
e e sout th o s o , e se N E Dor s are ro a s cr a e rrors : see . . .

8 u l ( C w l J u l ) T h C ib h vid ntly w i t t n w f u
v e e o e, v e e as e e r e or v
my b d u t
. . . . e . scr e ,

u f hi
v o igin l ; f C 11 3 1 2 3 6
s or a Th c . . l . w i ting f
, . e 0 a e e o care ess r o
i C in t h
e n . igi l
or e or na
13 p h ( J p
s k )
ec T he C d ins
g i v id
e e tl y t i e h wn by re a s e en correc as s s o
th hym Th w d m n
. . . . ,

e r e. l w uit p l
e or n t 1 3 98 ea s a -
s , ea see o e . .

14 b h ( J b h ) M t f th li d it i l ud ing S t S k d
W p f th J f m Sk f in t
. rec e . ec e . os o e ear er e ors nc r .
, . an
= v ll y
d pt b h ( ) nd q u t
Wmd t b h p
s ance a o ec e a e a o es
m
.
, re e r e . or . . or s

bw h (
c e L 3 b h (
a P P l w C ac o v e en s o ec e a
m
es . . . . .

n
are t l p t in t h acce nd ing f S k w h il B e re
p l (E S t 2 9 4 1 1 if ) g in o e a a
xpl in b h b ing d iv d f mO E l b (< b t m)
p y g er . e . .
, .
,

a s ec e as e er ece ec, s re a
th h nd t k b h t m
e e ro . . oc . .

K ny n e o n th x 11 o e o er a a es ec e o ean

b ) nd w it h m
.
,

b ht
eec -
re e

bj t t th int p t
ce , a so e re ason o ec s o e er re s.

ti n v ll y b ing ul d ut by th t x t H f u th p in t ut t h t

a e as e e e co n e r er o s o a
t d th w l i n ld t tump (l
o r o . e
th th t w bi d d ni t ly l
e o er o r s are e e oca e na o ree s
l im t
e o -
.

p
,

th w n i re (1na n d h e u t h
r ee t t h t i h i ti n g a e ar a e oe s e re assoc a
th nig ht i g l i l ik mnn
e g
-
. es
e n a e w ith n p ti ul t (f h w v h w
e a er one ar c ar ree o . o e er a
th n i t d w i t hN in Cl n w

6 Nig hti g l l 2 87 d
or assoc a e Cu k a vo e s c oo 0

n a e, an
hym
. .
,

1 5th nt u y C u t f L 1 N d h g d th i g ul
ove , e re ar rre ar r
H l im th t it i p
o r e

ul t i g f m
ce r o . or o es e
hi
n di gro i u b t l
s re a n ll l d
as a se r o s ac e e c a s a s ara e e
in th p m( g in 11 988 1 041 1 41 3 nd p
re s s o .

l wh e oe ibly B ut t hi a s

l im
e re e o ss
mu t in ny b mdi d
e se . . .
, , ,

c a s a g d I 1 041 ( n t ) nd p b bly
case e o e as re ar s . se e o e , a ro a

in th f tw (
e case o if n t ll ) f th t h in t n o ow ll a o e o er s a ces as e

mt b uf i nt g und f
.

On th w h l hw v th d t o es no
j ting th d ing f C w hi hi th l i nd th m t u tw thy f
e o e, o e er, ere see o e s c e ro or
re ec e rea o . c s e ear er a e ore r s or o

12
4 T he Ow l and the N ig hting ale (
C)

15 1 sat v aire b0 3eup one ,

bar w e re abu te blosm e ino3e ,

in or e w ast e bic ke he gge

im e ind m

id pire 1 gre ne se gg e .

ad ur nor e rise ,
Ho w as b e g l b

20 1 son g aue le cunne w ise :
[ ]
b e t bu 3t e be d reimbat he w e re

h arp e 1 pipe ban he ne re :

1

of

be t bu 3t e bat he w ere isho t e

of h arp e 1 pip e b an of b rot e .

o d on old st o c bar bisid e

25 [ b] o st ,

0 vle song h ire t id e

b b
ar 1

mid iui
,

1 w as big row e ;
al

hit w as b are hul e e ard ing st ow e -

.

i[ p]
n ni t g al e hi ise3

y
e ,

30 1 hi bihold 1 o uerse 3,

1 bu st e
[ bare h ul e
w el vu ] l of

for m
,

e h i halt lod lich 1 ful e .

V nw i3t ho se d e aw e i bu o !

,

mi
,

e s
b
e w u [ ] rs
b at ichbe so .

i
35 Iw is for bine [ j
vu l e l et e 1 F 01 2 33 r 00 1 2 o

min
,
,

w el [ oft ich] e son g forle t e ;

I l

21 he t 23 is h t 2 5, 2 9 o ission m o f rubric ca pit al : l ig h t

m
. . . o e . .

d ire cting l e tte r ) in argin 31 wl 3 4 w rs 35 wle 36 of tich

( . . . . . . . . .

the tw o MS S On the contrar , br ech . e my b f ly t in d g iving quit y a e sa e re a e as e

t
a sui abl e re ad ing p v d in M d D v d i l w h b h
T he w ord i s r eser . e o . e on . a . e re reac

fu z y h thy g u d
coarse , r w hi h t h t u f h
or ea b ut ro n on c e r as e en c or
bu nt r

I t i p b bly t d w i th O E b s b ro a whi h conn e c e ra
ce, r ec c
t m
. .

d ing t H ) in th b u d i f h t nd pp
(d l ft untill d m g ul tiv t d ld u h w ul d b v d w ith
accor u o . occ rs e o n ar e s o c ar e rs , a a ears o e an

m N b kW
an e e a on c a e e s, s c as o e co ere
f it x i t i u h pl

und w d w hil t
W tm l d) T h f mw uld
er oo : e race s o e s n s c ace na -
e s as or re c , ar
b i k S
r c i b i k H
car s r c b k ( aver re c o re an or o
mt m
e

mll thi k t p inn y B ut p t f mthi it

, es .

th f ean a s a a ar ro

my b u g d th t b h thu i t p t d w uld uit th t x t w ll

ere ore se e o c e or s e . s,

a e r e a rec e s n er re e o s e con e as e as
b h (
ec eb ht ) d t in l y b tt t h ban h (v l l y ) w h il in i t i an e a a s
ml hym i p mi
e ec re e cer a g e er ec e a e :
-

p f bl t b h (b h t ) p vid i g
re e ra e o ec e e ec n a nor a n a oe n
w hi h th hym
-
re e as ro r e
c i g t hni q u i w
e r d f ull y
n t T hu th n f th
ec on e sce e o e
p mi pl d (1 2 ) in
e s er co rre c . s
oe s ace n h
( ) l f v ll y
( )
d l n d
a cor if 1 1 4 b a e a a a e a e
ny thing m
er o
m
. e .

a th up u u
ore t i t i n f
an a st hi t t t t h w d t s s a e en or a
mu t m n mthi g th th v ll y M v if
p er o s re e o o e
th d f th l i
e en o e ne s ea so e n o er an a e .

oreo er
v ll y w l l y int d d l d xp t t h d nit ( t t h i

a e e re rea w en e , one ou e ec e e e no e n
d n it )
e ti l b f th w d b h O th th h nd w h th l i i
e ar c e e ore e or ec e n e o er a , en e ne s
n xt n i ip t i pth fud
.

t k a e n as a f th e li d e i d i ti g
s on o e ear er e scr on , n ca n a a c o n er
w d oo th val l y (
in w ithh dge u d in w ) th
e th i e d if ul ty
e s aro n , o er , en ere s no c
6 T he Ow l a nd the N ightingale ()
C
min h or t e at i b 1 fal t

mi t ng o e,

w onne 11 ar t [ t o m] e

Me lii stb be t sp e t en
Q
bane sin ge

40 of bine ful e 30 3e l inge .

os h ul e abo d fort h it w as e ve
b ,

ho ne m i3t e no l e ng bil e ne ~
,

w
vor h ir e h t
or e w as et

h h
/

b l f ei i f t t

at w r re n as a sc e
g d

d
,

ar aft er l onge
: g s @t
45 1 w arp wo
r
-
,

Hu bi nc e nu b1 m
e
An t

i ne song e ?
7

We [ n] st bu bat ichne cunne singe ,

b e3 ichne cunne o f w rit e ling e ?

I l ome
bu d e st m g me e ra

m [b
g

50 1 s eist e o e b
3if ichbe hold e on n line uot e ,

( hit
sobit id e
bat ichmot e

1 bu w ere vt of bine ri se ,

shold e st sin ge b
bu an o e r

55 b e n1 3t 1 ng al p 3a an sw are :
f
m 1 bl
v a

3if ich 1 i w it e bar e ,

b

e

1 m child e s e w it b e ble t e ,
M

ne re che ichno3t ofbine bre te ;

38 . 47 . w es t . 50 . bo e t 51
o ne. n t . o e or no e. t 54 . w se .

37 .
el t p r 3 sg of O E f eald an ( to f old ): see
f eal t , e arl ier , . . . .

S ievers 3 7 1 a 3 S k translate s the w ord f a l t as fal ters (so al so

and d e rive s it fromO F r f a l te f a ut e (

. .
,

a faul t ): G reg ar d s it as the p r 3 sg

to f all ) T he l i teral m
. . . . .
,

n) (
o f f alle ( eaning o f th e w ord i s how ever fold s up
.

the tong ue is , as it w ere , aralyse d an d unabl e to g i e utte rance p v .

40 303 el ing e ( sh J
ri eking

S tr sug g e sts a p aralle l
G m f m m
. . .

w ith MHG
g g
o e l n = ul ul ar e) ( cf al so er j oh len), ro w hich ig ht be
m J f m
. . . . .

f
in erred an O E *
g g l i an o ib l a oun d ~f or ation T he , on t h p
f m
o e ss y s or e
fm
-
.
, . .

o ther h p
and , is robabl a scri bal ariant for the un a y il iar coll o uial C or : v q
f m
-
.

w hi e the C or
l occurs el se w h
.
-
e re as guh eling e in th e p assag e Quo d

l eusi ne , E
hald es t tu ge en up 0 pi guhel ing e tt ( t th u till k up thy se nse l e ss D p
fm
os o s ee
outcry ? )( S t J ul i ana , 57 p h a t t h w d w a u n a il i ar T
m
e o r s
f m f
.
,

ay be gath e red ro a urther ariant w h ich occurs in another MS ( oyal v R

m
.

MS 1 7 ,. A x x vn ) o f th .e sa e w ork, w h ere th e. ren chw ord g enc l ing j

(an F
g l ing) i f und s o .

41 f t ( Jf ) or or T he w ord f or t =f or until ) g iv
+t ( o b tt n than es e e r se se
th J f m
. . .
,

e f ( b-
or or e cause

B o t d is utants w e re nig ht bird s, se e note 1 1 688 p -

. .

48 w i t l i g (C and w ord o f consid erabl e in e re st : no t in S tr B r J A t

W
r e n e
. . .
-
.

B oth S k an d co rrectly transl a e th e w ord as tril l ing ,

but neithe r gi es t v
f m
. .

its origi n T he e arl ier or o f the w ord i s robably an O E

*
w r i teli an p
f m
. .

v p
.

f q
re uentati e o f O E w ri ti an, w reotian ( to chir , chatter): the latte r or s
. .
 T he Ow l h N ig hting a le
"

()
J and t e 7

Min he orte at fly hb

t fal t my tu ng e,

Hw e nne bu art to m ib unge r e .

Me
lu st e be t spe ten bane singe
Of bin e ful e how e lyng e

40 .

e os vle abod for h i

b t w es e ve ,

H e o ne m yh t e no l e ng bil e ne ,

V o h ire he o t e w es so gre t
r r

at w e l ney h h i e fnast atse t

b r ,

45 1 w arp a w ord bar aft e r l onge ; -

Hw byuk be n u bi [ m ] in e son g e ?
Wene stu bat ichne kunne singe ,

b e ichne cunn e o f w ry t e ling e ?

Ilom d e st m grom
e
bu e e

1 se ist m om
,

e bobe t eone 1 sch

5O e

I f ichbe heold e on m
.

yne v ote ,

S
( o hit b it id e
b at ich mt o e

1 bu w e re vt bine ry se
of ,

u sch singe on obe r w ise

old est
b .

55 be Nihte g ale yaf onsw are :

I f ichme l ok i w i
bbe bare

m c h ild
,

1 e s e [ w ] it b e ble t e ,

Ne re cc h e ichnouht of bine bre te :

46 Mi . ne . 57 .
yi t .

occurring in rig ht W -
W
iil cker, A S and O E V ocabul a ri es, 3 7 7 35 cr ep i tat : . . . .

p
wr eo tad , and in Na ier s O E Glosses , 3 7 , 3 , g arrul a ntes z q

ti end e] his T
m
. . .

t w ord has how e e r be e n sub e c to v isund erstand ing j t

E l se w here in
W W
roo -
.

rig h t iil cke r the g l oss p ip an = p r i tig ea d (

-

for w ri t ig ea d ) t
is ound : f
w hence the g ho st w ord p r i tig i an ( to chir ) in S w ee t s A S

ic iona ry O her p D t t
f m
-
. . .

or s o f t he w ord occur el se w h ere , but h a e bee n w rong ly assigned in B oa v

mp
.

. . t
T e ller, A S D i c iona ry to a su o sed w ri tian ( pp
to d raw , wr ite , co o se ): see
p
Na ier , O E G lo sses , 3 7 3 ( note ); Kl uge , E S t x 1 51 2 : cf al so r i le tt
tW
. . . . . .

A s to the
ril lin g

t
o f nig h ing al e s , ilber hite write s ha t
the ir G t t
no te s are so sh o r , and h t t
eir r ansitio ns so ra id h t
at [ o ne ] canno w ell asoe r p t t
t
tai n he ir key

(Na ural t
is or y , e e r to Hon H t aines B arrington) L tt x D
m
. . .

52 . t
S o w i h op t d eno e s a w ish . rans

t ay it so h a en

. T pp . .

53 A nd . T he w ord 3if l 51 ) is to be und ers tood a e r 1 , so th

'
. at S k s

ft .

t p
in e r re ta ion of an (t = if) < 0 end a i s unn ece ssary
p mp
. .

54 an T he use o f a n, on ( = in) tog e her w i h in i n this oe o in ts to t t

W
. .

p
the rese rva ion o f t S characteri s ics ( see n o te 1 I n the earl ier s ag es t t
W
. . .

o f th e l ang uage S on Ang l i n (

= . see
. ill er , O E V ersion of B ed e s ccles
.

M E . . .

H t t
is ory , In ro x x x n r
m m f
. .

56 lo ki < O E lecia n rans

I can a o id co T ing into (rotect yse l f v p
m
. . . . .

against) the o e n p
F or this L O E eaning o f lecia n cf A S hr on 1 1 2 9, C
m m m
. . . . . . . .

ealle pa [ a t Cr i stend o e h as f don to beg e en and to locen .

57 ble te (
. O E blea ), ad j use d as noun

. . t : bl eak w ea her : cf Mod
.

t . .

K ent d ial.

You catch the ul l bleat [ of the wind ]
.

f
8 T he Owl and the Night inga le (
C)
3if i c h me h o l de in m ine h e gge ,

60 ne r e cc h e i c h n e u er w h at b u s egge .

Ic h w o t pat pu art unmild e

w i h o rn pat ne m
.

u3e fr o m[ He s c h i l d e ;
p
t pu t uke st w r o h e t v u el e
"
,

w h ar b u m i 3t o ve r s m al e fu3ele ,
.

65 V orpi b u art a1 fu e l kunne -

,

t all e h o pe d riue }? h onii e

,

bischriche p
t"
big re d e t

W
c e c ,

1 we l nare w e b e bile d e t ;

E
/ P
c
t e
b u l u e mo s e F e g ,
ol . 2 33 v . col . 1 .

70 h i re ponkes w o l d e be t otose ,
.

ar t lodlich t o bih ol d e
p u ,

t [m

(
art in mo ni e vold e ;
p i b o d i is s h o r t p i s ii o i e is s m al ,

,

g re t t er e is
pi n h e ued pan
bu a1 ;

75 i
p i
n e bo
p co l b l ak e I: br o d e

i
e -
,

ri 3t sw o h o w e r e n ipe int m i d w o de ;
s tar e st s o wi ll e a i te n
p u p u

a1
Fat m i [ ]
3 t m i d c h u r e s m it e n :

i e is st f s c ar p t h ok e d

m
b
'

p i l h
,

80 ri3t s o an ow e bat is croked ;

ar m i d olackes ] o ft t l o n ge

p -
,

t bat is o n o f P in e s o n g e

.

Ac b u pre t e s t t o m in e e she
m i d pin e cliures w old est m
,

e m es h e .

85 h e w e r e icu n d u r t o o n e f r ogg e
19
'
9K 916 9R

mi t 62 .81 l k
se . 8 6 l in o m itt d
78 . s . . c ac es. . e e .

62 m u3 = p p t 3 p 1 of O E mg corr p o nd ing t o L W
e r o az es
m m
. . . . . . . .
,

(see S i r S i i
eve sl r o p t for s fo und in 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 58 1 a are
6 9 ul u m ry t itmou i th mll t of bird
.
.
, .

o th
e s e se,

e ve

e e s a es s

common idiomin O E cf God

. se , . . .

7 0 hi r n k
. w ill ing l y r ad il y
e o es : , e a . . : . es
an h n (A S C hron 897 A er e a
7 2 in m
cee,

i d r i d n t from
cee
in mny r p ct
. . . .

oni ld T h phra
,

e vo a s ve o
mniy f ld a i ho w n by th in ct d m
e se e
O E mnigf ld but fro m
. : es e s . e
. . a ea oni ; cf a , ea , s s s e e e e .

1 6 96 in n uo l d ; l o S qui r f L w D g r
o e 7 45 Your h yn [ hal l b ]
a s c a es s e
n m
e e o o e ee , :
l d mny f o ld
.
,

e a e e a a e
ml thin l nd r A thin n ck i c h rac t ri tic of th w l
.

73 . s a ,

, s e e . e s a e s e o .

74 J n ( C f n) M B Dickin ugg t th r t ntion of n (cf N E D

e a r s s es s e e e e
th n a in c rt in mo d rn d i l c t f E D D n
. . . . . . . . .

n nj )
e co n a a a e s, o or .
78 m
or s
C mi t J my ht) O E mi ht p 2 g ind of mg (my) S t r d
:
, e e . . . .

i3 t (
mi ht Wmi t G mi3 t T h C r ading i d u t o cribal rror th gr ph t
. . s , . . . r. s . . a . r . ea s
s e e s e s e e a s

b ing ub titut d for 3 t cf nu t t (o r mi3 t t)l 1 3 00 nu3 t (for nu t ) l 1 7 51

.
, , . . .
,

e s s e . s es ve es . : e s e .
,
10 Th e Owl and th e N ight ing ale ()
O

snaile s, mu s 1 fu l e wi 3t e ;
i
,

bop pin e c n
i de t pin e ri 3t e "
.

p u si tt e s t ad ai t i3[ s] t ani 3b

,

cu est pat art o n vnw i3t

90 pu p pu .

lodlich t uncle ne ,

p u art

bi pin e n e s t e i c h h i t m e n e ,

t ek b i ine fu l e b r o d e

,

pu fe e st o n h om a w e l fu l fo d e .

95 d op parinne ,

p e c hinne :
ho s itt e p par so hi bo bisne .

parb i mn e se
g g e t a uo rbisne :
h e t h abb e pat i l k e b e s t

D a

1 00
p at fule
p h is o w e n e s t .

P at ope r 3s r a faukun b re dd e ;
h is n e s t n0 3t w e l he ne bihed d e :
part 0 pu s t e l e in o d ai ,

1 l e i d e s t par o n pi fo l e e y F 1 ~2 3 3 1 2 .
0 V 00 .

0 h i t bicom at h h t
1 05
p p e aj e ,

t o f h is e y r e brid d e s w ra3t e ;

h o b ro3t e h is brid d es m e t e ,

bihold h is n e s t ise 3 h i e t e : ,

89 igt . w r itt n b for , 8and th n r a d e 99 d h t e 1 06 T h

e e e se . . a e . . e
w n un tt d in w r g t l ook l ik y e o e a e s e .

NovumP ri 1 7 66 ) q uidamfu i i nod i i in ro t inf ri ori qui mov nt

f u umml nd ini G l lic
, a s, as s s ve x a e e

nou d l G o G C od g
s o e l .
( l L a
at a l l e, es s e a roe ss . .
-
. ex . re .

T h r f r nc i t h r for t o th p ro j c t ion ( cog ) n th l ow r w h l

of mill w h ich turn th u pp r w h l nd h nc th mill ton
e e e e e s e e e e e s s o e e ee
a s e e ee a e e e -
s e s.
88 T an . thy n at ur l
r s nd p ro p r foo d (
.

are l it a [ uit ab l ] to thy a a e . . re s e
nat u r an d th y de rt e se s
99 D h t ( J a e d ht ( mi for tun bad l uck) T h w ord i a e s
mon in M E nd i d riv d origin lly fromM ro ingi n Fr d u
e,
n t un com
. . e s .

*
o a s e e a e v a e

m
. . .

h a t G od h t ccor d g t o G t o r d t c t o
( ) (R ( ) i i i

a A i
sn a n P
e i n i 1 88 9 4 69 ) a n n s a s o a a s
ha t o b m b d h t nd t h omw hat im
.

s ad b t w en th e e ee il ar w or d d i t
e s . a e a e s e s a e
w hic h i r all y a b d h t i t (May h r c iv G o d c u r )
s a vb = O Fe s r a a e e e e s se
cf D i t hm i t hir y u (H
e
d it t himw o l d bymn (M tr
. . . .
,

a e o e e e av a a e e e e

t h v r bal formcorr c tl y fo ll o w
. . .

J ul . I n th p r nt in tanc e ese that

s e e e e s so
d a h t h bb = 0 F
e d h t i t I n 1 1 1 1 6 9 1 56 1 h ow v r w h r th
a a a
pr ion r cur th rb h bb i omitt d nd th formd h t m to hav
e . r. e . .
, , e e ,
e e e ex
e ss e s, e ve a e s e a e a e se e s e
b n confu d w ith d i t ( N E D d h t)
ee se a e see . . . a e .

99 1 00 T hi p ro v r b occ u r in th v r ion of th
-
. s Ow l and F al con
e fabl s e e s e e
found in th Latin t r n lation (1 3 50 1 400) of B ozon C nt Moral i e vi
e a s

g o es s s, z.

hyt y a fow l b y dd t hat fyl yt h hy o w n n t

s e r
( Append ix
e s s es e

se e
L t r in tanc a found in Sk l t on Po m g in t G n h
a e s es re e , e s a a s ar esc e
ol d p by y e rove r s sa
T h t byr d y n t hon t a s a es
T h t fylythhy ow n
a s s ne s e , t
J
() e Owl
Th a nd the N ight ing ale 1 1

S nayles m u s d fu l e w ih
[ ] an ,
t e , ,

B e op pin e cu n d e i pin e rih

P
te .

p u si tt e s t a d a y a nd y h st an i h t , ,

90 P u cu p p p
e s t a t u a r t o n v n w ih t .

pu art lod lichand vncle ne ,

Bi pin e n e s te i c h h i t m e n e ,

An d ek b i pin e fu l e b r od e ,

ved e st o n h e o ma w e l fu l v od e
pu
We l w ostu pat h i d o p par ynne
.

95 -
,

Hi fule p h i t vp t o pe chynne :
He o syt te p par s o h i be o bysne .

H w arbi m e n se
gg e
p a vorbysne :

D e hae t
h abb e pat i lk e b e s t F 01 229 v 00 1 2

1 00
p at ful e
p h is ow e n e s t .

p o t o p e r y e r a faukun b r e dd e :

His ne s t now iht w e l he ne bihe dd e :

p a r t 0 p u s t e l e in 0 d a
y ,

t le yd e st paro n pi fu l e ey
ri
.

0 h i t b com at h e h a h
1 05 p y p y t e ,

1 o f h is e yr e brid d es wrauht e ;
Heo brouht e h is bridd es m e t e ,

B ihe old h is n e s t iseyhh i e t e : ,

87 . Mus .

als o in th P ro b f H y w oo d e th fo ul b ird th t fy l d hi
ver s o e wn

e a e s o
n t nd in L od g l i d I it n t fo ul bir d th t d l hi wn

a R
osa n

s o a a
n il l b i d t h t M m y it
es , e s , e e es s o

n t ; cf l o R y P ro r b (

es a s p ita

s ve s

s a r a s s
r A Y u L i k I t W i 2 1 6 Fr chform of th
. .

wn n t nd S h k p

o es , a a e s ea e , s o e , . . . en s e

p ro r b l o fo und Ml i n ni u co nc h i or
t 1 i i l qui
a va s es
C l y l it ml ncom
ve are a s g , e . . o se s so e, ,

br r e o se a a e e

Qu fo ul o un d min ny
m m
e e s e e e

(in n Aan g l o N or d i t R -
o i 3 1 8 . w h i l,i n L t in
se e it r u n an a, x v .
, v . e a s
E t i i gr t q u
av s d f d t u
n tr t
a a a s a s a a

d t il d tr tmnt of th origi nd formof thi Owl nd

s ae e oe .

1 01 38 For -
. a e a e ea e e n a s a
F l con f bl
a

Intro 8 p l xiii nd Ap p nd ix n
a e see .
, .
, a e I .

1 03 t l T h n l of th O E p r t 2 g (cf t l ) i con i t ntly

a
r t in d throughout th po m cf b d (1
s e e. e e e e s s e s s s e
com(1
. . . . . .

e a e For th ig i e : e s e s n
c nc of th d c it imp li d n th p rt of th Ow l
e . . e .

a e e e e Intro 7 e o e a e se e
For th r in th plur l form of th i w ord
. .
,

1 06 y . d p l of y (
e l
re z . . e . e e a s s

(O E ) S i r 2 90
J w uht ) S t d W bo th r d y gt (t king th (w n) of
. 7 9 . 1 3 see eve s .

w r 3t (
formw hich i d opt d in N E D ( h t h) W nd G
a e . ra e . . an r . ea ra e a e e
th M8 for y )
e .
, a s a e . . . see a c . . a .

d crib w r 3 t
es e pt 3 a g of w u h (O E w y
e as .
) w h r t h s . r c en . . r cean : e eas e
w ri nt of w (ro u w k ) r eccean , va a eccean a a a e
r 407 9 T h t th J t x t h b n mod rni d i ugg t d by
se , , se e
Si eve s a a e e as ee e se s s es e
th rhym h y ht
-
.
,

e w e uh t w hic h c nn o t
a e pr nt th ori gin l (
ra In t oe, a re e se e a see r .

3, p .
 Th e Owl and th e Night ing ale 0
12 ()
he ise; b i one halue
1 10 h is n e s t ifule d ut halue .

e fan cu n w as w rop wi t h is bridd e

p ,

t l u d e 3al t s t e r n e chidd e :

S eg g e t m e w o h ane t
p is id o ?

,

0 v nas n e u e r icund e part 0 :

1 15 h i t w as i d o n ov a l op[ e ] [ cu ] s te .

S e g g e [ p] m

e 3if 3e h i t wis t e .

D o quap pat o n t qu ad pat oper :

I wis i t w as ure 0 3er brope r ,

p e 3o n d
p a t ha u e [ p]
p a t g r e t e he ue d :

1 20 w ai pat bi[ t nis paro f bire ue d !

h is n ck
]
Worp h it ut id pe alre [ v u ] rs te
h i m t o b r s t
m -

p a t e e e e ! -

D e fan cu n ile fd e h is bridd e

t n om pat fu l e b ri d am
,

idd e ,

t w arp hit o f pan wi l d e b o w e

1 25 ,

ar p ie 1 c r o we h i t t o d ro w e
p
H e rb i men seg g e t a bispe l
.

m
,

h i t b o fulich e s pe l ;
p e 3 e

a1 s o h i t is b i d
p a n u n g o e

1 30 p a t is ic u m e n o f f u l e b r o d e ,

1 15 . lo w is te . 1 1 6 S egg e . . 1 1 9 h aued . . 1 20 . hi ni s w i th r ur e as e
bt e w e en i and n . 1 21 w rs te
.
-
. 1 27 . a bi sp el .

1 1 4 Tr n Y u w r n r w ont to d o th i (th i w n t n t ur l t o
a s o e e eve s s as o a a
n im
. .

T h con t ru c t io n i
e s p r on l n f l 85 (s a no t ) e s a o e, o . . e .

1 1 5 cu t ( .C l w i t J l cu t ) H r J up pl i th b tt r
s e . a o s e, a o e s e e e . s es e e e

r ding th C r d ing i prob bly cco unt d for by th f c t th t w i t in

. .

ea : e . ea s a a e e a a s e

l 1 1 6 c aug ht th y of th cri b w hil co py ing

e e
C gg J gg ) T h imp r p1 formi n d d h r cf
. e e s e e .

1 1 6 gg (
. se e . se e, . se e . e e . . s ee e e e: .

gg t ( l
Mor b c h ugg t w u t n th gro u d th t i nd it form d o n t
se e .

wi t s e. s a s n a a s o

gi goo d rhym (Mor b c h 1 3 3

es s s e o e
ve a cf how r w i t ut hut (1 1 1 46 7
e s a a . e ve e: sc e .

ig g bug g (
,

o e 1 1 1 505 e

m
.

J h for ro b b y c d by g hb o u r g
(
1 18 3 . 0w ) T
er C . oi p l
e i
. n u n i
e . in-

s a en e e

[ ] ound
r s s
r l t d in th commo n po ion of h ook d
-

F lcon h w k nd ow l
a s, a s a s are e a e e ssess e
b ill tro g t l on trong w ing nd p r ying h b it
s, s n a s, s s a e a s .

1 1 9 T hi l i i lit r l tr
s l t io n of p hr
ne s a w hic h occ u r in tw
e a prt
an s a a ase s o se a a e
r ion of th Ow l nd F l co f bl cf R mT fr t r no t r ill um
.

ve s
mgno c pit olu h oc f it : d J ohn of Sh pp y F bul
s e a a n a e : . o . rev . a e s e e c
a a i t t
an as ,

s e es
ummgno c p it
e s s e cer e e , a
c a o t n o l i B u d i (w h r th p g l o p i t to
a e, s e s o sar e e e assa e a s o n s a
confu io b t w n Owl nd B u zz rd ) App dix III For th b ring of
s n e ee a a , see en . e ea
14 Th e O wl and th e N ig ht ing a le
"
is m
t e ind wi t fr o mo nn e ,

e uer h e cup pat h e com ponne ,

b e com o f pan ad e l e ye
p a t -
,

e3 h e a fro ne st [ e ] l e i e
p v
.

e g app e l t rendli fr o [ m ] p o n t r o we ;
1 35 p .

r h e t o per m i d grow e

p a

m
,

p e g h e b.o
pa r fr om bi c u e -

he cu p w el w hone ne he is icum
,

e .

F ol . 234 r . col . 1 .

s w o rd a3af e ni3t ing ale

p o p ,

t after pare l o n g e t al e
P
1 40

he s o n g s o l u d e t s o scharp e

ri 3t s o m
,

r uld e s c h i ll e h arp e
'

e
g .

P o s h u l e l u s t e pid er ward ,

t h o l d h i re c 3c nope rw a[ r] d

,

t osvolle t ibol w e ,

1 45 t sat

a l s o h o had d e one frogge isuol3e :

fo r h o w el wis t e t w as iw ar "

p a t h o s o n g
t nopele s h o 3a[ f] and suar

e

W
,

1 50

hi nelt u on i nt o pe b are ,

1 34 . nest . 1 35 .
fr on . 1 44 .
-
w ad . 1 49 .
g as, w i th f in mrgin a .

T hi pro rb occ u r in n A N formin th r ion of th f bl

1 35 8 -
. s ve s a .
-
. e ve s e a e

d u t o M r i of Fr nc a a
d it hum n
e e e:
P u p u i r ceo e re r v er
d l p um d l d ul p um i e a e e z er ,
l c hi t u nu f u t mr
s e e e s r s a e ,

j n r t n t u el a e sav a a r er

q u l mord r n it un ii
a e e se c e e,
d ur q u l rb r l t ii es e a e e e es cre e .

D ip i t t n tu (1 1 3 3 8) e acc re e a
l o in n E ngl i h formin th
oc .
-

a s a r ion d u t o B ozon i
s T ndl th e ve s e v z :
re e e
fro w h t tr h m (L Co t M li
.
,

a pp l n e f h
evere sony er , e co es a ee e ca es n es or a se s

p nd in th L t in t r n l t i o n of th t
a r ion a T nd ul n pp ull a s a a ve s as : re a a
r f rr b yt wyll b know fro w h yn h myth (L Cont Mor li e
. e
n eve so e , e e e e co es es a s s,
p . S A pp nd ix III ee e .

E l w h r th pro rb i found
se e e eL tin E ng li h nt nc w ritt n t
ve s as a a -
s se e e,

e a
th b c k of A l fri c Glo r y (MS C ott F u t A Ix B rit nd q u o t d

e a e s ssa a s a e
by Z up it in A ng I 2 85 T h nt nc w h ic h occu r in l t r formin
. . . . .

G uy f Wr w ic k 1 1 1 3 01 3
za . . . e se e e, s a ae
a d Z up it ) r un foll ow za s as
P m
o e s:
uml ic t m
-
, . .
,

o b r b or S i gi t u r u nd ?
e a ) ua l ui tu t u p ed it M
(S . e re o r a s ro .

p uidit) und n
ro itu e asc r.
S pp l n f
e a p f e n t ndl ii (
aa re MS a h y iS hw n n h
eorr a o
m
ss e re e . e c e
co
T h f c t th t th form t nd li (
.

e a a 0 a} e t r nd l t nd ul ozon) occ ur
s re . e e, re
i n th p ro r b q u o t d bo t bli h b y ond ll d ou bt upit '

of t nd l d (O E (@
e ve as e an ve , es a s es e a z a s co

J tu
ec re t nd li
re
) i ne p la c of th M S r.d i n g.t ndd d re an e e . ea re e
'
()
J Th e Owl and th e Night ingale 1 5
"
is ym
t e nd w ip ire o mo nn e
y ,

E u e r he cu p pat be com pe nn e ,

at h e com o f an ad e l e e r
p p y
-
,
F ol . 2 30 . col . 1 .

e yhh e a fr e o n e s t e l ey e
p .

1 35 py
e h a pp e l t re nd li from
p e t r e o
m
,

pa r h e a n d o pe r y d e g r e w e

r f om bicum
,

e hh b
py e eo
p r
a e -

He cup hw e ne ne he is icum
,

e .

eos w o rd a af e nih l
p y p t e
g a e ,

1 40 An d afte r pare l on ge tal e

Heo s on g s o l u d e t s o scharpe
"

Ryht so m
,

r uld e s c h i ll e h arpe
e
g .

e os vle l u s te p i d e r ward
p -
,

t he old h i re e y e n n e pe r w ar d

-
,

tosw o lle t t obole w e ,
"
1 45 t sat

S o he o hed d e one frogge isw olw e : '

F o r he o w e l wist e t w as iw ar

at h e o s o n g h i r e a b se m
p y ar -
.

"
t nape le s heo yaf ondsw are ,

1 50

Hwy ne lt u e on in -
to [ pe ] bare ,

1 50 . to br a e .

cf
( . al s o
Guy of a w ick, ed Wr
Z up itz a , l 3 7 1 2 , be he d d e tre nd il d on be
. .

bord p r d f c of
in s i e p t of r d
Na ie s e e n e

gro d t t
the MS ea ing o n th e un ha
mg t
e
f rr d from
.

an O E
*
trend an i h be in e e q uot d
si ntrend end e and f or trend on , e
mJ
. .

in his O E G lasses (see A t h p un e 1 7 , 1 905,

Wr t Po c
en aeu

For m r ro rb tt r c m
. . .
,

a si ila p ve ial u e an e se e o ig h , li ti a l S ng s ( Ca d S oc
mm
. .

rdc
1 5, l 2 :
or
E t a i i cons onat p o u o r of in sap e
(the av u the
roo t from c pr
.

app l e e pe nd s o n th e w he n e it s ang )
t c c t rm for c h r md
.

1 40 ta l e , the e hn i al e rr o Fr c (L at na a ti , on te) the a ge a e

co t mpor ry t FromFr
. . .

by t
t he p lain iff in a n e a o dr d
law sui c n t e is e i ve the
d c tm t
. .

Mod E ng .co t c g

un .

(har e in an in i o
oc t d
en ), see P l l k and Mai l an ,
E of II
ng li shL a w , 605
m moc k ry cf m
. .

1 48 a bise a r
in e

u y
a bisc er e T he dat suall
b mr
.
-: .
-
.
,

d t o t fo u d
e n s in e : but an O E d at w i h u in e x i on is n , of on h is is e : in
moc ry of m u d r b mr
. . . .

ke hi
( see B T n e to
i s e ) T he a r ( O E er ) is d ue
x c of r ym
- -
. . . . .

e ig e n ies h e
W form mor commo
.

1 50 ne l t u I n E S s in y ( ny l le , e tc ) are n , but in
W form
. . . . . e .

L S e s ( r r
ne ll e, e tc ) p e vail S e e S ieve s 42 8 , a 2
r f r c r to ord by b tt or j d c co mb t c
-
. . . . . .

T r he e is a e e en e he e the eal a le u i ial a w hi h

w as in trod c d b
u e orm the Nr m d forc t
ans and It
aine in e un il 1 2 1 9 had
mod of j d m t
e
m
.

r dy b
al e a ee n co n e ned as a e L t r C ou c of
u g e n at the a e an n il
r o to t
1 2 1 5 : but p e vi us b d by c rgy th mr d
his , it had ee n vie w e the l e wi a ke
d f o r t tt t d c h r c t r t c of
is av u , and his a i u e , op y r of
a a e is i the e n ing ea s the 1 3 th
c t u ry r c t d t
en , is e e e g r t g r fu to cc p t
in his pas sa e w he e the Nig h in ale e ses a e
the ord eal u o o u d t r for mto gg t
T he all s i n w l he e e see su es 1 2 001 2 1 5 as th
p ro x mt d t of po m
. e
ap i ae a e the e .
1 6 T he Owl and th e N ight inga le ()
O

s e wi [ w] are unker bo
1

o f bri3ter h o we o f uair ur b l o ? ,

N o pu hauest w e l scharp e claw e

m
, ,

ne kep ichn0 3t p p at u e claw e .

1 55 p hauest cl iuers
u s u pe s t r o n g e ,

u t ueng st par m i d s o d op a t ong s

p
-
.

P p3
u o t e s t s o d o
p p in e i li k e

m i d fai re w o rd e me bisw ike

, ,

Ic h n o l d e d o n pat pu m
.

e r add e s t

i c h wis t e w e l pat pu m e m
,

1 60 israd d est .

S cham ie pe fo r pin unred e !

V nwr 0 3en is p i svike lhed e !
S c h i l d pin e svike ld omv ram pe l i 3t e ,

1 h u d pat w 0 3e amo n [ g] pe r i 3t e .

an e pu wi l t p in unri3t s p e n e
1 65 p
l oke pat h i t ne bo is e n e :
v or svike d omhaue [ p] schom
e 1 h et e ,

3 ii h i t is o
pe 1 u nd e rse t e .

N e sp e d d est u n0 3t m i d p in e un wre nche

fo r i c h amw ar 1 can w e l blenche
,

1 70 .

N e he lp p n o 3t pat pu ho t o [ p ] ris t e :
i c h w o l d e i 3te be t m i d l is t e F l 2 34 r
j
o . . col . 2 .

"

mn 1 6 7 h u d 1 7 1 w i t ( no t u
V a l .

1 51 . 1 64 . a e .
,
a e . . r s e se e e s e, l .

1 51 w ar e J
hw ieer
( h c h of w i r
tw o Sk ead s w heer ,

o th r t c of co tr ct form fo
.
. . , .

G hw eer ; but e ins an es the n a ed cf

are und S tr B r , . .
-
.

r
.

wh ier (L a; w er ( R of G l e d Hea ne p
For m
. . .
.
,

1 54 ne kep i ch n03 t = and I o d not w ish

a siof ilar use

kep en
m
. .

(O E ce p
. a ncf
) .h e d y sig r a a nn a
,
h er u n.
g r
a cep ( d e si e s
)u r See B T nd e . . .

cp an o b gt . t
T he d u l e ne a ive in the line s and s for not

.

1 57 l J
i i ke ( i l yche) Hr J cr b
e e the s c ry t r or g
i e has l ea l al e e d hi s i inal
o t r ym t
. . . .

and h as sp il the h e ( o
w i h bi sw i ke) in so d ing .

1 62 J
V nw r ogen ( Vnw ry en) T he O and
. J r t r r t .va ian s e p esen OE . . . . .

- r ct y
w rog en and wr ig en e spe ivel -
r
S e e S ie ve s 3 83 . .

svikel h ed e c t b tr c t f x
de ei T he M E a 's a su hed e

: . by hed ) the . .
- -

sid e of o
M E h d e ( O E . ot b t f c tor y x
had ) has n y e t e en sa is a
. . il e pl ained
.
.
, .

It rt
w as s t j ct
used w i h ad e ive s (cf d r uncenh edC r A S h on 1 07 0) at .
, . . .

tr t t bt t
a l a e d a e w i h su s an ive s ( cf Go
Mo d E ng dhead N
I n the 0 d '

form cf
. . . . .

it occ u r o y th
s nl wi ad j s: bold h ed e ( l f ai r hed e (
. l w rech ed e . . .

(l si ker hed e (l
W G
. .

1 6 5 ane ( hJ w anne) h w en r

S tr ead s hw anne Sk ane and
ro b b y mo r
. . . . . .
, .
,

w ane But t of
in sp i e J r
t he g h ch
ead in w i is p a l d e nise d it is
form commo y u
.
. , ,

f r to r t
sa e e ai n the C c
ane < O E anne w hi h w as nl sed in
cf 1 1 453 463 t for imil in t n c
- .
. .

O E in r l ti n a e a ve se se ar s a
T h fo m n in thi r l t iv
e c. s es
pro b bl y b coming rchaic t th
. . .
. , , .

e r n w
a e, s e a e se se , as a e a a
d t of th po m for th l t rn ti w n i al o fr qu ntly fo u nd in 0 (cf
e
a e e e ,
e a e a ve a e s s e e . .
18 Th e Owl an d th e N ighting ale C
()
p m i d al p in e st re ng pe
an pu .

Ic h h abb e o n bre de 1 e ck on le ng pe , ,

1 75 c ast e l god o n m in e r ise :

Wel 3t pat w el i3t sei p pe wise

,

.

A c l et e w e awe i po s c h e s t e ,

v o r s u i c h e w o rd e s b o p unw [ re ] st e ;

1 f0 w e o n m i d r i 3t e d om e
m i d fai re w o rd e 1 m i d ysome
,

1 80 .
.

p e 3 w e n e b o at one a co r d e

we m
,

a] 3e be t m i d fayr e w o rd e
[ ,

w it ut e c h e s t e 1 b u te 3te , ,

l aid i m i d fo3e 1 m i d ri 3t e
p
1 m

ai h u r e e i e r wat h [ ] wi l
1 85 p e e

i d ri 3t e s egge 1 m i d soki l e

W
.

a pe h u l e s c h l u s s m it
p q p [ ]

0 u u a e e ,

at kunne 1 wi ll e r i 3t u s d e m e ?

p
Ic h w o t w e l quap pe ni3tingale

,

1 90 N e par e f parof bo n o t al e
.

M aist er N i c h o l e o f G uld e ford e ,

he is wis an w ar o f w or d e :

he is o f d om e s u pe g l e n ,

1 h i m is lo p e u r i c h u n p e n .

1 74 k h l t r d in to k cf ec ki l a 1 78
e e w t sc e ers e
1 82 m
-
. . .
, , .

u3 1 85 hi 1 87 u . e . . . . .

1 7 6 T hi p ro r b occ ur i th P o s b f H d i g 7 7 Wl f y ht t
ve s n e r ver s o en n e a
m
.
, ,

w l y h ; i L i P ro b u V
n i l i n 6 4 M i u ut bo
ver e a f u i q u u i a n, o. e z va ne e e a va se
R mn um II 42 0
e ,

t t
a en e , nd in th G t a e It i
es a ol d w H o a or , L V .
,

s an e sa e, e

f ghtithw l th t ithf t e e cf l o Ch uc r P l f F
a e as e Th h w a s a e ar o e sc e
mdy
e . . .

ing i o nl y th d B ut l r H ud i b III 3 2 43
s e re e e, an e r as,
For tho th t y my g ht g i
, . . :

Wh ich h n n r d o th t l in
se a a a a n

e ca eve a s s a
w i = l t u r fr in fro m cf l o 1 2 50 T h i d io mi
.

1 77 l t w . e e e a e

e s e a , . a s . . e s
found in O E w g l i t n cf A li 2 9 N w p i h ld i t h nd l t th h t
m) St nd W r d y l m co fu ing th ymb ol
a e a : s, o a s o a e e c es e

1 80 y m J
.
. . . ,

h C r ding y m(O E g mfri ndly )i p r f r bl t o th

. so e . so e . r. a r . ea o e, n s e s s
l nd l o ng
r
a 8 e ea so e es e s e e a e e
J r di g m(O E bmh rmony concord) n mt ric l ground w hil th
-
.
. . .
,

ea n so s a o e a s, e e

dj formocc ur
-
. . ,

d o th r di g w ith f ir
,

g in in 11 1 52 2 1 7 3 5 N

a s a a or es e ea n a
off r ny y t c tic l diffi culty T h idiomocc ur in
. .
.
,

w or d nd fri ndl y

s a e e a s n a a . e s

O E . cf hi h bb w y ly tl gp u nd w y l ht (O o iu d Sw t
.
, . a a s e e so a s e eo e r s s, e . ee ,

p 19 l o K ny o n 57 6
see a s e XII
1 82 mge ( C mu3 J mw ) E rl i r dit or ll r d mu3 b u t th
. .
, , .

a e, a e a e e s a ea e: e
u form( mu3 ) in thi po mi u d for th p t ( no t 1
. . . .

e s e nd inc s se e o se e e a s e
mpl oy d h r th form(pr r d in J mw ) i t o b p
-
. .

th i d ic i
e n . s e e e e, e a- e se ve . a e s e re

f rr d
e e
m
.

1 84 f og ( J )
. or d
e r d c .n c y
so T h Je cr i b
i d n t l y u n f
e il i
, r e e .

e . s e , ev e a a
w ith f og h l t r d it t o
e,
as a N O E q
e eu i l n t h y t b n fo
so u nd cf e . o . . e va e as e ee : .
()
J Th e Owl and the N ight ing a le 1 9

p an m i d a1 p in e st re n
pu gp e .

Ic h h abb e o n bre d e 1 ek o n le ng pe , ,

1 75 Cas te l god o n m yn e ry s e :

Wel fyht pat w el yhp seyp pe wise ,

.

A c l e te [ w e ] aw ey peos c h es te ,

Fo r s uc h e w o rd e s beop vnw reste :

An d fo w e o n m y d rih t e d om e

Mid fayre w o rd e 1 m
,

1 80 y d s om e .

pye h w e ne b e o n at one aco rd e

We mawe be t myd fayre worde

,

Wipvte c h este and b u te vyhte

,

, ,

P layd e m i d s o p e 1 m i d ryht e :
1 m

vr e y e r bwe t h wi l
1 85 a
y p e e

Mid riht e s egge 1 m

y d skile .

p q
0 uap e vle
p H w o s c h a l v s se m e ,

,

at cunn e 1 wi ll e rih v s d eme ?

p t

Ic h w o t w e l gn ap pe nyhte gale
,

1 90

N e parf pe ro f be o n o tal e .

Mays t e r N i c h o l o f G uld e uord e ,

He is wis and w ar o f w o rd e
He is o f w o rd e sw ype g le v ,

An d h i m is lop e u ri c h vnpe u .
. p

1 77 . lete aw ey .

h ow r M H G u c M d G rm f ug S w f g In O E formg f og
e ve . . . v o ,
o . e .
,
. o . . . a e
'

occ u = rs j oining w h nc in

a cond ry n th id of tn ,

e e, a se a se se , e ea

ess .

T h w or d
e l o ur i in c rt in M d E g di l c t (
a s s No tt York )
v ves e a o n a e s s, s as
id to c l imp r c d nc in
. .
,

r t in ord r B oy in tho d i t ri c t
f g s e se s are sa a e e
t h ir g m by c ll ing ut foggi (
o . s s e e

a a
J n d (b) For im
e es o e see

1 90 f ( ar e il r in t nc of th in rt ion
ar

ee

v s a s a es e se
of ft r r cf mu g (l
. . z .

c a e 3 ( L b r 3( l re T h i rtei on are e a e e nse

p ro b b ly d u t o Fr nc h cr ib l in u nc t h r b ing m
. .
, .

w as a e or trongly tril l d
e s a e e, e e e s e
in E ng li h t h n in Fr nc h w or d
s S k t T r n P hi l S
a e s see ea ,
a s . . oc.
1 91 M i t Ni hol f Gul d
. a s er d T h fu ll d ignatio of Nichol i
c e o e or e . e es n as s

n t w ith o ut it in t r t po int in g
o it d o to c rt in ch ng c h r c t ri tic
s e es as es e a a es a a e s
of th 1 l th nd 1 2 th c nturi Und r Normn in u c th ingl p r on l
,

a a en e a
n m of th O E p ri od h d b co m uppl mnt d by urn m d no t ing
e e es . e e s e e s
a es e e a e e s e s a es e
mo g t o th r thin g pl c of b irt h T hu in th l t r c tion of th A S
. . e e ,

Will lmof Cu b il
a n s e s, a e s e a e se s e
Chr n uch n m R tb t d B l n
. . .

a es as o er a es e r o
found T h ddition of M i t r mor o r
o . s e e
Hug o of Mun dfor d ( 1 1 23) are e a a s e e ve
con y d th notion of c d mic t tu R hd ll (U i r iti f E r p i
.
, ,

ve a a e s a as a n ve s es o u o e n
I 2 91 2 ) r f r to th normo u mul tiplic tio n of M t r
e e s .

M i d Ag es , e e s

e e s a as e s
nd mnt io n th c u to mw hic h gr w up in t h co ur
-
. .

th 1 2 th c ntu ry
e e , a of e s

e s e e se
thi c tu y of p ing th t itl of M t r
s en r n ho o u r b l d
re ign t io n e e as e

as a n a e es a

For th c l im of Nic h ol to th uth or h ip of th po m I tro 5

x .

e a s as e a s e e see n . ,

pp . x l i ff .

2 2
20 Th e Owl and th e N ight ingale C)
(
1 95 He w o t in e c h e so n ge insi3t ,

w o sing e t w e l w o sin g e t w rong e :

'

1 he can s c h e d e v r om pe ri 3t e

at w o3e pat pust er fr om pe 1 i3t e
p ,
.

0 h u l e o ne wi l e h i bip0 3te

p ,

2 00 1 aft er pan p is w o r d upbr0 3t e :

Ic h gran t i w el pat he u s d e m e ,

v o r pe g he w er ewi l e b re m e , ,
I

1 l o f h i m w e r e ni3t ing ale ,

1 o pe r wi 3t e g e n t e 1 s m al e ,

2 05 i c h w o t he is n u s u pe acoled .

N is he v o r pe n0 3t afole d ,
F ol . 2 34 v . col . 1 .

h e fo r p in e o l d e l uu e
p a t ,

me ad u n l egge 1 pe buue :
,

n e sch al t u n e u r e s o h i m qu e m e ,

21 0 p at h e fo r p>e fals d om d e m e , .

H e is h i m r i p e 1 fas t r e d e -

ne l u s t h i m n u t o n o n e unre d e :

n u h i m ne l u s t na mo re p le ie ,

he wi l e g on a r i 3t e w e ie

.

e ni3t in ale w as a1
21 5 p g a
3 e,
r

h o hadd e ilome d w el aiw are :

H u l e h o s ed e s ei e me sop ,

,

,

wi d ost u p at un w i3t is d op?

pu sin ist
g ani3t 1 3 n o t adai ,

220 1 al
pi s on g is w ailaw ai .

bo ; o d l t d .
2 07 . l oue ; u a ve 0 e e e .

1 99 bi 3 t (. J b thou ght (h r l f) i p ond r d T h J

o e . e e se , . e . e e .

e .

r d ing i prob bly crib l rror inc h nd

ea s a confu d l wh r by
a s a e s e a are se e se e e

t h cri b
e s ( Int ro 3 ( d)
es I t i unlik ly W m t o ugg t) th t
see s e as se e s s es a
bi h uht i th p t formof D E b hy g n b h g i n th formr q uir d w o ul d
. .

o e s e . . . e c a , e o a : e e e
b bi h g d
e o o e.
2 01 .J g u ti) T h J formocc u r in
g r nti ( a . pl c in C (l
ra n . e . s one a e . .

but g r nti i th u u l p ll ing b for 1 2 50 th u (

a s e d oti g O F n l
s a s e e e e en n . r. asa
q u lity) b ing in r t d ft r t h t d t
,

a e se e a e a a e
4 T h r f r nc h r my w ll b to th l ight l o r w h ich mny
.

2 03 . e e e e e e e a e e e ve ve ses
-
a
s ob r chol r of th g d pl or d l p of th ir y outh To Hil riu for
e s a s e a e e e as a se s e a s,
c i ttrib ut d L tin l o lyr ic ddr d t o n E ng li h mid
.

in ts an e , s a e a a ve a e sse a s a en
n md Ro mt i of th m kind cl imd by H nry
-

a e w hil nug se : e ae a a or a e e sa e are a e e

of Huntingdon Ab l rd P t r of B loi nd oth r l r d L tini t (
, e a , e e s a e ea n e a s s see
S h l d E ng L i t p
c o e
f m p l ; cf how
, . . .

2 04 w i3 t = O E w i ht
. e r w i3 t l 43 1 ; u w igti
. . e, e . . . e ve es, . n s,
l 21 8
J nu ) W u gg t th t th J r d ing p oint t o th
.

2 05 nu u ( . s e . e . . s es s a e . ea s e
 22 T he Owl and th e N ight ingale ()
C

p m ui 3 t m i d p in e s o n g e afe r e

all e at ih p p in e i b e re :
p ere

sch ri] ch e st 1 olle st t o p in e fe r e
p u [ 3 ,

at h i t is g rislicht o ih
p e re :

h i t pinche [ p] b o p e wis e 1 snepe
n 0 3t pat pu sin g e ac pat pu w cp c , .

p u ij s t a n i3t 1 n 0 3t a d a i :

ar of i c h w [ u] nd ri 1 w e l m

ai
p .

vor e u ri c h pin g pat schunie t ri 3t ,

2 30 h i t luue p pust er 1 hat ie t l i 3t :
1 e nrichpin g pat is l o f m

isd e d e ,

h i t luue p pust er t o h is d e d e .

A wis w o rd pe g h i t bo unclene .

is fe l e m ann e a mupe i m ene

, ,

-
,

2 35 for Alur e d K in g h i t s e i d e 1 w rot :
He schune t pat h in e [ v u ] l w o t

.

Ic h we n e pat pu d o s t al s o ,

v o r pu i3st ni 3t e s e u er mo .

An o per p in g me is a w e n e b

aue st am
,

2 40 p u h i 3t w e l b r i 3t e s e n e ; F ol . 234v . col . 2 .

b i d ai e pu art s t are b l in d -
,

e sich st ne b o v n e s t rin d
p p
at u n .

223 . sc hirchest . 2 25 .
inchest . 228 . w nd r i . 2 3 6 sch unet , in
.

rt o of t or i ft r p ro b bly by l t r h nd
se i n a e n, a a e a : wl . 2 42 bos, s el e e ,
. d td
v a bo t r ind
ve 8 : s t d l t d ,
s e e e .

221 4 W ot (n e rro o y d cr b th fo r
1 1 ) e n e u sl e s i e s q tr e se u l in es as a ua ai n
rhym g o d B u t rhym g o
. . .

t
w i h one in s un the r t co p t
in v w el in t he s
. u le is
co d
w hil e in the se n it i s
2 2 2 i bere :
.

oc
o utcry , v i e

Wg o th ord r
g eb ru) l sses is w , h e e . .

hr
and el sew e e , as b
o ur
eh avi t
rd y k y
; but his i s ha l of l i el in view the
w ord ih ere o
S ee al s 1 1 92 5, 1 3 48
rob b y d r d from
. . .

. J
2 2 3 3 0 llest ( y ol l est) T he ve
. rb o cf 3 ll e.
( 1 9 7 2 ) i s p a l e ive . .

OE . .
*
r t of
g eol l an va i an y cf
g i el l an (el l ): o g d
O E g i err a n al n si e g eorr an *
. . .

( r
se e S ie ve s 3 88 , a
2 25 Tr a sn I t mth b ot t o

see e h to foo h
t he w ise and to the l is ( ie al l )
For m r co t ru c t o
. . . .

th t t ou d o t
a h g
s no t sin but w ee p
si il a ch ns i ns in w hi t he
m m
.

pr o t o t cf
ep si i n i s w an ing I cha o
lo s ale f o3 1 c ( l al s 1 91 0
W
. . . .

snep e : g cf
S sni p , An l snp , tup d
O N s ndp r , sord i

T he w snee p
d m g foo
. . . . . . .

o fo d
\r is al s un in the Mod L ines ial e anin

l ish (
T he
r ym
se e
m t h o r r g r d d f u ty
M
. . .

h e shep s w ep e us w eve be e a e as a l u (i e [ ] nl
g form
ess
md r
. .

the An l ian ( ) i s to be assu he e

'

snep e
J cr b d t y r d for co fu g
.

J
2 2 6 ac at ( a t ) T he i e has e vi en l ea at ac, n sin
th omtt d fo o g
. . s . .

c an d t in hi sor ig inal , and en i e the ot r t c

ll w in a t an he ins an e
of orp y
hap l g a h .

2 2 7 T he
. tr d t o r o
a i i nal eas n w h do y by
y the Ow l up d
e s n ot d ay is s p lie
by one of N
the o of
arr a ti nes of Ch r to ccord g t o h c h t b rd
O do e i n, a in w i he i s
()
J T he Ow l and the N ight ing ale 23

p u miht mid pin son g e e a e e fr

Alle pat he rep pin e i be re :

p[ ] uhes t 1 y oscric
ll est to p in e fe r e ,

h i t is r slich t o ih
pa t g y e re :

225 Hi t pinchep bo pe wis e 1 snepe
N ouht pat pu sin g e [ ac pat ] pu w c pc .

t
p y h st an h
y t and no h t a d ay :

p aro f ich w und ri

1 w el my a .

F o r vychpin g pat schonye p riht ,

2 30 Hi t luuye p puster t h at e p lyht ;
1 e uychp in g pat l uue p m

isd e d e ,

Hi t luuep puster to h is d e d e .

A wis w o rd peyhh i t be o v ncle ne ,

I s fe l e mo nn e a mupe i m e n e
,

-
,

2 35 F o r Alure d K ing h i t sey de 1 w rot : F ol 2 3 0 v . . col . 2 .

He schune p pat h in e fu l w o t

.

Ic h w e n e pat pu d o s t a1 s o ,

F o r pu yhst nyhtes e u e r mo .

[ An ] o pe r p ing m e is a w e n e -
,

h aue st an h e l br h e sene :
2 40
p u y t w y t
Bi d ay e pu art s tar e blynd -
,

at pu ne sy s t b ou h o f l y n d
p .

223 . 226 . si ng e a t 2 39 . 2 .

in co c d i c u
un il to w homth y s t o gi th ro th y h found
ss as e are ve e se e ave
p u t forw rd hi cl im nd i l u gh d t but th n l d c i io i
.

T he Ow l s a s a s a s a e a : e a e s n s

p o t p o n d M nw hil ( th n rr t i go n) in noc t c l r uid t B ubo

e ea e e a a ve es o e a e e
uibu d m mfu r t t Qu mp t mn d d unt
s .
, ,

t l ila aa i nti bu s or e s, ro sa a a es o co er o , a e e er
t nc i mq uod Bub o nu nq u mu l t d d i n in t r l i u
e .

u
a e s se n e a a o are e e, ec e a as a e s
h bit
a t aret in t b i c l rin uid t t i di e ne r s t om u ip um a e e a are re n es a es
c l mor t l ion inf t t (N rr tion 55 D Ro t V l til i bu
, e pp s ere s s

a e e es e e s are n a a es , , e sa e o a s : see
H i u
e rv e L F b l t x , es a . a . IV .

2 31 i l f ( . J l u ) Tr n E yt h ing th t l o
s o . u e il d o ing (
i . to a s .

ver a ves e v -

. s .

w hic h i l d o i g i d r ) cf 1 1 2 81 6 09
ev n ea
mn (
s
h hun th t w h ic h kn o w himto b fo ul
-
. . . .
,

2 3 6 Tr n

Wt k it to m n purb l i d p rtly blind

a a a e a e
bl m
. s . s s s .

t r b l ind

2 41 . s a e - :

. a es ea

n , a .

T h w or d occ ur in O E t r bl ind O F i
e s t blind O R G t bl i d t s a r s. s a r e s ara n e c
I O E it m n bo th
. . . .
. , .
, .
,

n bl ind nd purbli nd (
ea s cf D n t r
a
"
see a s ai
bli d (purb li d ) S w t bl ind (q u it b lind ) F rom th cont x t in th
. . . .

n n s arr e e e e
nt po m t pp r t l y yn o nym
.
, .

pr ese bl i d i e s a re ou w ith blind nd bi n

n s a a en s a se e

m
, s

(1 .24 3 ) d t h r for an n b l in d t o n
e e b l in d e ea s

, s e -
.

2 42 i ht ( J y t) s c s t cf i t (l s T h hh r p ro b bl y
s see s

s e c e e a re
nt t h cri b l tt m pt to d o t th o und u of md i l h cf A S
. . .
, .

C hron 1 1 3 7 h l h (O E h lg ) W ugg t ion i th t hmy h

p rese s e s a a e en e e s -
vs e e a . . .

.
, a ec e n . . a an . . s s es s a -
o a ave
b n n r or for h( nd c b i g il y co fu d ) nd th t i h t (in t d
ee a e r -
e e a e n eas n se a a s c s s ea
of i h t) w th r d g of th origi l B ut t hi i unl ik ly O E i (in
s c s as e ea i n e na . s s e as . . s
O E i h t) w
. . s e s n t p r d i t thi d t as o r es e ve as s a s a e .

b ovn t ri nd A d ii ul t p
e s g T h origi n l C r ding b n tri nd i
. c assa e . e a . ea os e s s
 '

Th e Owl a nd th e N ight ing ale ()

C
A dai pu art bl in d o per bisne ,

p arbi mn e se gg e t a uorbisne :

2 45

s o h i t far p b i pan ung od e
Ri3t
p a t n o 3t n e s u p t o n o n e go d e ,

1 is s o fu l o f v u e l e w re nche
at h i m ne m ai n o m an at r ench
p p e ,

1 can w e l pan e pu[ st r] e w ai ,

2 50 1 pan e b ri 3t e lat awai .

S o d o p pat b o p o f pin e cu n d e
o f 1i3te nabbe p h i n o n e im
,

und e .

os h u l e l u s t e s u p e l o n ge

p ,

1 w as oftone d s u p e s tr o n g e :
2 55 h o g n ap P u [ h ] att e s t ni3tingale
,

p u m is t e s t b e t h o t e n g al e g al e ,

2 49 .
urste . 2 55 . a t test, hadd ed l a e tr .

corr ct d t o b n r i d prob bly by l t r crib J n th o th r h nd

e e ov e n a a a e s e o e e a
= l im t r
.
, .
, ,

h bouh f l y d ( b ough) w hich g iv g oo d n th ough in ll

n a a
m
as o e- ee es se se ,
ro b b il i ty t h h r r r t fr q u t l y i J tt pt t o g t o r
d ifcul t r d ing in th common origin l by m n of ub titutio n Wh t
p a p p n e n n n
ase e ese s , as e e a a e e ve
a ea e a ea s s s a
m t h r for to b b t r pr nt d by C nd
.
.
,

th p t c t u l l y w ro t a
th corr c t d formb
e oe a e see s e e e e es e e se e : a
mu t p rob bly b cc p t d = b w
.

in th t p l c e rs a e, e e e ov s a e a e e as o

( bo u gh) cf b w (l G h ow r r d b 3 (b ou gh) w rit i g 3 for origin l

o e eve ea s o n a
im
. . .
, ,

3 : a s il r conf u ion b t w n a nd 3 b ing fo und in u t (s MS u3 t ) l 1 7 51

e ee 8 a e n s e . n e , . .

B ut i t i n t cl r th t th corr c tio of t rind n d b cc pt d I t i t ru

s o so ea a e e n s ee e a e e . s e
th t n b n ind gi
a e ov n int ll igib l r
e r d ing (i t ho u t n ith r b ough
ve s a e e ea e see s e e
nd it my b th t th
. .

n or b k< O E ar i d) . .
y of th cri b
r n : a h w a e a e e e e s e as e as
a b o u t t o w rit th w ord w c ught by t r in th pr c d i g l in
e e th t as a s a e e e e n e , so a
h com
e mnc d w ith t w h ich h ft rw rd d l t d On th o th r h nd
e e s e a a e e e a
th corr c t i on my h
e s . e e
b n d u t o l t crib w h f il d t o r cogni
a ave a er s a
omw h t u f mili r form nd n th w h ol t i d w ou ld mt o gi
e e ee e a _
e o e e se
a s e a n a a : a o e e, s r n se e ve
b tt r n th n rind T h w or d occur for in t nc in An n Riw l (T itu
e e a s a
p 1 88 tr nd t m
se se s, e, cr e

MS C m
e e s
d n (t r m p o u r d d o w n ) nd in
.

d a a ea a
P ti n l 3 1 1 y t y nd t m} f t y d } mny (thy cl hi g o d
. . .
,
s es s r ea e s s e ,

a e ce, s r va e s re s r n e so a as n o s
of tr m mny ) f l o M d E ng d i l tri n t y n (w t r ch l)
.
, e o
s ea s so a : o a s o a s e, s r e a e anne
m d i bl
-
. . . .
,

see E D D H nc if tri d b r t in d e n th w h o l
e s n e e a e as o e e see s a v sa e,
g w oul d r d thou t n ith r tr (b ough ) n tr m
. . .
,

th p e assa e ea

see s e e ee or s ea

T h x c t m ni g of t hi w or d i
.

2 43 bi n s e t
e e a y t o d n S t B ea n s s no e as e e. r. - r
b li d d im ight d w h il W t k it to
. . .

gi it
ve s bl ind Mat nas

z e r as n

a es
m n p urbl ind pp r tl y n th ump tion th t (= ) w h ichp
, ,
-
s e , e .

ea a a en o e ass a 0 er or re
c d d it impli d om or t of di t inc tion ( l o N
,

e e , e s B ut in p r ll l
e s s se e a s a a a e
q uot tion in th L ind i f r Go p l (M tt Ix
a e T u g bi n s al blind ne s e s a oe e se e ve e
cl rly y onymou N d o th nt nc (l o
. .

(u
d i ) th w ord
o caec e s are ea s n s or es e se e e a s
in R l A nt II 2 3 9 N w t h by m
, .

q uo t d in N e l dy t h bl ynd e gi . . .
, o e so e s e e, ve
ev id nc e to ny u c h d i ti c t ion i i w of th B iblic l phr (M tt
e as a s s n n v e a ase a x v.

g Qu md
, e .

1 4) if th b l i d l d th bl in d

e n eaI n th p e

e assa e o a e
bi n nd qu l
s e a k nd ( G n t E o2 82 2 ) th co nt r t i c l rl y b t w
oc e e th e . a x . e as s ea e een e
blind nd tho w h a w hil th w or d u d by S h k p r b i on
rh um (bli ding t r ) H mII ii 52 9 nd b i on co p c t uiti (C
se o see : e e , as se a es ea e , ss

e n ea s a a ns e
ff ord n f u rt h r inf ormt io n n th p o int
, . . .
, ss es or .

II i
. . a s oOn th o th r h nd in e a o e . e e a ,
26 Th e Owl and the N ightingale (
C)
v or pu hauest t o mo ni e t al e .

L a t p in e t u n g e h abb e s p al e !
p u w e nest p at
p es d ai bo pin o3e z

260 lat m nu e habb e m in e pr0 3e

bo n u st i ll e 1 lat me s p e ke
,

i ch wi ll e b o n o f pe aw re ke .

1 l u s t hu i c h co n m

e bit e ll e ,

m i d r i 3t e s o p e w itut e s pe ll e
u s e is t pat i c h m
.
,

e h u d e ad ai
2 65
p ,

par t 0 ne s e gge i c h ni c h ne nai :

1 l u s t i c h t e ll e pe w are uore ,

a1 w i h i t is 1 w ar e uor e .

Ic h h abb e b i l e stif 1 s t ronge ,

2 70 1 go d e cliuers s c h arp 1 l on ge ,

s o h i t bicumep t o h e n e ke s cunne ;
h i t is m in h i 3t e h i t is m i w [ u ] nn e
at i c h m
, ,

e d r a3e t o m in e cu n d e
p
ai [ m e] no m
,

ne m an pare uor e sch e nd e : F o1 . 2 35 r . co l . 1 .

2 75 on m e h i t is w e l is e n e ,

v o r ri 3t e cu n d e i c h ams o k e n e .

V orpi i c h amlop s m al e f0 3le

p at o
p b i g r u n d e an b i
puu e le :

2 72 wu no t . 2 7 4 mi n
ne, see e. . a o .

2 58 tr n l t
sp ate . p ll t urn of w ork (cf D u p l n t o
Sk a s a e s as

a s e a

s e e

p l y) w h ic h i q u it cont r ry to w h t n w o u l d x p c t fro mth co nt x t

. . . .
, ,

a , s e a a o e e e e e .

St B conn c t th w or d w ith M H G p t (ru ng of l dd r) nd O N

W t k it t o man plint
r .
-
r . e s e . . . s a e a a e a . .

p l nk nd t r n l t p l int r

it
'

p bl (

s r a a a s a es as s e . . a es e s ,

a cl f t ti in w hich th to gu i c ught nd t n l t
e s c l t thy e n s a

a ra s a es :

e
t ongu ha a plint (i b f t d nd h ld t ill ) T h mo t ti
e ,

e ve s . e . e as ene a so e s . e s sa s
f c tory xpl n tion h ow r i obt in d by co ct ing th w ord w ith O E
a e a a , e ve , s a e nn e e . .

p l (u b tit ut ) in w hic h c t h l in w o u l d r d L t thy t on gu h

s a a ase ea ave
t k r t T h formp l it l f i r r b u t th corr
s s e , e e e e
ub t it ut

a s is e, e a e a es e s a e se s a e, e e
rb l form(O E p li t o t ub t it ut ) i m
. . .

p nding
s o ve a or fr q u tly s e an , ac as a s s e s e e en
found ; cf O m1 01 3 3 Al t tu mi ht p l n ; P Pl w C
. .

. r , 77 p l , nd a s e e . o . . XIV .
, s e e a
l o th l d D or t d i l p l (t o p r n nd t k hi pl c )
a s e o se s . a . s ea s a e o e a a e s a e , see
E D D
. . .

2 6 6 ni c h n n i J ny k n en n y St (
a foll ow d by G ) o or a

r. e
d id n t im pro thi i w h h omitt d nic h T h C r d ing i upport d
. . . .

o ve s ne en e e e ea s s e
by th t of J nd w hil nic h i mt ic ll y n c ry it i int r t ing w ll
. .

a a a
fromth tymol ogic l p o int of i w Sk r d i h n t I nd tr n
e s e r e e ssa s e es as e

e e a v e . . ea s n c : o , a a s
l t
a es To th t I y (n t I) n n y B ut a b tt r r d ing i o bt in d by
a sa o o a .

e e ea s a e
t king ni h
a n (O E c cf Si r 3 3 2 2 ) nd t r n l ting

o

eve s a a a s a
To th t I y n ith r n n n y T hi u of ynonym p c i lly in th
: . . .
,

rhym
a sa e e o or a s se s s es e a e
im
.

ing po itio n i c h r c t ri t ic of th p o t (
s cf 1 w h il
s il r a a e s e s a
f irly common cf S i
e e . .

p hr w it h M E nikk n (
ases to d y y n ) . . e en , sa o are a : . r
J
() Th
e Owl and th e N ight ing ale 27

V o r pu hauest to m on e tal e
y .

L e t pin e t un ge h abb e s pal e !

pu w enest p at
p es d ay be o pin ow e :

2 60 L et mn
h abbe m y n e prow
e v

B eo nv s t i ll e 1 le t m

e s pe k e ,

Ic h wi l e be o of pe aw reke .

1 l u s t hw i c h co n m

e bit e lle ,

Mid rihte so pe w ipvt e s pe ll e .

2
65 D u seyst pat i c h m e h u d e ad ay ,

P ar t0 ne s egge i c h m y k n o nay :

1 l u s t i c h t e ll e hw e rvore ,

A l hwi h i t is 1 hw are vore .

Ic h h abbe b i l e st if 1 s t ron ge ,
F ol . 231 r . col . 1 .

2
70 1 god e ol e are s s c h arp 1 l o n ge ,

S o h i t bycumep t o haueke s cunne

Hi t is myn hyhte 1 m y [ w u ] nne
P at i c h m e d raw e t o m in e cu n d e ,

Ne m a
y m e no m on pe r fo r s e n d e ;

75 On m e h i t is w e l is e n e

F o r rihte cu n d e i c h ams o k e n e
,

V orpi i c h aml o p s m al e vow e le

.

P at e op b i grun d e 1 b i puue le :
272 .
y nne .

G aw a y ne Knig ht 7 06 ni kk d himw ith n i Mor ov r in

and th G

bb t (c h 38) Ad mWood coc k y I tr u t y o u w ill n t nick m

e r ene , , e a . e e
Sc t t s A

a e
w p
o . sa s s o

l n y
S t r ad w unn Sk W nd
1 l a .

2 7 2 w unn ( C wun J e e, r e s e, a
G r t in wun T h d iff r nt r d in g of t h tw MS S ug g t o m d ifc u l ty
. . . . . .

e a ea
mon origin l T h C r d ing w n in th r t p l c d o n t rhym
e e e s e o s es s e
in th co m
. . e .

a ea a e a e es o e

condl y it d o n t gi th ynonymw ithhi3 t

e . e .
-
e s
r gularly w ith unn (l
e c e se es o ve e s e
th t th cont x t m to r q uir w hil th J w ading d mit of n n
.

a e e see s e e : e e e a s o se se
B o th crib it w ould m h md th b t of n o b cur
.

a t all . s es, se e , ave a e e es a s e

r ading but w itho ut u c
e If h o w v r w t k w nn th r d ing of th a e e as ea e

common original al l d ifc ul t i

s c e ss . e e e e
ni h T hi form wnn w unn th va e, e
omi ion of f t r w b ing common cf w [ u] (l
, es s . s ez
ss it a w [ u] n t (
e 1 eAnd : rs . es .

w nn i co p i d by th C crib confu ing n nd u) w hil th J

.

/e s w un (
e e . s e as e s a , e e .

scri b w ro t y n r ding w y cf yi t y t (l
e e n e, ea as
m
es

t m in und = (b y th l w ) of m
, . , .

2 73 ki nd I n d i l l w pp l
e va a a ea
omtim md to th l w of N tur
. o yec e o e e a s . e
w as s e es w ll to th l w of th
a e e

a a e

as e as e a e
l nd S
a P o ll oc k nd M itl nd Hi t r y f E ng l i hL w I 466 51 4 n
ee a a a
Frommy v ry n tur [ it i th t] I m k n ; no t
.
, s o o s a , .
, .

2 7 6 Tr n . a s .

e a e s a a so ee

see e
l 27 3
2 7 7 For th attac k m
.

. ad u po n th Ow l by th r t of th bi d
e s e e e es e r s , se e
1 2 2 7 no t
. d n e, a .
28 Th e Owl and th e N ight inga le ()
0

hi m bi h mt 1
e c er e

big r ed e p i
h o re ocke s t o [ m
,

2 80 1 ] e l e d e
p .

Me is l o f t o h abb e re s t e

1 si tt e s t i ll e in m in e n e s t e :
v o r n e re i c h n e u er n o pe be t e re ,

g

[ 3] if i c h m i d c h an l in 1 m i d c h a t ere

2 85 h om schend e 1 m id fu l e w o rd e ,

s o h e rde s d o p o p er m i d s c h i t w o rd e -

Ne l u s t m
.

e wi t e s e re w e n c h i d e ;
p
forpi i c h w e n d e fr om h om wi d e
Hi t is a wise m
.

o nn e d om e ,

2 90 1 h i h i t seg g e t w e l i l om e
at m
,

e ne c h i d e w i id i
p t p g
e e

ne wi t pan o fne m
,

e n e 3o ni e .

At s um e si pe h e rd e [ I ] t e ll e
hu Alure d s e d e o n h is s p e ll e :
2 95 Loke pat pu ne bo pare

r c h an l in g b o p 1 c h e s t e 3are :
p a

lat s o tt e s c h i d e 1 uorp pu go
1 i c h amwis 1 d o al s o
.

1 3e t Alured s e i d e an o p er si d e
a w o rd is i r un e wi d e :
3 00 p at s
p g
at wi t e fu l e h aue p i m e n e
p p

ne cum e n e u er fr o m
,

e
p h h im ol e in e

Wenestu pat haue ck bo pe w ors e

.

p 0 3 c r o w e bi re d e h i m b i
g p e m ers h e ,

2 80 n mrg in ml t r . e, 2 84 if a 2 93 i t l l e a e . . . . e e .

2 81 M C o ul t on ugg t h r a r f r nc t o th c l o i t r d m
. r s es s on t ic l if
e e e e e e e s e e as e .

Of 1 89
J c hang li ng ) T h J r d ing r p r nt cri b l att mp t
. . .

2 84 hanl i ng ( c e ea e e se s a s a e
to ub titut for an ob ol c nt form n that w a mor f mil i r w it h
-
. . .

s s e s es e o e s e a a :
c h ng ling (= j ng1 ing cf g n ling (S t J ul p T h form h uling
j w ) i p r al l )d in L G
a a . e c . . e c a
c a , a s k v l n Du k
a e e l n nd M d E ng . l er . a e e , . eve e a o . . co
l qui l
o j aw ing
a .

2 92 C f R y P rov b (p a N g p ing g in t an o v n

s er s o a a a s e

S im found in A S Ap p hthg m
. . . .

2 95 7 il ar p rov rb ial utt r nc a e e a es re o e s

q uot d by K mbl S l mn nd S tu n pp 2 58 n b (in t
-
. . .

( e e e, a o o atf ul (
2 3) a r e eo o ceas
nw i l n mn n w i d f
.
,

i n t h D i ti h f

n y t d
e n w id a a p a nn e a e o ers rece e e s c s o

C to ( Ang
a see pp 1 7 0 V II
m
.
. .
,

() A 3 y n n f u l f w or d a e es e o es

S t ry ue ow i kt nouht r .

b
() or
B eo c tei s and jang le no t
er ou ar t set a t bo dr .

Al s oi n the P ro r b ve s o f A lf rd e : ne c hi d u w y none so tt e (
41 2 ) and B e t h u o
30 T he Owl and th e N ig ht ing a le ()
C
go p t o h i m m i d h o re c h i rm e
3 05
"
t
ri3t s o h i wi ll e wi t h i m s c h i r m e ?

h auec fol3e p go d e r e d e
p e

1 i jt h is w e i 1 lat himgr e d e
,

F l 2 35 l 2 o . r . co .

3e t pu m
. .

e s e is t o f o p er p in g e

,

1 t elst pat i c h ne can n0 3t sin g e

31 0 ,

ac al m i iord e is w o nin g
'
,

1 t o ihire g rislichpin g

.

at nis n0 3t sop i c h sin g e e fn e

p
m i d fulle d re m
, ,

e 1 l u d e st e fn e .

u w e nist pat echs o n g bo g rislich

31 5 p ,

p p pp g
at in e i in e ni s i l i c h .

Mi st efne is [ b o l d] 1 n0 3t unorne
h o is i l i c h one gre t e h ome
,

1 p in is i l i c h one p i p e ,

32 0 o f one s m al e w od e u nri p e .

Ic h sin ge bet pan pu de s t :

p u ch at er e st s o d o p o n I r is h p r o s t .

Ic h sin ge an e ue a ri 3t e t i m e ,

3 1 s o ppe w o n h i t is bed t i m e -
,

ri d d e si p e a[ t ] m i dd e l ni 3t e
32 5 p p
e -
:

1 s o i c h m in e s o n g adijt e
w o n e i c h iso aris e v o rre
o per d ai ri m o p er d ai s t e rre - -
.

Ic h d o go d m i d m in e pro te
1 w arni m
,

3 30 en t o bore n o t e .

A c pu sing est all e l o n ge ni3t ,

from e ue fort h i t is d ai l i 3t -
,

1 e uro s e is t pin 0 s o n g
s o l o n ge s o pe ni 3t is l o n g :
3 08 himi l t r d t o
.
, a 31 2 h
e e ir i lat r
e . 3 1 7 bl d mrg in l t r . e, e . . o , a a e
b ld
o . 3 2 0 w od i n r t d f t r nd b o
. e, e l t r
se 3 2 2 p ro t
e a ft r e a a ve 0 a e . . s ,
a e
and b o a r l t r in rt d
ve , a e 325
e d
se e . . a .

3 08 him

.

il l u t r t th d i p l c in g of
s a es form hi (J by th e s a acc . e
d t a

3 t u i t f m
.

3 09 No t th w or d or d r
. e e -
e : s se s o e .

31 3 . i w ith o ut t r ill C f l 48 . e . s . . . .

32 2 n I ri hp ro t
o s Iri h p ri t ccording t o M G G C o ul t on w r
s s es s , a r e e
P Pl w mn B xx 2 2 0 ; R g f S t
. . . .
,

p ro rb i ll y of th l o w t ty p
ve a e es e: see a e o
O m
o
3 04 ord in d in Ir l nd); G i ld u C m
. . . .
,

s und 6 ( tw ill it r t
1 . o e a es a e e a ra s a
b i Op
ren s s , era I 60 7 8 1 7 2 S ddition l n ot p 2 02
.
, Iv .
, v . . ee a a es , . .

3 2 3 8 T h Ow l r f r h r t o th c no nic l h o ur o b rv d by t h r gu l r
-
. e e e s e e e a a s se e e e a
()
J Th e Owl and th e N ight inga le 31

go p t o h i m m
1 y d b e o re ch rm
y e

Riht s o h i wi ll e wi p hims c h i rm e ?
D e haue k fole w e p god e red e ;

H e yhp h is w ey 1 le t h i gre d e

.
,

Y
[ ] p e t u m e s e st o f o p e r pin ge
y

,

31 0 1 te ll e s t pat i c h ne can nouht sin ge ,

A c a1 m y reord e is w onyng ,

An d to i be re g ryslychpin g .

P at nis nouht s o p i c h sin ge e fn e

Mi d fulle d re m
, ,

e 1 l u d e st e fne .

31 5 P u w e nest pat e ochs on g be o g r islich

P at p in e piping e nis i l i c h .

Mi st e fne is b o l d 1 nouht vnorne
H e o is i l i c h one gre t e h o m
,

e ,

1 p in is iliche one pype ,

32 0 O f one s m al e w e od e vnripe .

Ic h [ sin ge ] be t pan pu d e s t :
P u chat erest s o d op o n Yris pr es t .

Ic h sin ge an e fn e a ryht e t i m e ,

1 s e ppe hw enne h i t is be d t i m e -
,

32 5 D pe ridd e s y p e a m i dd e l n y h t e -

1 s o i c h myn e s on ge ad iht e
H w e nne i c h is e o aris e ve orr e
O pe r d ay re we o pe r d ay st eorre - -
.

I c d o god m y d m y n e pr o t e ,

330 An d warny men to he ore n o te .

A c pu sing est all e l on ge nyht ,

From e ue pat h i t is d ay li ht -
,

1 e u e r le st e p p in 0 s o n g
S o l on ge s o pe nyht is l o n g :
309 t (mll b lu ) 32 1
. I hb t
e s a e . . c e .

c l rgy for p r y r nd d ot ion T h r ic ll ud d to V p r t un t

e a e a ev e se v es a e are es e s , a s
C ompli j u t b for r tiring to r t (l
. se

(1 ne , s e M t in eoon ft r
e es a s, s a e
mid ni ght (l
-
. .

nd L u d t un ri l
(
a T h a o t h r h
s a o ur or vic s se e e s se r es

b l ong d to th d y t im nd t h r for n t mntion d by th Owl (S

. .

e e e a -
e a are e e e o e e e . ee

G q u t E ng l i hM n tic L if h ) S l o no t 1 1 1 6 58 if
as e ,
s o as e, c . VI . ee a s e . .

3 3 1 C uri o u l g d h
. xi t d wi th r g rd to th oc turn l in i g
s e en s ave e s e e a e n a s n
of th ni ght i g l Accord ing to n tory th ight l ni ght ing l d
e n a e o s e ss a e a
borrow d th y of th g low w ormin ord r to tt d f i y w ddi g
. e s , e
e e e es e a en a a r e n
Af t r th c r m
e
ony h r fu d to gi th mb c k but w i hing t o oo th h
-
.

e e e e s e e se ve a s s e er
in j ur d fri d h pro m
e
i d to co nt in u h o g by night w ll by d y (
,

e en s e se e er s n as e as a see
P o N m nd F ol klor f B ri ti hB ird C S w in o n E D i l S
,

r v . a es a eo s s, . a s , . a . oc .
 32 Th e O wl and th e N i ht ingale ()
C
g

3 35 1 e u re crow e p p i w re cche c re i ,

p at he ne sw ike p ni 3t ne d ai .

Mi d pin e piping e pu ad unest

as mo nn e s e are n par pu w unest
p ,

t m ak e s t p in e s o n g s o unw [ u] rp
a[ t ] m e m e t el
p po f ar n0 3[ t w [ u r p
] ]
3 40 p
Enrichm ii r3p m ai s o l o n g e ilest e
e
at h o s h al l i k i w e l unw r est e :
p
F l 2 35 v l 1 o . . co . .

v o r h arp e 1 pi p e 1 fu3ele s [ song]

mislikep 3if h it is t o l on g
, ,

.
,

3 45 Ne bo pe s o ng n e u er s o mu ri e
e ne s h al p in c h e w e l un m
,

at h rie
p u

3e f h e ilest e
p ou e r u n w i ll e :

s o pu m is t pin e s o n g asp ille .

V o r h i t is sop Alure d h i t s ei d e
1 m e h it m
, ,

ai ine b ok e r e d e :

E u ri c h pin g m ai l o s e n h is g o d h

ede

m i d unmepe 1 m i d ouerd ed e

.

Mi d e st e pu pe m is t o uerquat ie ,
r

1 ouer fulle m ak e p w lat ie :
3 39 w 3 40 t n 3 t th t in
.
~ r ch c l t r w
. . a ,
o , e ea ase a e : r .

3 43 ng 3 49 id d r t d d l t d . so e. . se e, s e e e .

33 5 cr i T h i w or d p r e nt m uch d if c ul ty S k nd G t r n l t i t
s e se s a a sa e as
cry (O F r i ) but thi co r p ond nc b t w n i nd i m c rc ly
. . . . .

cro wing W

. cr ,
s r es e e e ee c a se e s s a e

p o ib l int rp r t it cry i g w ithout

.

St B e r r e e s as

as n
fu rth r commnt T h formi p rh p d ri d from O N kr i
ss . .
-
.
, .

*
e e . e s e a s e ve an . . e

d th cro king of fro g or crow ) cf w i l w i (

a 1 w l w ( l in s s a a a o a o

th l in w o ul d m n
cr e , . . .

w hic h c T hy w r tc h d cro ki g r go
,

ase e e ea e e a n eve e s on

A m
.

or ti f c t ory olution how r w ould b t o r d cr i thro t th

e sa s a s , eve , e ea e :

a

, e
w or d ugg t d by th cont x t
s es e th ub j c t of w Th M d E g e e as e s e cr o e . e o . n .

cr a w <O E g n c k or t hro t ) i c l
cr a rly n t th w ord but
e cr a a, e a s ea o e
ri nt wg w oul d gi th fo m d m ning r q uir d A North rn
g . .
,
*
an OE va a cr ve e r an ea e e e
ri t r ig occur i Du b r F ly ting Po m
. . .

va an c a T hy l g l
s cr ig
n n a

s e

an ene a
th formi
,

T hy p ur py it th tt l o fo u d in M d S co t d i l (
e n ro : e s a s n o s a se e

d th corr p o nd i g S o uth r formw oul d mto gi th b t

. .

an e es n e n se e ve e es
m ing to th l i i And r w th thy w r t ch d thro t
e an e ne , v z e ve cro e e e a

ong i m c
. .

3 40 f .
f n t f
o ar : O E
ar o -
Tr n , o o ar e . . s s as .

a s .

th t n r ck o no thi g of it (= r cko th r of nothi g of w orth)
a o e e ns n

e ns e e n
H ugg t t h t th co truc t io i of mix d kin d combi ing (1 ) n
.

s es s a e ns n s a e n o e
t m nothing of thy o g d (2 ) thy ong i w orth o thing
.
,

es ee s s n an s s n
o g ) T h J formi p r f r bl for bo th gr m
, .

3 43 g ( C g J
so n so n e , s n e s e e a e a
mti l d mtric l r on
. . . . .

a ca an e a eas s
muri In t nc of n irr tio l n g ti in co c i
.

3 45 n u r . e e so e . s a e a a na e a ve a n e ss ve
cl u co truc tio found i O E nd oth r T ut o ic l g u g (
WE C oll in o M L R x 3 pp 3 49 65) w ll occ io lly in 1 Norm
a se a ns n n a e e n an a es see
L
. .

. . s n, . . . .
, .
-
as e as as na 1 .
-
an ,
w h r it i e e pp r t ly d u t o E ngli h in u nc ( J V i i g M L R
s a a en 2 e s e e see s n XI
n n mn n d or t l n o d rn m
. . . .
.
,

cf A S Chr n
,

K pp 2 1 9 o a a e s e s ea e e an ,
w m
. . . . .

h jd h
ei f e y l yf l g d o n
e nse re s a ce e e .
34 Th e Owl a nd th e N ight ingale ()
C
3 55 an e u ri c h m a re 3pe m ai ago n l

3if m e h i t h a l t e u r e fo r
p in o n ,

b u t e one pat is G o d e s ri c h e
, ,

at cure is s v e t e 1 e u r e ilich
p e :

p p
e3 u ni m e e u r e o [ f ] pan l e p e ,

360 h i t is e u re fu l bi h e p e .

W u nd er h i t is o f G o de s ri c h e ,

at e u re s e n 1 u r is ilich
p p p e e e

3ut pu m
.

e s e is t an o p er s h om e

e [ m o n m in e e 3e n l om e
,

p a t i c h ] ,

an s eis t fo r at i c h o b i ni 3t e
3 65 p
e m
, ,

p a t i c h n ai is o b i l i 3t e .

l i est ! on m e h i t is is e n e
p u
at i c h h abb e god e s e n e
p :

v o r nis n o n s o d i m pust er ne sse

3 70 p a t i c h e u er is o
p e l ass e .

e nest pat i c h ne m i 3t e is o
p u w ,

v o r i c h b i d aie n o 3t ne o .

p h ar e
e lut e p a1 d ai
mi
,

no e les
p is o he a .

375 3if h u nde s p t o h i m w

urn e ar d -
,

h
[ ] g gp
e e n w e l sn i p e a w ai w a r d s i -
,
o . 2 35 v . col . 2 .

1 hoke p pap e s svipe nare w e
1 haue p m i d himh is b l e n c h e s s are w e
,

,

1 h u p p 1 s t ar [ t ] s u p e cone ,

an se ch p p es t o e gr ou e :
3 80 e
p a p
n e sh old e h e nor b o p e h is e 3e

s o d o n 3if he pe bet nise se

, .

359 .

o . 3 64 . an . n d el e ted , stroke (r
f o m) ov r e a . 37 6 . He . 379 . e ta rd .

qua i tir , g aa ti ( e in , r t o forc

ess w n): l , pr
up h ues do cf Ly y E
t omc
.

(ed rb r
A e , p
the s To a h q uatte d w i h da in ies , a1 eli a e s t t d c t
m
. .

see c
e g nessi

(See N E D and
. . . .

ot
3 6 2 sp en, see n e 1 1 65
mC for m
. . .

3 64 a J
( and r c of
an
) T h n an
( a ) i n M SS b oth
o t t o commo or g
. . . e p es e e
.

I tro
.

p in s a n p
i in al , se e n 3, x xv

r ym r q
. . .

rob b y cr b
3 7 0 l a sse , p a l t r to
a s i al al e a i n T he h e ui es l esse , a r
K t h form cf J r d g
. e .

en is ( e a in ) S e o p
e 1 1 1 2 2 7 8 1 405 6 , als Ap en i (a) ( i) dxI
m r d commo co tr c t o
-
. . . .
,

ry E cf
.

3 7 5 to hi w a , a n n s u i n in e a l ng l ish: O E to
m
-
. . . .

d
ser e sunnan w eard , ti l heuenc w ar ( G en c6 E x to e wa
.
( n, . r d Hor
o l
a s po r to

his rd
we b E
us w a w ho el ieve

-
( p hesians i .
()
J Th e Owl a nd the N ight ing a le 35

1 e uer ic hmure pe my gon
a a

If m
,

e h i t h al t e u e r in o n ,

B u te one pat is G od es ri c h e, ,

P a[ t ] e u er is sw e t e 1 e u er iliche :
D eyhpu nym e of
p an l e pe ,

360 Hi t is e u er fu l by h e pe .

W u n d er h i t is o f G o de s ry che ,

pat e u er spe np 1 e u er is iliche
Ye t pu m om
.

e se st an o p er sch e
y
P at i c h a[ m
,

] o n m
[ ] y n e e y e l om e ,

1 seyst fo r pat i c h e o b i nyht e
, ,

pat i c h ne m a
y is eo bi l h
y t e

P u l ie st ! o n m
.

e h i t is is e n e

P at i c h h abb e god e s e n e :
V o r ny s n o s o dy m pe st ernesse
3 70 pat i c h e u er is e o pe l esse
P u w enest pat i c h ne m
.

[ ]
u w e is e o ,

V o r i c h b i d aye nouht ne e o F . ol . 231 v . co l . 2 .

De h are lut e p al d ay
Ac m m
,

o s le s is e o h
p e a
y .

37 5 I f h u nde s p t o h i m w r d
e orne
a -
,

He g e nche p swi pe aw ey ward -

,

1 hoke p pape s swi pe nare w e ,

1 h e n e p m i d h i m b l e n c h e s yare w e .

He [ h u p p] 1 s tart swi pe co v e ,

3 80 1 se che p p ape s t o pe gr ou e :
N e schold e he v o r bo h is eye
S o d o i f he pe be t ne iseye
, .

3 58 .
ll . 3 64 . an, Myne . 371 . mw e . 3 79 . hup h
.

3 7 9 hup
. kupp en, O Eo d hypp an, al ng si e M E happ en, O E
. .
*
. . . .

hopp ian) ho cf
ps , l e aps ,

hyp ped ( G a w and G r K t l hipp i t ( ing is K
T form occ u r to g t r th form
. . . . .

Quai , st r . his in u s e h e wi -
an 0 in M E as w e l l -
. .

as in o t r T to c g g cf
he eu ni l an ua e s : o O N h pp a , M H G h opf en ; M L G

For m r r t o cf
. . . . . . . .
.

happ en , M H G Ml pf en
. . . si il a va i an s in , u
.
f ol ge ( l 3 07 ), f ul ie . .

(l o
s le (1 sul i e l cf
( h o e ( l O E h cg an : t l i ol
i
. . .
y . . . .

(l. of E tylio n S ee al so Morsbac 1 2 6 , a 2 ; and O E d or , uru :

. . . . . . d
s o
p r a , sp ura : cnocian, cnucian .

sta t r C
( s ta rd
. sta )
, J
r t = star te
.
< ster te
( l eap s ), B i tso n

s A nc S ng s , cf . . o
rv , bul l uc sterte
.
a n . e F or c h g
o f e t o a e e r c f ba r nd e ( b b for
e rn s), L a} , 3 82 4 . d .

3 2
36 Th e Owl and th e Night ingale C
()
Ic h mi iso n s o w l s o o n h
a e a e, r
p i c h b
e3 i d ai e si tt e an d are .

3 85 p ar a3t e mn [ h p] in w
e o orre ,

forre
an fare p b o pe ne r an ,

an o uer uare p fe l e [ p ] od e ,

an d o p b i ni 3t e go d e n od e ,

i c h fo l 3i pan a3t e m ann e ,

3 90 an o b i ni 3t e in h o r e b ann e .

i i al e in h i r e
p e n 3 t ng p0 3t e

at h o l d a1 p is 1 l o n g e p0 3t e ,

w at h o paraft er m i 3t e s e gge :

v o r h o ne m is t e n0 3t al e gge
e h u le h add e h i re is e d
3 95 p pat ,

v o r he s pac b o pe ri 3t an r ed .

An h ire ofpu3te pat h o hadd e

e s p e c h e s o fo r uor iladd e
p p ,

an w as ofe rd at h i re answ are

p
ne w [ u] rpe n0 3t ari 3t ifar e .

A c nope le s he spac bold e liche ,

v o r he is wis pat hard e liche

wi p is no her p gr e te ile t e ,

at h e nor are 3 e h i t ne forle t e : t

p
p
3 85 b cf b in n x t l in
. o e, 3 87 d or w o d o in r t d b o v
e e e . . o e e . e se e a e 0
in l t r h nd in r t d b o i n l t r h nd
.

a e 3 88 n d a . 400 w . o e . e se e a ve 0 a e a . . r e.

3 84 .d r (J an a e l ur k .T h formd
a i < O E d ri n .

e are s . . a a

( l ur k l i h i dd n e) q uo t d by S w
e t (
A S D i t ) occ u rr i
e n g o n c cf S w d ee . . c . as e: . e
d r T h w or d how r occu r fr q u ntly in M E cf d up nd d r
, .

ar a . e e ve s e e . . : . ro e a a e

( M te M or t A r t hu r e al o t t y g t u h d ut h n d r (P r l s a a s c e o e co a e ea
thi v r bal formth t occ ur in l 3 84 S t h o w r in u nc d by
.
, ,

nd it i
b and Win upp ort
a s s e a s . . r . eve , e e
th J r ad ing ( i d r ) ugg t d n p p d
of thi ugg t ion not d C orni h d ( k) in Wil li m D i t f An L ng
e . e . e . a a e , s es e a z re . ar e : 8 .
, . s

s s es , e s ar oa a s e . o c . a .

of Co nw l l ( r n t in a B ut t h
o i xpl anation i n t convincing nd th s e s o a e
J r ading i p ro bab ly cribal rror
Wr ad C w o d pp r ntly
-
e s a s e .

3 87 d ( . C d J o e . o e, . . e s . as e, a a e
taking th und o tt d w n () w in t ad of ( no t 1
e e e H w o ul d as s e se e e e
Th y) p o v r mny for t
.

t h r for t r n l t th l in
e e e a s a e( e e as : an e ass e a es s
int rp r tat i o n w hich
e e pp l i d t o g t w (l a d o n t giv
e a e orr e es o e

p rt fro m
.
,

cl e ar se n Th r se . how v r o t h r r a on for r j c t ing w o d

e e are e e e e s s e e e, a a
t h f ac t t h t it d o
e s n t uit th co n t x t n d i n t th ac t u l r adi ng of C
a es o s e e a s o e a e
1 ) t h J formi d formin C (
.

( e w hic h ugg t s eo 2 ) T h w or d nod

e, s es s a e e
o th r pl c (ll 906 1 584) in th r hyming po ition and
- -
.

( n d ) occ ur in tw
eo e s o e a es e s
c h c it rhym w ith d (3 T h formw od (O E w ud u) c nno t
.
,

in
O E n d ) T h r i con q u ntl y but l ittl
ea ase es eo e e e a

p o ib l y r hym w it h no d (
. . .

d oubt th t d i th corr c t r ad ing w hil u u (W p a ov r )

ss e e . . o e . e e s se e e

a o e e a re
pro bably m
s e e : e o er ss e

v rr un co m int o co n ic t w i th
.

n o ea s

e cf A S C hr n 1 01 6
, e

. . o .

o ou 2 b
.
, ,

H i et g aer nd o n sw a hw set sw a hi of erf oron .
 38 Th e Owl and th e N ight ingale C
()
vor s u i ch w or p b o l d 3if p u [ igst ] ,

W
?
0E

en b31 33
3 .
9 6 he a l/ v
b

forpi, e ni3tin al e
1 p p e3 g
41 0 w e re afe rd h o s pac b o l d e t al e F ,
ol . 236 r . col . 1 .

h o s e i d e w i d ostu s o ?

sin est a win t er w o l aw ! W M

pu g
-

9
( 6 % sin est s o d o p h e n a sn o w e
pu g
-

at h o sing e p h i t i o r
a1
p s w ow e

mg m
.

p
a s:
41 5 A w 1 nt er e
-
p u s est w rd e 3o er e ,

an e u re pu art d um b a -
s um er e .
a5 5

W
Hi t is fo r pin e fu l e
(en

ev t. i n
P u
re asess s ad i:
u forbern e st w e l ne 3 fo r d?
gp
0n 0 E
vo c
la mp
wan e ure b l i ss e cumep t o l o n d e
.

t5 9 1

42 0 .

f e re s t s o d o p e i ll e
p u p ,

e vrichb l iss e h i m is u nwi ll e :

rucch ing 1 l u r in g h i m bop rad e
g
m
,

3 if h e is o p p at e n b o
p g l ad e .

405 i3 t 406 w l i i t w ith i d l t d 408 bor } w ith l in e, sv cs s e e e

th rough l t r l t r d t o P o ibly th l in th ro u gh my h
. s e. . . . e , e
0 : a e a e e t ood a ss e e 0 a ave s
for n tt mp t to ch ng to cf trok cro
.

a a e in b (1 wr k n
a e 0 e, . s e a ss 0 0 . o e .

41 1 rub ri c ( d ir c t ion l tt r h) 41 6 d dd d by l t r b nd 41 8 b
e e e . . an , a e a e a . . 0
w i t h o b l iq u trok cro o
.

e s e a ss .

anal th th M E dj ; (O E g) nd it fford n x mpl of

og y wi a are ear a a s a e a
ll ing of O E m
e e
ut t d form
. . . . .
,

ME l a e
T h C form(
. . eve . . s .

405 i t ( C i3 t J w ith n l ) ee

e a
crib l rror th b i g unn c ry fromb oth th gr m
. s . s e, . . .
-
e
is ev i d nt y a s a e e e e n e essa e a
mti l nd th rhyming p oint of i w
e ,

a ca a e s v e .

406 i i t ( C i i t w ith i d l t d J [ n ] wy k t) S t and Sk

i wi t W nd G
. n sv cs . sv cs s e e e , . e s s , r .

T h c t u l C r d in g i t i d op t d d
.

i t
pl in d by W nd G = i3 t () t (p 2 g of i3 t t o ght ) but thi m
n s cs . . a . v cs . e a a . ea v cs s a e an ex
a e . a . as v e s r. s . v e, : s see s
unl ik l y inc (
e i) th i w pro b bly d l t d by l t r h nd (ii) b o th MS S
s e e s as a e e e a a e a
r ding i (wy k (iii) nd n mt ric l ground
, , .

agr i
ee n ea sv c yll bl i s a o e a s a s a e s

p ro b bl y w nt ing b t w n th tw l t w ord of th l in
a a B u t if th (w
e ee o as s e sv
form b r t in d th n
e e e . s
s e id ntl y w o ul d r q u ir
e a e n g ti (i whe se se e v e e e a e a ve v z

w o ul d upp l y th m
, . o
w ill if th o u d o t (
ee n t) nd th i n g t i s i ing o a s e a ve s e ss
syll bl H nc th C nd J r d ing
a e e n th w hol
e, b t account d
e a ea s are o e e es e
for by uppo ing th t n w omitt d fromth common ori gin l th t th
. . .

s s a as e e a a e
omi ion w f ithfully r p t d by th C nd J crib nd th t om
,

ss as a e ea e e a s e s, a a s
tt mp t d t o impro th
. . e
l t r cr ib
a e p uzz l d by th r d ing w h ic h r u l t d
s e, e e ea es e , a e e ve e
C t xt by th d l tion of i
Fromb ing (o u t o b oar h w ill b om (mk ) b rrow
. e e e e -
s.
408 Tr n . a s .

e a , e ec e a e a a

p g ( po u
i = i h w il l o
ro s l l hi n S k r d w r t hn s e se a erce ea s a e

( b co m) for w u hn (
. . s e ss . .

= e C nd J b u t it i unl ik ly th t th(in t d of )
e rc e a s e a s ea
pp r d in th common origin l
.

a ea e e a .
()
J T he Owl and the Night ingale 39

V o r suychw orp bo l d i f pu yhst ,

D at wi l e eo i f pu [ ne ] swykst ;
I f he isihp pat pu [ n ] ar t are h ,
F ol . 232 r . col . 1 .

H e wi l e o f bo re w urche b ar e h .

1 forpi , p ey [p ] e nyht e g ale
41 0 W e re rd he o s pak bo l d e tal e
afe , .

he o s ey d e h wi d ost u s o ?

P u sing est a wyn t e r w olaw o -

D u sing e st s o d o p hen a sn o we -
,

A l pat he o sing e p h i t is for w ow e .

41 5 A w int re
-

p u sing e st w ro e p

1 yo m er e ,

1u er pu art d umb a s um e re
e -
.

Hi t is fo r pin e fu l e ny pe
pat pu ne m y ht m y d v s b e bli p e ,

V o r pu forberne st n ey h fo r o nd e
42 0 H w e nne vr e b l iss e cum e
p t o l o n d e .

D u fe re s t s o d op pe i ll e ,

Euerichb liss e h i m is vnw ille :

G rucching 1 l u rin g himbe op rad e

,

I f he ise o p pat men b s o p gl ad e .

406 .
u sw y ks t . 407 . ar t . 409 ey . ny hteg ale : mr gin
a e.
41 1 .
vle , d ir c t o
e i n le e tt r
41 1 o int in g t commo origin l i th odd co inc id nc th t bo th
.

P o a n a s e e e a
ru b r c tor w o t for pro b b l orig in l ?H th i in C in p it of dir c tio
i a s r e a e a : s . s e e n
h

41 1 6 I t h b n p oin t d ou t ( H B Hinckl y M d Phil x v N 5

-
. as ee e see . . e , o . . rI . o .
,

p 7 3 n ) t h t th
. . nt i t h i b t w a n th wl nd th nig ht ing l
e a w
es s p e ee e o a e a e as a

p ntly p ro
ar e rb i l T h u M p Ep i tl f V l r iu t Runu b g i
ve a s a

s s e o a e s o s e ns :
t t c r n n p o um G ru mul ul bub n m
.

L q ui p h
o ib ro eo r e di t u a e e o ss es o e oce e, o e
hi m i g nit t ml u tu
.

et u t q u l uto
a es ce e ras e p ul ul nt se t tu ub e s ra a e c ose re a : e s
sa nn u ntu i u ti ini d i p nd ii u r
as i p u Id o l og ui p hib
a e a, s eras
ugu r n u l unt ti L u ini m m t m ul mqu l ti i m
e r a c s e , e rse . e ro e or ,
u i t ti
er a s a no a a a a c a
ump hil mn m q u
o s sc o e er e e

t p ti im
, .

a ur l ni ntu pl c id o p l q uu tu
s co nce a n a
opt t t mpu i und it ti t t d li i umpl nitud in
e e re o r, e o ss o e , e

ul t f ll
l o Wl t r M p D Nug i Cu i l ium d J m (
a e e s oc a s o a e c ar e e ann a , n ec a or .

S O x ford p 1 43
th L w G rmn p ro r b Wt d m n
ee a s a e a , e s r a , e . a es , . .

H inckl y l o ( t i t ) q uo t
e a s oo c es e o e a ve a e ee e n
Uhl i t d m nd n in N htig ll On mn no t h r mn
.
.
,

wl i

i
s n s e a er s ac a e a s o s a e a s
nig ht i g l

n a e
41 3 hn ( nd J. St e nd S k r d hnn n u nn c ry mnd t ion
a r. a . ea e e, a e e ssa e e a ,

cf O E . . .

41 7 9 no t 1 1 096
com mo g u
see e
um t l ond =
-
. . .

420
o es a n
th c h u rl i h mn
. c e e s
.

42 1 i l l . e s: H ho w r xpl in it
e th il
s a . e ve e a s a s:

e ev
t h d il

o ne , e ev
m
.

42 4 i J i ) so A n w for (p r
seoin d 3 ) d u t o n l o gy
see s w i th
e a a
n formd by d d ing t o th inn roo t
. .
g . e . s .

f h ow r u (l
.

th inn e . a e a e . : o . eve s .

isi (
l . ise3 (
l .
40 Th e Owl an d th e N ight ing ale ()
C
42 5 He w o l d e pat he is e3e
t ere s in e vrich mo nn e s e 3e :

ne r 0 3t e he pe 3 ocke s w e re
i mind b i t
e pp b i h e re o es

1 .

A I s o pu d o s t o n pi r e si d e :

43 0 v o r wann e sn o v lip pi ck e 1 wi d e ,

an all e wi 3t e s h abbe
p s o r3e ,

sin est fr om e ue fo r t a mo rs e
p u g
-
.

A c i c h all e b l iss e m i d me b rin ge :

e ch wi 3t is g l ad fo r m in e in g
p e ,

43 5 1 blissep h it wann e i c h cum e ,

1 hi3t e p a3en m in e kum e

D e blost m
.

e
g inn e
p s p ri n g e 1 sp r ed e ,

b ope ine t ro 1 e k o n m e de .

D e l i l i e m i d h i re fai re w lit e
440 w olcum e
p m e
p p
at u h i t w [ i ] t e , ,

b i t me m i d h i re fai re b l o
at i c h s h u ll e t o h i r e o
p .

440 . wt e. 441 bit t l t r d t o d cf h o w v r 1

.
, a e e , . e e . 445 .

42 7 8 tr n k
. Sk .
a ) a s comp ni
. ac es t pp cc as

a es ,

o es
t pp )
o r t u ft of h ir
as

nd th p s g w hol
a

H c r dn t
: a e assa e , as a e , as

e a e o
though comp i w r mingl d (hu ddl d t og th r) by h d and by h ir
an e s e e e e e e ea s a ,

w r g ht i g nd p ull ing n oth r by th h ir St B t r n

i. e . e e n a o e an e e a . r .
-
r . a s .

k
oc oc k of w ool
es as

l ch s L t
u ) va s, a . occ s ,

a nd t pp o t pp )
es t uft of h ir h d a as

s a ,
ea s .

T h w or d k in t hi p
e g u d oubt dly t nd for tuft or ock of
oc es s assa e n e s a s s s
w ool L t f l cu ) w hil cf N pi r O E

ac, a . oc s , e . a e , . .

Gl 2 3 45
asses , O E t pp = L t p n i bid 2 6 7 4 L t ri p a a e sa : a se ca en sa :
T h mt p h or i t h r for t k n fro mth w
, . . . o . .
, . .

OE l nd dsea ce r ea r cr ft
e a s e e e a e e ave

a
t im w h n ll l rg l nd own r
. . . e e s ,

a kno w l d g of w h ich w w i d pr d t as ea a a e e a a a
md th ir cl o th t hom (cf N k m D N t R um II
e e es e e s
a e e a e And th . ec a , e a . er , . e

p g i b t tr n l t d
assa e s H w o ul d n t c r th o ug h th t u f t of w ool
es a s a e as

e o a e e s
w r me e ingl d w ith ( i md up of mix tur of ) thr d nd h ir th
e e a e a e ea s a a s,

r f r nc b ing t o t ho imp urit i in th w w ool w h ic h md th combing

. . e
e e e e e se es e ra a e e

p roc n c e ss ry T h obj c t of th t p roc w t o comb ut fromth tuft

e essa e e a ess as o e s
of w ool th hor t br or h ir (md tech
.

e s l es ing th l o ng br a s o eav e es
md t ch t p ) r dy for th d r w ing d p inning op r tion And
. .

( o e o ea e a an s e a so
th mt p hor h r i foll ow th il or n iou mn t o w h omth w l
. . . i

e e a e e s as s: e ev e v s a , e o
i l ik n d i
s e id t o b c r l
e of th t ro ubl t o w h ic h th w r w r
s sa e a e e ss e e e eave s
p u t in p r p ring th ir mt r i l
, e e
e a e a e a .

T h w or d t pp
e th r d )occ ur g in in S i G w yn nd t h G n Knig ht
a e ea sa a r a a ea e re e ,

1 1 91 i t yl v z : d hi t pp y g t w y a n f an ut th t il nd it n nne a
m
.
, . e s o o a s e e a s

p l it ing w r b r id d in th
a e e a I n St B
e t pp y g i g l o
e sa d e n
mn ?
r. - r o s sse
but t hi d o n t ui t th co t x t for th m
.

nd

as a e s es o s e n e , e ane a
i t p l it ing h d l r ad y b n d cri b d in th p r c d ing l in
s a a a e ee es e e e e es .

43 5 bl i ( J b l ) T
ss eh C r d in g i p ro b b
esse l y t h origin l n it e ea s a e a o e :

a y no ym
. . . .

n t o nly u it th co nt x t b tt r than t h t of J
o s s e but it l o p ro id
e e e a . a s v es s n
42 Th e Owl and th e N ight inga le C
()
De r o se al s o m i d h i re r u d e ,

at cum p o f pe p arn e w o d e r
p e u t ,
F 0] . 2 36 . col . 2 .

445 b i t me pat i c h s h u ll e sin ge

v o r h ir e l uu e one skenting e :

1 i c h s o d o pur3 ni 3t 1 d ai
e mo re i c h sin g e pe mo r e I m
,

ai
p ,

an skent e h i m i d m in e s o n ge ,

450 no e l e s n 0 3t o uerl ong e ;

p
wan e i c h is o pat men bop gl ad e ,

i c h n e ll e pat h i b o n t o sad e :
an is i d o v o r w an i c h com
p ,

i c h fare a3en 1 d o wis d om .

455 Wan e mo n h o 3ep o f h is sheue ,

an falew i cum o n g r e n e l e ue
e
p
i c h fare ham1 ni m e le ue :
,

n e r e cc h e i c h n0 3t o f w inter e s r e u e .

w an i c h is o pat cum e
pp at bar d s ,

46 0 i ch fare h om t o m in e rde ,

an h abb e b o pe l uu e 1

p onc

at i c h h er com 1 h i d e r sw o n k
p .

P an m in e re nd e is i d o ,

sh olde i c h bile ue ? nai [ w ] art o ? ,

-

465 v o r he ni s n o pe r 3ep ne w is ,

at l o n ge ab i d ar h i m n o d nis

p p .

D os h u l e l u s t e 1 l e i d e an h o rd ,

a1 i s mo t w o r d aft e r w o rd
p , ,

after 0 3t e h h m i t
p u e 3 e

47 0 ansve re ii iii de b e s t m i d r i 3t e :

v o r he mo t h in e fu l w el bipenche ,

@
at is afe r d o f l i es w re nch
p p a t e .

s
t m e p e h u le sede

w i i ch a wm
, ,
W
t er sin ge 1 g r e d e

-
.

446 n
. on ( d itt o gr p hy) formr n d l t d
e o e a , e o e e e e .

449 l t r d b v
. an , a e46 4 t a o e . . ar a .

452 . sad e =

sate d , su rf it d
e e

; se e Gl o ss .

453 . J
an ( . see no t
1 1 65 al so ll 463 , 482
e . . Cf . . .

456 C
f alewi ( and J f o
f ea lu , f ealw (all w ) T he O E adj suf x
mro form
. . . . . .

-
ig has b ee n a dd d by
e analo gy t w i h the n u e us O E ad j s in ig : . .
-

cf l o ry
.

. i red i (
OE . . r Ed e )
, l . 488 , a s M E her i (
. . hai )< O E g ehi re . . .
J
() Th e Owl a nd the Night ing a le 43

D e r o se al s o m yd h i r e ru d e ,

P at cum e o
p p p f e o r n e w a d e

Bi t m
,

445 e
pa t i c h s c h u ll e sin ge

Fo r h ire l uu e one skentyng e :

1 i c h s o d o p u re h ny ht 1 d ay
D e mo re i c h sin g e pe more i c h m
,

a
y
1 skent e h i m
,

yd m y n e s o n ge ,

A c nope les nouht o uerlong e :

Hw e nne i c h is e o pat m e n be o
p g l ad e ,

Ic h n ell e pat h i b e o n t o sad e :

Hw e nne is i d o fo r h wan i c h com ,

Ic h var e ayey u 1 d o w isd om .

455 Hw anne mo n how iep o f h is she ue

1 fale w i cum
,

e p o f gr e n e le ue

Ic h fare ham1 ny m
,

e l e ue :

N e r e cc h e i c h nouht o f w ynt r es t e one .

Hw anne i c h is e o pat cum ep [ pat ] h ard e ,

46 0 Ic h fare h om t o m yn e rd e ,

1 h abbe b op e l uu e 1 p o n k

P at i c h her com 1 h i d e r sw o n k .

Hw anne m y n e re nd e is i d o ,

S chold e i c h bile ue ?nay hw arto ? ,

46 5 V o r he n y s n ope r yep ne wis ,

P at l o n ge ab i d par h i m n o neod is .

D e o s vle l u s te 1 leyd e an h ord ,

Al p is mo t w o rd aft e r w o rd
An d aft e r pouht e hw he o m
, ,

y h t e

47 0 Onsw e re vynd e b e s t m y d rih t e :

V o r he mo t fu l w e l h i m bipenche ,

bat is afe rd o f p lay te s w re nche

D v ayssest m
.

e vle s ey d e

p

e , ,


Hwi i c h a win t er sin ge 1 gred e
-
.

459 .
a t dc ha rd e
.

458 reuc J
( ) teo ne b t it
T heu tJ cri b
i g th mor f
s mil i r w ord
e in su s n e e a a
il t th rhym
. . . .

t
e o ne for origin l h a ra t e as 8 Int ro 3 p xx iii e e , se e .
, . v .

46 6 T O E r l ti n of (O E i ) i h r
e . . e a ve se se ar . .

l

s e e

pr r d no t 1 1 65
.

e se ve , see e . .

47 2 p l i t w n h
. a es tric k of d b t S In tro 6 p li
re c e :

s e a e.

ee .
, . v .
44 Th e Ow l and th e Night inga le ()
0

47 5 Hi t is go d e mo nn e iw one y
V l

an w as fr om pe w orld e fr o m e b eg ( m $ 9
i

at e chgo d m
,
k
an h is fro n d icnow e C3 5 5
1
p ,

a n blis hl
i iiid h om s um e prow e F l 2 3 6 l 1 ht e
o . v co. . .

h u s e at hi s bo d e nd lv a
r N ,

mi d fai re spech e 1 fai re w o rde

c

480

1 h u re 1 h u r e t o C rist e sm
.

asse ,

pan e ri c h e 1 p ou re more 1 l ass e , ,

sin e
g p cund ut ni 3t 1 d ai d q n cc s ; e

i c h h om h e l p e w h at i c h m
,

ai .

1 e k i c h pe n c h e o f o p er p in ge
pan e t o pleien o p er t o sin ge .

Ic h h abb e he rt o go d e ansuare

W H
an o n i r e d 1 1 a1 3are
'

k Mr
.

var sum er es t 1 d e I S al t o [ w ] lonc

-
,

490 an d o p m isre ke n mo nn e s p o n k :
v o r he ne recp n o gt o f cle nnesse ,

al h is o s t is of ol ne sse : Na IH on e!
p 'W g 1
,

v o r n o n e o r n o l e n g nabid ep M AN ,
.

ac e ur chu o o er rid e p :
e i p pr 3 p
cf r

W
h c
e sul ue st ot t e s inc e s t ode I I
p
e
p r t
495

b o p bo pe wi l d e 1 m e re w o de M

Ml le!) -
.

1 pu sulf ar t par amo n g -

fo r o f g olnebsle is al pi s o n gU
,

w i l t t m U P N
p p [ ]

an a3en e t u e e ,

rt w e l mo d i 1 w e l b r e m e d
p u a .

S o n e s o pu hau[ e ] st it re d e 0 ,
"

ne m is t u l e n g a w o r d i ue e
q p ,

ac i e st al s o d o p a mo s e
p p ,

m i d chpkering e m i d st e une h o s e boar; , a (9 .

.

c M i li n
n l t r dh
v I
489 .
lo nc . 499 . b a , 501
a e hu t i rt d in d iff r nt
ove . . a es , e n se e e e
ink b for
e e 3 . 502 i qu d p l c d b o
. e e, in l t r h nd a e a ve a e a .

483 cund ut od c t ry ) w md i l d nc ong w h ich

= c n uctus , l 1 th en u
( eva a
hd m
as a e e- s
uc h i n co m mon w ith th mo t t from w hich ind d it i h rd to
.

a a
di ti gui h B o th con i t d of p rt o g in w hichth t nor t oo k th ml od y
e e ee s
s n s s s e a s n s e e e e
m
-
.
,

w h il th o t h r o i c g
( r l l y twv ) n g i n h r o ny w i th th
ene a t n or T h e
min d iff r nc b tw n th tw form w th t w hil in th und ut th
e e e es o sa a e e .

a e
ml od y w in nt d by th comp o r in th m
e e e e ee e o s as, a e e c

o t t it w g r ll y b orrow d
,

e as ve e as e ne a e
ith r from p l in c h nt
e se e e
or om p opul r i T h u d t could b ung
,

e n u s
c ul r form
e a -
a s e a a r . e se c e s
wi t h or w i th o ut w or d nd L t i t xt of lit urg ic l w ll
s, a a n e s a as e as se a s
are e x t nt T h n m w p rob b ly ppli d in th r t in t nc to th
a . e a e as a a e e s s a e e
46 Th e Owl and th e N ighting ale C
()
3s t pu sin gs t w o rse pon pe heisug g e ,

[ p] at i3p b i g ru n d e amo ng pe s t u bb e :

wan e pi l u s t is ag o ,

onne is p i s ong ag o al s o
p .

A s um er e chorl e s aw e d e p N s
a l
a
W
-

i
mp
A
C N N
v

51 0

1 uorcre e
p 1 uorbre d e :
p ?

is pe chorle s w o d e res ;
h i t nis fo r l uu e
ac
n o e les,
p
(re l l e d
M
P
V SQ
v o r w an e he hauep i d o h is d ed e F l 2 36 l 2 o v co

ifalle n is al h is bold he d e F at im
, . . . .

ai ,
s

h abb e he istung e u n d e r go re w ? " (" RM

51 5 as 6 ,

ne l as t h is l uu e n o l e n g mo r e .

A l s o h i t is o n pin e mod e :
s o s on e s o pu si tt e s t a b ro d e -
,

f rlost al p in e wis e 59
p u o .

520 A l s o pu farest o n pin e rise :

wan e pu hauest i d o pi
pi steune go p an o n t o s h om e .

A c [ w] an e ni3t e s cum e
p l o n g e ,

1 b [ r] ing ep fo rs t e s s t ar k e an s t r o n ge ,

52 5 pan h e cre s t h i t is isen e

hw ar is pe is p e kene
;
A t pan h ard e me m
.

ai auind e

[ ] g p p
w o e far w o l i p b ih i n de
d
.

Me m
,

ai is o n at p ar e n o d e ; M)
i n e e
Q "

[ ] nm
w a e s h al h ar d e

506 3 t . 51 5 i tu g
a . ft r t d p ro b b l y l t r s n e, a e ser e , a a e .

51 6 l ng w ith croo k f t r 9 d no t ing

.

. e pro b bly l t r (St r d l ng r ) a e e er , a a e . r . ea s e e .

52 3 n. 52 4 bi ng
a e . dd d l t r 52 6 . 52 8 53 0 n
e , r a e a e . . ar . . o . . a .

x pl in = w ming (cf M E k i t k p w m= L t f ti P P
a

ar

er n , o a
th form
e s co ee ar o o, r.
r d in M E co k r (= p mp r) nd in Sh k K J i 7 0
. . . .

i pr
.

e s ese ve . . c e a e a a . . . v . .
, a
k d il k n w nt on
coc er

sB u t thi J r d ing d o n t u it th cont x t nd
e a

s ea es o s e e a
cr ib l mnd tion T h origin l i r pr nt d by h k ing
. .

i t i c l rl y
s ea a s a e e a . e a s e e se e c o er e
<M E hk n
. . ound w ord fr qu nt ti of M E
c o er e , a s hukk n -
e e a ve . . c e
c(luck c h u ck) cf Ch u C T B 43 7 2 Ch unti l hukk th w h n h
,

: a a c ee r c e a e

T h M d d i l c t form
.
, . . .
,

h t h corn yf und l o M d E ng c h uckl

.

W

a a ae
m
o e, a s o . . e . e o .

h kk d ( = o b tr uc t d c h o k d u
q u o t d by i d r i d fro O E
c o ere
p) s e , e e . s e ve . .

() i n (
a c ac a c h ok ) nd t nd for diff r nt w ord e a s a s a
ho r ) Form w ith nd w ith o u t occ u r in M
e e .

h < O E kd
ose hd r ( *
a se
und r hd ) for M d di l (S m nd D v ) formh
. . e, s . s a r

(Sp) %
a t B r. - r . e s : o . a . o . a e . ose , see

With r g r d to th oic of th titmou (mo l 503 ) Wh it (N t Hi t f

e a e v e e a s o
rl y in F b ru ary [ th t itmo u ] b gin t o
e se se , . . .

S l bo n
e L tt r 60) tat th t

mk tw q uaint no t l ik th w h tting of w
r e, e e s es a ea e e se e s
a e
o es e e e a sa .
()
J The Owl and the N ight inga le 47

w o e h
'

Ye t p u sin g e st
[ p p p
s e a n e su
y gg e ,

Dat yhp b i gr un d e among pe s t u bb e :

Hw e nne p i l u s t is ag o ,

D e nn e is pi s on g ag o a1 s o .

A s um er e chorles aw eyd e p
-

51 0

1 uorcre mp e p 1

uo rbre d e p :

Hi t n ys fo r l uu e no pe le s F ,
ol . 232 v . co l . 2 .

A c is peos che rles w od e res ;

V o [ r] hw anne he h e n e p i d o his d ed e ,

I falle is al h is bold he d e ,

51 5 Habbe he ist ung e vnd e r go re ,

Ne l as t h is l uu e n o l e n g mo re
A l s o h i t is o n p in e mad e ;
.

S o s o n e s o pu si tt es t a br od e -
,

D u forleost a1 pin e wis e .

520 A l s o pu varest o n p in e ry se :
Hw enne pu haue st i d o gom e
Di ste fne go p an o n t o schom
,

A c hw e nne nyhte s cum

.

e
p l o n g e ,

1 bryng e p fo rs t e s s tar k e 1 st rang e ,

52 5 D ann e e re st h i t is is e n e
Hw ar is pe sn e ll e bwar pe k e n e ,
.

A t pan h ard e me may avynd e

E w o go p forp bw o lyp bihynde .

Me m
,

a
y is cou at p ar e neod e

Hwan me s ch al h ard e wi k e be od e ;
,

53 0

51 3 . V0 .

505 h . ei sug g e : cf
hed ge sparro w W d ct
hay suc k, orc and G lo iale s : see . . .

E D D
of bb t mp of t ) cf
. .

bb
.

506 s tubbe = d at p l stu (s u a ree , Mod E ng stu le

from
. . . . . . .

cc rd g t o or b c
A o in M s a h th ord d r d
a2) is w is e i ve n ot O E sty bb
from c o t r ym
. .

but O E bb
s tu .grou d t t
e on th
. e n ha M E u u) ann h e . .

t
w i h M E it cf h o r
y ), w eve O N s tubbi
o g of m g t g
. . . . . .

508 T he s n
. the h rd o y u t
ale ni h in al e is y ou b rd
ea nl n il th e ng i s
Ju
are b atched in ne ot
509 ch or les, see n e 1 1 507
m C
. . . .

51 0 uarcre p e ( and S tr co n
tt r m r f r b
. . .

vul sive ly of co t x t
T he la e see s p e e a le in vie w ord
the n e : th e w is
m cf m m
.

<O E
*
cri p an , r k d
O E cro p eht z cru p led , w in l e
cr m cr m crump
. . . . .

( C
He sse ls , arp G lass
o al s Mod E ng
. . i p,
a p,
.le
. .

52 3 C
w ane (
. J na, C r d g o d
hw enne) T he
. q u t g ood
ea in w ul. ve .ie .
'

se nse ( ot
of n e 1 c pp r r r
but s in e w a ne a ea s in t he pa alle p h ase
form th for m r
. .

the wi ro b b y t d d h r cf
w is p a l in e n e e e
( 1 1 52 6 52 8 si il a co n . .

f o bt
,

usi n e w ee n and w )
mW
.

530 w an
. hw an) to w ho h
( tra ns w en As Ke nyo n . .
48 Th e Owl and th e Night inga le C
()
pann e i c h amsne l 1 p l e i o 1 sin ge
,

1 h i 3t e m

e m i d m i ske nt ing e :

o f n o n e w inter e i c h m e r e cc h e

v o r i c h namn o n as v[ u] nd e w recche
,

53 5 1 e k i c h fro uri u e l e wi 3t e
at m i d h om nabbe [ p] n o n e m i 3tt e :
p
h i b o p h0 3fule 1 ue l ar m e
e w arm
,

se ch o r n e to
e
p 3 p s;

o ft i c h sin ge uo r h om pe mo re
for lut li s um o f bore s o r e
H u pincp pe ?art u 3ut inum
.

e?

A rt u m i d ri 3t e oue rcume ?

Nay nay ! s e d e pe ni3ting al e

, ,

p u s h al t i b e re ano er t al e :
p
545 s e t nis p o s s p e c h e i br0 3t t o d om e .

A c bo w e l s t i ll e 1 l u s t n u t o me F l

r ,
o . . col . 1 .

i c h s h al m i d one b are w ord e

d o pat pi sp e c h e [ w u r p] forw orpe .

Dat n e r e noht ri 3t pe h u l e s e d e

,

550 p

u h au e st b icl o
p e d a1 s o p u b e d e ,

53 4 vnd 53 6 n bb d
as e. a e
cond n al t r d lat r t o m
. . .

541 . inun e, se 548 w ht e e e . . r .

57 7 8) p oin t ut mor coh r nt r ading i o bt in d by

xn .
-
s o , a e e e e s a e
t aking w an as d at sg of w h a p r ll l con truc tion b ing found in
o,

a a e s e
or o r J formhw n go t o up por t thi i w inc hw nn
. .

1 1 52 7 8 M e ve the a es s s V e s e e e
formof w h n in th t t x t
-
.
. .
,

h an) is the us ual

(
command nj oin W ug g t that th w ord i

n o t w e a e .

bod (J e

s es s e
for t ll b od ) B ut par t fromth vid nc of th J
e .
,
. . s
O E b di n ( o a e e e a e e e e e
b d thi i imp o ib l n a count of th hym w h ic h w oul d th n b
. . .
,

eo e, s s ss e o c e ~r e, e e
n d
o e bo d On th o t h r han d b d < O E be d n w o ul d giv a corr c t
e e e o e a a e e
in t im of
. .

rhym and th p g h oul d th r for r ad On n assa e e e e

ca see
h rd h i p t o w h o m n m
e e s e : e es
ay a i gn h r d d ut i

a s o e ss a es .

53 5 if M C o ul t o n ugg t t h t th r f r nc h r i t o th w or k of c har ity

r s es s a e e e e e e e s e s
conn ct d w ithmon tic l if C f al o 1 1 6 03 4
.

e e as e s
f ull of c ar According t o Hulm (Mad Phil I
-
. . . .

nx i o u

53 7 hagf ul =
.

a s, e . e . . .

586 ) t hi w or d t o g th r w i th hog (
s l
hh f ul ( l 1 2 92 ) and L O E h
e og e e o e
n d E M E t o d i c r d um
, . . . . .

l
ease, ill u t r at a g n ral t nd n c y in L O E
s es

e e e e a s a
l aut f orm nd t o r t urn t o th t m of th p rim
. . . . . .

it i w or d H i w ro ng
s a e e s e s e ve s e s
ho w v r in d rivin g hag la fromO E hy g l for ll th b v form
.
,

e e e se a s, a e a o e
com fromO E h g u (c r ol icitud )and n t fromO E hag (a in St B
,
e . . e s
e a a e, s e o a s r r

T h latt r form t) m n (1 ) f ar (2 ) truggl

-
. . . . . .

n t fo und in S w

e hg ( e a a o ee ea s e ,
s e

:
se e N p i r O E G la
a III 2 83 For th xi t nc of thi roo t (O E hag u)
e sses, V e e s e e s
Po m p 1 9 An h v n h o v any thing
, . . . . . .

in M d d ial cf B rn
o . . . a e s, e s, .
,

a e oo or .

544 . tale . See n ot e 1 . 1 40 .

545 c no t
he S ee 1 3 98
m Withth rhym d om ta m cf
sp e e

m m(1 1
. . . .

546 . to e. e e e e, . co e to e . 1 67 1 T he
 50 Th e Owl and th e N ight ing ale ()
C
an i c h pe h abb e i3iue ansuare .

A c ar w e t o unker d om e fare ,

i c h wi ll e s p e ke t o ward pe
a1 s o s p e k e t o war d m
p u e;

555 an
p u m e ans uare 3if pu m i 3t .

S e ie m e n u pu w re cch e wi 3t
, ,

is in pe eni o per n o t e
b u t e pu haue st s c h i ll e p ro t e ?
D u n ar t n0 3t t o n o n o p er p in ge ,

56 0 b u te pu cans t o f chat er ing e :

v o r pu art lut e l an u ns t r on g (
,

an nis pi r e ge l n o ing l o n g
p
Wat d ostu godes amon g monn e ?
.

Na mo pe d e p a w [ re ] cche w ranne
O f pe ne cume p n o n o p er god
.

56 5 ,

b u t e pu g re d est s ui c h pu bo w od :
an bo p i p i p in g o ue r o
g ,

n e b o p o n pe craft es n amo .

A lure d s e d e pat w as wis : ,

57 0 ( h e m i gt e w e l fo r s o p h i t is )
Nis n o m
, ,

an fo r is b ar e s o n g e

l o f ne w [ u ] r p n o 3t s u p e lo n ge :
v o r pat is a forw orpe m an

at b u t e sin ge n0 3t no can
p .

57 5 D u n ar t b u t e o n forw orpe p in g :
o n pe nis b u t e chat er ing .

D u ar t d i m an o f fu l e h o w e ,

i ch e st a lut e l s o t i clow e
an
p n .

56 1 , 56 2 . an, wi la th t r dd ition of d
e a . 56 4 . m l t r add ition of
a, a e re :
w ercche . 57 2 wr . .

559 . Tr Thou t u l
ans . for nyth ing l ar se e ss a e se .

56 4 ( J n ) th n T h J crib h u b tit u t d for th rch ic

e e e

a

e s e as s s e e a a
th n) formw ith n (i n ) l th o u gh n i th u u l p ll ing in
. . . .

(
e = a a v z . e e ,
a a s e s a s e
both MS S For rl i r i t nc of th i u of cf A S C hr n 901 A
ea e ns a es s se e o
009 E 1 01 6 E m ( y m
. . . . .
,

l
ass xxx
e w i t ; i b i d 1 n ra or th n)
.
, , e a e an e a .

a w h w
r ecc e F or th ignic nc of th pith t w h f
r anne . e s a e e e e r ecc e o .

N t Hi t f S l bo n T h f bl th t h d o w of bi d I

a s o e r e e ee e a s a a r
r t fro t w ith out iling h im l f of ho u or ill g
. .
,

brave s o ur seve e s s s ava se ses v a es .

C f h ow r S h k p r r f r nc t o th o g of t h w r n d th ightin
. e ve a e s ea e s

e e e e e s n s e e an e n
g l ln M f V v i 1 04 ff For th d ignity ccord d t o th w r n in f bl
a e . o . . . . e a e e e a e , see
n o t ll 1 7 2 7 11
e . .
 ()
J Th e Owl and the N ight ing ale 51

An d i ch pe h abbe iy[ i] ue onsw ere .

A c are w e t o vnker d om e fare ,

Ic h wi l e s pe k e to ward pe
Al s o pu s pe ke t o ward m e;

1 pu m m

555 e onsw e re i f
pu y ht .

S ey mn e v,
pu w re cche w i ht ,

Is in pe eny o per n o t e
B u t e pu hauest s ch i ll e p ro te ?
D u n art no uht t o n o n o per pin ge ,

560 B u te pu cans t o f chat e ring e :

V o r pu art In t e l and vnstrong ,

1 ny s pi rye l now iht l o n g .

Hw at d ost u go d e s among mo nn e ?
Na mo pe n e d o p a w re cche wr e nn e
O f pe ne cum
.

56 5 e
p n o n o pe r g od ,

B u t e pu g re d est swi c h pu be w od :

1 beo p i p i p in g oue rg o ,

N e he ap o n pe craft e s na mo .

Al ured s ey d e pat w es wis :

m
,

57 0 (H e
y ht e w e l fo r so
p h i t is ) , ,

N is n omo n fo r h is b are s on ge

Le o f ne w [ u ] rp noht s wi pe l o n ge :
V o r pat is o furw [ u] rpe m an

Dat b u t e sin ge n ah t ne can

.

57 5 D u n art b u t e o furw [ u] rpe pin g :

On pe ny s b u te chat e ryng .

D u art d ym 1 o f fu l e heow e ,

1 pinchest a lyt e l s o t y cle w e .

551 . i yue . 57 2 . w r . 57 3 , 57 5 .
-
wr e .

569 . f ty rhym [ i] [ I] i d u to th l c k of w ord nd ing

i s T he aulw is . e s e e a s e
in is ; of 11 1 6 3 5 6
y th t thi pro rb g ri t o th mod rn id iom
- -
. . .

57 1 2 Itis not unlikel a s ve ave se e e

mr o
-
.

( a e e s ng , i s a i tr ) w hic h pp r in w ork of th 1 7 thc t
. . e a ea s s e en . : se e
N E D ong
. . . s

57 7 f ul h w = di ty co l o u re cf Al cuin D L u i i l 7 Spr t
a e

r

: e sc n a ,

e a
t mn f u r
. .
.
, ,

n n pr t M
l
co ors , a e n d i
( g n
e as P t L t 1 01 p o s e a ca en o e, a a
T h inco n p ic uo u c l or t io n of th p l umg of t h night in g l i
. .
, .

e s s no t b l
o a e a e e a e sa a e
f tur of th t b ird I t i of r dd i h brow n bo nd d ull g yi hw hit
ea e a . s

a e s a ve , a ra s e
b n t h th b r t b ing r th r d rk r nd th ru fou t il how i g th only
e ea , e eas e a e a e , a e s a s n e
bright t int ( En yc l B ri t
see c . .

57 8 l w <O E l w n (
ca b l l ) Ac ording to N E D
e cl w ) th
c a e a c se e

e

e
ow l in th O E formi unc rt in T
. . . . . . .

l ng th of th
e e v e id n of th e . . s e a .

e ev e ce e

4 2
52 Th e Owl and th e N ight ing ale C
()
Du n a r t fai r n o pu n ar t s t r o n
,
g ,

580 ne pu n ar t p i ck e ne pu n ar t l o ng : F ol 237 r col 2

auest im
. . . .
,

h ist al o f fairh ed e
p u ,

In t e l is al pi g od e d e .

An o pe r pin g o f pe i c h m e n e ,

p u n ar t v ai r n e pu n ar t cle ne .

585 Wan e pu com e s t to m ann e ha3e ,

ornes h 1 r is id
p p
ar o
p rage

mmbi h egge 1 b i picke w od e

,

ar m
,

o p o ft t o bore n o d e
p en
g ,

part 0 pu d ra3st part0 pu w [ u] nest , ,

an o p e r ol e n e s t e d e sch
590 pu u ne st .

D an i c h o ni3t e s aft er mu s e
Im e nin d e at e rumh u s e
,

ai
p -
,

amo n g am g p e us t le
pe w on ,

si tt e s t 1 sin g s t bih i d e se t l e :
p u n e
p
595 par m m i p eil m t
a n d e o es e,

par m n
p ep
e h o r b ih i
y ornd e e .

3 t pu t uit t m m in m t
u

rc l o
l l l

p e a es e e e e,

an s e is t pat i c h fu l e wi3t e s e te .

A c w at e t estu pat pu ne li3e , ,

d
er
Sp l oo

b u t e att er C Opp e 1 fu l e ulig e
an w or m
,

es 3if
pu m i 3
,
t e nd e

amo n g pe uo l d e o f h ar d e r in d e ?

3e t i c h can d o w e l go d e w i ke ,

v o r i c h can l ok i m ann e wi ke :
an m in e wi k e bo e l go d e
605 p w ,

v o r i c h h el p e t o m ann e uod e
Ic h can m
.

i m e n mu s at b e rn e ,

an e k at c h ir c h e ine e d e rn e :
p
v o r me is l o f to Crist es h u s e ,

61 0 t o clansi h i t wi p fu l e mu se ,

ne s c h al par n e u r e com e t o

fu l wi 3t 3if i c h h i t m
, ai ino .

rhym in thi coupl t how l w ugg t l ong o w l inc n origin ll y

e s e e c a e s es s a v e : s e a a
l ong ow l or di p htho g d o
v e t rhym in th i po mw i th l ngt h n d
n es n o e s e a e e e
vow l or diphth ong d th diphthong in h w (O E h w ) i l ong
e , an e o e . . a s .

589 w un t ( C w n t J w t) T h C re ding gi th b tt r n
es es ens a ves e e se
or cc ur t rhym nd th r for r pr nt th origin l form
e e
nd th m
. .
, . . . se

a e a a e e, a a
For imil r crib l form 1 2 7 2 no t
e e e e e e se s e .

s a s a s se e . e .
54 Th e Owl and the Night inga le
An 3if m l u st e one mi ske nt ing e
t o w ernen o pe r w [ u] nienge F l 237 v l 1 ,
o . . co . .

61 5 i c h h abb e at w u d e tro n w e l gr et e h ) _ ,
e

m i t picke b0 3e noping ble t e On " ,

.

m i d ini gre n e al bigrow e ,

e u r e s t o ut ilich e iblow e 6 0 "

p a t
Nu
,

an h i s h ou n e u er n e uorlost ,

6 20 w an h i t sniuw n e w an h i t fr o s t .

D arin i ch h abb e go d ihold { in nsl oll ,

a win t er w arm a s um er e co l d
-
,
-
.

W an e m in h u s st ont b ri 3t 1 gre n e ,

o f pin e nis n ap in g is e n e
3% pu m
.

e t e lst o f o er p in g e
62 5 p f OO l 0 01 k
,

o f m in e bridd es s e is t gabbing e *

at h o r e s t nis n0 3t clene
p ue p
Hi t is fal e o per wis te i m en e : C OM MOW
.

v or h o rs a s t ab l e 1 ox e a s tall e - -

6 30 d
[ ] p po a1 a t h om w u l e
par fall e .

An lutle c h i l d re n in pe c rad e l e ,

b o pe chorles an ek ape l e n o h 5
,

d
[ ] o p al p a t in h o r e 3 oe
p e

p at h i uorl e t e
p in h o r 0 \
l
Wat ! can pat 3ongling h it bihede ?
e

1
e V 3

3 i f h i t m i s d e
p h i t mo t
[ ] n e d e : 0 1 ,
" l V K
a uorbisne is o f o l d e i[ vu] rne oi low a
[ p] t n o d e m ak e p o l d w if u r n e
a
3 ,

6 1 4 w ni eng e
. . 6 3 0, 6 3 3 . bo . 6 36 . md a . 63 7 . i wrne . 638 . w at .

61 4 J S t nd W y n n ; St Sk and Ww n n
w ernen C
( and a
th ough Sk p r f r y n n T h init i l l tt r in C my b r ad ith r y or
. . . r . er e r. , . . er e ,

e e s er e e a e a e e as e e
d i tinctl y nd mor ov r initi l y
. . e .

w ; but J h w q ui t . as 9) in t ad
e s , a e e a s e
of 3 w ou l d b u nu ual in C
C w ni ng J w unyng ) St w uning Sk w uni ng Ww ni ng
e s .

w uni ng ( e e e e, r e, e e, e e.
for th mt r q ui th addition l
. . . . . .

T h C r ad ing ag in i p r f r b l
e . e a s e e a e, e e re e res e a
yll bl i w unieng T h J crib h al t r d th r d ing of th origin l
a
cf 1 2 7 2 for imil r ch ng
s e, . s . e. e . s e as e e e ea e a :
. . s a a e.
6 1 5 t on ( J tr n) tr r An x t n io n of th h p l ur l (
eo c h r c t r i tic

e es

e e s e e a a a e s
of S d i l ) t o w ord in w h ich it w tymol ogic ll y incorr ct cf h n
-
. . .

a a
l m
. . as e a e ,
. sc eo
A R hi l d r n ( al o f e fc ) '

( b n( Ay n a0 9N l re n ( e c e ( s az e a es
Po m (2 4
.
.
, . . .
,

p l ac ) B rn

p le

n ( az e es a es e s

P ro b bl y formd n nal og y w ith O E n w i ht

, ,

6 1 6 n i ng n t t ll
. o :

o a a . a e o a . . a
n t ) cf n ing J n w i h
,

n h at ( ( o t ) 1 1 6 2 4 1 2 47
, . a . o .
, .

62 0 niuw ( J nyw ) St S k nd G r ad h r th ind i

form niu (th oug h th w n h d o t bo it in th MS ) po ibl y n
. s . s e r . . a . e e e e e
,

s e e as a a ve e . ss o ac
count of th indi f ro t w h ich foll ow T h r ading niuw
e e . s s. e e s
()
J T he Owl and th e Night inga le 55

if m
e l u s t o n m y ske ntin
1 g F l 2 33 l 1 o . v co. . .

T o w erne n o pe [ r] w unyng ,

61 5 Ic h h abbe at w od e t re o n gre t e ,

Mi d pikke b o w e noping ble te ,

Mi d i v i gr en e al bigrow e ,

D at e u er stont iliche i blow e ,

1 h is h e ou n e u er ne uorleost ,

6 20 B w e nne h i t snyw e ne [ hw anne hi t ] fro s t .

D arinn e ic h abb e go d ihold ,

A w intr e warm a s um er e co l d-
,
-
.

D ane myn h u s stont briht 1 gr en e ,

O f p in e nys now iht ise n e

Ye t pu m
.

62 5 e te lst o f o p er p in g e ,

O f my n e bridd es seyst gabbing e ,

Dat b e o re [ n e s t ] nys nouht cle ne .

Hi t is fal e ope r w ihte i m en e :

V o r h o rs a s tab l e 1 ox e a s tall e - -

D op a1 pat h e o mwi l e par v all e

,

630 .

1 lut le c h i l d re in pe c rad e l e ,

B o pe che orles 1 e k ape l e ,

D op a1 pat in b e o re youh pe

Dat h i uorle te p in be o re d uhpe .

E wat i can pat y o ng l ing h i t bih ed e ?

Yf h i t m y s[ d ] e
p h i t mo t n ede : ,

A vorbisne is o f o l de iw urne
Dat ne od e m ke p o l d w if s om
,

h e .

61 4 . 6 2 0 no f ro
e. t 6 2 7 h n y 6 3.6 e s . . eore s . .

a d o p t d by W i h o w r to b pr f rr d for n t onl y i th o p t gram

eve e e o s e
mti ll y corr c t but it i l o th r ding of bo th MS S T h ch ng of mood
e .
, s e e , .

a ca e s a s e ea e a e
i n f ro t i d u t o r hym
.

i n g x ig c i
C b J d ) W r t in b b u t d o n t xpl in h w h
s s e e en es .

630 d (. a . o , . o . . e a s o , es o e a o e
w o ul d in t rp r t t h pa e g T h J r d i g g i th b tt r n
e e ssa e nd . e . ea n ve s e e e se se , a
b( o C ) i p ro b b l y
. s crib l rror th y of th crib h ing b n c u ght
a a s a e , e e e e s e av ee a
by b (la e
6 3 1 2 For th r hym
.

no t 1 1 501 2
e e , see e
formrly S t r d if u n w hic h h
- -
. . .

63 7 i u n ( C iw n J
v r e r e, e

r. ea s r e e
formrly cf St B if u n
. . . .

r g rd b < if u n ( O E g fy d

W n th oth r h nd r t in iw n
e a s as a s . r . . e rn , a v . e . r .
-
r. r e :

a n t iq ui ty o g urn n p p of
e e a e a s r e e- e
d com d ow
.
, , , . .

nd th l in h tr n l t A p rab l
p asse e n, a e e e a s a es : a
o m d ow n fromof ld B ut t hi i to r g r d w J wu
, e

h as c e o n s e a a
q ui l nc for w hi c h n p r l l l xi t in th p o m; n mor o r th
. s .

va e e o a a a ve
r ulting rhym u (O E urn n ) it (O E y n ) w ould b f ul ty T h mo t
e e e s s e e e , e

es e . . e . . r an e a . e s
sa ti f c tory r di ng i th t of G w h t k iw n = i u n O E g f y n
s a ea s a . o a es r e v r c . . e r
w ith inorg n ic cri b h
,

d a v. f wl ul ( l Th a -
e, o . = v . e s e as
56 Th e Owl and th e N ight ingale C
()
An
i c h h abb e an o per and sw are :
3 s t
w ilt u t o mi n e n e s t e u are
an l ok i h u h i t is id i3t ?

3if pu art wis lorni pu [ m i 3t ]

'

m i n e s t is hol3 1 rumam

id d e ,

s o h i t is s o ftes t m in e brid d e .

6 45 Hi t is b ro i d e n al ab u t e ,

v rom pe n e s t e uo r w iput e :
part 0 h i g o[ p] t o bore n od e ,

m e n e s t i c h h om forbad e
ac
p p
at u F l 237 col 2

We nimep 3eme o f m anne b u re

. o . 7 . . .

6 50 an aft er pan w e m ak e p ur e :

me n habbe t amon g o per i[ h] end e

a rum
, ,

bus at h o r e b u re s e n d e -
,

v o r pat h i ne llep t o nor go ,

an m in e bridd e s d o p al s o .

655 S i t e n u s t i ll e chat ere stre ! ,

n ere pu n e u er ibund e uastre :

h e r ta ne uind estu n e u er and sw are .

H o n g u p pin ax ! n u pu m i 3t fare !
D e ni3ting ale at piss e w o rd e
w as w e l ne 3 ut o f r e d e iw orpe


6 60 i

0 3t e 3o r n e o n h i r e m
,

an
p o d e

3if h o 0 3t e ll e s und erst od e ,

3if h o ku p e 0 3t b u t e sin ge ,

at m is t e h e l p e t o o p e r p in g e
p .

642 m i3 t . 6 47 g d s . 6 51 iw nd . o . . e c.

d t ly mi r ad iw n of th common original and w rongly in rt d af t r

e vi e n s e r e e se e it e
T h ph a f o ld ivu n w o ul d th u m n formrly of ld of "
w i

F or imil ar r dund nci cf th common O E p hr i u ga

. e r se o e r e s ea e o ,
. s .

l ong ag o s e a es e ase ra ,
= L at j m
. . . .

and g f y n E e ( r )(Napi r O E G l a 56
r a e sses,
6 3 8 T hi p ro v rb i of fr q u n t occ u rr nc in md i val and l at r t im
.
, . .
,

s e e e e es :
cf N d m
. s e e e e
a ka d h l d w if
eo e n ut i to p or t t u tul
ea og i t ap t t (L t e c or e a
N d mky th n o l d w yf [ m
eor e
Trin C oll C mb 0 II um
. e c se e .

F r. Mi sc. , a ] a a e
m
e e
v tul md t
. . . . .

curr r nan f r b
,

e s n
esse
(H l 3 3 6 2 f l 3
a K l ); a a o e e
N d mk th t h ld w if t r t (
p e se e ecesse .
,
.
,

ee s a e H y w oo d P ov r b p
e o B oin f i t
e o e

r e s, es a
R md T ub t
s

N d mk th ld w if t ro t (
.

vi i l l t ro tt r ( Harl
e e e a e r er a es e o e
Ram
.
, ee .

MS 2 2 3 1 1 6 th c nt u ry R l A nt I i ng i f t vi i l l t t (
I t i fo und l o in th w ork of Tayl or th Wt r p o t and
.
, B e : e . . . eso s e e e ro er .

d R na t
e e r a e
N d gar n k d mn
s a s e s e -
e
S o tt i h P ro v r b in th l tt r it r d
,

in B r w r e e

s c s e s a ea s ee s a e e
P o b (p 1 3 9) th I t l i n formB i g n l tro t t r l
e e
r un I n B ay

s r ver s e a a sa o a e a
N d mk th n k d q u n
. .

v ch
ec i i q uo t d
a s w ll a no t h r v ri nt as

a
p 1 93 occ ur N d mak th
e , e s a e a a ee a es e e ee
pin I n D yk E ng li hP o r b
,

nak d m
s es s r ve s ee es e

w it h th co m
s

mnt I u ppo
. .
,

un or th n k d q u n p in

t o cov r th ir nak d n ; cf al o S cott S t Ron n Wll (ch v ) w h r

e an r e a e ee s ,
e e , s se ,

e e e ess . s a s e . xx . e e
,
58 Th e Owl and th e N ight ing ale a
()
6 65 h o mo s t e and sw e re uind e
B erto ,

L gp e r m i d a ll e b o n bi hin d ez
)
w

an h i t is s u p e s t r o n g t o 3t e

1 a3e n ri 3t e
a3e n so
p .

H e mo t go n t o al m i d g inn s ,

e h o rt e h o n w
[ ] inn
6 70 p p
an o
p e

e m an mo t o n o e r s e gg e
an
p p ,

he mo t bihe m men 1 bilegg e

3if mu p w iput e m
,

ai biw ro

at m h o r t e n0 3t nis o :
p e
p e

6 75 an s o n e m ai a w o r d m isre ke
ar m s h l a3e n h o r t e s p e k e ;
p u p a

an s o n e m ai a w o r d m isst ort e
ar m s h al s p e k e n a3e n h o rt e
p u p .

A c nopeles 3ut upe pon ,

her is t o r ed w o h in e ko n :
v o r n e u er nis wi t s o k e n e
s o pan e red h i m is a w en e -
. F ol . 2 38 r

. col . 1 .

pann e e rest kum e [ ] h is 3e h

p p ed e

w o n e h i t is alre m e s t o n d red e : -

6 85 fo r Aluere d se id e o f o l d e qu i d e ,

an 3ut h i t nis o f h o r t e islid e :

W o n e pe bal e is alre h ees t

-
,

poun e is pe b o t e alre necst ; -

67 0 .
i 6
nne83 kum d . 6 8 6 u t 3 ut . e . . s ,
sut dltde e e .

67 1 J
an oer ( oer)_ o th r f o t r ashi n , o he w ise , to
i s so as not

for m r d om
. e . . .

pp r th t
l et it a ea rt tro u b d cf
a hi s hea is le ; 1 903 , a si i l a i i ; al so .

pr t
.

L a3 , 2 1 005, h H
i t i w ar on oer ; H av 1 3 95 , auhte al an oer I n the esen
p r c rym th d m t o
. .

t c
i ns an e, the h ase l e a l e ans

wi i ssi ul a i n

d g r of mk g
.

g t g c ut ou p d r r
6 7 5 T he Ni h in al e , as a a i s l ea e , eal ises the an e a in
g t t t c h c rror m t t m t of
.

the sl i h e s e ni al e c
( iskenning ) in her s a e en her ase S ee .

I ntro 6 , p l iv
m J m r d m
. . .

677 i sstor te ( go ro g
y sstur t e)

w n

S tr but
ea s isstear te,
o t r form fo d
. . . .

he s r
un in M E are stur t e, stir te, ste te ( h c h po t
se e S tr . w i
. in .

to an O E
*
sty r tan,
*
t C
stur tjan : see S kea , r
onci se E ng (sta t
)
m g tt t
. . .

6 7 9 up e on : O E app an a ( as a ai ns ha )
m h p for m
. . . .

6 80 her i s to r ed : her is [ hi ] to r ed , i e
here is el hi
w ho
(
mI W m
. . .

k on w s it),cf O E Ha t p
1 65, hw a t sca l us to r ed e (w ha shal l he l us) ;
m m
. . . . . .

of P a l 902 3 , i Ik o
i s e to r ed e ( n w w il l hel p e)
gr mmt c g d r
. .

ot
N e the pr r t o of
e se va i n OE a a i al en e in hine, : red
m
. .

i d
6 82 . w n W (foll ow d by G ) r g rd th i forma
a -
e e . in hi th o u g ht
. e . e a s s s:

s ,

a nd th l in h w o ul d t n lat
e e A w h n co un l ( o und pl n) i in hi
e ra s e s e se a s a s s
th ou ght B tt r n i ho w v r obtain d by t king w n O E n w i n
.

e e se se s, e e ,
e a a -
e e: . . o e
()
J Th e Owl and th e Night ing ale 59

H e rt o heo mo s te answ ere vynd e ,

O per m i d all e b e o n bihind e :

1 h i t is s t ro n g to vy ht e

Ayeyu s ope 1 ayeyn rihte .

He mo t g on t o al m i d gyun e ,

670 Hwan pe h o rt e beop o n winn e :

1 pe m

an mo t o p e r s e gge

He mo t bihe m me 1 bilegg e
,

I f mu p w ipvt e may biw re o

D at m e pe h o r t e nouh t nis e o :
1 s one m m

675 a
y a w o rd y sre ke

Dar mu p s c h al ay e yu h o rt e s p ek e :
1 s on e m m

a
y a w o r d ys st urt e

D ar mu p s c h al s pe k e ayeyn h o rt e .

A c [ nope les h y e t ] upe pon ,

6 80 He r is to re d hwo h y n e co n :
V or n e u er n y s wi t s o k e n e
S o hw anne red h i m is a we n e -

D ann e c re s t cum
.

ep h is y e p h e d e F ol 2 3 4 . r . col . 1 .

H w enne h i t is alre m e st o n d re d e ;

F o r Alur ed sey d e o f o l d e qu id e ,

1 h y e t h i t nis o f h o rt e islid e :

Hw e nne pe bal e is alre hekst -
,

D e nn e is pe b o t e alre n es t -
.

679 .

na eles hyet .

( in

x p c tati on in in w h ic h c th l in w o ul d r d A wh n ase e ea

s e
good coun l fromit (i th wit) i in d ou bt T h po int of th p ag
e e ,
e

se e s e e ass e
th t th w it i harp n d by n mrg ncy nd th id i
. e . .

vi d ntl y i a a e e a e ea s
cf 1 1 6 7 5 8 for imil r r p ti tion
e e s e s s e e e ,

c ha d t i ti l ly r p t d in 1 1 6 834 (
ra er s ca e ea e . . .
-
a s a e e
of id eas

683 C f S h k V nu nd A d oni l 690 D ng r d vi th hif t w it

. a . e s a s, .
,

a e e se s s:
w it n f r
ea
mon in M E it i l o found in n Ic l form
a
8 T hi p ro r b i co m
s o
687
.

s ve s : s a s a e

( N E D b l ) Fur t h r in tanc occ ur in A S Ap p ht hg m (

. . . .

see a e q uo t d by e s es o e s e
K mbl S l nd S t p
. . . . .

d onn hi t d f
.

a a n t yn w n d d nn
a rtec as a
m
e e, e e ce , e e e
m
. . .

f f O E H p 2 7 7 b l w l t w w t b t n h t;
Prov f B nd ing l 1 7 6 Wh n b l i h t nn i b t n t ; F l nd
;
ro re . . a . .
, er e a e as a r e aas , s a as e a e e es
o e e e a e es e e s e ae es or . a
b l m b t ; U k T t mnt f Lo
.
, .
, s ,

Bl n h Af t i 1 43
Wh n i g t t th n i b t ny b ; R y Pro r b p 7 5 Wh n
a c . er a e co e a e s , es a e o ve , II . x .
,

Wh n b l i t

a s ree es , a s a e a e -
ar e a s ve s, .
, e
bal i h x t boo t i n x t ; S co tt P
e s e , f P k s e

ev . o ea , x r.vr .
,

e a e s a

In Sp c f E B II p 2 96
,

high t th po t ing t h b oo t i t nigh t

rb i q uo t d Wh n th t l of b rick i d oubl d Mo
es , as e e s e ,
s a es . e . o . . .
,

a pa all l J w i h p ro ve a e s
com (cf Ray P ro r b p 7 5 Cumd upl i ntu lat
r e e s s e , e e s e , ses
v ni t Mo

es . s ve ) s, .
, ca r er e s , e ses .
 60 The Owl an d th e N ig ht ing a le C
()
v o r wi t we s t amon g h is s o re ;
6 90 an fo r h is s o r e h i t is pe mo re .

i
i

V orpi nis n e u er e mo n re d les des i i o s l

ar h is h o r t e b o w i t l es : i l li w
l 0 d
i l
f l io l) 6 '
W '' '

ac 3if pat h e forl ost h is wi t

,

f
1 i
pann e is h is re d p u rs a1 t o s l i t ; CA) 9
;
in a g ar
- -

w" o a
t e
n Q e g
6 95 if h e n e ko n h is wi t at h o ld e
3 ,

9" M
n e u in t h e re d in one uo l d e .

V o r A lur[ e ] d se i d e pat w e l ku p e d )4 c o

e s p ac m i d s o p e m
, ,

s ure h upe :

W o n e pe b al e is alre hecst -
,

ann e is pe b o t e alre n e s t
7 00 p -
.

D e n i3t in g a l e a l h i r e h0 3 e 4 t

m i d re d e hadd e w e l bit0 3e ;:3 m9 Y r

amo n g pe h ar d e amo ng pe t 0 3t e 9 5 ,9 ,

fu l w e l m i d red e h ire bipo3te ,

an badd e and suer e go d e ifund e

m
7 05
amon g a1 h i r e h ar d e s t u n d e me e .

st m

p u a x e e h o s e i d e , ,

3if i c h ko n e ni o p e r d e d e

b u te sin ge n in s um e t i d e ,

71 0 an b r in ge b l iss e fo r 1 wid e

Wi ax estu o f craftes m in e ?
.

B e t ere is m in o n pan all e pin e

b e t ar e is 0 s on g o f m in e m
,

upe

p a n al p a t e u r e
p i ku n ku p e :

71 5 an l u s t i c h t e ll e pe w are uore

Wostu t o w an man w as I b ore ? F l 2 3 8 r l 2

.
,

w v
o . . co . .

T o pare b l iss e o f houe ne ri c h e -

ar e u er is s o n g 1 m
,

p

u r3 e ilich
p e : ux a

697 A lur d . 7 07 Nul ru b ric N. . e, .

6 94 . tr n Hi p oc k t i pick d of ll it w i d om
hi s r ed p ur e al
-
to -
s li t , a s . s e s e a s s ,

or hi t or of coun l i quit d t roy d T h r f r nc i p o ibly t o th

s s e se s e es e .

e e e e e s ss e
prac t ic of th c u t pur
es li t) e se -
s .

t li t T h
o- s b nc of th (n) nding u gg t th t th w d = p p of
e a se e e e e s es s a e or
d i tinc t from t b t li t
-
. . .

*
w k b t li tt n
. v . li tj n)
os e s a , as s s r v . . os en
l i t ) P o ibl y h o w
an r w h h r n in t nc of n O E t b
ss eve e ave e e a s a e a s r v
w hic h l r d y by 1 2 00 h d b co m w k
-
s .
, , . . . .

a ea h nc l i t n l i t t li t f b nn d a e e . : e e e e , s e, s , o . a e

(O E b n ) l 1 66 8
. . a n , . .

7 02 bi t 3 (J o cf A n Riw p 430 E ll c. es
u hl f m
e
i hhu d u l bi t w n m
. .
. . .
,

c e e e in kw i l
ve e o e c e o e e.
62 T he Ow l a nd the N ight ing ale ()
C
p id er fu nd e }? e nrichm

an

at e ni k ing o f g od e kan
7 20 p .

V orpi m e sing} ? in h ol i c h irc he -

,

an cle rke s g inn e p songes w irch e ,

at m an i ench
p e bi
b g
p e so n e

w id er h e s h al 1
par bon l ong e :

e m
,

at h e h u
725 p ]
r3 7 e ne uorje t e ,

ac P arof p enc h e t bije t e

"

an nim e 3e m
,

e o f c h ir c h e st e ue ne

hu m
,

u rie is pe bl isse of houene .

Gle rkes ,
mun e ke s,

c kanune s ,

ar bo g od e W i c k e t u ne s
7 30 b pp os -

m
,

arise ? u
} p t o id e l n i jt e -
,

an sing e p o f be h oue ne l i3t e : -

rost e s u e l ond e sing e

an
p p r ,

w ane pe l i 3t o f d aie spring e p .

7 35 An ichhomhe lp e w at I m ai

ichsing e m id ho mni3t t d ai
,

"

o ; al le for m
,

an h o h
] e
hge l add e re ,

e song e bo e rad d e re
an t o
p pp
I chw arni m
.

e n t o bore g od e

ore m
,

at h i bon blipe on h od e
7 40 p
at h i m
,

an bidd e ot en isech
p e

an ilk e song at e u er is e c h e
p p
N u pu m
.

i3t hul e sit t e 1 c l ing e :
her am
, ,

ong ni s no ch at er in e :
g
-

7 45 ichg raunt i pat [ w ] e go t o d om e

t ofore pe [ sulfe P ope ] o f Rom e .

7 45 .
e. 7 46 . sul e f e P op e .

71 9 .
g oeth,
f und ej
a z < O E fund ian : cf f und i e (

l
con uses
. . . . W f
.

this w ord w ith f ond e ( 1 vond e (1 bo h of w hich are < 0 E

. . t . .

f and i an ( to try)
m m
.

7 2 4 V erb o f
. otion o itted a ter s hal , as in O E f . .

7 3 0 w i cke unes t w ic anas , court s , encl o sures i n a sacred l ace) t p

mm
- -
.

sacred d w el l ing s, rel ig ious co unitie s

T he O E w ord is used in the
m
. . .

O E T r ans of P sal s 96 , 8 , i ng ang e on hi s w ictunas ( g o into H i s co urt s), but

p m W
. . .

at th e d ate of o ur oe i t w as robabl o bsol escent ; cf p

ickl if s re nd ering

y .

t
E n re 3e in to
his porchis
.

7 31 S ee note 1 1 3 2 3 8
. .
-
.

7 3 3 up e lond e < O E upp an lond e :

. up and d ow n (
. . or thro ugh out) th e
countr

y
T he re erence i s
f
the arish ries s w hose ser ices w ere con to p p t v
m
.

ned to
the d ay t i e S e e ad d itional n otes ,
-
2 02
. p . .
()
J The Ow l and the N ight ingale 63

P id er fund ep e ue richm an

720 P at e ny p in g o f g od e c an .

F or pi m y gp
e s n-
in h ol y chire che -
,

t cle re kes g ynne p songe s w [ i] rch

"
e ,

pat m on
yp ench e bi
pe songe

H w id e r he sh al t par be n l onge :
"
,

725 pat he pe mu re hpe ne vo rye t e ,

A c parof penc h e t big e [ t ] e

1 ny m
,

e ye m

e o f c h irc h e ste fne ,

Hw [ m ] u rie is
h e b l iss e of h e ue ne .

C le re kes Mune ke s t canunes

, , ,

7 30 P ar b e o
pposg od e w i k e t u n es -

midd l nyht
,

Arise ]; v
p t o e -
e,

1 sin e p o f
g y ou be ne ne lyht e : -

"
t p re ost es v
p e l ond e singe y ,

s
a a t
a as a

7 35
"
mh lp hw t i my
t ichh e o e e a c a

I h in g m m
,

c yd h nyhts1 d y e e

a

m p gl dd
,

t h b p ll f
"
eo eo a e or e e a er e ,

t t o ye son e g be op pe rad d ure .

I chw arny mn t e o be ore god e

m
,

7 40 P at hi be on bl y pe on be ore od e
im
,

t hid d e n pat h ot e n isech

e

P at il c h e son g pat e u er is e ch e
N u pu m
.

y ht v l e sit te and cl n e :
y g
He r am
, ,

ong n s no ch ate rin e :

y g
-

7 45 I chg raunti pat pu g o t o d om e

T ovore p e s ul ve P o
p e of Ro m e .

7 26 .
-
th
ye e . 7 28 . Mari e . 734 . l ine o mitt d
e .

7 3 6 ii F or the tradi ion accord ing

. t
w hich the Nig ht in g al e sang the to
p raise s of Go d , see In ro 8 , l i t . p xx
. .

t p
T he tradi ion is al so re ser e d in Od o of herito n s a bles (

v
1 2 00 C F
wh e re it is e lained hat xp
t m
P hil o e l a s ig ni cat re l igi osos s u e r d uros p
ra m
os , id e st aus te ri tate s rel ig ionis h abitan e s e t D e u in oho ris nocturn is t m
l audantes

(D e Up i q et P h m m
ilo ena ), H ervie ux , L es F a bul is e: la i ns , W t t
p p
.

21 4 See add i ional note s , t 2 02

m mRm
. . . .

7 45 6 T he rhy e d o e o e in d irectl y th ro w s l ig ht on the w e lL know n

Rm m
-
.

un i n S hak J ul aes a r , 1C i i 1 56 :

N o w is i t o e i nd eed and roo
Rm
p

. . . .

n u h
u in g th D1 3 t h t
1 6 th ce n uries the roo t ow e l in o e had the v
m m
r e

m
e o g .
-

sa e so und al ue as d oo v or r oo , i e l a er e r the 1 6 thce ntury t Aft

m v t f m
-
. .

the so und val ue in Ro e re er e d ro

o

[ a] to as in the ronuncia io n o f p t
to d ay , owing to co ntinental in uence
-
.
64 T he Ow l and t e h N ight ing ale ()
0

Ac abid 3et e nope le s , ,

sh al t ibe r e an o p e r [ h] e s ;
bu
ne shal t u, for Eng e lond e ,
7 50 at pisse m w ord e e at st ond e F ol 2 38 v col 1

Wi tuit tu m min un t ngp

. . . . .

a es e e s re e,

min ung t min unl ng p e re e

"
c e e e,

i t p t i hn mn 3t t ng
se s a c a o s ro ,

vor i hn mn p g t n l ng ?
c a o er re e o

7 55 A c bu n t n u w t pu mmt os e er a e s

m
,

bu t l w d b
eu l n t e se or es e e s :

for ichkan craft t ichkan list e ,

"

an [ p] are uore icha mpu p i t s r s e .

I chkan w it t ng mn[ t ] in

so a e e,

760 n e t rist e icht o n n p min

o o er a e:

vor so ;
] hit is
pat se i de Alure d :

Ne mi a no st re ng b e a3e n r e d .

7 48 .
es . 7 58 . w are 7 59 . mni a cine.

7 48 h e s ( es , C J
bl es inserte d by l ater hand ) T he unce rtain read ing s
mm
. . .

v t
.

of bo th MS S are e id e ntl y the re sul o f an o bscure read ing in th

. e co on
see Intro
o ri gi nal ( 3 a) I t is hard ly l ikel , in the rst lace , that bl es
. y p
(J re rese nts th p e rea ing o f th e o rig inal , f or it is d i cul t to see h o w the f
C scribe ( w ho al w ay s atte ts to co y rather than to e end ) coul d h mp a e p m v
J f m p
.

written f or an original bl T he f
i s there ore a g ue ss on the art o f
m
or . .

t
a l ate r scri be , w hich at l e as has the t
e rit o f sui ing th xe conte t w h il e
aff ord ing a nor m ym T
al rh hus bl es v
bl s , bl ast ) g i e s g ood se nse
ym
e .

as w el l as a corre ct rh e w ith l es ( t
O E tats) On the o her hand , the
C f m
-
. . .

re te ntion of th e or es ( see S tr a nd G.
, al s o I
E S t v v
2 1 2 ) in ol es . . . . .

certain d iicul ty G takes it to be the neu g en o f the d e f art ( O E ws )

m
. . . . . . . .

v q
used as a d e onstrati e , and he uote s f ond i a s ( p
l 1 442 ) as a arall el con
m
.

t
s ruction p
B ut the case s are so ew hat d iff erent , an d his inter retation o f
mt
.

l 7 48 , vi z thou shal t hear so e hing d iff erent

( v
e tw as and eres h ier on ), is
W p
. .

p p yf
al abl orced Other e d itors , incl ud ing S k
. M an d , ad o t the reading .
, . .

an oer w es but w ith v

out sol ing th f t
e d i cul y Ne ither o f the tw o inte r
m
.

p p
p re tations ro osed , viz ( 1)
f
in a d if erent anner

( O E
. w i s , w i se), ( 2 ) . .

in another s rain t
( t f
O N vi sa) is sa is acto ry , on account of the d e ecti e f v
ym t m
. .

rh e h at w oul d resul t T he t
ost l ikel y sol u io n i s obtained by regard ing
m
.

ribal err o r f or h cf 1 1 1 2 56 , 1 2 6 7 ; f or si ilar errors , see al so

es a s a sc es ( . .

Intro 3 ()d an d b y i n terp re tin g h e s (O E ha s

)j as

u d ic ia l p ro
m
. . .

nounce ent , sentence ; cf Na ier , O E p G lasses, 1 2 94 h asse z p recep t i ( for
p tum
. . . .

ra ce nt n
M ign D A ni L i n M d c
ce a

t hym
p : se e see e r s, ex co e . c
I f L t
n . T hi d ing g iv th n qui d w ll
a . s re a es e se se re re as e as a corre c r e:
it i l in k p ing w ith th l g l ph
s a so ee l gy tt d th ugh ut th e e a raseo o sca ere ro o e

It i u i u f u th
s c to n t th t in T h T h tl nd t h Nig hti g l
r o s, r er , o e a e r os e a e n a e

( d F H l th u n A n l i III
a se pp 53 9) thi m hym l a , XL
F w l mi nk u
e go s sa e r e es es

y y u b m
. .
, . .

u
o cc rs , vi z t l ild nd ft f o ar
m
o e e e e a e o

h (m mnd) b
.
, , es , e o e so es

(1 1 6 7. H a g ai n t h n
ere ,ing i b u unl , e ea s o sc re , ess es co a e
66 T he Ow l and the N ight ing ale ()
C
0 ft spe t w el a lu te l ist e
mi t
,

p ar mu ch p
e st r e ng e s hold e s e ;
7 65 mid lutl e st re n
gbe bu ry
, g inn e

c ast el 1 but ; m e m
, ,

ai iw inne .

Mid l ist e m e m ai w al le [ s] fe ll e ,

an w orp e o f h orsse kni3t es sne ll e .

V ue l st rengbe is l ut e l w u rp ,

11
'
X
' '
9* 9K 16
'

*1 9t" is 9K 16
'

ac w is o d mn aue
p non e ue ning

hors is st reng ur ban a m

.

An on ;

ac for h it non iwit me kon

hit he r}; on rugge gre t e se m

,

7 75 es

m
,

an d rag) biuore gre t e te e s,

7 67 . w al l s . 7 7 0, 7 7 1 o mitt d e .

q
( u t o ed by R e g el , A ng l . I .

R
ois , d ist erl in , e t ne se s tu M
Qu eng ie ns sor onte ert u ?

m v
B one e st orce e t e ng in s f
ius al t , m v
v
L a aut e ng ins o u o rce al t : f f
E ngin s e t ars ont aint co se f m
Que orce co f
eneh e ir ne n ose

mm
W md
.

( ace , Ro . e B ru t ,
82 6 1
J p f n n it pl u a ar orce

e sero s:
O v ng in t vi r erres e e sa o r
miu qu v tu d l vli (I bi d 8 3s50 e er e cors a o r . .

G q u t Ing ni l p
o es p vi l nti dit e
(F u nd R
o sa so t i d E g b t rae ce s o e a ce ec a a s es er
E ng in v ut m
.

vo n L il t ti h d V ig t H l l
c 1 889 p
, e nd O F
. o , i l qu a e, , . a . r . s a e z e
f

C nd J Wn t th t th C ding mig ht b ith l t

orce .

7 6 3 l ut ( e a o es a e rea e e er a e or
f n b ing w itt n v y m
. . . .

l i tt ths, nd t k
e s eco u h l ik
s ro l
e o t (f e r e er c e a care ess c .

1 1 7 59
h la m J ld my t ) St St B nd G g in d p ting
.
,

7 64 i t (s o s s s so e s s r r r a a re e a o
d m
-
. . . . . .
.
,

th J

e d ing nd in t kin g
re a ld OF ld w g )
a w da i t so e r so e, a es re ar an s s
f m t m
:
. . .
,

pt 3 g i ( i ) T y w uld t h f t n l t th l in
Wh g t t ngthw uld h v mi d it w d I n 1 97 5 h w v
as . s . o sss o ss . e o ere ore ra s a e e e as

ere rea s re o a e sse s re ar . . o e er
b th C
o nd J hv a ld h ld nd M t in d th C a e di g
so sz s o e: a re a e e re a n ex
pl ining mi t = mi (O E mi n
. .
. .
,

a s s as th O E h ving b
sss ssa e ss a e en
xig n i f hym I t my p ibly b th t
-
. . . .
,

h g d t
an e t w ing t o th a a
mi t p nt d i l t v i nt f m
c o s o e e e c es o r e os s e

(f O N m D n m
-
.

s s re re se i s a i a ec i t ) but ar a o sss c . . . ssa , a . s s ,

n ith xpl n ti n i q uit nvin ing nd i ith th l in w ul d

Wh g t t ngth w uld mi (it
a a o a n e e r case o
T h m t l ik l y
e er e s e co c , e e
rea d
ere re a s re o ss s e os e

s ugg ti n es m f mK ny n
o co n es w h p int
ro ut th e o x o o s o e
x i t n l w h in th hyming p iti n f w k p p w ith in g ni
.

e s e ce e se e re , e r os o o ea or a c
H n mi t in th p my
. .
,

n l a g i l dd (
s, e 11 3 98 a s t in t n e ce s s e rese n s a ce a
p ibly b g d d a q ui l nt t o th n ml p p (i)mi t (f 1
-
. .
.
,

o ss e re ar e s e va e e or a s c
K ny fu th ugg t th t in h ld mi t w h v
. . . .

e on r er s es sf t h n t in a s o e s s e a e

o ne o e o
f q u t in t n in w hi h un t d h i ph n ti lly du d d
re en s a ces c s re sse ave s o e ca re ce an
b d in th f h la th t h la m h la h u m i t () B ut
b
a sor e i t
e s o s o s, so a o s s: s o s a s s s
m p t q u ti n T h mi i f h u md u
s s .

hi xpl n ti n h
s e a a o ere see s o en o es o e o ss on o a s see s e,
but t th t O E id i min w hi h n inn f t
.

n t t ph n t i
o o u o e c ca ses , l o a . . o c a . a e r scea ,
 ()
J T he Ow l a nd the N ight ing a le 67

0 ft spe t w el a lu t e lyste
mu ch e m
,

P ar gp ld y st e st re n
e; e so

76 5 Mid lut le streng pe pu re h g inne

Cas t e l t bu re h m
,

e m
,

ay w

Mid l ist e m e m a
y w all es fe ll e ,

t w erpe o f h ors e kn h e s sne l le

y t .

V ucl st re ng pe is l ute l w [ u ] rp
Ac w isd omne w [ u ] rp ne uer vnw [ u] rb:
,

7 70

Du m y ht iseo
p u rhall e ping

pat w isd omnauep non e uening

,

An h orsis st reng ur ban a m

.

on ;

A c for hit non iwi t ne kon

Hit he r} on rugge gr et e se m
,

775 ; es

1 d rab]; bi sw e ore gr et e t e m
,

'
es ,

7 69 w r . . 7 7 0 w r, . vnwr .

scsold e w as o te n f d ro B eowulf , 2 2 55, scea l se h ear d a

cf .

bsf sall sn pm the hard

l el
( e t sh p t
all [ be ] d e ri ed o f i ts la ing ) I t is in acco rd p v
mt mtt f m mt
.

t t
ance w i h his id io xhat the au il iary inn i s o i ed ro shold e is s, w hich
v m
.

f t
the re ore i s bes rend e red as w oul d ( sh o ul d ) h a e y i ssed , or g one as tra
C J m
.

7 6 7 w all es ( w all s , w a llss )= ac c p l K

w al l s

e nyo n

p m f m
. . . . . . .

t t t
57 9) sugges s hat w a lls is the onl y ins ance in the oe o f a or in w hich
the d p 1 end ing O E
. .m m
u ) o f an O E tm
. asc a s e
.
-
has been substitute d . . .
-

for the e nd in g o f t e acc p l ( M p

O E a s) v C
ro bably , h o w e e r , w all s
)
W
ore . . . . .

v
.

is a scri bal error f or w al les hat w e ha e here i s a sort o f haplograp y ,

.

the scri be h v f
a ing con us ed nal 3 w ithth e f at th fe beg inn ing o f th e ol l o w in
g
w o rd f el ls
mJ m m
.

7 7 2 as w is do ( i xp t
sd o ) I l na ion o f t he o issio n o f
xt W
a t w n e a
f m
. . .

11 7 7 0 1 r o the 0 te , sugge sts th at v

the scribe , ha ing beg un I 7 70
t mp v f m
-
. . . .

t
correc l y , w as l ed in o co l e ting t he e rse ro v f
I 7 7 2 , his eye ha ing all en
m
.

on wi sd o , th e seco nd w ord o f l 7 7 2 as of l 7 7 0 t
F or the s ignicance of his
m
. . .

xt t
ission as regard s t he re lation of the tw o te s se e In ro 3 ( ) (
i f m
ii (
W )
o a a . .

ensuing t v
incorrec ly transl ates as
e e ni ng

B ut the invaria 1 6 or
p m m
. . .

for Mod E ng v e e ning in the oe is sue ( 5 ti e s), and he re euening cle arly
T m
. .

t
s and s f or q
e ual

(see N E D D
evening q
Mr B ickins uo te s ho as d e
. . . .

H al es , L ave R uns , v v 1 9 2 0, A bsal on t nsvsd s an sars non svsnyng

.
-
.

J
7 7 6 d ra3 bi uor e ( d r a h p J
bi sw ear s) S tr ad o ts the read ing o f w hich
m
. . . . .

v tt
und o ubtedl y g i e s the be e r se nse , and w hich ig ht w e l l be take n as the
read ing o f t h pp
nal , w ere there any g round s f or su

C osing th at th
m
e 0 e .

sc ribe had o it an 8 , thus re ad ing biuore f or bi snar e A s thing s are ,

f f m
.

v
ho w e er , the C t
read ing , t t t
houg h not ree ro d ifcul y , is be s re ained
f m
. .

T he or f p p
d r a3, since i t is oll ow e d by the re t bi uo r e , i s in rans and i s . .

p ro babl t
y be st rans lated as

g oes , cf d r ahto e l T he l ine w o ul d
t m
. .

t f
t
here ore re ad , it goe s in fro n o f grea te a s ( of orse s ) and acc o rd i ng
to K e nyo n xn to m v
581 ) t he all usion is m a e di e al te a w hich
m
.
,

t
w orked , no t abre a s , but tand e t p
w ise , so h p
at a s ecial re s o ns ibil ity w ould .

fal l o n th e l eadi ng h orse t t q t C

B y w ay of i l l us ra ion he uo e s h au T rai l and
p t f m
. . .

Cr ss . I . f t
2 1 8 and ur her recal l s the
. ic ure ro t he L o ute re ll P sal te r
( p
re rod uce d in Co ul to n s C
E
ha ucer and his ng la in w hi ch ve horse s

are h t to f
i ched , o ne ahead o f ano the r, t v
a o ur w h ee ed ra e ll ing carriag e
"
-

v p t v
w hil e a dri er wi th a lo ng w hi sits on the las horse , and another dr i e r
t p
wi ha short w hi on the lead er .

5 2
68 The Ow l and t e h N ightingale ()
C
an be l e b
bobe 3erd t sp ure

,

an st out it e id at ulne du re m .

An hit d e bb t mn hi
at h t o o :

7 80 an for b an
b at hit no w it no t ,

ne mi hi a s st r e n
b hi t
e ish il d e

hit nab 3 ub e l ut le c hi ld
bat b e

mid Witt
.

Mon d e b , mid st re ng b e

t e,

b er b ing nis n on his t t e

bat o .

7 85 D eg al le st reng be at one w ere

.

m
,

mnn o es w i t je t ore w e re ; F ol . 2 38 v . col . 2

m
.

var
b m nei d h i o s crafte ,

o uer kumb 1 bl i h e a or c e s haft e .

AI i hd m id m i ne one son e g

so c o

7 90 be t b an
bu a1
be 3e r long e :
vor min mn m l nui b
e craft e e e e

bin t ng b mn b huni
,

vor e s re e e e s e
b
l t u bi m b w u f
.

Te s b n e e rs or a

bat ichbu t e anne craft ne kan ?

7 95 3if t ue ie mn g e o
b t o w raslin e ,
g
b e i er o b ring e ber faste ,

e on can sw e n es sub e fe l e
an
b g ,

an kan h is w re nc h e s w e l forhe le ,

e o b er ne can sw e n b
an
b g ut anne ,

e is od w i e ch e m
800 an
b g b an n e

an m
,

id bo n one le ib t o gru nd e
anne aft er o ber a l ut l e st u nd e ,

[ ]
w at ba r f he r e cc he o f a mo sw e ng e

bone be on himis sw a genge ?

,

803 .
a t .

778 m the d oors o f the

ul ne d ar e :
ill s ; see n o te 1 86 m

m
. . .

7 84 tt e =
e qu al a a tc h
T h e w ord i s ra re (of P r P 1 6 3 t
m
:
.
, . , . . .

but the root id ea i s that of

ee ting

oin ing

( cf j
W
or .

O N tja : cf S hak A l l s

e l l , 1 1 i 93 , I l l t y ou

al so ancs L
m
. . . . . . .

(= I ll atchyou)

d ial
I ll t you

C f m
. .

7 95 w r asli nge ( J T he or aff ord s an

m t
. . .

t
in s ance of the d ro pp
ing of the iddl e one of three consonan s a chang e
f
al read y o und in 1 l t h ce ntury MSS ( se e Na ie r , O E G lasses ,
. x x rx ) ; cf p . . p . .

(
s tr sn e l sp r in ( l
m m W
. .

803 a . o sw eng s T he eaning of th

. e line is :

hat ne ed he care
 h N ight ingale
~
70 T he Ow l and t e C
()
805 D[ ] u se ist
b b c
atanst u fe l e w ik e ,
ac e u er ichambin unilike .

D o bine craft es all e t og ad e re ,

3e t is min on hort e be t e re .

0 ft b an h u nd es fox es d riueb
m ulu
,

81 0 b e kat ful w e l hi s e liue b

m
,

b ,
eg h e e ku n n e w r e n c hh u t e a nne .

D e fo[ x ] so go dhe m e can nanne ,

b [ 3]
e h e k u nn e so u e l e w re n c he ,

at h c h e h u d e at p r ench
b e w en
b e n e .

81 5 V or he can p abe s ri3t e 1 w 0 3e ,

an h e kan h ongi h i be ho3e ,

an so forlo st e h u nd h is for e
b
m
,

a3e n e ft t o
an t urn
b b a n ore .

D e nox kan crop e bi be h eie ,

82 0 an t u rne ut fromhi s for mw e e ie , F ol . 2 39 r . co l . 1 .

an e ft sone ku m b e art o :

banne is h u d es smel ford o :

b n e

he no t , bur[ 3
]b e i mind mk e e s a ,

w e er b bb he s h al auor e aba k
Sif be uox m
.

82 5 ist of al bis d w ole ,

an end e h o ho le :
at
b e cro
pb t
805 .
e . 81 2 .
f or . 81 3 .
e . 82 3 .
urs .

805 u ( and C J s) T he co mm p
on scribal e rr or x
o ints to t he e iste n ce
m mm
. . . .

o f an inte r x
ed iate te t as co t
on o rig inal , see In ro 3 , a , iii (a) . .

J
806 antl i ke ( vny lic he) T v
hat 0 gi es the orig inal read ing and J an
m f m ym
. . . . .

e end e d or is show n by the rh

y m
e .

808 h t J( h a t) M
u n n aril e nd s to h a =
the ir , o f
th m
or e
. e r s e ces s e . rs . .

e .

T h f bl T h C t nd t h F i h a int d u d n il l u t
e a a s e re ro ce as a s ra

ti n f th gumnt i th p d in g l in (7 95
e e e ox
o o e ar F
e d i u i n f itn e rece es or a sc ss o o s
so u Int
rce s see 8 pp l if T h f bl i l
ro . f d t in E mu , . xv . e a e s a so re e rre o ras s,
Ad g I 5 1 8
a nd in B n Ad f L i g Bk
a Ch aco

v earn n v1 111
Thi w d h b n v i u ly mi in t p t d M t n
. . .
, s . o , . . . .

81 0 l i u
ult in n i e hym Wp f
. s . s or as ee ar o s s er re e . . ra s .

l i f n) w hi h w ul d

t u t
r s s e a c o re s a : r e re e rs

b th f mO E li bb n ( liv ) B ut p t f m
. .
,

k p lif G l iv

t in d m ning ig d by W th f ml i nn t = O E lif
ee s e, . es : o ro . . a e . a ar ro
th e s ra e ea ass ne e or ne ca o a
th hym w i th d iu (
. . .

( l f ) w h
eo a th , t v w l i h t f
er e e ro o l 809) -
o e s s or , or e r e r e .

re q ui l ng i
re s a nd M E t i n t l ngth n d in
o p n yll bl T h w d
a s o e e e o e s a es e or
vid ntl y d iv d f mO E (b )l if n t min w hi h w ul d giv
. .
, .

is e
a e a
f ml iu in k ping w ith th n nd th d mnd f hym T h
e er e ro . . e a , o re ,
c o
or e ee e se se a e e a s o r e e
min ll by him l f i h
.

correc t d ing th f i rea th t ere ore s:

e ca re a s a se ,

. e . e
p th h und
e sca es

mmn
e o s .

81 2 f (C nd J f ) F th igni n f thi ib l
. or . a . or . or e s ca ce o s scr a e rror co o
t b th M S S
o o n t 1 805 .
, se e o e . .

81 4 tp n h (
. C nd
a re c n t 1 2 48 s . a se e o e . .
(
J) T he Ow l and t e h N ight ingale 71

805 D [ u] se
y st
b bu c
atans t fe l e wi ke
A c e u er icham vnyliche
,

D o bine craftes all e t og ad e re

myn
,

Ye t is on he ort e be t ere .

Oft e h w an h u nd es fox es driueb

D e kat ful w e l himsulue liueb
,

81 0 ,

De hhe ne cunn e w reyn chbu t e anne .

D e fo [ x ] so g od ne ne can nanne ,

D ey he cunne so v e l e w re nche ,

pat he w e neb e c h e h u nd e at pr enche .

81 5 V or he can pabe s riht e and w aw e ,

1 he can h ongi bi be ho w e ,

1 so v orl est be h u nd his fore
mb m
,

1 tu e ft a e
'
y yu to be or e .

De fox can crepe by be h e y e ,

82 0

1 t u rne vt m
fr o his for e w eye m
cu m b
,

1 e ft sone e art o :

D e nne h u d es sm
is e l ford o :
b n es F ol . 235 r . col . 1 .

He not bu rhbe [ m ] y
e
, nd e sm a k ,

H w e be r he sc h al vorb be abak
mi t
.

82 5 Ifb e uox s e o f al
bis d w e le ,

At ban en de he [ creopb] to h ol e :
805 . 81 2 .
for . 82 3 . Meynd e . 82 6 . crsap h
.

81 5he i e the fox

. sug ge s s a ch
, . ang e of sub ect here
. j . W
He takes the . t .

w o rd he to f
re e r to the ha t o n th e gro und s ( t t
1 ) ha the f ox can scarcel be , y
said to h ong i bi e bo3 e ( j
2 ) that the chang e o f sub ect i s sugg e sted by the
,

ub q u nt tu n t n ubj t in l 81 9 K y n (J 583 )
g d W
s se e re r o or as s ec . . en o x1 1 .

hw vo e e r re ugg t i nar s unn y nd hi vi w i vid ntl y

s s es o as e ce ssar a s e s e e

H min t in ( th h ng i g f mth b ug h h
.
,

th e co rrect o ne 1 th t e a a s a

a n ro e o

as
f th mny w l kn w n t i k
. e
f n t
re ere ce o one o f th f e ( l p inag t -
o r c s o e ox as ea o a
fn
e ce l i ing t
a rec l w n ()
2 th t th
re e or t u n t (1
o 8 1 9) i a e

re r o nos: s
tu n t f mth t but f mh nd w hi h i th ubj t f th tw
.
,

f d t th t W ugg t th
a re r , no ro e ca , ro a c s e s ec o e o
p ding l in
rece th t if 1 1 81 5 8
es a .
-
re e rre o e ca , as . s es s , en
th t tu w ul h v n t n t i k (f 1 83 1 but th i th t i k
l im
a ree , v z
'
cre a re o a e, o o e r c c e r c s
f h nging f mb ng
. . .

o f f ll w i g d vi u p th
o o n e o s nd f
a bing t
s, o a ro o s, a o c rees :
and as a resul t th w h l p int f th ill u t t i n w ul d b l t
e o e o o e s ra o o e os
K y n i ight in hi min nt nti n hi xplan ti n f
.

B ut w h e reas en o s r s a co e o , s e a o o

th p h
e h ng i bi b 3
rase oppli d t th f i till un nvin ing f e , as a co c or
th im
e o e o e ox s s

nn t l im
, ,

e s pl n t h t th f
e reas o bt Th
a l xpl n ti n li
e ox ca o c ree s e re a e a a o es

d w ing n N k m D N tu i R um
.

in th f t t h t th p t i h
e ac a e oe ; e re ra o a

s e a r s er
mth t u th t h b w th id th t th f w h n h d
s ec
nd it i f a ar
q u t ti n f mN k m
a s ro so rce a e o rro s e ea a e ox e
d w il l t k t t In t 8 p l xvii f
G l d by W und hgg B ut th tw w d
p re s se a e o a ree : se e ro . , .
, or o a o ro ec a .

81 9 h i s s o sse q uit er e e se o o r s are e

m m ning i hi (O E hg ) hgg O E
. . . e .

d i t in t th ug h b th f th
s o o o e sa ea v z e e e
f hym
c e e
h g ) T h f mhi (
, , . e e . .
, . .

sc . h dg ) i u d h
e or f s s n e f egg s se ere or reas o s o r e: c . s
ll
( . 1 7, al so h
e i sug g s l
( .
72 0
()
ac na e l e s b mid l l a e his wre nche,

he hine so bibe nche ,

e
b he bo
e; g ub e sne l n s ,

he ne l ost his re d e ue l 5K (
0 2
830 ba t
m
.

D e cat e kan w renchb u t e anne

na er b bi du ne mbi u nn e e e:

bu t e he kan lim
c h ub w e s e el,

b ar mid h b h is gre is ue l
e w e re .

83 5 Al so ichse gge hi m i solne

min
,

be t e re is b on an bine t w e lue .

Abid ! abid ! be ule se id e ,

b u g e st al t o mid sw ike l e d e : 4 (P ac be r
al le bine w ord e s bu bile ist d o : Co l o ur

b at hit bincb sob al bat bu se ist ;

l bine d es bob P c i o ui
al e w or

h h m P
ie 0 l 3
p at : { a n so i se e d a n b il ik ed ,

b at a l l e
b b
o a t h i a n a b r a c e : v?
,

hi w ene b bat bu se gge sob

m
m
.

845 Abid ! abid ! m e sh al

b e 3e ne 0 ! L n .

N
[ ] u h it sh a l w [ ] b
u r e w e l ise ne

b bu
at h aue st m u c h e l i1 0 3e
ag ' {s 1 6 o h o o d
,
a
-

w one bi l esing h
i
nw r0 3e t b /e 6
o
b u 0 ) .
a

Du i t b bu
t i i t m k u
W
n a n n n e
s e s a s
g s ,

1 t e chest hombat hi fun d ie b honne

850

vp o be so
t n g e
b a t e u r e il e s t : i snt. ( e:

W
ac h it is alre w [ u ] nd e r m e st ,

d li so o e l ich
b bu
at ars t 3e p e

W
.

h i b ring e so l i3t l ich

e nest
b u e F l 2 3 9 col o . r . . 2 .

t o G o d es ric h e al sin in[ d ] e ? 9 M si

Qg m
g c 3
/

N ai ! nai l hi s h u lle w e l auind e y

846 .
u, w rs . 852 . w nd sr . 855 . sing ing s.

83 8 a l ta < o . E ca l l to (al tog e t her too) T he O E construction w as use d

mll y b f m m
. . . . .

nor a e o re ad j and ad v : cf A S Chron 1 095, cal l to ed u lice g s

m
. . . . . .

w snd s ( to al l
o l ittl e chang e d ) . I n the p
rese nt instance id sw i kel sd e i s
e q v
ui al e nt to an ad v . cra ftil y .

T rans . T
hou be havest in al og e her too t t
fty f hion

f m
cra a as
m
.

F or the o is sion of h(ro ~hsd s), cf g od ed e l

( w r ech 1
ed s ( 1 1 2 1 9, . . .

1 2 51 L
841 i sl i ksd
m
ad e sl eek or s e cio us

T he w ord is robabl of nati e p p y v
f m m
. : .

orig in sl ician), th e O E or sl i c
(cunning ) be ing . entione d by
.

t
S ud D is t of A S ) as occurring once
S w ee t ( T he w ord has bee n d e scribed
m
. . . . .

as < O N sl i kr , tho ugh, accord ing t o i

. . rk an , th e e iste nce o f such a x
74 T he Ow l and t e h N ight ing ale ()
C

b at hi mid l on ge
w
mmt
u
a e
p

i r

a e
k1 0 f

of bore sunne n bidd e bot e

mt u kum b
,

ar hi o e e er e are .
'
c

M u1 9 86 0 Ich d e bi bat Irlen ho 3are

re ,

an m ore w e p e b ane sing e

W W
,

at fund e an h o u e n k ing e :
b b b
t o -

vor nis no m an w it ut e su nne .

V orbi he m ot ar h e w en d e h onne

mid t mid w
, ,

86 5 e re s an a e
p he t e Wk t
05

m
,

b h
ati bo sur
bat e r w as sw e t e .

Dart o ichhe l p e G od hit w ot !

Ne singe i[ c] hhomno fol iot :
,

'
AE S

for m[ i] ng i f l ngi g
al
m
so s o o n e,

n imnd um d l m w
d O WV

/
6'
F ?
'
o
87 0 a id w ning
e s e o e

mn bi m h in h i n h M ad 01

(
M
b b
m W
t a o e e e c e

P h
at r [ i ] f h i h m s d if f/

m
e
g 0 n or s u n w r e nc e z
f f y u
mi d mi ne songe 1 chhi ne p ul te 0 g l Me a j
,

at he grani for h i l
b s
g n t e .

87 5 3if bu g e st he rof t o d isp ut ing e l i e

,

ichw e p e be t b ane bu singe :

3if ri3t g ob for , t g b e
aba k w r on ,

be t er e is mi w op bane bi song
D e 3 su m
.

e m e n bo bu r3u t go d e

o re m
,

rjut cl ene o n h od e
880 an
bu

ho[ m
,

59
] l on g b
e h o nne n o
b e l es ? .

P at hob her [ w ] o is born bes :

om
,

e h i hon h ol ue ibor 3e San d

vor
b; s ,

hi ne i t); her now i3t bo t e sarw e

V or o b er m
mm
885 en h i w e p e b sore
om
,

an for h bidd e
b rist es ore
)!
f g .

m
r

868 . ih . 869 . m s. g ra . 881 . hon . 8 82 .

o .

86 0 itH th Ow l pl d th t th king d m f h v n i b tt w n
.

ere e ea s a e o o ea e s e er o
by w p ing th n by inging nd b t hi
a w n f q u nt t (l I n t a oas s e ars s o
thi n f th mny md i v l h f th t nt n f J m
ee s , s o re e .

a ed e a a

ear
d p l g nti h b t i ium ?
s o e o e ec oe s o se e ce o ero e s, so
t St B n d
o M n hu n n d
er ar nti ,

o ac s o o ce s se an e s a e o c

c f An . n Riw l p 1 09 ( G G C ul t n M L R vn p
cr s e, . see . . o o , . x . .

p 2 02
. .

86 8 f li t S d d iti n l n t
o ee a o a o es ,
C g mJ g ny ) T h C ib h pp ntly mi d i
. o . . .

87 2 g ni (
S t W nd M
ra ra ro e as a are srea n
d g m
scr e
m mmn
. . .
. , .

f f C l ing i n ib
W t n l t = p lt th u t but
or a co o error o aro a scr es . .
, r . a rea
. ra .

87 3 p ul t . b l b u in it e z

e a o r, c e . . ra s a es

e , r s : a
g u ativ r n i l ly
e sequi d T h w d i < O E p yl t < L t p ul
se s c ear re re . e or s . .
*
an a .
o
()
J T he Ow l and the N ight ing ale 75

P h i
atm y d l on g e w o
p e mo t e

Of heore sunne n hidd e bo te ,

Ar hi m o t e e u er c u m e b are .

86 0 I c h re d e bat me n heo w are ,

1 m ore w epe bane sin ge ,

p at fund e b to b an be ne ne kyng e : -

F y m
or n w i b t u nn
s no on v en s e .

F bi h mt h w nd h nn
or e o ar e e e eo e,

1 m

86 5 Mid t yd w p h t
e r es o e e e,

P t himba u b t w w t eo s r a er as s e e .

D art o ichh e l p e G od hit w ot !

N e sing e ich h eomno fol iot :
,

V or my ng i f l ng ing
a1 so s o o e,

87 0 And ymynd um d l myd w ninge s e o e,

p t mn bi m h in bib n h
a o e e e c e

P at he g rony for his vnw renche ;

Mid m yne song e ichh ine [ pul te ]
P at he grom
,

y for his g ult e .

87 5 I f bu ge st he rof t o d isput ing e ,

I chw epe be t ban bu singe :

I f riht g ob forb 1 ahak w rong
my w p b n bi ng
, ,

B e ter e is o a so

m mn b n bu hut g d
.

p yh u me s e e eo r o e,

880

1 bu hut l n n hr md c e e o e or e o e,

H ml ng b h nn n b l
eo o e eo e o e es

P t h b h w i h mb
.

a eo e r, o s o es

V by h h
ori h h m l
e u ib w eo eo se e ore e,

Hi ne se a he r now iht hu t e se re w e
b .

885 V or be r o men hi w epeb sore

for h e ombid d e b Crist e s ore
,

1 .

87 3 p ul t i t d l t . e nse r e a er .

t a rs (
to t
bea ), and in M E al l hre e or s p ul en , p il tsn , p sl tsn are ound t f m t f
f m
. . .

In Mod E ng the e n ish K t

el t

p
has sur i ed , but the u or occurs in the vv
W pp f m t
-
.
.

t
d ial ec s : cf o rce st
.

o l ing ap p l e s
.

p t
= kn o cking a l e s ro the ree ;
H fere o rd s

o l ting l ug
. p
= the o l e use d f or hat ur o se In pan s t p p H t .

p ul tin

= a heat in g , an d e se w here
l
ol

= a bl o w : se e p t EDD . . .

88 2 t bo ( a t beo) S tr and J bo th inser hi be ore bo B ut in M t f

W p
. . . . . .

v ie w o f the ac h f tt
at bo thMS S ag ree in read ing a t bo ( beo),
. is robably .

t
correc t in akin g a t re l p ro

h o se w h o

(of l 2 51 t
and in ransl a in g the t t
t m
z . . . .

lin e li te rall as
y T
hose w ho are here , w oe 1 8 it to he because o f ha
t t
( . . y
i e because the are here ) .
76 T he Ow l and the N ig hting ale (
C)
I chh e l pe mnn o e on e i er b halue ,
a g
) p ca n

m mub h u b tw
1 a e e i re ku nus sal u e :
f F ol 2 3 9 v . . col . 1 .

b g
anod e ichfulst e t o long in g e
m ing
,

890 vor
b an bi[ m] l on
g e
b ,
ichhi s e:

an ban sunful le ich h e l pe alsw o,

vor ichhi mt ch b e e are is W0 . 1 t ?6

'
1

3e t ichbe 3e ne in o ber w ise :

var bane bu bine rise sit t e st o n ,

d ra3st m e n t o e ses lu st e
895 bu ,

bat w [ u] lle
b b ine song e s l u st e .

Al b u forlo st b e mu 3b r e of houene ,
n2 '
3

for bart o ne uestu none st euene : V ol i t

al singst is o f oln esse

b b
at u g ,

900

b at e ni p reost in c hir[ c h] e sin ge .

m
3e t I be w ulle an o [ ]
6 e r se gge ,
i

ht bileg g e :
a

3if b hit u , c onst ari 94 n 71 rank ) lsagna

905 [w ] i g [ ]
nult u sin e an o 5 e r
-

ar hi is mu c h e le more n e od e ?
b t

P u usau er ne singst in I rlond e ,

e cum e st no3t in S co t lond e

ne
bu n .

Hwi n ul t u fare t o N ore w e ie

gin me n of G ale w eie ?
,

91 0 an sin

890 . hin . 896 . w l l s . 901 w ened . . 902 ch .ir ccs, cc w ritte n o v er 9 .

903 . O d er 905. .
i ,
o d er .

888 tw ei rs :. o f tw o

t w eg ra): an in teresting sur i al of the

vv
O E g en p l i ne x ion
p m
. . . . .

901 ere , h H
al w ay h pf
roug h th e oe t
, a ch ang e takes l ace in th e o rth o
tm
-
.

p y t
gr a h o f G , a d i f erent sy s e f p
be ing in ro d uced ( see a and )3 orth og ra h i es ,
p y m
.

I ntro 3 t f
T he B or hogra h is yt aintaine d airl y reg ul arl hroug h
902
.

o ut 1 1 6 0 and 1 1
. p
1 1 84 end : but in 1 1 . 96 1 1 1 83 , the a s e l ling .
-

(c h ara ct e ri sti c o f 1 1 p1 901 is a ain ad o te d F or the si n icance of the se

) g .
g .

p
s ell ing s see I ntro 3 ( i
) v)
W
a . .

C J
w ens d ( w ensd , C O J w ens of d er , oer l
( A s su gg e sts , th e
f m f m
. . . . . . .

or s in d ( p
f or ) w hich o ccur occasionall y ro n ow o n are robabl y d ue
to f the act that 6 ( pp p m t
inste ad of ) a eare d in the se l ace s in the in te r ed ia e
x f m mm
te t w hich or e d the co C on orig inal , and t h at the scribe , w h il e
t mp m mt m m
.

at e py
ting t o co the sy bol , so e i e s o itted to cro ss the d In beat! .

( t t J
1 91 1 ) the rs ac ual use o f 6 o ccur s in the

scribe al w ay s use s
f m
. . .

f
902 a t T he rst instance of the use o f the contracted or T he act
m
. . .

v t C J p
that the abbre iation occurs si ul tane o usly in bo h and oints to t h e

mm f m
. .

use o f a co Oon orig i nal ccasio nal l y t h e scribe s w ri te o ut th in

mm
. e or
f ull w here the co on o rig inal used th e co ntraction ( of 1 an d in such
mm
. .

f
c t ses co n usion so e ti e s arises be tw e e n
t n d r ( f 0 a
'
J t
i
a a a c r , a . . .
 7s T he Ow l and t e h Nightingale a
()
f
mn b t lut l k
M e o

D ar heob e a e nn e
$ j
K e n; 0 5

a/ h ge bat e su nne is bine ohe

6
o o f son b
Wi nultu b re rep tg sing e 4
.

an t e ch f b e l

91 5
W e

an w i si h
g
o mm
i r
e
w ri t

ing e

i d bi re st e ue ne
.
a
,

hu e ng e le s singet?ine he ouene ?

6M 4 , w e
9
5
M g
92 0

Ac ichfare bob e nor b 1 [
s u] b:

in e aue re uc hlond e ichamcuub: F ol . 2 39 v . col . 2 .

e ast 1 w est fe ar 1 ne ar,

m t
,

I d o wel faire mi e os e r ,

92 5 an w ar ni mn mid min e e be re ,

b at
bi d w e ol e -
son g he o ne forlere
mn mid min[ ] ng
.

I chw isse e e so e,

b t h
ai n u mg i n w iht l ng e s e o o e :

I hidd h mb t h i w ik e o a eo s e,

930 b [
t ah ] h m lu n bi
eow ik eo se o e e s e:

for bot er e is b at heo w e pe n here ,

b an e l le s bw ar [ be an] d e oule ne fere .

De ni3t ing ale w as ig r[ a e d ] m

an e k he o w as sum med d e l o f [ s] cha ,

93 5 for be hul e hi e a t w ite n bad d e

in hw ucche udh he sat an g radd e
bihind e be bu re am
,

ong e w ede
b ,

ar m
,

ob t o h re n e od e :
b en
g e

91 8 ar 92 0 h o 92 1 so 92 7 min w ith s ad d e d la t
mt
er
m md
-
. . . . . .
.
, .

93 0 a t heo
. . 93 2 . t o bean . 93 3 . ig r e s . 93 4 .
-
h
c a e .

92 0 a ( C oh, J retain s o h, S tr unne ce ssarily W

m f m
. . . . .

e end s t o aw s, re ad s o, w h G
ich i s robabl the origi nal or
.
(of p y .

ow e l S ince the hs e ll ing o ccurs in both and p

the scribal e rror C J
m mm
. .

(h f In t 3 () ())
d v u t h a l ad a d i n th on v pp
mp
or , se e ro s. a e re y a e r e e co
orig inal T he C scribe as usual co ie s th e error , w h il e in an atte t is p J
m m t
. . .

ad e at e enda ion .

92 5 bere S ee n ote 1 2 2 2
mm m
. . . .

93 0 h eo i s re uire d h q
ere f or g ra atical and e trical re asons I ts
m f m m f m m
. .

o ission ro both and oin s t o o C ission ro

. J p t
the inte r ed iate
.

x
te t : an instance o f ha l og ra h S ee I ntro p 3 ( d) (
iv) p y
W
. . .

. C
93 2 bean ( to bean, . beo) and J
re tain to : but th
. e construction
. . G .
J
() T he Ow l and the N ig ht ing al e 79

Dar he ob men
bat l it e l kunne

Of song e bat is vnd e r su nne .

Hw i nul t u bare pre oste singe ,

1 tech e of bire w ri t e ling e ,
91 5

1 w isi h e omm y d bir e ste fne

Hw e ngl e s sin e i e be ne ne ?
g b n b
Du farest so d ob on an
yd e [ l] w e l

Dat sp ri ng eb bi hu rne bat is sne l ,

1 le t ford ruye b du
e ne ,

92 0 1 ohb an yd el bar ad une .

Ac ichfar e norb and so ub :

In e uer ic hl ond e ichamc ub ;

East 1 w est soub 1 norb
I d o w e l fay re m
,

m
,

y e s te r F ol . 2 35 v co l 2

en m id m
. .
,

1 w arny m
.

92 5 yne bere ,

D b
a t i d w e l e s on g heo n e fo r le [ ]e
r
-

I chw isse m en m m
.

d y n e songe
y
Dat hi ne su m
,

e gi no w ih t l onge ;
I chhidd e h eombat he o isw ike ,

930 D at h e o m s e ol u e ne b i s w i k e:

F or be t ere is bat he o w e pe h ere ,

Dan e ll es bw ar he o d e oule ne yue re

.

D e N ihteg ale w e s ag ram ed

1 e k su md -
e l o fsc homed ,

93 5 F or b e vle hire at w it e n be dd e

I n hw iche ud e
st ho sat 1 g rad d e
m
,

Bihind e be bu re ,
a ong
be w ed ,

Dar mn g e on to he ore ne d ;

91 7 yd e 92 4 abo e l ine 92 4 in top v m g in i th l in (v y ind i tin t)

ar s e e er

m
s c
t mpt t mnd t i n 92 6 f l t
. . .

at en i h
e r e f er and nsr : o ssibly an a te p a e e a o . . ar e e .

isp ll l w ith th t i th p d in g lin i n pt pl f mi q ui d

ara e a n rece a
p v th l in f mb th th g m
e e,
H n th m
e o or s re re
i i n f t ( in J ) im
. . . . .

e o ss o o o as ro e s ro o ra
mti l d th mt i l p int f vi w
e ce . e e e

a ca an e e r ca o s o e .

d ul n w k g n pl f O E d f l T h u f in g n p 1 f ena ana
b i n t un m
e o o a e se o e

t m mn in t in L O E MS S
eo e ez . . . . . .
-
,
-
. . o
s r nd n u
. as . a e . s N pi
. s o co o ce r a . . . . : see a er,

O E G lo ssss (
. . 1 557 N), app lana basna herg a na sta sna f
(23 1 1
933 i gr a ed ( ig rs e t , m C m J md ) T he f mig md (
cf 1 1 603 ) is
md W t
ag r a e ra

ym
. . . . or s . .

ad o p te d f o r reas ons o f rh e S tr and G read ag r a e : re ains th

C f m
. . . . e
. or .
 80 T he Ow l and the N ig hting ale ()
C
an sat su md -
e l,

1 he o biboht e ,

940 an w ist e w e l o n hir e boht e

b e w ra bbe hinime
b monne s red .

F or hit d e be k ing A l fre d :

se i

S e l [ d ] e end eb w el be l obe ,

se ld e l aid e b w e l be w robe
p .

F or w rabbe m e in
bb e h ort e blod

at h i b so w il d e Had
b t ow e ,

an al b h g b
eort e o ue r e
e ,

at h b o b ing bu t e bre b
b eo naue n ,

an so forleost a1 h ire liht

m
,

950 ba t he o ui si
b bso e ribb .

D e nist ing ale hi und erst od

re m
,

an oue r an l e t t e h i od :
g
he m iht e be t spe k e n a se le -

b an mid w d e s d eale
ra bbe w or .

955 he o seid e lu st nu hid er :

sc halt fal l e e w e i is sl id e r
bu b F l ,
o . 240 r . col . 1 .

D u seist ichfle o bibind o hu re :

hit is riht be bur is , ure :

b laue rd li
ar
gg b
e 1 l aue di ,

ichschal he o singe 1 sitt e bi m
m
960

W
.

e nst u
b at nise en farl e t e ,

for ful e v enne be ri3t te ,

st re t e ?
ne su nne be l at e r shine ,

b h it b
e;o ful ine n est [ e ] bine ?

96 5 S hold e ich for one hol e br e d e

min
, ,

forle t e e ri3t e st e de ,

943 . sel e . 955 .

ul e, rubric f or H . 964 . nes t .

m m
943 S i il ar senti ents occur in the D i s ichs of Ca o , 1 1 2 99 3 00 (uote d t t q
W m m
-
. .

by G ol d be rg , A ng l v1 1 r ae d es truy e o nnss w i t Iw hen sa a y

mII
. .

no t beo sei jsns : al so in I ce l P ro ver b P o e 1 5, l 4, E ig i sp i l l ir hygg ins

m
. . .

A p
hi ali ( ng er s o il s the w ise an s tal k)

.

948 bre br i d ):
ury , assion,

f p
as i n 1 1 1 454, 1 46 1 ; cf Na ier, p
m m m m
. . .

O E G lasses , 2 51 1 , f eruore , i , a rd ar e , w yl , brash, and the arious e an v

m
. .

ing s of L at ani us : see al so N E D br e h, br a h t t

m
. . . . .

952 T he e aning o f th e l ine i s cl e ar ly : she let h er ang er

v f m
.

pass

H
ence le t t s = a w k p t o f O E l a zta n all o w : i t is no t d e ri e d ro
( )
'

f m
. . . . .

O E lettan ( hind er), as sugg ests T he or G is an instance of an O E

m
. . . . . .

str vb th
. at h ad alread
. beco e w eak y .
82 T he Ow l a nd the ()
0

b at ich m ing e s e bi b e be dd e ,

bar haueb his lou e ibed d e ?

loue rd
Hit is m i ri3t hit is m i l ase ,

e [ x ] st ichm
.

a[ t ] t o be h e d ra3e
97 0 b .

Ac bu p 3e t 3el st o f bine son ge ,

bat bu c anst 3o ll e w robe 1 st r an ge
mk
,

se ist
bu uise st an unn e ,

b h i b
at iwep e n h ore su nn e .

97 5 S old e e u chm
on w onie 1 gre d e

ri3t su ic hh i w e re n unle d e ,

sold e h i gollen a1 so bu d est ,

hi m i3t e o feren here brost .

Man schal bo stille 1 n0 3t gre d e ;
980 he mt biw
p h is m
o isd e d e : e e

ar is Crist os h e riin e
ac
b g ,

bar m e shal g
re d e 1 l ud e singe .

Nis b
no sr t o lud mt o l ng
e o

m chi c h
,

at ri3t e t i e, r e son -
g .

985 Du 3o st 1 l w one s t ] , [ 1 ichsinge :
bi st e ue n e is w o
p 1

min ske nt in
g e .

Eu er mot e bu 3oll e 1 w e pen

,

at bu bi lif m ot e forl e t e n !
b
an 3oll e n mot e bu so h e 3e

990 b at ut bers t e ho bin e 3e l F ol 2 40 r col . 2

Wb
. . .

e er is be t er e of t w e [ n] e t w o m
mn b bl ib b m?
,

b at o o e o er
g ra

97 0
.
ar herst, . 985 . w anes . 991 . tw er e .

97 0 hsx st ( her s , C hex ste) tJ hi ghe st T he scribe h as al o st ce r

C m
m
. . . . .

tainly re ad r f or :1: ( cf and C J

81 2 f or a si ilar e rror ) : and t he l in e is
m W
. . .

t
be st aken to ean

that I ol l ow the hig hest
f te n tati e l y s ugg ests . . v
t t
the re e n ion of herst < O E hyr st ( co se , w o od ) B ut t his re ad ing , besid esp
m f m
. . .

p t
re se n ing difficul ty i n th e atter of or d o e s not su ly uite a s atis pp q
m
,

factory sen se : f or t h e p
rece d ing l in e sug g ests th at so e g uid ing rinci l e o f p p
t f
the Nig h ingal e s l i e i s to be s ate d , and his is not gi e n by hsr st

t t
on v . G .

q
the o ther hand ueri e s the ossibil ity of re ading ar ta e ersp r ss t): t
mt
but his arg u en is n o t con i ncing v
W
.

981 a r ( and )C
J
w he re

read s w ar : se e h o w e er n o te 1 1 6 5 v
W
. . . . . .

tv
.

982 re ad s th t
is l ine in an in erroga i e se nse B ut hi s i s sure ly nu t
m mp t
le e the assertion be g un in 1 1 97 9
. . .

y
nece ssar , as 1 1 981 2 . erel y co
-
80, vi z . .

p t
that sil ence g oe s w ith re e n an ce , and song w i h raise t p
m m m
.

o p t 2 sg o f a w ish , i e
( )

(1 T
)
987 o te =
a y ; of a t e 9 8 9 ra n s
v m tt m
. . . . . . .

E er aye s hou tearq y e clai ( in thy l ong ing ) x

l ea e this ife l to v
w ep en : f or leten, one o f the fe w d e ecti e rh
, e s in th e oe ,
f v
vi z [ l ] ym p m .
J
() T he Ow l a nd the N ig ht inga le 83

Dat ichne singe bi be be dd e ,

Dar lo uer d haueb his laue d i be dd e ?

Hit is m y rih t e hit i t m y l aw e ,

D at t o be he x ste ichm
,

97 0 e d raw e .

Ac if b u y el
ps t of bine son ge ,

D at
bu k aust yo l le uro e b 1 st r an ge ,

1 se
y st
b u w isest mnkunn o e,

D at hi biw epe n be ore su nne

S old e e usr uychm

,

97 5 on w on 1 re d e
y g
Riht su c h hi w e re n vnle d e ?
S chold e hi yolle n a1 so bu d est ,

Hi m y ht e n afe re h e ore p reast .

Mon sc h al be o st il le 1 noht gre d e ;
980 He m ot biw e e h is msd ed e :
p y
A c bar is Cristes heriynge ,

D ar m

e gre d e 1 lud e singe .

Nis hobe [ r] t o lud e ne to l ong ,

A t t ibte ty m e c h ir c he song ,
-
.

985 D u yollest 1 w onest 1 ic singe : ,

Di ste fn e is w op 1 yn ske nt in e
g

m .

Eu er m
,

ote o lle 1 w epe n
bu y
Dat bu bi li f mo te forle t e n !

1 yolle m

ote so h e y e
bu ,

Dat ut t obe rst e n bo i

b y
n e e

m
.

Hw e ber is be t er e of t w eyre t w o
be r gram?
,

D at mn b o eo bl ibe o F ol . 236 r col

. . 2 .

983 . no s .

991 tw n tw m(C (w tw mJ tw y tw m) f tw d ubtf ul thing

W
e s o er e o e re o o o o
m
. .
, . s

(li t n d G t in t w t w a nd xp l in i t < o E
re a tw g er e o a e a as ra

tw d m pl n ti xp i n p ibly d u t n l gy wi thO E bd mtw d m

. . . . .

a eo as c e ress o o ss e o a a o
B ut th n l gy i by n m n mpl t nd th ult giv n g d
.
, . .

e a a o s o ea s co e e, a e re s es o oo se n se
th h nd mnd t tw m i g tw um; f th imil
.

n th
o e o er a e e s o an a or n e c e s ar
hi t i f tw um f mth lm t
.
, ,

ph F
r ase : or 0 i g (
er l s oB ut i t i l n s s c ear ro e a os
mm igin l i
.

id nti l ca ing f C n d J th t th d ing f th a a e rea on o r a

f m; th nl y d iff n b tw n th mb ing th
e r s o . . o e co s
t b
o ug ht f
e so in t h or o se or s e o e re ce e ee e e
l ig ht mnd t i n f th J
e
s e e aib w h
o od ing tw e O E tw g ) l t
scr d e, o , rea er e s ra a
ml tw y In f t th n b n d ubt th t th
e re
th p lling t th m
. . .
,

e s e o e ore n or a e re ac e re ca o o a
mmn ig in l l k d lik tw tw m I t i q u l ly t in
.
, e e
re a d i ng f th o e co o or a oo e e er e a s e a ce r a
th t th f mw hi h l k d l ik tw w in li ty b dl y w itt n tw n
.

a e or c oo e e er e as re a a a r e e s,
w it h t h d t k
e seco n f th ith w i tt n h t
s ro e o in idi g w it h th
e n e er r e s or or co c n e
d wn t k
o f th f ll wi ng
s ro e o ( F ib l
e o nf u i n b t w
o n nd s. o r scr a co s o e ee n a r se e

N pi O E Gl n t T hi ig in l tw n < O E tw g n pl
Whi h i th b tt f
a er , . . ass es , x x x r . o e s or a e s . . o na , e . .

o f O E tw . d ubt)
. nd th l in th
a o f , d a e e e re ore re a s

c s e e er o
tw d ubtf ul t ing ?

o o s

6 2
84 T he Ow l and t e h N ig hting ale ()
C
S o ho hit e u er in unker si e , b

b bu
at bo sori 1 ichbl ib e .

995 3ut bu t wi ichne fare

int o o ber l ond e 1 ge bare ?
sin

No ! w at shold e icham o ng homdo

er blisse ne comt o ?
,

b ar neu
D at l on d nis
g o d n e hi t nis e st e , ,

1 000 ac w ild ernisse hit is 1 w e st e :

knarr e s 1 cl ud e s hanen[ e ] t ing e -
,

sno n 1 ha3e l horn is ge nge .

D at land is g rislich 1 unue le ,

b e mn b
b e o w il e d
1 unise le ,

1 005 hi nabbeb naber ne sibhe:

hi ne re ccheb hu hi l ibbe .

Hi ete b hs an e hs unsod e ,

s u ichw ulue s hit hadd e t obrod e :

hi d rinkeb m ilc 1 w e i b art o

,

1 01 0 hi n u t e e ll e s bat hi d o :
1 001 . hauen

T
999 1 01 4 p m
his d e scri tion o f Norw ay and the barbarous Nort h see s to
mm m
.

be in so e v
in iscent of the account o f the oyag e s of Ohthere
Wf t v
easure re
and t O
ul s an gi en in the O E transl a ion of H t K ro sius

is or y ; se e ing
m
. .

H
A lf red s Orosius , e d pp
S w eet , 1 883 , 1 7 2 1 , p a ssi T he
mt o f mt
-
. . . .

t
d e ail s w hich see sug g est a borr ow ing ro f hat source are as oll ow s :
()i w i th 11 9 9 9 1 000 cf O E O t t
r os :

beet e al l w e s e bu on on

m m mm
. , . . . .

f e aw u stow u

(ii ) w ith l 1 001 , cf O E O ros : b eet l and i s o n su u
m
. . . . . .

stow u sw i b t
e cl ud ig

(iii ) w i h 11 1 004 5, cf O E 0 r os :
. .

hie ne d orston
-
. . . .

f ord bi ba t
sre e a sig l an f or unf ri be

( iv) w i h 1 1 1 006 1 3 , cf O E 0 ros :
m
-
. . . . . .

And sar bib swy be yce l b un ig and scnab: and se cyning and ba ricostan

m m m
rincab eo l c , and
b m
a un spe d ig an and
b eo w an d rin ca ed o ,
mb
enn yran a
ne bib basr neenig ee l c eer bi ( o g e no h:
b b e ere nne

kyrte l obbe yte renn e F t v

vv t
ur her e id e nce of the sur i al of hese id eas is
m
.

pp f
l ied by Mr B D icki n s , w ho re ers to the account of the i ssion o f
W m H
su
m
.

C ardinal ill ia s t o a k q t
h t
on t e Ol d in 1 2 47 an d uo e s :

it w as old hi
m vy
by the E ngl ish en f or e n t m
s sake ag ains th e en o f Norw ay th at h e w o uld
t n o hto n o ur h e m
re and h a rd ly any e at y
a n d n o d rink but so ur w h e : an d
m
g e
m m
,

the E ng l ish e n di ssuad ed hi t to y f t

ag ains g oing Norw a and rig h ene d hi
m
. .

t f
both w i h the sea and the gri n ess of t he olk
(D a s e n t T r ans of S ag a
m v
.
,

of H a kon , c 2 49 H t f At akon s coron a ion east ,

oreo er , th e

t mt
.

C ar dinal said

I t w as old e h t
at I shoul d se e fe w hey w ould
be m t v
ore l ike to be as s in th m eir be h a iour than en

(i bi d c . .

p xx
,

S ee al so Intro 8, . l ii . .

cf M D u knarr e, Mod E ng

1 001 kna rr es = rocks , crag s ,

gnarl e d
m
. . . . . . .

T he original e aning w as p a knot

in a iece of w ood : but the w ord coul d
t
al so s and f or m

a r u gg ed e i n e ce , rock, or crag ,
n
cf G aw and t he G r
m
. . .

K t nig h ( 1.
ya u b e k es tt
en e kT
n a rr e and e kno bos ( hey l ooke d

around the rock and th e crag as

houene v
heaf ans g etsng e
hea en touching , re aching to the
m mp
: -

sky F or si il ar O E co ound s cf gr und e g eteng s E saw l soran
. . .
( . . .
86 T he Ow l and the N ig ht inga le ()
C
hi nabbe b nab[ er] w in ne bor ,

libbe b a1 so wi ld e d or :
hi g ob bit i3t m id ru3e nell e
i c om
,

ri3t su ic h h e n ut of be lle

m m m
.

1 01 5 D g
e , e ni g od an t o ho c o e

l dud e sumfromRome
,

so wi e ,

for born t o l e re g od e be w e sJ
an for t o l e t e n h b
or e un e w e s

he m
,

i3t e be t sit t e st il le ,

1 02 0 vor al h is w ile he shold e sp il le :

he m igt e be t t e che ane bare

t o w e 3e bobe she ld 1 sp ere ,

an m at w ild e folc i bring e

b e
b
b at h i m
[ ] e w ol d e ib e re singe F ol 2 40 v col 1

W
. . . . .

1 02 5 at sol mid min ng

d
[ ] ichbar e so e ?
ne s u ng i hh mn u
e l ng c o e er so o e,

mi so n g w e re isp ild ec hd e l :
for homne
mi h l t n b id l a a er o r e

b ing v mh
r w [ ]d wi
e ro ore o e se ,

1 030 n mn m
e id t l n m
o id i[ ] s e e e s e .

1 01 1 . no
. 1 02 4 . m s seg g e w old e . 1 02 5 . sol i ch . 1 02 9 w ad e. .

1 03 0 i r e . .

1 01 1 naer C
( na J T he M S re ad ing s oin t an p to
mm mt
. . . .
,

e rror in th e co on orig in al ; the co ntrac ion f or sr w as p ro bably o it e d t

f m p
-
.

1 01 3 bi ti gt
.
( J . S tr re ad s bi t uht T he or re resents . .

a p .
b
e + ty h tan ( cf O E be son, to co er) : the i in bi ti3 t = un
. . t ''

v
p t
.

t
s abl e i y), be ore al a al s ( f
se e S ie ers v
1 01 4 . B H inckl ey (
. H
Mod P hil x vrr 2 51 n o e ) o ints out tha this p hrase
. . . t p t
v
w as p ro erbial , and L
uote s R i ch q
a rd C a ur d e i on, e d B runner ( 11 6 7 03 . .

w here it i s said of the Sarace n s ,

t
m m
No ungg e , he se id e ,

ay h e te ll e :
mI w e ne bey co en out of he l le

p m m
.

1 01 6 T he P a al f to t
ission re erre d in hi s l ine is so ewhat un certain
m
.

C
.

B orsch ( Mt t
Ueber e r i k u P oe i k, see B ibl iog ) hin ts at the e bassy o f ard inal
f m
. .

G ual a
to v K A x
w ho w as d i er t t
ing l e and e r I I o f S co land ro his al liance
F m p
w ith rance and to t ake e ace w i hE ng l and ; and w ho , w hen th e king d id not
y p
o be , x mm
r ono unced e co q
unication and interd ict o f 1 2 1 8

( uote d by
W
B ut , as t
p o int s o ut ,

f
it i s not S co l and al o ne that is re erre d to here

m v
.

( cf 1 1 907 an d tt t
oreo e r t o acce p his sugg es ion w oul d be to regard
m pp x mt t p m
. .

t he y
id d l e o f t he 1 3 th c entur as the a ro i a e d a e o f the oe (
cf w il e ,
f m l 1 01 6 a d ate o ut of kee p ing w i hthe re st o f the e id ence I n
.

t v
)
erl y ,

or
m m
. .

allp t
ro babil i y an a l usion is h e re C v
ad e to th e e bassy of ard inal V i ian
p xxxv
f or w hich se e Intro ii
f m m
. . .

t J p v t
1 01 8 l e en ( l ete) re en

x As i s se en ro the conte t , the eaning
p m
. . .

t
o f le en h t
e re i s n o t h at o f O E l astan (er it ), but o f O E ls t tan h
(

i nd )
f m v
e r
f m
. . . . .

f t t f p t
T he ac is hat the t w o or s ha e bee n con use d by the oe , the or er
t m
be ing use d w i h the t
eaning of th t
e latte r , of l e te l
( le e (l . . .
J
() 87

Hi bnabbe noht w yn ne be or,

A c libbe b a1 so wild e d e or :
Hi g ob hy tuht m y d row e fe ll e ,

Riht s u y oh hi c ome vt o f h e ll e
man to h eomcome
.

1 01 5 D ey eny g od
mf mR m
,

S o hw ile dud e su ro o e,

F h e omto l e re god e be w es
or ,

1 for t o l e te be ore vnbe w es
He m
.

y ht e h e [ ] y
t s t t e st ill e ,

1 02 0 V or al his bw il e he sc ald e sp ill e :

He m y ht e b e t t e c h e ane h e ore

To h e re sc h e ld and s e re
p ,

D ane bat w ild e v olk ibring e

Dat hi m e w old e ih e r e sing e

H w at scholdichbar m id m
.

1 02 5 yn e song [ e ]
N e singe ic h eomne u er so l onge
,

F l ,
o . 2 36 v col .
. 1 .

Mi song w ere isp ild vychd e l :

F or h e omne m a
y h al ter ne brid e l

Bringe fromh e re w od e w y se
Ne m on m id st el e ne m
,

1 030 id i[ s] e .

1 01 9 . be
. 1 02 5 . song . 1 03 0 . i re .

1 02 1 bars ( J M W and re ad bd r ( boar):

mp ym q
. . . .

t
but his read ing is i o ssibl e , be cause th e rh e re uires sh
)
)
o rt s so , i s
C f m
. .

b( t
s)or e sp ere , so hat the or . J
stand s f or beor e < O E ber a ( bear , cf . . . .

bear s M v t
o reo er a varian f q t f
bear s al ongsid e ber e is re ue n ly o und in M E
W
. . .

( see S tr B r ) th
.
-
. p
ough a corre s ond ing f v
S bsora i s not o und ( see S ie ers
. .

x t
and i ts e i s e nce in M E t f p is here ore robably d ue t o scribal co n
. .

fus ion be tw ee n e and so : cf lsot , ssonde ( C A S hron 852 E , 6 56 E )

t t m v
. . . . .

1 02 1 2 T t f t t t
his ra her an as ic ill us ra ion ay ha e been sugge s e d by the
m R m
-
.

p t
oe s read ing o f Necka

s D e N a t uri s eru
( 1 1 ch 1 29) w h ere an account i s
mm mt
. .

v j p
g i en o f a ong l e ur w ho trained t w o a e s to ght in a i ic to urna en ,
m t
ar ed w i h sh p
i e l d , sw ord and s e ar p mm t f
I n the cha te r i ed ia e ly oll ow i ng ,
m
.

t he bear is d es cribe d as a typ t e o f crue l y ( pe r ursu

accipe
and h t m v t t f p t t t
i s id ea ay ha e sugg es e d i se l as adding o in to the ill us ra ion
C f m
.

C
1 02 5 sold ich ( sol i ch, J sh ould I

T he is
W
. . . or . .

p ro bably to
d ue T
scribal carel e ssness rans

hat sho uld I [ d o]
m
. .

f
F or o issio n of inn a ter sold e ( sh old e) see E saw 2 584 5, g ud bi ll g ssw ac ,

p m
-
. .

nas ad se t ni d s , sw a h g t no scsold e : al so 1 7 64 of this oe . .

t
1 02 6 ne uer so long s , see no e 1 3 45
m
. . .

. C
1 030 iss ( and J . is sn , i r sn (
. t
iron) T he rhy e sho w s tha .

p t t p y
the oe o rig inall y w ro e iss w hich w as chang ed to i r e ro babl in the inter
m ed iate t xt A
e v
cco rd ing to th e e id e nce o f Vesp t P 3 and Cara P as t he
f m
. . . .

or iren = Ang l ian, w hile v (see S ie ers , P E E I x

f m
. . . .

f C t t t
P ro esso r raig i e sug g e s s ha , as the or ss , i se i s d istin ctl
y S E
W W g e en , y . .

w he reas i r e i s S q t
, co nse t
uen l y this is an ins ance in w hich S scri be s
ym
. . . .

v t t
p
ha e al e red the au hor s dial ect in s ite of rh e : cf al so 1 1 7 2 5
. . .
 88 T he Ow l and t he N ight ing ale ()
C

A c w ar l on[ d ] is bobe est e 1 g od
n h bb b m m
,

an
b m i
arld e a e e od ,

i hn t i m
c id h mm in b t
o o e ro e ,

vor i hmi d b g d n t
c a o ar o e o e:

1 03 5 an b in g h ml n t ibing
r e o o e e,

vor ich6f c h irc h e ge singe -

son .

H it w as ise id in old e la3e , ,

an 3e t ilast
b il ke so b saye -
,

bat an sh m
al e rie n an so w e

od m
,

h aft er sum
1 040 b e w en
ar
b g ow e :

for he is w od bat sow e b his se d

b u r gras ne s r i n
ar ne
e p b n e bl e d .

D e h ul e w as w r o
b t o c he st e ra d ,

mid bisse w ord e hire e 3en abrad :

,

pn seist bu w it e st m ann e b u re s

1 045 t
,

b ar le ues bob 1 faire ore s ,

bar tw o i l ou e in one be dd e

ligg eb biclop [ t ] 1 w e l bihe d d e .

Ene s bu su nge ic w o[ t ] w el ,
w are ,

l 1 050 hi one hure 1 w old est l ere ,

e le fd i t o an uue l l uu e
b ,

an su ng e bo b e 1 0 3e 1 buue ,

1 03 1 . long . 1 048 . bi clop . 1 049 w ad . .

1 03 6 the consiste n cy of this state en t w iththe ie w that the Nightin

. F or m v
ga l e re p
resents th e l o e oe t , se e In ro 7 , l iii v p -
t . p v . .

1 03 7 o ld e l a3e ( ol d e l aw
J
re ad s d a s
3 I n O E M
m
. . . . . . .

the e xp
ressio n i s use d f or

the old is e nsation cf sag a s hw y ls bi sceop D p
mq t Km
.

w asrs r ss t on sere sald an a t 5 1 Cri s tes tocy s (uo e d by bl e , S a l and '

e .

S at p
mt
. .

1 03 9 11 T hi s see s o be an ada ta ion o f p t

m
.

H wych so be on s ow e
b
Al sw uch he schal ow e m .
(
P r ov . o f A lf . 52
Cf . G l ti n
al so 8 a a a s VI . .

1 041 2 B i (E l d N ht i n u hung p 7 3 2 ) d s ib U t
= p n e W
u un n
re er e ac s s ers a
th hym d bl d
-
. . c , .
, e cr es
e r i g ul i
e se ( S ?) l e OE
{ ( as H rre ar , s o e t c o se 2 e
nf u d O E bl ed w i th O E blad b th f w hi h h v m
. . . . . .

h hw v
as o e er co se u h o o a e c
m m ning T h f mbl d (l 1 042 )i O E bli d ( w w hi hgiv
. . . .
,
c
th
in g v w )in
e sa e ea e or e s s o er es
hym w i th d (
c
l 1 041 ) O E 5 d th hym
. . . .
,

g ul h
Wgl
a re ar r e se . . . 3 , e r o s eac case
b in g
e G l in tly d iv bl d < O E bld
. a so th w d
corre c er es s . . . . osse s e or
as M d E ng bl d thu ppa ntly nn ting it w ithy t n th O E
a e,

s a
f mvi bl d (blad l f)
o . . re co ec e a o er . .

or e, ea

p idly T h C f mi
, z . ee .

1 044 b d ( J a ra ( ll d) or ro e ra

e or s
d iv d f mO E d b Ed
. . . .

O E d b g d p t g f d b g d n)w ith h t n ing

and W t n l t
er e ro . . r . . r az , . s o rs a s or e .

pp ntly nn ting th
.

St B r r b d n d d il t d ra s a e

roa e e a e a are co ec e
th f mw ul d b
-
. . .
, ,

w d wi th O E ab d n but in th t
'

or . . b dd
r a , a case e or o e a ra e.
90 T he Ow l and t he N ight ingale ()
C
an l e rd e st hi t o d on s h ome

vnrigt o f h ire lico m e

mgl
.

1 055 D e louer d bat sone und er 3at ,

l ii 1 rine wel eiw at ,

se tt e b1 e l acc
[ ] de
i h e e for t o .

Du c o m e s on e t o
ba n b acc h e F ol . 2 40 v . col . 2 .

w e re inum
,

e in o ne g rine
bu ,

1 06 0 al h it abogt e bine shine :

add e st non o er d o mn e la3e

bu n b ,

bu t e m id w ild e horse w ere t od rage .

Vond e 3if bu m is t e ft m isr ed e

w aber bu w ul t w if be m
,

aid e :

song m
,

i i b o so l ong e g e ng e
1 065 b a

sh al t w i e n 6n a sp re nge
b bu
at
pp .

D e ni3ting ale at bisse w ord e

mid sw ord e an mid sper es ord e
,

3i f h o m an w e r e w o ld e 3 t e :

mi3t
,

1 07 0 ac
b ho be t d o
o ne e,

ho ua3t mid h i re w is e t
u nge
Wl b
.

e 3t at w el p b
s ec

se ib in be ,
son ge .

Of h i u g t n e ho no m re d:
Wl t b
re

3 e
b d e A l ure dat w e l sp ec sei

W! i
.

is for m ine sh o m e?
b

1 07 5 at se st u

e l ouer d bad d e h e ro f gr a m
b

e .

He w as so g e l us of his w ine
m
,

b at he ne i3t e for his l ine

iso b t mn w
a ib h i a re s
p e ke ,

1 080 b at his h or te no ld e bre k e .

He h ire bileck in one bu re ,

at h ire w as bo b e st ran e 1 s u r e :
b g
1 056 g in w n t. 1 057 l d d
r e ,
see o e. . e e .

1 056 gr ine (
. C g r inew , J g runs
. snare s . retain s g r i new .

W .

w hich he d escribe s as < o E g rina ( plu ) ( cf S ie e rs the O E u v

m p
-
. . . . . .

be ing w ri e n as ewtt T his how e er w oul d be unusual , and o re v

robabl y

f m m
-
.

g r ine i sthe orig inal or , the w being a scribal isread ing o f a bad ly
t t m
w ri ten 1 in the in er e d iate te t : of re ad ing x J
W
. . .

C
1 057 l eid e ( l edd e , J and retain lsd d s ( as p t sg G
f mp
. . . . . . .

o f leg g e, to
lay) an unlikely or , robabl an instan ce of d ittogra hy : cf y p .

t
l ei d es ( l . l
leid e ( .

1 058 h a cch e<O E d oor, g ate or w ic ke t

T he
m m
-
. . .

ean ing h ere i s , p

robabl , as sugg este d b
y M r By ic k in s ,

t he cas e e n t

. D
o f th e l ad

y
s bo w er (bur s, l .
J
() T he Ow l a nd the N ight ingale 91

1 le re d e st hi to d on sc home

1 vnri ht o f h ire licho me .

1 055 De louer d bat sone vnd e ryat ,

L y m1 g u n
r e

1 w el ihw at ,

S e t te 1 leyd e be for to l acc h e .

D u c om e sone t o
ba n bacc h e

D u w e re ynum
,

e in one gru ne , ,

1 060 A l hit abouhte bine sc h ine F l 236 : o . v col

. . 2 .

D u ned d est non obe r d omne l aw e

Bu t e m
,

d w ild e h ors [ w e re ] t od r aw e
y .

V ond e if bu m y ht e ft msred e
y
Hw e be r bu w il t Wif be m
,

e de
y :

Di song m
,

1 06 5 ai be o so l o ng e g e ng e

Dat bu sc h al t hw ippe n on a sp re nge

.

D e N iht egale at bisse w ord e ,

Mid sw e rd e 1 m
yd s ore s ord e
p ,

I f heo m on w e re w old e vyh te

A c bo he o be t d o us [ m
,

1 07 0 ] ih t e

Heo vauht m
,

d h ire w ise t u nge

Wel viht bat w el spekb seyb in be songe

y .

Of h ire t u nge he o nomred :

Wel viht bat w el spekb seyd e Alur ed

ho m
.

1 07 5

E w at i se
y st u
bis f myn
or .
e sc e?

De louer d badd e he ro ro e f g m .

He w es so g e lus of his w yn e ,

Dat he no m y h t e vo r his l y ne

I seo bat mn w ib h i
o re s
p e ke ,

1 080 Dat his he ort e [ n] old e br ek e .

He h ire bil ek in one hu re ,

Dat h ir e w as stran
g e 1 s u re :
1 06 2 . w ere o mitt d e . 1 07 0 . Mi hte . 1 080 . w old e .

1 06 2 F or the orig in o f his d e tail see In ro 8 , l ii t t p x

t m tt
. . . .

J
1 06 6 w ipp en ( hw ipp en) bl e , u e r
pt J ad ing
S tr ad o s the
f m( St
re re
f m t T
. . . .
. ,

p
but aral l el or s in o her e utoni c l anguag es sugg est the w or -
see r .

B )
r
m m u mini nt f Y n n f th
.

1 08 1 13 T hi pa
.
g i in s s sa e s so e e as re re sce o o ec, o e o e
l i
a s o f M i d F anar e d ing t w hi h y ung w if
e ce , accor hut up in t w o c a e, s a o
hm
r , o er
by h j l u hu b nd i
er ea o s l d by
s a l v wh i in t h
s con so e b in a o er, o es o er c a er
th f m f
,

e or f l n o a a co .

1 082 t ng 2 u
s ra h h nd bitt P f C igi n t

arsdv h a

ra

a
in J ud i t h t m (
o es
am(
. e s re : e r. ro . e . ere
u d f
se dj
or a . as l hat ( 1 l
, o s . e . r s .
92 The Ow l a nd the N ig htinga le ()
C
ichbadd e hire m il se an or e of ,

an sori w as for h ire sore ,

1 085 an ske nt e hi m id m ine song e

al at ichm i t r ab e an l ong e
b 3 e

m
.
,

V orban b k n i 3t w a s w ib e e w ro
b
imlob:
,

vor r ist e nib e ichw as h

he dud e m e h is 0 3ene sham e

imt urnd e it t o grom

,

1 090 ac al h e .

D a t u nd e ry at b e k in g H e n r i :

J e su s his so ul e d o m e rci ! F ol . 2 41 r . col . 1 .

He le t forhonne b ene kni3t

at badd e id on so m
,

b u c h e l unrist

1 095 ine so g od e king e s l ond e ;

vor ri3t e nib e 1 for fu l e ond e

le t bane lut le fu 3e l nim e

an himford e me lif an l ime .

Hit w as w [ u] rbsip e a1 min e kunn e ;

1 1 00 forbon b kni
e3t forles his w u nne
m
,

an 3af for e an hu nd re d p u nd e :
an min e bridd es se t e n isund e ,

1 091 .

und er a t o r und er y at . 1 099 . wr sip s .

1 08 8 . t
T he Nigh ingal e , in thi s articular case , l ead s an p
e ce tion , i s p x p
. .

p
the l ea o f
s i e and h pt a e

(se e no te 1 t
s ating th at the charg e of t
m
.

t
the knig h is no bona d e a e al but a pp
al icious rose cution p
W
.

1 091 und er y a t ( and C S tr , J and re ad und er G

W
. . . . .

w a t , w hich transl ate s as

.

p v
erce i e d

w itho ut g ivi ng any ur her e x f t
p l anation p q t
S tr B r al so ad o ts und er w at , and uo es as cog na e O L G t
m m
-
. . . . . .

t x t y
und arw i tan B ut his e p l ana ion see s unl ikel : f or und erw a t , if it eans
t xt m
.

p v
e rcei e d

( q
as re uire d by the con e y
), ust surel be rel ate d , not t o an
. t
O E w i an but to O E w i an (
. t
to kno w )
. M v
oreo e r , n o such or
. as und er . f m .

tx t t
w i an e is s in O E , n or d oes any in s ance o f s uch a e rb a v ear in M E pp
f m
. . . .

t t p
S o tha , al tog e he r , the or und erw at i s robably n ot g enuine T he read ing , .

o n th t e o her h and , w hich w e sho ul d ha e e v xp C

e c t e d in w o uld be a nd erga , t
f m
.

and this or t
ac ual ly occurs i n l 1 055 O ccasionall y how e er in the v C
ym m m
. . .

s f
bol 3; i s o und f or the o re n or al 3 : cf ey ( l ey re (l 1 06 ) (al so in . . .

na y ( l g d el (l 91 7 ) w here y z i) : and in e ac h case the y is w ritte n e r v y

m
. .

t
uchl ike a d o te d , i e w T t
his then w oul d accoun fo r the re ad ing of und er
W G T
. . .

w at (t ins ead o f und er y a t) by S tr , and hat the correct read ing is

m J f m
. . .

und er ya t i s conr e d by the or

( vnd er y a t ) . .

K ing H enr i , an all usion to H

e nry I I of E n g land , w h ose reig n

initiate d
t he rul e o f l aw as d istinct ro f m
the d es otis p m o f th e e arl ier No r an kings

m
p m
.

G v
how e er sugge sts ( see e d p t
1 4) hat the oe t ay h a e h ad S e cial v p
t f mm m
. . .

re ason s f or h e aring H
enry in g ra e ul e ory , s ince th at o narch rans erre d t f
G mod al ing ( near uil d ord ) G f to
t he d ioce se of S al isbury F or the
bearing o f this all usion on the d ate o f the p o e m t
se e In ro 4, . p xxxv . .

1 093 l et f or bonns
cause d ( t t
the knigh ) t o be o u l aw ed
his se nte nce , T
p m m m
. : .

at t h e d a e o f th te oe , d oe s not n ecessar ily e an banish ent or e il e ,

x
94 T he Ow l and t e h N ighting ale ()
C

an badd e so bb e bl isse 1 h i3te ,

an w e re bl ib e, 1 w e l
1 1 05 V orban ichw as so w e l aw re ke ,

e u er e ft ichd ar[ r] b e be t S p e k e :
vor hit bit idd e e ne sw o,

mb blibu u m
__

icha e r e er o .

N u i hmi ing w i hw ull c a s e ar c e,

1110 md m n u ft mn g ull
e ar e e er e o a r e .

A c bu mi[ n] g ! bu w h g ,
ere re cc e ost !

b c anst nd e n e bu nost
u ne

hol3 st ok bar bu be m
, ,

i3t hud e
e m
,

at m g b b ine h ud
b e t w en e e .

V or c hildre n gr am em

11 15 es h e 1 h ine , , ,

hi benche b all e o f b ire p ine :

3if hi m u se iso be sit te ,

st one shi d ob in hore slit t e ,

e t o t orue [ 6 ] 1 t oh b
an
b e ne ,

an bine ful e h on t osh

1 1 20 e ne
b .

3if bu art iw orp e ober isho t e

banne bu m
,

i3t e re st to no t e .

V orm b h b in n dd e e o o e ro e,

an bu m id bin f ul c dd e e o e,

n m
,

1 1 25 aid b in t li h [ w ] e a e c e s ore ,

biw t mnn c n u md
e re s a e or ro o re . F ol . 2 41 r col
. . 2 .

1 1 06 . d ar t . 1 1 11 . cr e mig . 1 1 19 . t otorued . 1 1 25 . sp ore.

reckoned 4, that o f the theg n or t he ho o p lsns

at 25 m

(P o l l ock and ai t lan d i fME n L w w hil

t h H t
ond on II L
m
, s o g a , e e . . .

z
citi ens o f th e th irte e nth century clai ed as a charte red rig ht that no ne o f
the m
coul d be co

ell e d to pay a h mp
ig her ne than his w er o f a hund red
sh ill ing s ( ibid 1 1
m ym
. .

1 1 04 1 w el i 3 and w e ll the ight
fv xp
his is a a ourite e ression T
m
. .

o f th pe p
oe t s, and i s

y
robabl

the corre ct rend ering here , cf 1 w el ai , 1 2 2 8 ;
m m m
. .

he i 3 ts w el , l 57 0 ; t f ul w el i3 te, l 1 2 92 O the rwi se i t

p ig ht be ossi ble
t mt
. . .

to ake i 3 s as an in uential , o f g ood stand ing

B ut .

v
this, vhil e g i ing g ood se nse , i s in al l p y
robabil it p
not w h at th e oe t in
t nas
e e
1 1 09 T h l t t if kn w n T h T h tl
a er s r nd t h N ig hting l (d o as a a e
H l th u n Ang li nm
e e r os e e e
mini nt
. .

o a se ,
pp 53 6 0) h d t il th t a, x . .
-
as e a s a are re sce
of th 0 6 N e g (
. 1 )Th b
( t f th N in th p nt p g th t h
.
, e . . e oas o e . e re se assa e , a s e
i f
s to i g w h h w ill und
ree s n y l p t ti n nd ere s p ll l in th e er ro a ro ec o s a ara
x l im I h h bb l u t b n h I n
, , e e
T .nd N ( 1 1 97
a wh. th N . ere e . e c a s c a e e e o e e re
h d nd i i n b
orc ar a I M in ng
s c f t ing 2 T h xp
( er er s i n And e so es or o s e e e re ss o
t m m m
.

e l t
e i wai ld ( T n
ad N l 1 7 4)s ll t w i ld s k t a reca s a 0 so e a s o s
p m nt in
. . .
,

(0 6 N l (3) T h v bul i t f th tw e oca ar es

mmn l mnt g T nd N w w (l
. ( .
, . e c . o e o oe s co a
t in
cer a co o e e ( h ) ( el s, e . . . a .
, ro e . es es .

da si t ni3 ttsg ale , ni 3 ting a ls ll

( . 5, has (
1 . 0 . at
:

N .
,
()
J T he Ow l and the N ig hting ale 95

1 bedd e bbe bl isse and hihte
se

bl ibe 1 w e l m
,

1 w e re yht e ,
.

1 1 05 V orbau ic w es so w e l aw reke ,

Eu er e ft ichd ar b
e be t spe k e :
F or hit bityd d e e ne so ,

Ic h mb blibu u m a e re e er o

i my in g bw
.

Nu i w il
c a s e ar c e,

1 110 N d m n u ft mn g ull
e ar e e er e o a r e

A c bu myng ! bu w
.

h g t! , er re cc e os

Du ne canst fynd e , ne bu nost ,

An hole hsto c bw ar b b u e mi t h ud s e,

Dat mn
ge bine hud e
e e tw en
es h e m
.

V or c h ild re n g r am

1 1 15 e 1 , , hine ,

Hi benche b all e of bine pine :

I f hi mw o e iseo b e sit t e ,

S tones hi d ob in beore sl
y t t e,

1 b e t o t or ue b 1 t oh b
e ne ,

1 1 20 1 bine ful e hon toschene b .

I f bu ar t iw orp e obe r iscot e

D enne bu m
,

y ht e rest t o no t e

V or m
.

e h i one ro dd e
e
b o
b n

1 bu m
,

y d bi ne ful e c odd e

1 m
, ,

1 1 25 d bin e at e lich e sw e e
y or

B iw e re st m onne c o rn fromd eore

,

w roue hsd s l
( 1 400 es hes (l d ahe t l ni hteg ale , ui ting a le
mp
. .
, .

11
( 1 6 3 5, ha (ll 1 9 I t w oul d t ere fore se e roba le th t a
t p m mm
.
. , ,

the la e r oe w as in so e eas ur e in uenced by th e 0 d N . .

1 1 1 5 chi l d ren the se nse in w hich the w ord is use d in 1 1 1 453 ,

g ir l s ,
WC W m

m
. : .

1 46 3 , al so in cer ain od e rn d ial e c s (t chis l , s hie ld , D ev , So t

Wt
orn , . . . . .

and in o ne la ce in S h p ake s eare , viz IIIp in T iii 7 1 ,

a boy

m
se e
t p m G
. . . . .

o r a ch ild , w ond er

E l se w here in his oe ( l h
) e w ord occurs
t
t t m
s ee oss
m
. .

in i t s od e rn se nse : but h ere th e co n ras i p t f

ied in the hrase hat ollo w s
h m '
e 1 h p m t t m
ine ) ren d ers robabl e a si il ar contras be w ee n child ren and g r a es
l m
e

g irls an d boy s)
m f m m m m
.

he e 1 hine : t
aste rs and servan s

T he or hs e < O E h s [h d ],
m mm Wf m
-
. . .

cf O E hai i ng as ( t t
inhabi an s): al so h f qa ( house w i e ), uote d by
W
e ro

m
c
. . . .

G lossa ry of S h

t
e la nd a nd O rkney or d s E d ond sto n , F o r hine < O E . .

hi na , see S ke at, E ty D i et un d er hi
f m
. .

1 1 2 3 rodd e rod

Acco rd ing to S k and S tr B r this or w as original ly
m
: . . .
-
.

v
.

t he sa e as r od e r ed t t
) T he w ord ho w e er is d is inc : < O E r odd , . . .

f O N udd
W (l S t nd W ) d
c . r a see
C p J
. .

1 1 25 w ore s ars , a so a r rea

m
s . . . . . s
p
.

s ar s
( l w ) S t
c a w G w T h f r w i s f bl
ears , n t nl y s ore e or s or e s re e ra e, o o
f th hy m f
p , . . .

b u
e ca it i up p t d by J but l s s b u or e w hil p a so eca se o e r e : or e s ar s
m
se

ym
.

( O E .
p .
) d
s ora (O E d e ) p n:t bv i u
ar e d if ul t i n . l h
. ar res e s o o s c es , a or a r e
is o bt in d w it h w
a (
O E w
e ) d (O E d
s e ) or e . . s ora ar e . . ar .
96 T he Ow l and the N ighting ale ()
O
b
N is iigber ug3t
as ?

lif ne bi blod : ,

0 5
art sh s sube od c
ac
b u [ ]
e ue l e g 3 .

D ar now e se d e s bobe isow e ,

1 1 30 innuc g olnc rok ne c row e

p , ,

m
,

ne d ar bar ne u er cu e n ihe nd e r1 9 0

W55" hm m"
,

if huc hong e b at ban end e h 9

3 .

Dar t rdf shulle a3e re bl ow e l9 ,

an 3u n g e sed e s S pringe 1 g row e ,

1 1 35 ne d ar no fu se l b art o
3if bu ar t
b ar o uer ihong e .

pi lif is u re luber a qu e d M I w
e ,
0

nar [ t ] n0 3t bu t e d e d
bu .

N u bu mi3t w ite siker liche S U V QH

at bine l e c h es bob g risl iche l nd f
i I
1 1 40 b
e w il e art on l ifd a3e :
b bu
vor w an e
bu h on e st isla3e
g ,

3ut hi bob o f be o fd radd e ,

b e fu3e le s b b b iat
g r ad d e e or .

1 1 45 Mid ri3t e me n bo i
b bb
w b
e w ro e ,

for bu s ing ist e u er of bore lob e :

a1
b
bu at sin gst ra b e ober l at e
hit is e u er o f m
, ,

anne unw at e :

w an e bu h aue st ani3t i rad

g
mn b
,

of w e l sore o fd rad
1 1 50 e o
b b e .

1 1 28 . s huel es . 1 1 38 . na rd .

1 1 28 h
s e ueles C
( s hueles , J T he w ord i s d eri ed
skea tes ) a scarecro w

v
f m f m
. . . .

ro OE .
*
sciew els , o ne o f se eral e arl ier or
. s ( v
O E byr g els , f at ele , gy rd el s , t . .

s, r i ecel s), e ach of w h i chend e d in s in th I each in stance

g f a l d l e sg n
f m
r s s s ,
r se e .

the e nd ing w as el s -
0 T ent i sl oz or ing abstrac sb ) and O E
. .
-
*
scisw e l s
, t . . .

f
the re ore e arl ier O E
*
scow + i sl (
. .cf O E by rg el s , O S ax burg i sl i : O E . . . . . .

f v
.

d l E d i l ) th l l s in O E a ter unaccen te d s ll abl es S ee S ie ers ,

Wt
r s e s
p g y
m
gy r e s y
m m M
. . .
, , .

1 83 i hthi s P ri O E f scow isl ay be co p ared D u sch ouw sel ,
mt t
. . . . .

MHG sch asst, Mod G e r scheusa l , w here e a h e sis h as n o t take n l ace ; p

m
. .
. .

to
.

w hile , corre sp on d ing O E sci sw el s is M L

*
sch uw el se , w he re e tath G
e si s
m
. . . . .

v
is isibl e M v
ore o e r th e original e aning of O E
*
sceow i sl ,
*
sci sw els an
f m
. . .

j t
o b e c o f horror t
i s sugg e s ed by the root or , viz O E sceo h( w) sh

t f m
y
t p m
-
. . .

pp
.

I n M E , l a e r or s o f O E e ar o nly in h vi z sh
*
sci ew el s a is o e
. . . .
( susles , .

l 1 1 2 8 , and schaw l ss , l 1 6 48 , se e no te ) and it i s n o ew or hy ha the s end ing

. t t t t
p
.

o f the sg i s as y e t re ain e d t At a l a e r d a e the s w as d rop e d ( t t

cf bur i a l , g i r d l e ,
m f m
. . .

r idd l e , an d th
) e w ord i s ound ( fw i hout the s) in o d d i al o r s l t
ike s h ew el l , . .

s ew el l . I n B erks and Oxf

ord d ial s h ew el l , sho al : scarecro w in Northants
.
 98 T he Ow l and t e h N ig htingale ()
C

D u g t b a su m m an s h al be d e d :
sin

m
s r
d ost a n o i ra
e ue r
bu b o d e st su m m e qu e d e
'

W
.

Du i g t i t lu l9 f l t lo s l P P ' S
s n s a 3 e n e 3 e r e t O
( ,

ob er o f su m me frond e s rure zr uA
o b er b o d e s[ t ] bu ses br u ne
bu
m
1 1 55 ,

o b er fe rd e o f m anne ob er b o u es r une ; 01 f 1M r ?
od est cual m
7
W
,

o ber
bu b o f ore ne (i et 0 % C k ,

o b er bat l ond fol c w urb id orue J M

re m
,

o b er at W i f l ost h i ake f h t g bnu

b

o b er b o d e st c h e st e an sak e g t rl i ol
1 1 60 bu t
.

Eu er bu singist o f Inanne hare m

.

e h as to ,

b

ur3 b hi b
eo
b sori 1 are m e .
n l
m i g u ib W Q
b
m
u e s n s t n e er o ne s e

nis for sumunsibe

,

at h i i ste 0 e
b t .

1 1 65 H e ruore hit is bat m e be sh une

b ,

e t ot orue b 1 t obuneb b u 3 N i
an
b t (
,
S to

m
mid st a ue
1 st oone , 1 t u rf 1 , c l u te , c

mi3t n
,

6 C
b at
b
u ne ow ar at rut e .

r q 1
3

D h e t e u er su ichhud e l in t u ne 716
a
' 40 4 a
i C(c'
t l tr
'
1 1 70 b u
at e er b od e
b unw res t e r u ne f v i 1 t ,

an e u er bring e b vu e l e t ibing e ,

at e u er sp ecb of vu e l e b ing e !
an
b
G od A l mi3t i w [ u] b
r himw ro
b e ,

an al at w e rie l i clo
b b nne ne
b!
1 1 75 D e h ul e ne abo[ d ] no3t sw ib[ e ] longe ,

ah3e f ond sw ar e st ark e 1 st ran e :

W
g

at

q u ab h
,
o h art u ih od e d ?o rd ,

m r C l
o b er k rsest a1 unih od e d ?
bu u
1 1 55 . bo d es . 1 1 73 . w rs .

* *
1 1 66 O E t o by ni an o r to bunian I t is uncertai n
f m ym t
-
. . . .

w hethe r the u or the y or f

is t o be in erre d in O E : and the rh e w i h . .

shuns ( tp
l 1 1 65) d oes n ot hel , sin ce bo hO E sca ni an and scyni an are oun d f
m m
. . . .

T he w ord al so o ccurs in S horeha s P oe s ( l

S o tobsts and so to boned , .

w here S tr B r re ad s tob ne d ( p t
and i n the re sen in stance to bune) I n that case
mf m
-
. .

v
how e er the S horeha or w oul d be to bouned : and as against the l ong
vo w el in to bil ns th ere is th e rh m
y e w iths huns, w he re the ow e l is sho r v t
v f m mo t p
.

H e nce th e res ecti e o r p robabl y

are to btt ne and to baned ( 0 : a late r

s s
o f it) T
hen, too , the orig in o f the w ord re ains obscure con m
m
. . .

neots it a pp
arentl y w ith O E and M E buns ( holl o w ste ) and e l ai ns the
. . . . xp
verb as

t o be at w i h sticks or ree d s

t
m
.

1 1 67 . urft O E t yrf , utate d dat of O E

. . urf . . . t .

1 1 69 D t
ah e , se e no te 1 99

W
. . .

1 1 74 . inte r re s thi s as
.
:

p t
the cl erg
: Mr oul ton as

al l y G G C . .
()
J T he Ow l a nd the N ighting ale 99

D u sings t bar summ an sal be o d ed :

Eu e r bu bod est sum ne qu e d .

D u singst ay e yu ayhte lu re ,

Ob er of su m me vre nd es rure :
1 1 55 Obe r bu bod est bu se s br u ne
Ob er fe rd e of m
,

anne o be r b e ne s r un[ e ] : ,

Ober bu bod es t qu al mof o u e r ,

Ober b at lond folc w u [ ] b id or ue r

mk
,

Ober bat w if leost h ire a e:

1 1 60 Ober bu bod est c h e ste an d sa ke

mnn h m
.

Eu er bu sing e st o f a e ar e,

D u rb be hi he ob sor
i 1 m
e ar e: F ol . 2 37 v . co l . 1 .

D u ne sing e st ne u er one s
yb e,

Dat hit nys for su mm e vnsy e b

mb
.

1 1 65 He rvore hit is bat e e s une

b ,

1b e t o torue b 1 t o bune b

Mid sta ue 1 st one , 1 t u rf 1 c lu te
myht n
, , ,

Dat bu ne o w are at r ut e .

D a h e t e u er hud e l in t u ne
1 1 70 Dat be d eb vnw re ste u ne r ,

1 e u er bring e b vu e l e t y d ing e ,

1 at spe ke b o f vu e l e b ing e !
b
G od Al myhti w [ u] r e
b hi mw ro
b .

1 al
b at w e r e l
by nn e ne clo
b!
1 1 75 De vle naho d no ht sw i e b l ong e ,

Ac 3e f answ e re st ar k 1 st ran
g e:

u eb h e rt u i h


Hw atg eo, od e d ? ,

Ob er bu c u rse st vnihod e d ?
1 1 56 . r un . 1 1 58 . w r . 1 1 73 . wr e .

d ece nt un mn f lk T h l tt p in t ut ( M L R v p
o as tic o

e a er o s o see I
m m
. . . . . .

()
1 th a t th

u u l e ni n
s g f l
a i n n ea l t h in d i v l Eong l i h i neF n h
c o e e a s , as re c ,

i th t f und l th i g ( NE D n

l in n G d f y ti g ) ( 2 ) th t s v s v n e
thi p i ti n f l in n l th n t b f d t th ut g mnt f
s a o erc o see . . . . . e , o e ro , . .
, a

s s ec ca o o e c o ca n o e re erre o e o er ar e s o
th l gy (
e c er wh pp d in l i n nl y f f w h u f th d y ) in p f
o a eare ne o or a e o rs o e a re er

wh w di t ingui h d by th l in n hi t 3) th t

e nce t t h la g
o e l r e c ass o e re ( s s s r a a
ti n f th mmunity w w ith ut th lin n hi t th p nt
e e e ,

l g
ar e sec o o e co e re o e s r :

e easa
mn n ity mny th
e
n d th p h

l th i u b
a a f l igi n k ()
4 t
a t

s sa e , a
yi O t N in it mmn t
e o or e ce ss , o ers , or re o
if l ine n c o s s( n th ph w ul d s co o se nse , e rase o
p t bl p pl x p t th m k nd
. ( . es
th f ug hly nn t ll i l ly o e a soc a ec a on
th ml i n f
e re ore ro co res e eo e e ce e a
hi s co ng nd t h t h
e ne rs , a th N i inv kin g up n t h O
a e re e s

e a
nt unmn
. o o e . so o
a ll d ti f l ko as

th m ning f th
ece c o .

1 1 7 7 ff F . or e l in
ea I nt 7 p lvii n t
o ese es see ro . , . o e .

7 2
1 00 T he Ow l and t e h N ighting ale ()
C
F or
p re st e s wi ke ichw at b d est u .

1 1 80 I chnot 3e f bu w e re 3a re u p re st

ichnot 3e f bu canst m asse sin ge :

inohbu canst o f mansing e .

Ahhit is for bine ald e nibe

m
,

e akurse d est obe r sit e :

b at
bu

1 1 85 a hbart o is lihtlichond sw are ;

D raht o be ! cw ab be car tare

W
.

i at t w it e st u me mine insiht e
min iw it 1 min mi3t ?
,

an e e

F i h mw it i ful iw i
or c a s,

1 1 90 a n w [ t] l b t t kumn i
o a a o e s:

ichw ot of hu nge r of herg ong e :

m
,

ich w ot 3e f e n sc hu le libbe l onge :

ichw at 3e f w if lu s[ t] h ir e ak e : m

ichw e t b c hal be o ni
ar s b 1 w rake ; F ol . 2 41 v . col . 2 .

1 1 95 ichw ot hw o sc hal be on [ an] hong e ,

o ber e ll e s fulne d e b afong e .

3e f mn h bb e a e
b bataile in u m e,

c h al beon o uer kum

ichw at e : hw aber s

ichw at 3if cw almscal com en o n or fe ,

1 2 00 an gif d or sc h ul l igg e [ a] stor ue ;

1 1 93 l u t

1 1 90 w d . a 1 1 95 1 h ng
. 1 2 00 . s s. . o e . . 1 s torue .

1 1 80 J mit thi f m unu u l I t i p b bly v i nt f

3 aurs
W nd G h w v t n
. . . o s s or as s a . s ro a a ar a o

(l 1 2 82 ) v t inl y f ul ly

nd

Wb
ea u a ra s cer a a
th f m q u t
srs . e er . . . o e er .
, ,

e or Mat n
er g
o es (d )< O E g ()
w z B u t th i
er , ears a v ear e s
m n unlik ly d iv ti n it i d if ult t
. . . . .

se e s a e hw O Eer w a o as s c o se e o sar e, sar s

m v O E g (w ) in th p m g ul ly 3
- -
. .
,

co ul d g iv M E u e . .
~a re z ore o er . . sar s e oe re ar > ar s

1 1 84 H th
cf 1 86 0
. .

. th g p hy b g in
ere g in nd th
e nt orti n f t o ra e s a a ,
a e co rac o s or a ,

sr are u d se .

1 1 86 D ht pp ntl y
ra ll q ui l xp
o i n u d h
e, a d i iv l y are a co o a
mmnd f th guid n f th i
. e re ss o se e re er s e .

E ngl i h t f t d y h v d nit
car e rs o o a a e a a ce o e r
mm d
s e e co s or e
Amng th
-

h orse s w h n w lking w it h ut th h l p f th
e a in o e e o e re s o ese co an s
m up ! mmnd
.

are () w ! n d i n d
n w i th t h a a a accor a ce a
mv to l ft t ight T h f md h g (f 1 1 2 7 4
co g e
g y ee o e co ,

th h e o rses o e e or th or . e or ra : o c . . , e

ph rase g t ! w ith

o thi l d t iv
o

nd th xp i n i n f e as e ca a e: a
nt m
e e re ss o s o e o
p t nd d i i n C f B n P m 1 1 9
:

co e a er s o ar es, oe s, :
d kn w m
. .

An v y h y f li

ind m
e r oss o o
An m
e ce

y mth h ! n w hug l

e er o a
wh ere mth h !
e hith nd
er o ! er

a o
1 1 89 w i ti (. J in) ib l w itt n f . ti f im il , nf u i n
scr a error , n r e or : c . s ar co s o
b tw n u nd i t ( Int d) (
3 ( v)
C l u t J lu t) W t in lu t nd t n l t
e ee a ro .
1 1 93 l u t ( . s . s s, ha j y . s . . re a s s s a ra s a e s :

s o
in
(p t o St . nd G d pt th J d ing r nd G
. a ugg t th t lu t . a o e . rea , a . s es s a s
h h ll l e w hi h i p b bl y th

lu t (
'
ere : O E l y t l i t)
s . . s , t int
ss

s a se , c s ro a e correc er
1 02 T he Ow l and t e h Nigh ting ale C
()
i ch wo t reon s ch ul e bl ow e : 3e f t
i ch w at
3e f c o r n e s s ch ul e
g r ow e :

i ch wo t
3e f bu s e s s ch ul e be rn e
ichw ot 3e f m e n s ch ul e e orne o p er e rn e :

1 2 05 ichw ot 3e f se a s ch al schip e s d re nche :

i ch wo t 3e f snuw [ e ] s ch al uuele c l e n ch e
An 3e t i ch con mu ch e l m
.

or e :

i ch con inohin bok e s l ore ,

an e ke i ch can o f e G od d s e lle
b p
1 21 0 more pan ichn ul e be t ell e :
for i ch at ch i rch e com e i l om e

an m u ch e leorni of w isd ome :

,

ichw a t al o f be t acning e ,

an o f op e r fe ole p in g e .

1 21 5 3e f e ni m on s ch al re mab i d e ,

a1 i ch h it wo t e ar hit it id e .

1 2 06 . 81 1 21 1 0 68 .

1 2 04 m m W t n ca e o un c u e t un w ith ut fu th
er e e ra s

r or a s o r

o r er
c mmnt G g d th ph l g l f m ul m ning
.
. . .
,

re ar s t e k fug rase as a a or a ea o se e re

in upp t f hi vi w f mth A S L w
o e . . e e,

nd h q u t g if h i (i fug ) ro a

f mn h ll
a o es s or o s e e e e . re

f hmn g i m dd} g m
e e

m ( BT
. .
, .

a o e e e o ; e e see s v a oe a s a
A im
. . . .

b tain fug by unning i iing pl xpl n ti n h o w e er i b or r (

er e a a v
I kno w w h e th e r mn h l l un (n f t) id
o re e r . s o s o

t in d by t an l ting

a e r s a : e s a r o oo or r e,
i w h eth er th ey h ll b p n t L t n th e ph a ccu w i th e oor or o a er o rase o
th m ning
e s rs
ll ci c umt n c
.

C T A 2 2 51
. .
,

e und
ea

f Ch uc er a 2 Thy
r s a e s,

o a er ,

t m
. . .
,

pl w l I w hip I id g And p ibly th t i th e r e or

a
m ning h i I kno w f mn und all ci cumt nc
e e o ors e o. o ss s
ea ere , a

Cf l U k o s a es

a so
T t m
. . e er r . . s ,

nt f L II i 62 y d nd g
mi J mi th ) n w St nd W d
es a e o ove, . .
, r er a oer .
3
1 2 06 nuw ( C nuw s e s es o r s es , s es

s o

a r. rea
W nuw G uw hul I t i vid nt f mth e
. . .
2 . .

s nuw S t uni
es, r. es , s es , sn es sc e s e e ro

C nd J ad ing th at th i p g in th e c mmn ig in l w mw h t
. . .

. a . re s s assa e o o or a as so e a
o b cu nd p nt d d ifcul ty t o b th f th c ib In th e t pl c
s re a re se e o o e s r es rs a e,
ml ik l y th t in ith
.

w h ic h v f th e tw
e d ing b
er o d p t d it w ul d o rea s e a o e o see e a e er
c th n l i d u to c ib l
ase e a 3
(i sd itt g p hy) in th e in t md i t
e a s r a err or o ra er a e
T h i i ugg t d by th e f m h l (p 3 g ) w h ich immd i t ly
. e. e

t xt
e s s s es e or sc a re s s e a e
f ll w I n th e c nd pl c it w ill b n t d th at th e p g 11 1 1 991 2 06
. . .

o o s. se o a e e o e assa e
f w h ic h th Ow l c l im to h v f
.

d l w i th th e v i u d i
ea s t ar o s kn wsas ers o e a s a e ore o
l dg
e n d th l i t i f i l y y t mtic
e a e F i t c m th e pl gu on c ttl nd
s s a r s s e a . rs o e a es a e a
w il d b t ( 11 1 1 99
e as s th en th bl ig h t t nd c p (1 1 1 2 01 e s on re e s a ro s
ci l c l miti (1 1 1 2 03
.

t h i d ly tl y d i
.

r so a nd l
a a t d u t o N tu
es a as sas ers e a re

t h i l t h d ing c m th e t m
, .
,

it lf (
se 1 1 1 2 05 Und . p t at (1 er s as ea o e e es s se a .

a nd it i c l a t h t in v i w s f th i c nt x t th
e r a di g uw i p f bl
e o s o e e rea n sn s re e ra

t o mi ; th t l 1 2 06 w uld d I kn w if n w h ll b ind [ th th ]
, , e e

s e so a o re a o s o s a e e ar
f mth e
.
,

in v il f h i n ( w ith h as h o T h nl y d ii ul ty i ars

ar se s

g ula f m uw
e or
ccu in th p m
e o c ro
und ub t dl y i o e w h ic h l w h
rre r or sn

miw ) G ugg t tha t

e, e se ere o rs e oe as
'

as o n w ( l e n (l n n ( l 1 002 )s ov s o
i t my b d u t th inu nc f th w but uch in t nc f th t in u nc
. . . s . . s es s
a e e o e e e o e : s s a es o a e e
as o ccu hav ini ti l w (f w ud (l 1 02 9) l ng id w d (l 444) nd u m(I 1 87 )
r e a o . e . a o s e o e . a .
 ()
J The Ow l a nd the Nig h tingale 1 03

Ic wo t if t ren sch ull e b l owe :

I o w ot if c orn s ch ull e g row e :
I c w o t if huse s s ch ull e he m e:

I c w o t if m e n s ull e e orne o be r e rn e :

1 2 05 l o w o t if sea sal sc h[ i] pe s d re nche :

Ic w ot [ m
if i t h ] s l
s v u l c l n ch e a e e e e e

n m u ch l mr
.

t ic c o e e o e:

1 0 con n ouhin b ok e s l ore

y ,

t ek i c can o f
b e G od spe lle
1 210 M ore ban ic wi l e be t e ll e :

V or ic a t chire che c u m e i l om e

t m u ch e l le orny o f w isd om
,

e :

I c wo t al of be to knyng e b ) , .

t o f o be r v al e b in g e
"

on s ch al re m
.

1 21 5 I f e ny m abi d e ,

A l ic h i t w ot ar hit ityd e .

1 2 05 . sc h
p es . 1 2 06 . s Mi t hes .

al ongs id e m (l ho p ll l to nuw w h th w
an d t us d o no t o er a ara e s e ere e
f ll w th e t v w l M p b bly th e u in uw mu t b g d d a
.

o o s roo o e . ore ro a sn e s e re ar e as
c ib l v i nt f ( t th i d t ) i p ctiv f q u lity q u nti ty nd
s r a ar a o o rare a s a e rres e e o a or a : a

in t nc s a f t h i c h ng
es o cc u in h (1 s h ( h )(
a l w d (
e o l r a . e eo . a e .

w d ( l
ding i m t p b b ly th t
a e .

B ut w h il th 0 e e . f th e
re a ig in l th s os ro a a o or a , e
di ng f th J c i b i no t w ith ut it int t I n th f t plac it
p nt n tt mpt t mnd n b c u p g in th e c m
s r e s o s e res e rs
mn ig in l
rea o e . . e,
re re se s a a e o e e a o s re as sa e o o or a
in th l igh t f l n h w d g n l l y o c e c e, ai t d in M E w i th th w k f or e era assoc a e e
that th e J d ing b c m I kn w if mith h ll iv t b d ly
e or o
mith
. .

rea e o a
mk d f c tiv m nd mu T h i d ing th ugh p l g ph ic lly
s s : so . es o s s s r e a ,

i e ar sa ar o s rea o a aeo ra
mi/m) mu t h w v b d i
a e e e r a
p ibl (C n w migh t ily b
. e. .
,

oss e s u d es eas e rea as s s o e er e s

mi d in v i w f th c nt xt S c d ly th ading f th J c ib i
.
,

sse e o e o e . e on , e re o e . s r e s
p o ss essed f c n id b l v lu a il l u t ting th e
o o s e ra t o w h ic h c pyi t f
e a e s s ra e rr ors o s s o

t h t tim w a li bl e T h u in w iting mi th f
e re a e uw h d f his, r s or s n e rea s i t o

ig in l f m
. s
a Int 3 ( d) (v) se e u f i t ( In t ro 3( d) ( v) () nd or ro
m
or or . see . 1 a

p( = w) f h I nt or 3 (
d )(v ) ( )
see nd l w l d g ro f th.e s e p i ili ti a a a o e e o os s es
is o f g t h l p in l uc id ting th t x t (f ll 7 6 3 1 3 2 2 1 2 56
rea e e a e e o . .
, , ,

1 21 3 . T h 1 2 th c ntu y n t nl y d p t d th e e r o o a o e e

l l g ical int p t ti n f S c i p tu
e r re al b t d by th F th f th e a ora e a
x l t d th ymb li l
o o r re e ers o
Ch u c h (f O m
a
ul umB t i
e or e
o y r but th y l es ar e a so e a e e s o ca
p inc ipl int n ul timt xpl n ti n f th Univ
r .
, ,

e o a F an cc unt f
a e e a a o o e erse or a o o
H ug d S t V ic t D S m ti Chi t i n d i Al nu d
r .

uc h w k or s as o e or , e a cra e n s r s a ae e a s e
f th ym b l i mund ly ing th ch it tu
s ,

I n uli s A nti l ud i
s, u nd c a an s , a o e s o s er e ar ec re

nd cul ptu f th t p i d H 0 T yl T h M d i l Mind a er o a eva

ch n m
a s re o se e . . or , e e , 11 .

xxv xxv

m O E h m) hu nd y c f uth t (l
. .

1 21 5 r a G p in t e a
l g l t mf
. re . .
- -
cr . es . . o s

ut th t b t h x p a i n w
o e th utc y
r e ss o i d in p u uit f
s ere e a er s or e o r ra se rs o
mu d
o
th i f A ll w h h d th hu nd y h d t j in in t h
a e or r e rer . o e ar e e- a -
cr a o o e
p u uit ( P ll c k nd M itl nd H i t f E g L w
rs see o o a c f 11 1 26 4a a , s . o n . a , II . . .
,

1 683 .
1 04 T he Ow l and t e h Nigh ti ngale C
()
O fte formin mu e ch e l e iw it t e ,
A

ri md 1 w [
,

w e l so -
o ro]
b i ch si t t e :

i ch is e o bat sumw reched e M ' '

a/
w an
7 ir

1 220 is m ann e ne h inno hichg r e d e :

i ch b i dd e bat me n b e on iw ar[ r] e 5?a c

,

an h abb e g o d e r e e d e s 3ar [ r ] e 1 0 0$
( .

F or A l fr e d s e i d e a wis w o r d
e u ch m
,

on h it s ch uld e l e gg e on h o r d :

1 225

3e f bu isihst [ e r] he be o icu m e,

h
is st r e nc e [ ] b is hi mw el ne h 3 a

An g re t e du nt e s be ob be l ass e b lows
m ik pb mid iw
,
w
,

3e f e e arne ssej q i keg w ol pi

. 2 42 31 .

an
[ ]o sc hal t owar d mi gg ng s e, M I Sc af H

)
1 2 30 3e f bu isihst hu e o of stren g e ; x
v)

for b u mi3t bl e nc he w el

1 eo ,

3if bu isihst h eo

m b
to e t ee n
y
m i
u

ll in i
b f [ ] d i
r
P at e ni n w t ( a eo a e e e,

w i s h l h e m h is
c a t w i t ? e sor a e

1 2 35 D b i ch is hi h r mbiu
a eo s a ore ,

n mb hit n 3t f m b u[ ]
e co e o o e ar o re

D hbu is b t umbl in d mn
.

a eo a s o ,

b n
atann e rih t ne w e i ne co n

t o bare d i ch e h is d w eole
,

3 &
r
m
m
a )

1 2 40 an fal le
b and b ar on e sulie [ 6 ],
bec a , m e; ac8 d
1 21 8 . 1 22 1 i w ar t e
. . 1 2 2 2 gar te . . 1 2 2 5 er o itte d
. m .

1 226 . 1 2 2 9 eo, se e
. not e . 1 2 3 3 od w i t . . 1 2 3 7 a ruar e . .

1 2 3 9 f ulied . . 1 2 40 s ul ied . .

1 221 . C
i w arr e ( iw ar t e, J . c
aw are , m
autio us F or s i ilar
. .

c b
s ri al e rr ors o f t w ritten f or cf J
1 1 2 2 2 , al so 1 1 1 1 06 , 1 2 60
cm
. . . . .

1 2 25 Trans

If h b bf
t ou se e st [ tro u l e ] e ore it p v
e s, i t is d e ri ed o f
P mIII
o
m m m c f Ic P
. .

al f c
ost all i ts or e

F or si il ar se nti e nts el r over b 27,
n m l in f y m
oe ,
md)
. . . .

a an e e
-

(F w di f
s r var a ore arn e s o re ar e .

1 2 29 30 A p g f c n id bl d ifcul ty W t k d u t (und t d
assa e o o s era e a es n es e rs oo
f m1 1 2 2 7 ) th ubj c t f h l nd t n l t And [ d unt i
-
. . .

ro as e s e o eo sc a a ra s a es es, e
bl w ] h ll y t w d mi f ing if th u t h w [ th y] y f mth e
. . .

o s s a o ar s s ar o see s o e ro
p t f mth w k w d ll ip i f [ th y] in
,

th i

t ing
s r B ut a ar ro e a ar e s s o e s
th e d ing f n mpl d unt wi th g vb h l ;
. ,

i nt p t ti n i nv l v
e r re a o o es rea o a o es a s sc a
f m mbig uity
. . . .

w h il th c nn c ti n f
e obl w w ith
e o t ing i n tf
o o s a s r

ro a
th n m f
e s o ree .

G th f d
e re ore rea s l
( 1 2 2 9) = eo w) hl o e , arro as e o o sc a
m t b q uit pl u ibl f
. . . .

And t h i s see s o K ny n
e 584) e a s e: or , as e o XI I
p int ut inc c h c ib w c pying f m M S th t in diff nt p t
.

o s o ,
s e ea s r e as o ro a . a ere ar s
had b th o nd (f 0 O E a ) i t i n t u p i ing t h t
e0 or ?)
. . e0 , s o s r r s a o e
1 06 T he Owl and t he Nigh ting ale O
()
w ene st b b h i
u, ch al a iseo ,

hi for m e be rabere h ep ?
b at t
A I sw o hit fare b b i m i ne wi tte :
hw anne i ch on in e bow e si t t e m ,

ichwo t t is eo sw ibe briht e

"
1 2 45
sum me m en kume [ b] h armbarriht e .

Sch al he bat ber of nobing no t ,

h i t wi t e me for ichhit w o t ?
,

Sch al be h is m is h ap wi te m e ,

for i ch amwis u r e b an e he ?
'

1 2 50

Hw anne ichis e o bat sumw re ched e

is manne ne h inohi ch g re d e ,

an hi dd e inohbat h i h eoms ch i ld e
,

for t owar d h e o m is [ h ar munm

,

ild e ] .

1 2 55 A h bahi ch g re d e lud e an st i ll e ,

al h i t itid b u r [ h ] G o d e s wi ll e .

Hwi w ulleb m en o f m e h i m ene ,

ahichm id s o be h e o aw e ne ?
b
P ahichh i war ni a1 bat se r
nis h eo m ber fore h are mno be ner :
,

1 2 60

ahich h e o msin g e for ich w old e F l o . 2 42 r . co l . 2 .

at h i w el und erst ond e s ch uld e

b
sum se l e h e o m is i be n d e
b a t un b ,

h wan i ch m in huing t o h e oms e n d e .

1 265 Naueb no m an none sike rh ed e

'
at h e ne ma i wene t a d r e d e
b
b at s u munhw at e n e h
[ ] himb e o ,

ahh e c onn e h i t is eo
b ne .

Forbi s e i d e A l fre d sw ibe w el ,

1 2 70 and h is w o r d e w as G od d sp el ,

1 2 46 . ku ed m 1 2 54 h
. ar un i ld e . m m o mitt d e . 1 2 56 .

1 2 6 4 huing , n al tered
. 0

to . 1 2 67 .

1 2 46 m
en = d at sg T som e mn

W

rans . on
c c m
. . . a .

l ud e an stille = either l oud and l ow ( ) or und er all ir u

1 2 55 . .

stan es

c (S tr B r)
m C J m f mJ
-
.

1 2 56 j r h ( nr, o its) T he of w ord ro o m ission

sug g est s th e
c mm m c b
. . . . .

h
t at the re ad ing o f the o on orig inal w as urt F or si il ar s ri al con h .

f b
usion etw ee n han d ntro 3 ( s ee I
d ) () (a
) . v .
()
J T he Ow l and the Night inga le 1 07

W e nest u, i se o b hic a1a ,

P at h i t for m e be rabe r heo ?

A l so hit fare b hi [ m] in e wi tt e :
Danne ic on m y n e howe si tt e ,

I c w ot i i se o sw ibe briht e
"
1 2 45

P at su m me men cumeb h armbarrihte .

S al he bar he now iht no t

Hit wi t e m
, ,

e vor ic h it w o t ?
Sal be h is m y sh a
p yw t e n m e

V or ic amwis u r e ban he ?
,

1 2 50

H w anne ic i se o bat sumwreche d e

Is m ann e n ey h ino uhic g r ed e , ,

t hi dd e inouhbat h i h e o ms ch i ld e
"

V or tow ard h eo mi s h ar mvnm

,

y ld e .

1 2 55 Ac bahic g r e d e lud e and s t i ll e ,

A l iw urb G od e s wi ll e .

Hwi w ulleb m en of m e m ene

m
,

D a h ic id s o b e h eo a w e n e ?

Dahic h i warn y a1 bat yer

N is h eombarvore [ h are m
,

1 2 60 ] b e n e r :

A c i ch sin g e vor i ch w old e

P er h i w el vnd erst ond e schold e
pat sumvnse l h eomis i be n d e
Hwen 1 c m om
,

y n h u n
y g t o h e s en d e

mn n ik h d
.

1 2 65 Naue b o o s er e e

t h e n my wene t d r d

Pa e a a e e

Pa s t um nh p n ihh imb v a e e o,

P ahhe ne cunn e hit is e o .

For bi sey d e Alur ed sw ibe w e l,

t h is w o r d w as G od spe l

1 2 70 ,

1 243 . M in e. 1 2 60 . a te m .

1 2 60 . ha re m(J . a te m) c ib l c
, s r a onf usion b e tw een t and 7 , see Int ro .
3
d) (
( a)
v) (
W
.

1 2 64 St soi ng , song , S tr h
o ing S tr B r trans
cl mu
. . r . . . .
-
. :

a o r

hue r to cry o ut ) of . Mod E ng
hue and cry

W
wi th b ing w h i g imit tiv f th e w l y
- -
. . .
, , .

c nn c t th e w o rd

J n i h) W d my w ith 3; w itt v y much l ik

o e s oo , oo n , a e o o s cr .

1 2 6 7 n h(C e e rea s a r en er e

g f th i t md i t t x t w
. . . . .
,

Th d ub tl
'

do tt d t
e . e re n o t in f e n er e a e e as o ess ne error or
ra
c k f th
o igi n l e orn t 1 1 2 56
a N t l 0 u hw t J nh p
, see o e . . o e a so . n a e, . v a .
1 08 T he Ow l a nd the Nightinga le C
()
b at

hm
e uer e uc an
be be t h im h eo , ,

e aue r
be be t he h in e he se o : lO F

ahr

ru st e no m on t o h is w e ole H
ne t

sw i e
b b ahh ,
e h abb e ue o
w M

N is [ n o u t ] so hot bat hit nacole b ,

V t . ne n0 3t so hw it bat hit ne sole b

i
,

ne no3t so l e o f bat h i t ne alobeb t) c

O M I in a l e l ,
i

n e no3t so g l ad bat h it ne aw robe b: ye a rr 1 *

ac e auer e e u[ c] hb in g bat e ch e nis e 6 M a) ,

1 2 80 g n sch al i al bis w orld e s bl is
a o
r
.

N u bu m
,

i3t w i t e re ad liche f c a d
y ,

s eke st id lich e: w h oI i 9k
b at e auer e
bu p g e

for al bat bu m e s e is t for s ch e m e

e se olue h i t t urne b t o g r om
,

e u er e h
b a s F .

1 2 85 G o so h i t g o at ech e fe n g e b0 V ?
all e st m
,

f id b in e abe n e sw e n e ;
4 9K
b u g r ;
a1 s is fo r m e t o sch e nd e x e r uo c lx
b b
a t u e t
p
hit is m i w urschip e at ban e n d e b o a u '
r

W B u t e bu will e bet aginne

. o

n, ,

n e sh alt u b u t e sch am

1 2 90 e iw inne .

D e ni3t ing a1 e sat t si 3t e s i

c

as t ful w e l m
,

i hohful W

cw x x i3te ,

,

for be h ul e sw o isp eke had d e ,

an h i r e s p ech e ew o ilad d e or d d '

hl 2 42 v .
i
i
o . . col .

1 2 95 He o w as ho [ h] ful t e r e d e d ,
" v

bwe t he o barafte r h i r e s e d e .

1 2 7 6 n n w ith t w itt n b v
. o 1 2 79r uh e a o e . .
-
e .

1 2 95 . hof ul or howf ul .

1 271 Tv ym
rans b
L e t e er c an , the

e t ter h is on di tion be , all ore th e m
c f y k to h m f C f P
. .

are ull l oo H
e, e bet

f
i sel ro v of . end ing . e be t . e b a
by se : P r ov of Alf r ed ne i l ef u nouh t to f el e - upp e e see at owe
m
.

Ca to 2 1 8 , 1 8 , Cu f uer i s f elix , quae sunt ad versa caveto

Cf P
.

1 2 73 4
-
. ro v of A lf r ed
.
(1 81 .

Yf bu seol uer and g old 3 ef st and
w e l d e st in bi s w orld to
ne uer vp on e or e
b w l onk b u ny w urbe
-
.

Th p
1 2 7 5 82
-
. p c
is as sag e i s an ad a tation of ertain L at E ng senten e s -
. c
f by
ound th e b ck A c
Z up itz a at a bf e lf ri s G l ossar y (

se e n ote 1 T he .

c
se nte n es f
are as oll o w s :

( m
i) A rd or f r ig esci t , ni tor squal es ci t , a or a bo l esci t , l ax o btenebr escit .

H a t acolad , hw i t a so lad , l eof a ladad , l eoht a dy strad (

ad )

MS
m
. .

(ii) S enescunt o nia , qua e aet erna non sunt .

E gh w aat f or ea ld ad , se s e ece ne by d

m m
.

Cf . al so O E R h .
y e S ong , l 6 7 , S ear oh
. w i t sal ad , sa ur h a t co l ad

-

cf
1 2 7 6 sol e, not e
suli ed , see 1 1 2 40
m ph h is c c w i th
. . . .

1 2 85- 6 T he. eta or ere onne ted wrestling , 1 1 7 95 cf . . .

1 10 T he Ow l a nd t e h Nigh tingale ()
O

ah b h eo h i r
neo e l es e und e rst od

Wat ! he o s e id e h ul e art u wod ?

.

m
, ,

b 3 p
u c ol es t o f seollic he w isd o e,

1 3 00 b u nust e st w ane ne h e be co e m ,

b u t e h i t o f w icche cre ft e we re
paro f bu w recche m
.

[ ] b
os t e s k e r e

m m
, ,

if
3 b u w ul t a o n g a nn e b[ e o] :
obe r m os t o f l on d e eo
bu .

1 305 F or all e be o bat [ b] ero f c u b e

he o u e r e ifurn o f p r e s te s m
,

u be
a mn a se t : s w uc hbu art 3e t t e ,
b u W ie cch e crafte n e auer -
ne l e te .

I ch be se i d e n u lut e l e re ,

1 31 0 an
bu aske d est 3e f ichw e r e
a -
m to p
bise e re reost ihod e d .

A h b mn in g i s e e s so ibrod e d ,

b h no a
p reost a l on d e n e r e -
,

a w r e cch e ne obe les bu w e r e :

1 31 5 for eauer e uchch i l [ d ] be cle ope b ful e ,

an e uer e uchm an a w re cch e h ul e .

'
I ch h abbe i be r d 1 sob hit is
mt b
, ,

b m on e o s t orr e wis
eo we l -

inno[ h] o f w ucche b i ng e ku m
,

[b ] wi at
t e e ,

1 32 0 so
bu s e i st
b[ e ] is iw une .

1 3 00 nus test , a lt d f mmere i3 t t 1 3 02 m t

ro es os e. 1 3 03 boe
mg wl t
. . . . .

1 3 05 . w er 1 3 06 n u d l t d . ere , e e e : ar . a er . 1 31 5 . chil .

1 31 9 . an : inno or innoy . 1 320 .

at .

1 2 97 . b h h h f k h h cf
hir e nnd erstod : e t o ug t erse l , t o o

t oug t , hi und er stod
.

l 951
. p . c k p c
I n the resent instan e the d at hire has ta e n the la e of h i .

c f no te 1 7 04
v m
. . .

C . J
1 3 00 nustest ( nus tes t o er i 3 test , see . I nus t es t ), note 78 . . .

1 3 02 s kere c.
z p fy c f

l e an se , uri , p fy W
O S w shef ra (uri ( G l oss ) . . .

. .

c c it h
onne ts w it O E scr an ( h
for scer an ,
. xp
. B ut t is oes n ot e l ain
sk e en th e
and v if q v v v c
O E e ui ale nt w ere seeran its d eri ati e skere
. . ould
/

hym w i th
no t r e w ere c c h h
F or the onne tion of t is w ord sker e w it N E . .

h M
d ial s heer and w it S cer eorsd ay ( y Th y f = aund ursd a ) ound in J ud as , the
s ee E Bj m W
.

E hb
ol d est o f th e ng l is all ad s , ork an , S cand ina vian L oan o r d s in
.

ME I . .H
1 2 5 ( all e ,
.

1 3 05 8 T ran s h who
k in ch c f
F or al l t ose c
w e re s ill e d w it ra t w ere urse d
m h th e p
-
. .

of o l dby the o ut h
of h h v
riest : as t ou art stil l , f or t ou
( ) as t ne er
forsaken w itch c f ra t

f m
.

T he or l ete ( h ch h
l 1 3 08)= p t 2 v l te , w i t us g i e s a reg ul ar
hym on
.

h
.

r e [5 ] w i t 3 ()
e t t e < O E g i eta . . .

1 3 09 T ra sn t o th ee j no w h h

1 said cc
ust h
[ t at t ou w ert a ursed ] : and t ou
mck y I
. .

d id st ask in o b een
e r if p
had cf ordained as riest ,

11 1 1 69 ff 1 1 7 7 if . . . .
()
J The Owl and t e h Nigh tinga le 1 1 1

Ac b no e l es h i re vnd e rstod he o .

Hw at ! h eo s ey d e vle art u w od ?

m
, ,

Pu y p e l e st o f s e lli c he w isd o e

D u nust est hw e nn e h i t be c om
,

1 300 e ,

B u te hit o f w icchecraft e w e re .

P e ro f bu w recche m os t
b e s k e re

I f bu wi l t am
,

o ng m
,

ann e beo :

O be r bu m ost o f l on d e e o .

1 305 V o r all e beo bat be rof c u be

He o w e re n ifurn o f p r e ste s m
,

u be
Am anse d : s u ch [ bu] ar t ye t t e .

O i i :
i i

1 0
b e se yd e nv lute l e re ,

1 31 0 1 bu aske d est if i ch we re
A byse -
m t p are o re o st e ihod ed . F ol . 238 v . col . 1 .

A c be a s mn yng is
so ibr od e d ,

D au h no preost a l on d e ne r e -
,

A w re cche nabe les bu w e re :

1 31 5 F or e uerichch i [ l ] d be cle pe d e ful e
hm
,

1 e uer ic an a w re cche vle .

I ch h abb e ibe rd 1 sob hit is
De m on m
, ,

o t b eo w e l st urre wis -

1 w i t e ino hof hw iche b ing e c u m

,

e .

1 3 20 S o bu seyst bat i s iw une .

1 3 07 u m itt d . 1 3 08 l in omitt d 1 31 5
e hid
. . e o e . . c .

1 31 5 hi ld ( 0 hi l J hi d ) th e d f c tiv d ing f b th M SS p int t e re a o

in th int md i t t x t th w i th 0 d ing mig h t p ibly h v
. c . c , . c , e e s o o . o
er a e rea a e
bee n c ct f md d i l hi l q u t d in no te 1 1 1 1 5
error e e e : o er se e . o ss
o o a c o e
f th m t b c u
o rre e
p g in th e p m N ith f th
.
, . .
, . .

1 3 1 7 20 On . e o e os o s re assa es oe . e er o e
M SS giv . l n w h il th e int p t ti n h ith t
e s re a se se , ff d ll f an
e e r re a o s er o o ere are a o
un t i f c t y kin d
sa s a St
or ugg t t f (1 d i n hr f i ns es s a or an an no

m
o or
T h mn
mu t b w ll t w i w h kn o w (i ) n ug h f th c ming f uch m
. . .

(l . h e in t i b f i w n (l 1 3 2 0) nd t n l t
se r s n e ore a e . a ra s a es :

e a

y t (i ) th at is thy c u t m W on th e o th e r h nd t in th
s e e s ar se o s c e o o e o o s .

th u

as o sa s s c s o . .
, a , re a s e
C d ing t k i n
re a i
a es b w l h t ) t m e an th h id d
n o nno o e s, e ar o

e en

Th m m
. , ,

u c f th ing in t l

r e o n t n l t (
s, a u t b wi ra nd
s a es :

an e se s ar- ore a
kn w q ui t w ll f mw h t thi g c m th u y t w h t (
so e s
o e e ro th t w i h)
a n s o e , as o sa es , a a c
is u u l (in th g ul c u f
a e re nd k ar w th h dd o u c
rse o a no e n so r e

f mw hi c h th ing ( u c ) c m
s or e i

ro th u y t w h t is in th e c u f
so r e o es , as o sa es ,
a o rse o

n tu
a re
t t mnt f

m
.

B ut as a s a e g n l t uth (f l 1 3 1 7
e I h v h a d nd t u
o a e era r o . .
,

a e e r a r e
it i s no on e f th i t p t ti n b d c ib d o c h nt ese n e r re a ons ca e es r e as o e re :

a nd t b t in n some munt f m d ti n i n
o o a se se B th MSS i ta o o e en a o s e ces o
l m t x c tl y in th i
.
,

w ill b no ed t a ree a din g t th b c u ity a e r rea a r

d y x i ti g in th i t md i t t x t
e g os e s, s e o s
f m
,

d ub tl
o e ss arose l ro e rro rs a rea e s n e n er e a e e .

(1 ) I n th e t p l c th g n l n f
rs t h p a e,
g q u i t h t e e e ra se se o e as sa e re res a
 1 12 T he Ow l and t e h Nigh ti ng ale O
()
Hw at canst u, w r e cche b in g ,
of s t orre ,

bu t eb b at u biha[ u] est hi feorre ?

Alsw o d e b m ani d or 1 m

an ,

e o of [ sw ucche ] naw i h
b t n e con

On ap e m
.

1 32 5 ai a boc bih [ ]
o l d e ,

an le ue s w e n d en 1 e ft fold e :
ac he ne con b e be t b aruor e

o f cle rkes l o re t op ne mr o e . F ol . 2 42 v . col . 2 .

Dab bu is eo be st e orr e alsw o [ ]

e m
,

1 3 30 nart u b wis u r e ne auer e

b o .

A h 3et bu ful e bin g m e ch ist

rim
, , ,

an w e l lich m e at wis t
g e

i chsin g e b i ma nne h u se
b a t ,

an t each e w if b r e k e s use
p .

1 3 35 D u l i e s t iwis bu ful e bin g !

b[ u r h ] m
,

e nas ne auer isch e nd s usin

p g .

A h sob hit is ichsin g e 1 g re d e
ai r e m

ar laue dies be o 1 f ai d e ;
b b

1 sob hit is of luu e i ch sin g e :
1 340 for g od w if m ai i[ n] sp u ein g

1 32 2 bi ha i test 1 324 hsw ucche 1 32 5 bi ha ld e 1 32 9 al ew a

c lin mitt d
. . . . . . . .

1 33 6 .
i , ro ss e o e . 1 3 40 . .

l 1 3 1 9 h ul d be in
. mw y d c iptiv f mn (1
s o sod St ugg ti n
e a es r e o o . an r .

s s es o
t o rea d t i n pl c f at th b g i ing f th l in p v id
a e o cl u t o th
an a e e nn o e e ro es a e
l uti n T h mnd ti n i p l
e
so o g p h ic l l y
e e ey T h c ib f th int
a o s a aeo ra a e as
md i t t x t my w ll h v w itt n t (C n) in mi t k f n bb vi t d
. . e s r e o e er
"
e a e e a e a e r e a s a e or a a re a e

t f th iginal v i n w ith w h ic h th e ym
.

il y b e c nf u d
'
a o e or b l t w uld
ers o e as o
d ing i nn m mnd d t
, s o o se .

(2 ) S c nd l y th C e o u t und ub t d ly b e rea o s o e e e
im
. e e o
wh( c f J in h) l . Int . 3 (d)( v) (
o : see a so ro . a

(3 ) T h n g in w ith g d to 1 1 320
e a a nd J S i t ( J y t) re ar a o a se s se s
t oo th g n l n f th p g q ui n mnd ti n
, . . .

t i i w un l
th e ggg f in pl c f t I n b thC nd J it w ill b n tic d
a s e ere e e e ra se se o e assa e re re s a e e a o ,

i
v z re a l o e a e o a a o
th c nt c t d f m f t pp
o e e
bb vi ti n my il y hav
. . .

nd th i
,

e o ra e or o a a ears , a s a re a a eas
b ee n w itt n in th int mdi t t xt by mi t k f ig in l
o e
r e e er e a e e s a e or o r a e
mnd d w ul d mt b c h nt nd t t in
.

H nc th p g e e e assa e , as e e e ,
o se e o e o ere a o
w ith th c nt x t nd i t w ul d un f ll w I h v h d nd t u it i
: a

m
e o e o r as o o s: a e ear a r e s,
c ming mu t b e wi in
,

( )
t h t t h a w h l l y k w w h t th i g
e an o rea no s a n s are o s se
T h hym i
,

t
s ar l -
th u y t i t u (i u u l ) f th
ore : as o sa e s wi s r e e s a o ee

e r e s - s

. . .

(1 1 3
. 1 7 8) i p b b l y c ct inc th v w l in is w l ng th n d in O E
s ro a orr e s e e o e as e e e . .

b f n l c n n nt ( S i v
e ore a o C f l i i (1 1 1 6 3 5 i w i
so a see e ers . a so s r s . s s

(1 1 1 7 45
C nd J bi h i t t) V i u ugg ti n h v b n md
.

1 322 bi h u t ( a es a a es ar o s s es o s a e ee a e
mnd d t biw i t t
. . . .

w ith g d t th i b cu d ing f th MSS S t

t o w tch ) W t in d bi h it t w h ich h xpl in d
re ar o s o s re rea o e . r . e e e o a es
w it a er , a : re a e a es e e a e as
t p m
.
,

d u t o n l g y w i th O E b h ht < O E b hd t
e a a o i th t n . . e e . . e an , o ro se , rea e
"

cf b hy ht M l Od G ugg t d c nn c ti n w ith O E b hd t t
(
. e e e, or a e, . s es e a o e o . . e es

i u p l a g p h ic al di m
= th u d t

w h il K ny n
os 586) p p d to
ub titut b h ld t a f minv l ving
o e e o x11 . ro o se
s s e e a es , ul ti
or Of o se r o s a e o ra c e s.
 1 14 T he Owl a nd the Nightingale
h ir e 0 3e ne w e r e m
be t l uuie n um ,

h
w y 'Q ban e aw e [ r] h i re cope ne re ; h
8 wey
an m ai d e m ai l uu e ch e ose a
o 0 01 , r 0 0:

at h i r e w urbsch i e ne forle o se
b p
an luuie m
,

1 3 45 id riht e luu e
ban e be sch al heon h i re buue b

S w iche luu e i ch i tach e 1 l e re
a1 m
,

b e r o f be o
b in e i be r e

P ahsumw if beo o f nesche m

.

od e 0 9 1
for w u m m[ e ] n beob of soft e hlod e
,

1 350

e o b ar hs u m
,

i t
at h e s ott e s l or e w
b ,

e u w a
b e 3e orn e bit 1 sike
c

b s o re
l 1
7 959

mis[ r] emp e 1 mis d o sumne s t u n d e 3 M )

,
1 0
0 8
,

s ch al i ch baruore beon ibund e ? h o u\ t

3if wi m me n luuie b unre de S

3
1 3 55

m m md
,

[ ]
w it e st u e h o r e is d e d e ? b l a e

3e f w im mon bencheb lu nie d e rn e Secre t L) -

m
,

[ ] m i i h m i ne s n g s w r n 1 9h

Wummon mai pleie u nd er clobe (g unme n

e a c o e e e .

?
,

1 36 0 w e ber he o wi l e w el be w robe : urq n x

ai d o bi m
,

1 he o m

in e son g e ,

hw aber he o w ul e w el be w rong e F l 2 43 l 1 , . o . r . co . ;

F or n i s a w orld e bin g so g od

ai d o sumu n g o d
,

at n e m
b
m
,

1 365 if m e h it w ul e t u r n e a is C ON T
3 .

F or g old 1 se oluer g od h it is :
ar m
,

an no el es
b id b m i t
b u 3
W
u
?
ON
v
O y d u fsp u sb r u c h e b u gg e n 1 u n r ij t l

Wepne beob god e g rib to hald e zku r) { Ma 9

o t
u

ahneo el es arm id h m e n acw ald e K di l l

1 3 70 b b e eo
b e

1 3 42 a wet 1 3 50 w u mmn o 1 3 53 te p e or re p e :m m m g t pp ar s e e

mg u
- -
. . . . . . .

1 3 56 hw i tes ta
. 1 3 58 . . ne ne . 1 3 6 6 F or d el e te d
. . ar . e er e .

1 3 50 mmn (C w mmn J
wu e Th J a d ing o e re a

m
. . .
.
,

(i. th
e e.
p l u f ) i q ui
. d h by t
orh p 1 v b b F cc
s re i n l c ib l re ere e . . eo . or o as o a s r a
c nf u i n b t w nd N pi O E G l een 0 a e see a er , asses , x x x r
m m
o s o e
1 353 m m
. . .

i p ( C i t
sr e p J e a t y T h is s e e, s ra

ere a
m gin l d ing in C (in l t h nd )= mi t pp f m d pt d by S t
. . . .

d W St
ar a re a a er a ss e e, a or a o e

d G ) f m m
. .

ugg ti n (d p t d by W i p is h w v

an r . r . e s es o a o e . an . o sre e o e er
()
J T he Ow l and the Nigh tinga le
B e t luuye n h i re o w e w e r e ,

Dan on o be r h i re c0 pine re ;
ay d e m
,

1 m

a luu e obe c s e
y
P at h i r e t re vschipe ne fo rle ose
t l uuye m
,

id riht e luu e
"
1 345

D an e bat s ch al h i re be o b ou e .

S uyche luu e ic t heche 1 l e re
pero f beob a1 m
,

y n e i l e re F ol 2 38 v . col . 2 .

mw if b f n y md
. .

Daub su eo o e ss e o e,

1 350 V or wymmn b b f s ft hl d e oo o o e o e,

t h
P a e o vor summ s tt s l r
e ,
o e o e

P e yorne bit and syke b so re

Misny m e 1 m i sd o s u m
,

e st u n d e ,

Sc hal ic bar vore be o ibund e ?

1 3 55 Ye f w y mm en luuye b for vnre d e ,

W ite st u me beore my d s ed e ?
mmn b n h b luuy d rn
I f wy o e c e e e e,

N
[ ] m iemy n s n g s w ran c e o e e e

Wymmn my pl y nd l b
y .

o a e e v er c o e,

1 3 60 H w e be r heo wi l e w el b e w robe :
my d m
,

1 h eo a o bi [ ] y n s n g e o e,

Hw e be r h eo wi l e ,
w el b e w rong e .

V or ny s a- w orld e b in g gso od ,

P at ne my d a o su m vn od
g
m e h i t wi l e t u rn e am
,

1 365 If ys .

V or g old 1 se ol uer g od hit is :
1 nabe le s barm m
,

d
y bu y ht

S p usbruche bu gg e 1 vnryht
W
.

e ne be o g od e g r i b t o h old e :
p b
1 nabe les barm

1 370 y d b eo
b m en a q old e

1 3 58 . Ne ne . 1 361 . M yn e . 1 370 . aq

id
.

p bably c c t c f mi m g C and J l th in tanc

Int 3 (d ) (
ro o rre sr e F ie f t or o er s es o
w itt n by m
.
, . .

w a p bab ly d u
.

i tak f s e v)
or r seeTh ro e error s ro e
t o th c i b f th int md iat t x t f t J c ib n t und tand ing
r e .

e s r e o e er e e e or e s r e, o e rs
mi t m h ub titut d an nti l y d i nt f m vi m i ym
.
,

as s s re sn e

T h C f m ff d
s e p e, e e ere or ,
z . .

1 3 56 w i t tu (
. C hwi t tu J
es . es , . e . or a or s
a n th in t n f
s a i b l c nfu i n be t w ee n h nd w ) (f l
ce o scr a th a o
c t d h im l f in tim but f g t t ma k th i i n
o er o s o . . e
sc rib ce o rre e se e or o o r e e s o .

8 2
 T he Owl and t e h N ig h tinga le C
()
W
1 1 6
r
W I

a3e ine s ri ht [ an] fal e l ndo e,

h i b e r eb an h o nd e avr
b b ar e oue s y
Alsw a hit is b i m i ne s on g e
ahh eo be o g od m e h i ne m W m
,

ai i
sfo ng e b i o n31
b 1
,

an d r ah e h i ne t o so t h 9 1

1 37 5 e de ,
o

an t o o b r e uue le d e d e

A h [ schal t u] w re cch luu e t el e ?5 1m m

.

' 9 1 w )
B o w u ch h o ho vig hluu e is fe l e o u 1 5 t

m mm
,

W
bitw eone w e p on t w i
"
ane

ah3e f h eo is at broid e b e nn e

l

W?
1 3 80 S , r,

he is 0
1
(
l 1 forbr od e e Cd
un e .

h eombe h ol i rod e w urbe

h u b
a l e e ri h t e i ku n d e e w o for bre id e
b ! C OW U P
"
-

W [ u ] n d e r hit is bat he o naw e d e b 1 018 0 1 0 9

.
0 5

1 3 85 An sw o heo d ob for h eo beob w od e ,

i t r e b u te n e st g o t o b r od e
wr e
b b
Wummon is of m
.

e s ch e esch e
(
,
A
an e sche s [ lu st ] is s t r on g t o cw e sse : U r
t h ou
g h
ni s w u n d e r n an bahh e ab i d e Q NNTQS
F o r esche s lu s t e s h i m
.

ake sl i d e l
1 3 90
b ( i

@m
v , e

n e be o
b h e o now t all e fo r l o r e ,

in
ba t s t u m p e
b a t b e e sc he s m o r e : 0 1 9 ~ d

for m on i w um mon haue b misd o

b a t ar is [ t ] o
p of
b e sl o m i t Q .
-

1 3 95 N e be ob now t ones all e sunne ag

for b an h i be ob t w e ire kunne : F l 2 43 l 2 o . r . co . .

b i d w i th i d l t d

1 37 1 . 1 . 1 377 h l tu 1 381 f . sc a . . or ro e e e e .

1 3 84 . w ind er . 1 3 88 . lustes . 1 3 94 . a r ts .

1 371 C Jan ( t, P b by
of )
"
h ro a l ano t e r e rro r i n th e inte r e d iate m
m
. . .

x c p by th e C c b
te t , o ied by
s ri e and c b od ied the s ri e o f of l 1 1 95 J
hm
. . . .

1 372 hi :
Wpt e
As h f
oint s o ut , h i ere re ers w ep ne (l and to
m be
. . . .

theph rase bered an h p

ond e ust inte r re te d l ite rall : o w e er th e y cf h v
mb
.

l ater id io t o cc
ere on h and =
a use

.

1 3 7 8 B o w uchh h ch v w i e er it be ,

i e all l o e natural (ure) v is p
W G h
. o . . .

cc A ord ing to and t is w o rd i s onne ted w it ea ch, c c h

m c c
. .

ech . T he v
o re is h v v
orre t d eri atio n o w e e r g i e n in S tr B r , viz < O E .
-
. . . .

g eh ch c f
wi lc (
ea ), J
w i l ch, ni che al so
. vy ch( l . .

. note s p
1 3 80 enne S ee add ition al
.
, 2 02 .

1 3 81 C w i th
f or br od e ( f or broid e J i d e le te d , f or broyd e) T he read ing s o f
m
. . .

b h MSS p to in th e hym w i th
.

ot o int
. e rror x
the inte r ed iate te t , f or r e
q th e
r od e [ 5] re uires f or br od e : h v c c error i s o w e e r orre te d in C .

C J
1 3 88 l as t ( and h ch
l us tes) S tr read s l us t w i g i e s the e tte r read ing v b
th e m
. . . . .

bc f
e ause of th cf
e oll o w ing i s ( sg ) ( al so the sg pro h e 1 1 3 89 and o f
. .
) o re . . .
1 18 T he Owl and t e h Nigh ting ale C
()
su m
[ ] r i t f b h lu s t , a s o e e sc es e

a n um f b g st s u st o e os e c e

m
.

P
ar h d h b n t d u
e scnn ra e e o r e sse ,

1 400 an t o [ w rouehe d e] 1 t o g olne sse ,

e g os t m isd e
b b u r ch n i be an o n d e
b
1 se o bbe m id m e of [ m
,

urh onn e s h o n d e ]

b ,

1 3 97 . s un . 1 400 w n h d 1 402 mnn h d . ro c e e. . o es on e .

to th S v n D dl y S in in th i p g ( I nt 8 p l xx ii) H p int ut
ea s s assa e see ro e o s o
d ivid d in cc d nc w ith th md i v l cl
e e e .
, . .

th t th sins
a e are ic t i n int
e a or a e e e e a ass a o o
sins f th h nd i f th pi it (1 1 1 3 97 th e f m b i g d c ib d
, ,

o e es a s ns o e s r . or er e n es r e

i f u th
n d t il in l l 1 3 99 1 400 th l tt
r er e a in 1 1 1 401 6 A t th id nti
.
-
, e a er .
-
. s o e e

tica f th on o p ctiv in f th e m t l t p
e re s e t no g t d ii ul ty
e s s, ve o

a e as re sen rea c .

T hu d u s ( l 1 3 99) t nd f
r nnesse Glutt ny G l g ln (l 1 400) f
. s a s or o or a a : o esse . or
L ch y L u u i ni n nd (l 1 401 ) f W th I g f t
er or x r a : e a o e or ra or ra : eo ne a er

m 1 m (1 1 403) f Av ic or A i ti w h il md in (l 1 405) p
e .

or e o re . or ar e va r a: e o esse . re re

nt P id S up bi
Wi th g d t th m ore bvi u d ing th e C f md unn (l 1 3 99)
se s r e or er a .

re ar o e o o s rea s, . or r esse .

h bee n t in d ( in W ) in p f nc t J d u k n
as re a e as (d pt d by S t ) re ere e o r n e e sse a o e r.
inc th k() my w ll h v b n d opp d as th mdi l f th
. .

a cn n t a e a an s
I n 1 1 403 th C f m
s e e e e ee r e e e o re e o so

( c f w li g l
. r as n e, .
g n( J w n w mnd d . e . or eo e . an e as e e e
n by S t W nd G but K ny n ig h tly d f d t e C d ing
,

t 3
o eor e r .
, . a . e o r e en s . re a as

g iving g d s e ns e ( c f g ni 1
oo w ll pictu qu t uc h ch ct i tic
. e e, . as e as a re s e o ara er s
o f th p t ty l
e nd th e C
oe

s di g hs th f b n t in d I n
e : a

. re a n as ere ore ee re a e .

1 1 405 on th
. th,
h nd C h u e o bvi u c ib l er f ahh , . e ,
r are o o s s r a errors or e

(W p f hy) nd u h( n t t o l 1 2 6 7
m d ifcul ty K ny n
re ers e a r see o es
mini g S in w h ich p
. .
,

Of th tw e o re t th a n s rese n ra er ore e o
kil f ul mnd ti n f l 1 402 B th C
,

d t ct d on e f t
e e e a er a s nd J d h e e a o o o a re a ere

f m n h nd w h ic h giv no s e ns e a t l l K ny n th f
. . . .

o o n es o e p p dt es a e o e re ore ro ose o
d f mn m p vi u
.

h nd ug g ti g th t th f h nd in
re a o on e s o e, s es n a e s o s o e so e re o s
c py h d been c w d d on t o th p c d ing w d w ing t o th e l gth f th e
o

a ro e e re e or o en o
li nd h d th u l d b th th C
ne , a a d J c ib t y
s T h li
e o e an s r e s as ra e n e , as
m d d w uld th f un mid mu h f mnn h nd
. . .

e en e o w i th j y t
e re ore r : r e o o e s o e

o a
h m n bvi u f c t E nvy I id ia
z
,

n th
.

a o er s s a e a o o s re e re n e o or nv
m en s h mc f
.

th in t c f E vy p ting J y t th

F or o er s an e s o n re rese n o a o er ar .

Ch u P n T l 490 T h c d p c f n y i j y f th
a a rso

s a e,

on v e o e o oo
m ann e s h m l R m f R 1 1
. : e se e s e e o e s er

ar a so o o ose ,
N thy g my so mc h hi (
, . .

i E nvy ) pl
o n a o r . e . e se

[ A ] w h n h s ee th d i m tu s a s e sco re
Up n y w t hy mn f ll o on or a a e .

Al P Pl w B v 91 2
so o
I n tt m pti g to id ntify th e mining Si i S l th A id i K ny n
. . . . .

a e n e re a n, . s . o or cc a, e o
i ls ucc ful H is i cl i d t o c pt ith f th d i g f th
ess s ess . e n ne a ce ne er o e re a n s o e
t xt
e nd ind s: d n e i th e r 0 w n h d
a ee , w ick d )n . ro c e e e ne ss

or
J w l n kh d o e n w ll
e upp l y p ib l d i g H th f ca e s a oss e rea n e e re ore
no t int d i g t o mk c mpl t l i t f th
. .

s ugg t t h t es s th ut h a

e a or , en n a e a e
S i mitt d S l th l di ti c tl y a i f th h
o e e s o
ns , o e o nd h g
as t
e ss s n s n o e es a e oe s on o
a dd t h t if w e c pt J w l khd
a th ig ina
ac e l di g th p t my on e e as or re a n
e oe a
h v int nd d t f m g th i f th h t L u u i in it three
. e ,

a e e e o re er a on e s ns o e es o x r a s
m i f t ti an d u (
es a k )n wl
on s :kh d g l r B ut th i is no t l t
n e esse, on e e, o nesse

s a o

f th e f m
.

g th e ti f c t y i t w uld b e u p i i g t o d th a t
er sa s a or : il i o r s n n one o a ar
D dl y S in w mitt d f m uc h n cc u t And in imi g t n ew
s r
ea s as o e ro s a a n a n a a
l uti n w e m us t t t f mth
o
um
.

so o pti th t in w hd (w l nkhd )
s ar ro e ass on a r onc e o e e
tt m
e
w h v tw
e a e pt t c p yi g th u f mil
o a e b d ly w itt n f m f th e
s a o n n a ar or a o
i t md i t t x t
e -
r e or
d th t cc d ing t o th c ib l p ctic th C c ib ~
n er e a e e , an a , a or e s r a ra es, e . s r e
 ()
J T he Owl and t e h Nigh ting ale 1 1 9

Su m ris t f y lu st
a o e ss e s e,

um f b g t s c u s t

1 s o e os e e

y d hb n m t
.

P ar e s ra v en o d runke nesse ,

1 400 1 to [ w roue he d e ] 1 to g olnesse
D e g os t m
,

ysd o
b b u r h n yb a n d on d e

1 se bbe m m m
,

y d [ ] u re h be o f [ o n n e s h on d e ] ,

1 400 . w l nkhd o 1 402 Mu h ; mnn h d

e e . . re e o ss on e .

has md t p d uci g th J ib t mndi ng th e d ing f th t

ai e a re ro n e sc r a a
int md i t t x t
e e rea a
f th f mw n hd th t w ill b f und th
, .
, o
er eI t i th a e e s ere ore e or ro c e e a e o e
f guid t o th d ing f th ig in l nd i t my w ll be th t in w ri t ing
.

sa e r e e rea o e or a a a a
t h t f m th c ib f th i t md i t t x t h d c nf u d n w ith u
, e
a or e s r e o nd e n er e a e e a o se a
v) ()) nd th t th f m f th igin l w in
.
,

wi th
,

c ( In t e 3 () (
d see ro . e a a e or o e or a as
rea l ity w u h d ro e e e

i t i im
.

In ki g t c nn c t th is w d w i th S l th
see n o A id i
o p t nt in
e or o or a, or a
th e t pl c to mmb th t in th Middl Ag f int p t ti n w
cc s
rs a e re e er a e e es a re e er re a o as
g i v n t o th e D d ly S in
e nd th t c h f th S in w d ivid d i t mny
ea s, a a ea o o se s as e n o a
v y i g ubd ivi i n nd b nch
ar n s c h f w h ic h
s o cc i n mig h t t nd
s a ra es , ea o , on o as o s a
t h t p t ic ul J L L w C h u nd t h S n D d ly Sin
,

f a Si ar ar n a
Public ti n f M d ng A c f Am ic N w S i
or se e . . o es , cer a e eve ea s,
a o s o o N 2 a sso o er a, e e r e s x x III o
T h u Sl thin th e A 3 nbit f I nwi t c v d S l ckn T imid ity
. . . . .
,

pp 243 . s o e e o o ere a e ss , ,

T nd n Id l
e er H vin F g tfuln W in S w D p i
e ss , e ness, ea ess , or e ess , ear ess ; orro es a r
th th ing b id th t th md i v l c nn t ti n f S l th w
,

a nd es a e a
mthing v y d iff t f mth t f t d y w h en it m ning h b n
o er s es : so e e o o a o o o as
so e ren ro a a ea
lim
e er o o- s as ee
T h i t nd ncy it migh t b
,

it d t e l z in ind l co

nd uc h l ik
a ess , o en e

a s e. s e e e
i n ti tuti C n bi um t d
,

n t d w
o e l dy p nt in C
as a rea i n D re se t ass a

m md ii l ib i
s e s s oe o or e oc o

p i n ip l ium i ti
, e
r c a v f th or u l y 5th c ntu y w h e r e re e s, r XI I o e ear e r
si e t d ium c d i ( H 0 T yl
.
,

ace di i d n d
a s i t e e as

anx e as v ae or s se e a
mth ing f th e m int
. . or,
C l i l H i t g f M id A g p
ass ca er a nd e o es , a so e o sa
m t o b p nt in th c u t g iv n f A id i
. . e er

p t ti n
re a e S l th in e a co n
Ch uc P n T l 6 7 87 2 8 T h f x mpl w d th t B itt
o se e s rese e o cc a or o

a er s ar so s a e, e re or e a e e n a er
is id t b m d (mth ) f ccid i
.

nd th t ccid i i

n esse sa o e oo er o er o a e a a a e s
th gw i h f t ub l d h t

d n d
e e as

e A id i
an g in i t i id ss o ro e er e cc a, a a s sa
mk th ( m ) b vy (i
.
,

a e ad th g htf ul (an i nxi u ) d w w f ul (
e i . e . sa o . e . a o s an ra e .

i i t bl ) ( th t) h d t l l thyng wi th n y ( nn y
.

rr a e

so i a c ) nd
e oo a e a c . e a . o an e a
w i th w wn (
rai i i t t i ) l
esse k n d u. e i. un nd w i th y d l
rr a on , s a ne sse , a ex c sac o , a e
n esse , nd u l u t a I t w ul d th f n pp th t n t l t f th e
s

o ere ore a e ar a o e a eas o
cc pt d m ning (i d d if w e my j udg f mC i n th e igin l nd
.

a e e ea s n ee a e ro ass a or a a
fund m t l m i g) f A id i S l t h w th t v x d nd i it bl t t
, ,

a en a ean n o a or as a a e s a e
f m
cc o e e rr a
o ind w h ic h p v nt d m f md i g d d f g d re e A d th i e a an ro o n s o oo n e ss n
f m
ee . s
s inf ul t t ind Ch uc
s a e o d c ib by th w d w w nd w wf ul a er es r es e or s ra nesse a ra

(c f Ch u C T I 6 7 7 E ll m MS w wf ul ; P tw th MS w w ; t
a es e re ra e or ro e res
m c nn cti n w ith w hd b v nd
.
. . . .
, . .

o f MSS w w ) w h ic h ug g t. ra e s es so e o e o r oue e e a o e : a
i th t c
n a w u hd i it t i n t h t ngui h
ase ro e f t ubl d h
e e t
rr a o a a s o a ro e ear or
iv t di umc d i
:
, ,

w h ic h i th Mi d dl A g

a n i t x e as s e ae t d f A id i or s n e e es s oo or cc a
or S l th T h w d w u (w w ) it migh t b d d d cc u in T h T h tl
o e or ro e ro e e a e o rs e ros e
H y g l d i hm t b w w
.
, ,

a nd t h N ig h ti g l (
e 11 3 1 n a e B . a e e a e ro e, o e e
hy e d l w
e an n t 1 1 1 09 e o e , see o e . .

C nc ning th e ig in f th w d w u h d (= w w hd c f i u l 1 52 6 ;
o er or o e or ro e e ro e e e, s e
mu t mi m d ubt S k t giv no d i v ti f
e .
, .

n
s o v, l 430) th . ere s re a n so e o . ea es er a on o
w raw w
ne sse orwf ul th ug h S t B t
ra w w w w 3 w w , o r .
-
r. n o e s ra ,
r au , ro e, ro e
w ra
3 d w w ide c c t d w ith S w d d (p v ) B ut th
ra as onne e vr e r erse ese
f m t g th w i th w u hd w ul d mt o p i t to n O E t w d y
, e . .

*
or s, o e er ro e e e, o se e o n a . . roo r -
z
for th c h ng e f O E d g to M E
a 5w in th p
e o t poem. t x t) f
.
-
. .
-
e re se n e o .

rowe . O E w ti h
l 47 8 , w ow es ( a s l 1 52 8,
) . . . ow e O
( E . . ag o n
) 00
l 1 . .
1 20 T he Owl and the Nightinga le C
()
b m r 1 m r
aft e r

m
an 3e one o e o e,

In t l hb f mi l c 1
e re ; ar o e

ore c es et : 9
0

1 405 a n s t i 3b on h [ h] b u r h
[ ] m di n e o e sse ,

an o uer hohet
bann e l ass e (11 2 3 (1 s .

S ei [ m e s co b ] 3e f
bu h i t w os t
, ,

hw e ber d e b w urse e schbe gos t ?

m
,

D u i 3t s e g g e 3e f b u w u l t , ,

at l ass e is be e sch ul t
1 41 0 b es
g :

moni man is of h is esche cle ne

at is m m m
,

o d e d e oue l i m ene ? d
b id co 01

-
.

N e s ch al non m on wi m me n bigre d e ,

a n esches lu s t e s h i re upbreid e :
1 41 5 sw uchh e m a t e [ l ] e n of
y
b at suneg e b w urse i[ n] md in o e sse .
3 x 05 e
9 9

i
[ ] e t i ch s ch uld e a luu e brin g e
3if
-

w if o b e r m ai d e h w anne i ch sing e
ichw old e wi b be m
, ,

ai d e h o ld e ,

1 42 0 if
3 b u h it c o n st ar i ht a t ho ld e : ras p
g
L u st n u i ch se gg e be hw aruore
vp t o be t opp e fr ombe m
, ,
'

ore
1 o
b
3e f m
.

ai d e l uue d ernlich l
b e S c t
y e re

mp b 1 but
,

he o falb icund e liche :

st u e
,
1 42 5 for b
a hheo su m
hw ile ple ie ,

he o
nis n ou t fe or ut of be w eie ;
h eo m ai h i r e
g uld a bwen d e escap e

i les 31
a rih

t e w e ie b u r [ h ] ch i r ch e be n d s r

-

an m ai e ft h ab be t o m ak e bo bm
,

W
i s

1 430 h i re le ofm on w i ut e s ak e
b F
ol . 2 43 v col 1
U '
. . .
,
' 9
1 407 m
0
1 405 h u e r 1 41 5 t l l n t es so e e s roke h
t roug ht op
n m
. .
.
, . .
,

o f th e t l 1 41 6 i w ith c nt c ti n f
rs . itt d
. o ra o or o e . 1 41 7 . B et .

1 42 8 .

ur .

1 403 .
3 eone ( J .
g eoni an , T he C . read ing to
p y v
g a e , aw n ) g i e s g ood sen se T he w ord o urs as goni e i n l 2 92 , and . a cc . is
s trongpc i ture s ue q te rm ch c
ara teristi of c
oe t , P s ii 1 3 I t i s t ere th e p c f xx h
y to m
. . . .

f c
ore unne e ssar e e nd i t t o
3 e0rn e (earns
) as d on e S tr and y is by W
mp t o
. .

T he J re ad ing ( w unnez stri ve s) e id entl v

re re se nt s a s ri al at te t y p c b
f m xp
.

em end h w at w as o ssi l p b y in h c
t is onne tion an un a iliar e ression ( see c
I ntro 3 (b)(
. ii) m mf
T he ore nor al or w oul d be w inne O E w inna h) m .

but w a nna n Anc Riw 2 3 8 , i s uote d qS tr B r

. . by .
-
.

1 4056 nesse : l asse, f or the r hym 1 3 70 no te

m
e see
v c mp
-
. . .

1 41 2 d eouel i ene d e il o ani on ,

deoul ene f ere ( l S tr B r cf
mII m c mp k m
. : - -
. . .
-
.

q uo te s O E H o 3 1 , i ene (o an ion) (G l ) t i n e as ad v W
v c mm y
. . . . o ss a es e . . . .

and translates a d e il o onl .
1 22 T he Ow l and t e h Nigh tinga le ()
C
an g t o h imo b i d aie s l iht e ,

a t e r s t al to bi be ost re nih te
b .

An 3u n1 ing not hw at sw uchb in g is :

h is 3u n g e blod hit d ra3e b am is ,

1 43 5 an sumsot m on h it t i b b bart o
mid alle ban bat h e mai d o .

He co mb 1 e

fare b 1 be od 1 bi[ t]

an heo bistant 1 o ue rsi [ ],
t
an bise hb i l o m 1 l ng e

o e

mi b t ch il [ d ] b hh i t mi f ng
.

1 440 Hw at a a a s o e ?
Hit nfi st e ne auer bwe t hit w as ,

for b i hit b o h t e fon d i [ b] as

wi te i w i s hw uchb eo be g ome
,

an

wi ld
at o f so e m ake om
b b t e .

1 445 Ne m ai i ch for r e o [ w ] e l e t e ,

w anne ichis e o be t o bt e ile t e

e luu e br in g [ e ] on e sun ling e
b b g ,

i ch of m u r b o h i m n e sin g e
b at 3 .

I ch [ t] each e h eo mb i m ine song e

at sw ucchluu e ne l e s t n0 3t l on g e :
1 450 b
for m i s on g lutl e bwi l e il est ,

an luu e ne d e o 3t bu t e r e s t
b n

1 43 7 bid . . 1 43 8 . ouer sid . 1 440 chi l 1 442 . . .

as w ith ,
d ot .

1 445 . r eo e . 1 447 . b r ing 1 449 d reache

. . w i th d d el e te d .

1 43 3 gunl ing ,
. cf
w r as li ng e, l 7 95 no te. . .

1 43 4 hi s : i ts
. re eren e i s h er
3 a n li n g ( 1 th e f roug c to Th h .

h p
o ut t is assag e 3 unl ing and ch i ld ( 1 1 440) oung g irl ,

1 1 1 1 5: y not e
mm c
see . .

p
an d the use o f the ne ute r oint s to the re ser atio n of O E g ra ati al p v . .

cf
g end er , O E ei ld. . .

f th e s ee App x I
m? x
1 43 7 . f or d endi ng e nd i ( a
(iv) -

C
J b
bi t ( 1 bi d ,
. b
a i d )< O E . i tt ( bid d e) T he s ri e o f t he inter e iate te t
. . .c b
p b b y wrot e
ro a l bi d ( for bi t , of l 445) und er the in ue n e o f the re e d ing . . c p c
beod , and s id ( x
f or si t) in the n e t l ine a ount o f th ran s

on cc
He hym T
cm
e r e
c mm
. .

o es and g oe s , h e o and s and e ntreat s : a s h er atte ntion an d t en he p y h

c
neg l e t s he r .

ouer si t z

n eg l e cts

S tr o ssession p
is v f m h ch m
. .

T he w ord

of d eri ed ro O E of ersi ttan , w i ean s ( 1 ) to w in , ( 2 ) to
f m
. . .

b
a stai n ro (o f L B Dc
at sup er sed er e): and , as Mr i k in u t l a tte r th e
m
. . s s g g e s s , .

p f b h er e
e aning i s re era l ep h by c h He o ints out t at su . an inte r retation p
()
a t h q c u v n b f p nt i tt k t ()
b bi t t u s i t are arall e l t o p
m
e se e e o e e s s e e r e , s a n o e r
co e p
f are, and beod bi t , and ( p ych c th
) e assag e g ains in s ol o gi al trut , c h
sm c e e at c m fc v h p
ertain stag es , neg l e t is ore ef e ti e t an e rsi ste nt atte n tion .

J
1 43 9 bi seh ( b ch c
bi selc ) v
e se e e s o urt s

F o r h a s a ri a n t o f k in
v b f m s ee no te
- -
. . .
,

e r al or s 1 1 2 91 . .

1 442 as = it
f st s) g e n sg a te r f ond i ( O E f and i an, try ) to
m
. . . .

cf
. .

c p
F or a si il ar use of art i l e as rono un are ( l . .
J
() T he Owl and t e h Nigh ti ng a le 1 23

h i m b i d ay es lyhte
1 g on t o ,

P at e r his te l on be oste r nyhte .

P at yon g l in g no t hw at s u ch b in g is :
His yon ge blod hit d rahb am ys ,

1 sumso t m an h it tyhb bar to

1 43 5

Mi d all e ban be t he m a
y d o .

He cum

1 fare b and be od abi d

e
b ,

1 h e bistarte an obe r si d ,

1 bise kb i lo m e and l on g e
Hw at m m
.

1 440 a
y b at ch i ld bah h it is fong e ?
Hit n u s t e n e u er b we t bi[ t] w as ,

V orbi hit bo uhte fon d i bas

1 wy t e iwi s hw ichb eo be g o m
,

e

Dat of be wi ld e m ake
b t om e

Ne m
.

1 445 ay ic vor r e u be l e te ,

Hw an ne ic is e o be to bt e ile t e
De luu e b rin g on [ b] e [ y ] ung ling e
pat ic of m m
,

ure h be hi n e sin g e

I o t heche h e o m bi m
.

yn e s on g e
1 450 P at s u yoh luu e ne l as t noht l ong e :
F or m y son g l u[ t l] e wi l e ile st e ,

1 luu e ne d ob noht bu t e r es t e
1 441 hi . 1 447 m (
s . md l t d ); w ung li g
. e 1 451
e e e n e . . l ude .

1 444 S ee no te 1 1 1 09 for l ate r e

. . o o f t is l ine ch h .

1 445 le te : .

re ent , p v no te
lei ta n : se e 1 1 01 8 . .

1 447 C
bri ng e ( and J b r i ng
) SG t r an d W bre ad br ing, r i ng T he
f mw i th
. . . . . . . .

op t or xp c h
e w oul d be e e te d c v b cc
ere , sin e t h e er o urs in a d e
m by th e
-
.

p c c by
e nd e nt ad j lause i ntrod u e d a re l p ro T he nal e w as o itted
m
-
. . .

c b
s ri e o f t he inter x h h hc
ed iate te t , e it er t ro ug bc
arel e ssne s s, or e ause i t
w oul d not p c v v
be rono un ed in iew o f t he ow e l i mm yf ed ia te l o l l o w ing
m
.

1 448 h i z
.

h q v
to it ,
to
e re e ui al ent to
.
not eher : see

1 1 43 4 . .

C
1 449 t eac he ( d reach w i the J
d d ele te d , in T he r
C f mis bv y c b
. . .

t he or . o s ee I
io usl a s ri al e rror f or t ( v W
ntro 3 ( d ) () and . .

G re tain r ec che w i h ch h y t e transl ate as relate

O E recesa n : but ea O E
h p m
. . . . .

5 w ould be quite irregul ar in t is oe .

1 451 2 . J ( W . C re tain s th e read ing : S tr and

. . .

G p h
ad o t t at o f J B hv ot h v p
ers ions fc y
ow e e r rese n t d i ul t F or if ( 1 ) the
f m be
. .

C q
.

or s re tain ed , i lest = p res 3 sg , but rest ( inn ) w ould re uire a nal

J f m f m
. . . .

h
e : w e reas if ( 2 ) t he s be re tain e d , r es te = inn or , but i les te as

b m
-
or . .

p res 3 9g . w oul d be a no r al
. v fc y K y
In ord er to g e t o er the d i ul t , en on
.

x11 h p C
w il e sug g esting the ad o tion o f the read in g , takes

c f m p
. .

c j c c
ba te as a o n un t ion , iles t and r est as on tra te d or s (re s He
m
.

h f
w oul d t e re ore t ransl ate F or h h v
y song laste th but a s ort w il e , and l o e
h h
d ot noug t but al ig hte th on su ch c h il d re n ( i s f h H e urt er note s .

c c f by in Ch c
.

p arall e l onstru ti o ns o f nog h t bate oll o w e d the in d ie ) au er , e x

m
. .

C T . B
21 21 :
. Th ou oo st nog h A
t el l e s but d e spe nd est ty e C T 2 6 64 : . .
1 24 T he Owl a nd the Nig h tingale (
C)

on s wuc son e ag e b
hch i ld re 1 , ,

an fal b adu n be h o t e br e b .

1 455 I chsin g e m id h e omone br0 3e ,

big inne o n he h1 e n d i 1 a3e
an l e t e [ m
,

in e ] s on g e s fall e
an lutle wi l e adu n m id all e
P at m
.

ai d e wo t h w anne ichsw ike

at luu e is m
, ,

1 46 0 b in e s on g e s i l i [ k ] e ,

for h i t nis b u t e a l ut e l bre b ,

at s o n e kum

b e
b 1 s on e
g b
e , .

P at ch i ld hi m e h i t und ers t ond ,

an h is un re d t o re d [ e ] w e n d ,
F ol . 2 43 v col .
. 2 .

1 46 5 an ise3
b w e l b i m i ne s
, on g e ,

b at du si luu e ne l as t n0 3t l on g e .

A hw e l i ch w ul e bat b u hit w i t e ,

lob m b b w iu ut hut
e eo es sc e
:

a h[ w ] if mi [ f ] m e ni m 3 ma o e e e,

1 47 0 i ch n sin g n wt h w n i ch t m
e e a a e e .

An w if ah l et e s o[ t ] t e s l ore ,

h s usin h n d s ch s or e
b a
p g e e b-
u n e
b .

W u n d er e me bung b w el s te rc 1 sto r
,

hu e ni m on so e auar for ,

1 47 5
b at [ h ] e h is h e or t e m i 3t e d riue

[ ]
t o d o h i t t o o b e r s m a nn e s win e :

for o b e r hit is o f t w amb in g e

ne m ridd e no m
,

ai an b r ing e ;
b b
at

o b ar r d is w e l abt
[ ] b e l a u e ,

1 480 o b e r asw und e 1 nis n ah t .

3e f h e is w urbful 1 abt m
,

an

n e l e no man bat wis d o[ m] can

,

, ,

1 457 . mi nes. 1 460 . i li che 1 46 4

. . r ed . 1 46 9 .
3if , o f of .

1 47 1 . sor tes . 1 47 5 e. . 1 47 6 a n 0 . . 1 47 9 .
ar
o w i th d o tted .

1 482 w i sd on . .

Wh h q v H m III
d oo tht is ueene o f l o e but w ep e thso ; and
at ouse of F a e , 546 :

Wh b k m
.

h E
at d id t is T
ol us but h e oke o ut hy s l a e t ru p e

(
se e C han S oc .

S pp
.

P ub 2 nd 44 (1 909
hym q
. . .

C J
1 460 i l i ke ( an i li ch e) cf
T he r e re uire s i l i ke ( 1 1 1 57 ,
c mm m
. . . . . .

the o to
on error i s d ue xthe inter e d iate te t
f m
.

-
. p b by to c b
1 46 3 4 T he or s stond w end are ro a l d ue -
s ri al al te ration , the
1 26 T he Owl and t e h Nig h tinga le C
()
h u re of ish i m schame
w i ue do :

for he m ai h imad r e d e gram e ,

1 485 an b at h e forl eose bat be r h on e

g b ,

b a t h i m e ft bar t o no3t ne long e

b .

An bahhe bat no3t ne ad re d e ,

hit is u

nri3t 1 g r e t so th ede

m isd on one g o d e m ann e

[ ]
t o

an h is ibed d e fromhims pann e

,

1 490 .

3ci h i re lauer d is forw urd e

an unorne a t be dd e 1 at h ord e ,

bu m i 3t e bar beo en i luu e

w anne [ a] cheorles buc h i re ley buue ?
1 495 Eu m ai
b ar e ni luu e beo

w ar sw uchm
,

an
g p b
ro e h i r e
b eo ?

H e rbi bu m i3t w e l und e rst ond e

b a t on [ is a r e u] b a t o b e r s c h on d e F l o . 2 44 r .

t o s t e l e t o o br e s m
, ,

ann e s be dd e .

1 500 F or 3if aht ma n is h i re be dd e

m m
,

bu 3 i t wene b b
a t e is t i d e ,

wanne b u l ist b i h i re si d e .

An 3e f be lauerd is a w [ re ] cche
hw uche s t e m
,

i3t ist u bar uecche ?

1 489 . an o . 1 494 . asw ac h . l e or l ey . 1 498 . his ar ea .

1 503 . w er cche .

1 483 hare S tr B r trans h ear < O E hyr an , hi eran): but the

f m h v b th e p mis
-
. . . . . . .

usual or o f t at er in oeG H c b e tte r

ihe re ( se e l oss ) en e a .

p on e m or e in k p
inte r retation and h th e c x
ee in g w i t onte t w oul d be h a re :

h ire
hyr an)an e lanation su orted
xp pp by th e xp e ressio n bug g e

buy (
1 p by W
and ad o te d xp G h v
T he e l anation o f is ow e er still
f f m
. . .

b b
ette r as e ing ree ro c pc y
al l d if ul tie s, viz h a re : es e iall (O E h ara)

m h m m th e b v h b
. . . .

T rans

. No is
an w h o w ise w ill s a e hi (i e ra e u s and ) . .

pc y h h
es e iall f
t roug his w i e

m m
.

1 485 A f c re e re n e to th h ch p hm
utilation w i w as the uni s e n t o f th an
c mm
e e

h m
.

w ho o y h
itte d ad ul te r w it anot erf P c M
an s w i e (

see ol l o k an d aitland ,
H . II
i st of E ng L aw , . 483 , .

C J
1 489 to ( an o , to), see n ote 1 1 47 6
f m
. . . . .

1 490 sp anne c e nti e

f c p
I n or the w ord = O E sp annan (aste n , las )
m m
. . . .

in q v to
eaning it is e ui al ent c
O E sp anan ( en ti e ) T he tw o w ord s
. ay .

p byh v b c f h pc y hy
.

ossi l a e ee n p
on used at t i s d ate , e s e iall as in t h e re t t e had
c f m
.

id enti al or s ( cf M E
i s sp on), c
. . c f
hyg t z
is alled , a on usion of O E
. . . . .

he ht and hatte : see al so leten ( l 1 01 8 note)

m m
. .

b
1 492 a t ed d e 1 a t bor d e , a l egal f or ul a = f ul l
. cf arital relations

( .
()
J The Ow l a nd the Night inga le 1 27

H u re of h is wi v e d o hi m sc home:

V or he my him d r d
a a e e g rame ,

1 485 1 b h e forle ose
at
b b
a t e r ho n
g b
e

P at hime ft bart o noht ne long e b

,

1 bahhe bat no uht ne adred e b ,

Hit i s vnriht 1 g re t sothed e
To my d s o one mnn
g od e a e,

fr mhims p nn

1 490 1 his ibe d d e o a e .

If h i re i s forw urbe
lo uer d

1 vnorne a t be dd e 1 a t h o rd e
Hw m
,

y h t e
bar be o e n
y luu e

H w e nn e a cherle s b uk h i re lay buue ?

Hw m
,

er e ny luu e b eo
1 495 ay
b
E war s u ch m
,

on
g p b
ro e h i r e
be o? F l o 2 39 v col 2

H e r b i bu m
. . . .

iht w el vnd e rstond e

pat on i s at ben obres schond e
T o s t e l e to obr e s m ann e s b e dd e

V or if auht m
.

1 500 an i s h i r e ibe dd e

Pu m m
,

y h t wene b b y
at e st id e ,

Hw anne bu lyst b i h ire si d e .

1 if be louer d is a w re cch e

Hw yches t e m
,

h r ve cch ?
y t e st u
ba e

a mn l t h ) H w e h v n ly u f th i llit tiv ph
e sa c o ro . ere a e a e ar se o s a e ra e rase , see
N E D bd e
1 494 A mt ic l ly f ulty l in
. . . .

C
e r d a w h h l a J h i e re a s as ac c eor es, a c er es
T h C f m w u h is p b b l y
. . . . .

e . or si ti n d u t
c c ib l
ro a th y anf nse r o e o s r a e rro r , e e e o
th c i b h vi g b
e s r e c ugh t by th w d i l 1 496
a n ee n a e or n
C l l y J l y )= O E l g (l y) f imil f m s ee 1 1 091 no t
. .

l y (
d l y Wl B ut l y is
e . e or e , . a . . a a : or s ar or s . e .

Th C e di g i d ub tful (
re a l n l y ) St
s o e or e : r rea s e e e
p f b l b c u p t f mth J d i g (l y ) th p t f mi q ui d
. . .
, .

re e ra e, e a se , a ar ro e re a n a e re or s re re
ft mi3 (l 1 493 ) pp d t th p f mg p (l
. .

w h ic h f ll w
,

a er te as o o se o e res or ro e o o s
mi (1 1 495) in th p ll l c up l t w h ic h p t th id f 1 1 1 493 4
. . .

a . e ara e o e re ea s e ea o .
-
.

1 498 C
( ) T h J c ib l t
a rea th l in
a r ea lt g th e d w it s r e a e rs e e a o e e r an r es
d i g h m
. . . .

at B ut in
en o r es . it th l t tiv
so w h ic h C p
o n e ot d s e a erna es . re se n s , an
w h ic h q ui d by th c t xt In th f ll w i g l i it w ill b tic d
are re re e on e e o o n nes , e no e
xpl in d i () gif ht m (1
.
,

th t w o l t
e t iv a e rn a es are e a ( b) 3 f
e : v z . a a an . e

la uer d i w h ( ls a W ti recc e w h ic h h t l t b re a ns a re a e rans a e s as as e

hm
. .

O E g but th is c nn t b g d d uit b l lt t iv t
. ear : a o e re ar e as a s a e a erna e o s a e

( h nd ) M v t h p l l l b t
o reo c t b weru ld b ec w d i
arac b e a s ra e o ar e, ase ness
not d mit f th i i t p t ti S t d G p b b ly igh t
sc o e . s . o
but d
ar ea oe s a o s n e r re a on . r. an . are ro a r

in rea d ing = i wa r en t
h w ) w
n sorro h ic h g iv g d
r o es oo
F mthi th m
g , re re
se nse an d uppli it b l
s lt t iv t hnd
es a su T a e a e rna e o sc o e. rans

ro s o

my t il y u d t nd th t i
.

a s eas c th i
n e rs a w in th a th n one

ase ere s so rro , e o er,
d i g c ( th
s ra e ul t) f as e re s o
1 28 T he Owl and the Nigh ti nga le C
()
1 505 3if bu bibe nchest bw o h i re oig g e ,

bu 3 m i t m id w lat e
be e s t e b u gg e

ai e ni fre o m
.

I ch no t hu m an -

for h i re se ch e n aft e r ban .

3e f he bibe ncb bi h wan he lai ,

1 51 0 al mi b luua e e g an a w ai .

De g l ad of sw uche tal e :
h ul e w as

heo bo3t e bat t e niht eg ale

eo w e l s p e k e att e fr u m
,

ahh
b e

isnum
,

badd e at be n en d e m e :

1 51 5 an s e i d e : N u ichh abbe ifund e

m aid e nes be ob o f b in e im und e :

b at
mid h eomb u bold est 1 h eombiw erest

, ,

ouer sw i e
b bu h i b e rest

P e lauedie s beob t o m
.

e iw e nd

eo h i r e m
,

1 52 0 to m e h o[ n e s e n d
] .

F or hit i t i t o ft e 1 i l om

e

at w if 1 w e r e beob unisom
,

b e:

1 ber fore be w e re g ulte
at l e of is o v e r w um m
,

on t o p ul t e
b ,

1 52 5 an spe ne b on bare a1 bat he haueb ,

an siue b bar e at n o rih

b t naue
b ,

1 52 0 md . o e.

1 506 bugg (C G t in bugg but M b c h

and S tr W and re a e: ors a
il y ugg t bi g g on cc unt f th hym
. e . .
, . .

3 ) unn c
2 e e ssar s n t es s e a o o e r e: see o e

1 1 16
mn M nti n i md in th e p m f th f ll w ing nk f
.

1 507 f rco- a e o s a e oe o e o o ra s o
ci ty k i3 t (1 1 7 68 1 087 ) f m (l b nd sm (
. .

so e : n .
, 1 nd h l r eo an . o an . a c or es

(1 1 5 0 9 6 3 2 n d l t h ug h t h w d f t
ah m os t p
a t l l y
o e or s are , or e ar oose
f uc h t m
.
, , ,

u d t h y til l
se ff d so m e v id nc
e s a t th c u or nt u g e e e as o e rre sa e o s er s
B f th C nqu t th f m b nd nd l w f mn w h till d
, .

e ore e o es , e reo a n, o a, a ceor ere ree e o e

th i e r o wn il but by 1 2 00 ll th
so : t d f t enan t s w h nd d c t in a ree s o o or o re ere er a
du es t th i f ud l l d
o e r At th e m t i m e c t in diff nc
a or s p e sa e er a ere e s are er
m m
,
.

ce p ti bl b e tew ee n t h w h so m e un t f e p c t : nd d i gn i ty iere as a o o e a s
ci t d w ith f m nd b d mn th t m h l h b c m on e f
res
asso a e r eo an a on e a e er c or as e o e o
c t mp t = b i h p nt) P ibly th f mn w t n nt w h o w
,

on e a oor s easa o ss e r eo a as a e a as
f f mf ud l vic th b nd mn t n nt (il l i ) w h nd d full
.

r ee ro e a ser e s, e o e a a e a v e n o re ere
i
S ierv ce s t o hi l d w h il th h l h d l dy d g n t d in to th f
s or , e e c or a a rea e e e ra e e ser
cl ass
b thi k h im l f
.

1 509 bi n e c Th C
ad ing is in t uc tiv h
e n s se

e re s r e ere :
i t migh t b d in th e MS
.
: . .

e rea bi n biw n bi n but J bi nk as e or e c : e

c n m bi n s ee Int 3 (d ) (v)
. e ,
e e .

o e c : ro

C md J
r s
1 52 0 mn ( c mpl int
. .

o e o Th J
e, d ing o a s

e re a
th n md (
. . . . .

s uit th c nt x t b tt
s e o e e f th e f nc i t
er a o

c mpl int c nc ning qu l b tw n h u b nd and w if (f l 1 52 2 l

e 2 or re ere e s o
o a s o er arr e s e ee s a e o . . : a so
1 30 T he Ow l and the Nigh tingale C)
(
an haueb at t o mh is ri 3t e spuse ,

w e st e 1
w ow e s ,
l e re h u s e ,

w el b u nn e isch r ud 1
[ ] iu e d w ro e
b ,

e o b ute m

1 530 an le t h e t e 1 clo be

Wan he comeb hameft t o h is wiue

.

ne d ar h e o n ogt a w or d isch ire : F ol . 2 44 1 col . 2 .

he ch i d 1 g re d sw uchh e be o w od

,

an ne bring b [ h om ] n o n o b e r g od .

1 53 5 AI bat heo d e b himis u nwi ll e

m
,

a1
b at h e o s e ke
p b h it is h i i ll e:

an o ft h w an h e o no3t n e m isd e b ,

heo haue b be fu s t i n h i re t e b .

is m e m ai ibring e
D[ ]
e r n an o n b a t n

1 540 h is w if am is mid sw ucche bin g e :

me h i re mai so o fte misbeod e ,

e o d o w ul e h i r e ah

at h e ne ne od e
b .

L G odd hit w ot ! he o nahiw e ld

a, ,

a[ h
b ] he o h in e ak i e kuke w e ld m .

1 545 F or hit
i t i t l o e o ft e m1
,

h is i f i s e l ne sch e 1 s ofte
b a t w w ,

o f fai r e bl eo 1 w el id i h t : 0 I

[ F o r ] b i h it is
b e m or e unrih t

at be h i s luu e s p ene o n b ar e
b ,

1 550 b a t nis w u r
b one o f h i r e h e ar e .

An sw ucche m e n be o el m anifol d e
b w ,

at w if n e kunne no3t ar i 3t h old e

b .

N e m o t non m on wi b h i r e sp e k e :

he ueneb he o w ul e an o n t obreke
1 555 h i re spusing 3e f he o l ok e b
m
,

ob er w i ri n e fai r e s eke
b a p b .

1 52 9 i h d . sc a1 53 4 h m . 1 53 9 c nt c ti n m k m
. eo itt d
. .
, o ra o ar o e .

1 544 .
a . 1 548 .
i .

F ml m i mtiv s ee I nt 8 p l
or re ere n ef c to the
m
a ar e o e ro .
, . xx .

1 53 2 hi nd J
i sc re C
(p k a Th i ul hy h ea

ar r e ere

m
g s e rre
m m
.

:
.

(w ui e h ) u t
i sc i re
gg d p tu sf t h ig i n l
es s a f w eh ic
arh y h v re ro e or a or a a e
b n d h n 3 t w d i hm ( H d n t c f
,

ing l


ee ne ar e o a or sc ae are o n e ss a s e
A pa t f mth im
e o
r rop v d hym th u b t i d it my b n t d th t J d
e ro e r e s o a ne a e o e a re a s

C h ) if th ubj ct f 1 1 1 53 1 1 53 2 nd 1 53 3 i n nd th m
.
,

h (
e . eo , as e s e o .
, a s o e a e sa e.
c is n t c cl u iv O cc i l n nc f und in th
,

B ut th v id en e on
p m nd th d i g f th MSS i t l bly g d n
e e o s e . as ona asso a e s are o e
oe : a e re a n o e . s a o era oo o e .

1 533 . s ee App nd ix I (d ) (i ) e v
 ()
J T he Owl and the Nig h ting a le 1 31

1 haue b ato mh is ri ch e spuse
W w
,

ow e s es t , and l e re h u se
Wl bunn
,

e e isrud 1 ived w ro e , b
1 530

1 l e t heo b ut e me te 1 clobe

Hw e nne h e cum om
.

e
b h e ft to h is w yne ,

Ne d ar he noht a w ord ischire :

He ch i d 1 gre d s u ch he b eo Wod

F l 2 40 ,
o . r . col . 1 .

1 ne bring b h orn non o be r g od
A l bat heo d ob himis vnw ille
.

1 535

A l bat h eo spe ke b hit is himi ll e

,

1 o fte hw enne he o noht ne my d s e
b ,

Heo haue b be fu st in be t h e b
e m
.

N is n om on
ba t n a
y ibr n e
y g
1 540 His w if amys m y d s u ch e b in g e :

Me h i r e m a
y so o fte msbe od e
y ,

Dat he o d o wi l e h i r e owe ne od e .

L a, G od hit w ot ! he o na hiw e ld e
Dab he o h i ne m
,

ak e cuke w e ld

m
.

1 545 F or hit ityt i l o e and o ft e ,

Dat h is w if i s neysse 1 so ft e ,

Of fayr e b l e o 1 w e l id iht :
[ F o r ] b i hit is be m o r e v nr
y h t

Dat he is [ luu e ] s pe n e on bare ,

1 550 Dat n i s w urb on o f h i re h e are

el m
.

1 s u ch e m

e n be o an fold e
b w y ,

Dat w if ne cunne ariht h o ld e .

Ne m o t no m on wi b h i r e s p e k e :

He w e ne b he o wi l e anon t obre ke
1 555 Hir e sp usyng if he o l ok e b ,

O b e r wi b manne v e yr e speke b .

1 548 i 1 549 l uu
. . mitt d . e o e .

1 543 i w eld mld J

( St ug g t th f m i w
i ld (and ea

) and m
. . e e r . s es s e or s
kukew ea l d , l B ut thC nd J ag in adi ng ( n t a ree re e o ea : ore
f mis tyml gicall y c c t f it p nt b (l ng p n
. . .

v
o er th
ul t)
e e or e o o orre or re re se s o o e
T h f mkuk w ld
-
,

5 l ngth n d b f a id
e e e a
e o re e or e e c caa
p nt popul p lling f a b w ing f mth F nch G ad J a
.

re rese s a ar s e o orro e re re s
m ly a
ro . . . s
aik w ld w h ic h h
e l ebut hi ad ing i
osses s re s ere

gh t w d a m
e ,

i ing f t h ctual J t x t
os -
or , sre o e a e .

C S
.

1 548 F (
i and J W n d G ta in t h M adi n B ut i
mt
g a re
is an bn m f m
. or . . . . re e . .

as it stands a or e or : of .
f ori (
1 . T he e re sugg e sts h
t at

9 2
1 32 T he Ow l and the Nigh tinga le ()
0

He h i r e b il u[ ]b
k m id k e ie 1 l ok e :

b u r h i s p u in g o ft e t ob r o k e
ba r s e
- .

F or 3e f he o is bart o ibroht ,

1 560 he b b
d e a t h eo n a dd e e a r ib oh t .

D ah e t bat t o sw ube hit bisp e ke ,

ahsw ucch e win e s [ h e om ] a w reke !

b
He rof be laue d ie s t o m mn e e e
b
,

an w el so e r m e ahw ene b:
w el n e hm in he ort e w ul e t ochine 1

1 56 5 ,

b won i ch bihold e h ir e p in e F .
ol . 2 44 v . col . 1 .

Mi d h e omi ch w epe sw i[ b] e sore ,

an for h e om hi dd e C ris t is ore ,

at be lauedi sone are d d e

b
1 570 an h i r e s e n d e be t er e ibe d d e .

An obe r bin g i ch m ai
be t e ll e ,

e s ch al [ t ] for bi ne fe ll e
b bu
a t n , ,

ond sw e re none bar t o nd e :

a1 s ut in
bi p g s ch al asw ind e .

1 57 5 Mon i ch apm
on 1 m on i cnih t

l uue b 1 [ bald ] h is w if ariht
an sw a d e b m oni bond e m
,

an :

at g od e w if d e b aft e r ban
b
an serue b himt o be dd e 1 t o hord e
,

1 580 mid faire d ed e 1 fai re w ord e

eo m
,

an 3cor n e fond e
b h u h u b e

d o b in g bat himb eo id u3e .

D e lauerd in t o bare [ b] eod e

fare b ut on bar e be ire n e d e ,

an is g o d e w if unbl i e
1 585 b a t b
for h ir e lauer d e s hou[ h] sibe ,

1 557 bi la
. . 1 56 2 hire . 1 56 7
. . sw i se. 1 57 2 . h
sc a ld .

1 57 6 h lad. . 1 583 eod e ,

. d otte d . 1 586 . hoa dsie .

a syll bl t th b g inning f th lin i w nting

a e a e e a and in al l p babil ity f
ro or

om itted by th c i b f th e int md i t t x t
e o e s ,

w as e s r e o er e a e e .

1 56 0 h = h (h )
. e eo s e .

1 56 1 d ht (
. J d h t) n t 1 99
a e . e ae , see o e . .

1 57 2 f .
i f llor t v thy kin
ne e e:

o sa e s .

1 57 6 h ld App nd ix I (d ) (i )
a e v
1 57 7 b nd mn s ee n t 1 1 507
.
, see
. o s a , o e . .
1 34 T he Ow l and the Nigh tingale (C)
s i t 1 s i h 5 w e l s or e
an

oong e d , O V Q TC O
4
W 9
, W
4
a n h ir e s o r e a n h o r t e g on re d : 4

al for h i r e l ouerd e s s ak e

1 590 h a u e
b d ai e s k ar e 1 ni 3 t e s w a k e

an sw ube l on g e h i r e is be bwi l e

ap e h i r e bunb a m
,

an [ e ch ] s t e i l e .

Hw anne o b re sle p e b h ire abu te ,

he i ch one lu s t ar w ibbut e
b
an wo t o f h i r e so r e m
,

1 595 od e ,

an sin g e ani3t for h i re g o d e :

an m in e g od e son g for h i re bin g e

m
,

m m i nl n
,

h u r n t o i w j
ic t e s u [ ] d e l u rn [ ]g
n e .

Of h u r e s cor be i ch be r e s u m e

m
,

1 600 r
fo a b n i ch a m h i r e w e l w e l c u e : F l 2 44 v l 2 o . . co . .

ichh i re h e l p e bwe t [ I ] m ai ,

for [ ho g e b] ban e re ht e w ai
m
.

A h bu m e hauest so r e ig r a m e d e
g e i l
eort e is w e l ne halam
,

b a t m i n h ed c f ed ,

1 605 b at i ch m a i u nn e a
b e sp e k e : S w f cd j

ah3e t i ch w ul e forbure r e k e (
5 .

Du s e is t b a t ic h a m m a nn e

an e uere uchm an is w ib m e w rob

an m
,

e m

id s to n e 1 lu gg e bre t e b s t i n k s ,

an m be er)

1 61 0 e t obu[ r] st e b 1 t o be te b bre ak ,

1 592 h . 1 598
c . m nig 1 601 i. 1 6 02 h 3
san ar e . . . o e .

1 6 07 M d w itt n o e r
. o l v ,
0 r 1 61 0 t b t
e v a, o er r . . o as e .

we h v h n a e in c py ing an
ere a du ( l wh ) t n b cu ity as e se ere o a o s r

n th c m mn ig in l T hu it w uld mth t b th c ib in te n d ed t
error o , e rror e
a a s r es o

; w h il in C th ym
1 e o o or s o se e o
T hi i p c tic ll y th J f m
.

w t h i
ri e
.

oa s e. s s b ld ra a e or e e s o
my v y w ll t nd f n inc mpl t 6 cc i n ll y in th i p t f th
. .

a er e s a or a o e e = o as o a s ar o e
c f 1 1 93 8 943 W king th f n th hy p th i f th is o es s o
c mmn d ng h i (w h ich it t nd g iv no n ) i t b c m
. .
, , or ere ore o e
o o re a i oa s e , as s a s, es se se , e o es
cl th t w e h v h er e y t th in t nc f c ib l c fu i n b tw n

e ar a a e e ano er s a e o s r a on s o e ee

a d h(
n s ee Int
r 3 (d) ( v ) nd t ho t
:
th i nt m d i t t x t r e a d h u i a a e er e a e e o s

n pl c f n l h h i
a e o
g o ri h ih h a oa w f ul nx i u sorro a o s
i s e o
th f m
g o , ,

j u n
o y n
rg
e i ths f d pt d in th p nt t e t
e or ere ore a o e e re se x .

1 588
.
ng d ( J ng )
o S t
re d g W
. o nd G ng d
re Th . r. re a s on r e , . a . o re . e
v x i p f b n th e w h l i c it uppl i

(1 )
0
ed ng
r a i d ) l o e, s n e a
p t c p l cl u p ll l t o th cl u in l 1 587 (2 ) m or e gul hym
.
p p e e , . . s re era e o s es
ar i i ia a se ara e e a se , a re ar r e
w th ng d T n d i t d t h t by h p in In t h t
.

i o o e ra s s re sse a e ar er a a
c ib l mnd ti n On th oth e r h nd it is
. .

case J ng p nt
. o re re rese s a s r a e e a o . e a ,

p bl th t C g d i in t end e d f ng (c f 1 1 586) nd th t th
o ssi
.

a on r e
igi n l hym w
e . s or o re . a a e
cf 1 1 501 2 I n th t c th e p g e
.

or a l ng d
r ng d ( e as -
o e :o re . .
-
a ase assa
w ul d
o d h is v x d (
rea v x h l f) l y t h t
: s e e e e es erse sore a ear .

 ()
J T he Ow l and t e h Nig h tingale 1 35

1 sit 1 s k
y b w el so re o on
g ed,

1h i re so re an heort e ongre b:
Al vor h i re louerd e s sak e

1 590 Haue b d ay e s k are 1 nihte s w ak e :

1 sw ibe l on g e h i r e is be bwi l e
1 vychstape h i r e binkb a [ m
,

] i l e .

H w e nne o bre sle pe b h i re abu t e ,

I ch one lu st bar w ybbute

1 wo t o f h i r e so r e m
,

1 595 od e ,

1 sin g e any ht for h i re g od e :
1 m

n g od e s on g for h i r e b in g e
y
I c t u r n e sum d e l to [ m
, ,

] u rn n
y g e

Of h u r e se orw e ic ber e s u m
.

V orban ic amh i r e w e l w e lcum

,

1 600 e:

I c h i r e h e l pe bwe t i ch m a
y ,

F or [ ho g e b] ban e riht e w ay .

1 bu m

e h aue s t s or e ig re i ne d

o rte i s n ey h ale m
,

Dat m y n h e e d
Dat ic m
,

vnn e e sp e k e :
1 605 a
y b
A c ye t ic wi l e forburre re k e .

D u seyst bat ic am m onne lob 240 v col 1

1 vi ch m
. . .
,

on is wi b m e w ro
b
1 me m
,

y d s t on e 1 lu gg e
b re t e
b ,

1 61 0 1 m e t oburst e [ b] 1 t obe t e [ b] ,

1 592 . M il e . 1 598 . Marny ng e . 1 6 02 . how e . 1 61 0 .

-
bursts , bete -
.

1 592 .

s ee m s

: of . no te 1 7 95 . .

1 602 C J ho g e ( hoje, g th Th f l d in f oe

e a se rea s o
f p c ing w h ic h x i t d in th e in t m i t
. . . .

b th M SS
o du t are e o an err or o s a e s e er a e
h v l t d w h t th y t k t b md i l g t 3
.

t xt
e T h C an d J c i b
. e . . s r es a e a ere a e oo o e e a o
and w p c tiv l y
res e
J l md ) c f O E l mi n T h C f mp int to th
e
l md (
.

1 604 a a e a e e a e or o s e
xi t nc f n w v b in M E f md f mth d j l m w h
. .
, . . .
-
e . .

e s e e o a e in J th e
er e a ereas
ml O E mut t d t i p v d ; s ee no t e 1 1 291 f th n w f
. . or e ro . a : .

n or a a e roo s re se r e er e or
mti
. . . or o
a o ns .

1 6 06 W an d G inc c tly t n l t th w d = l t orre ra s a e e or

re a e

th w d f m n O E
. . .

<O E c(f 1 S t d iv
r eccea n n w h ic h r. er a reca
but t h O E f mis
. . . . es e or ro . .

h qu i
e er e s : c d d by S w t (S tud D i t ) und e . . or re or e ee -
e . er
n g ) wh i i G is q

1 60(1 6 (
ing unt ( l ) u t d

r eca o , ere nr ca n : esse r oss . o e .

C wl d J t 0
'

Th C c ib vid ntl y c pi d
o
'

o e o e
w d f mt h f
.
, . e . s r e e
w adr

or w ing lin
ro nd ft w d l t d i t t 1 6 (

ro ar s a e re o 0

f tn t ) cf mnn t (l
e o o e a a er se e

ti ; p l
oo o e a e o
T h m n ing f thi w d is c l
.
, .

1 609 l ug g
l y h wn
ear
by th M d d ial f m I n G l u nd B f it t nd f a l ng p l f
. e : s c s, o es . e ea o s or s o
e o . . or s. o c . a et e . s a s or o o e or
1 36 T he Ow l and the Nigh tingale (
C)
an hw anne he o hab[ b] e b m e o fslah e ,

he o h o n g b
e m e on b e o r e b a b e ,

b ar i ch a s ch e w e l e
p ie a n c r o w e

fro[ m ] b an be bar is isow e

o h e om
.

1 61 5 D ab h it b e o s o
b i ch d g od , ,

a n fo r h e o m i ch [ ]
s c h a dd e m i b l od :

i ch d o h eomg od mid m i ne d eabe ,

w ar uore b is w e l unne abe e .

F or bahb u l i gg e d e ad 1 c l in g e ,

1 62 0 bi bd e nis n a w t t o none b in g e:

i ch no t ne auer t o h wan b u m i3t ,

for b u n ar t b u t e a w r e cche w i 3t .

A h bahmi lif me beo atschot e ,

e 3e t i ch m
l 9" ai d o g o d e n ot e :
v a
b
1 62 5 me m ai u p one s m al e s t i ck e

m e s ett e a w ud e ine be b ick e -

,

an sw a m ai m on t oll i h i m t o

lut le brid d e s 1 ino
m mi mid m e b ig t
,

an sw a e a e e

1 6 30 w l g d br d t o h is mt
e o e e e e e

A h b u n u r mn t o g d
.

e e o o e

liue s ne d e abe s st al ne s tod e :

1 61 1 . habe . 1 61 4 .
f ron . 1 61 6 . h
c ad d e.

kno cking ppl f mt a in B k it p nt th e p l pl c d c

es ro ree s : er s, re re se s o e a e a ross a
b ndar in H nt it i tick u d f cl th l in or h n t F m
oor : a s s a s se or a o e s- e e roo s ro

th i p im y m ning (tic k) th w d c m t o m n m u f l nd
- -
.

s r ar ea s , e or a e ea a eas re o a :
f Sp n F Q B k II x 1 1 ig h t l ug f g w nd And in D t t th
e s o ro

orse s a e
l nd i m u d by th g d
o . e ser , . . . .
, .

p t d y l ug f 1 5 f t nd n inc h

resen a a s eas re e oa or o a a
c f l B n P m 1 98
.

. a so ar es , oe s, :

An y t th i r o tt e n g un d n t ch l ug

ee s ro o re a a
F mth t w h ic h i w n th
.

1 6 1 4 T an . r s .

ro a s so ere

C h dd J
.

1 61 6 hdd ( sc a e pt 1 c d
a s, sc a an :
dy b c m w k
. . . .

in t nc
s a f n O E s tr v b w h ic h h d l
e o a er a a rea e o e ea
C inm
. . . .

1 61 8 nn ( J
n Wi nm G n W int p t inm
. a ea e . ea e or annea e, .

mm
St d r. re a s a ea e, ea e, a nea e er re s ea e

bl m
. . .

w h ic h i upp t d by J )
.

(

s s or e as error , a e, an
f i in d ee d b l m f th Th f m
.

an d t l t th l in ran s a e s wh e as

i m h w v
e ere ore s a e or ee . e or
n ea e is unu u l nm (w h ich w ul d inv lv
o e er d d iti l
s a : a ea e an a on a
t k ) w ul d b th f mn t u ll y xp c t d
e o o
I n ll p b b il ity h w v th
t f mis no t m (
s ro e o e e or a ra e e e a ro a o e er e
m ) but (O E ) inc O E 5 s
.

roo or OE ea

hym
- -
e . .
-
ea e -
a e s e . 1
(

v id d th ugh ut th p oe m (s ee App nd ix I ()
. . .

M v
b t h ug h W
r es are a o
th d v f mw l n mll y
e ro o e e 0 ore o e r
e a . or qui n d j in t d f
e or a re res a a . s ea o a s .
, o .

s
i p ibl S th t on th e w h l

re a d ing f w l = ind d o e

eenn s oss e o a o e, a ea e

(h ich cc u in l 1 605) i th f f m nd i t i f mw h ich c

.
,

w o rs s e sa e r or : a s a or are
l y w ri tt e n in th in t e rm e d ia te t x t m inm (
.
,

l ess ig h t b c p i d J h
m )
e e , e o e as ea e . a
e e .
1 38 T he Ow l and t e h Nig h tingale C)
(
i ch no t to h wan b u bre [ d ] ist bi brod ,

liues ne d e abes ne d e b hit g od . F ol . 2 45 r . col . 1 .

1 6 35 D e ni ht e g ale ih[ e ] rd e bis ,

an h u pt e uppon on b l ow e ris it ,
" new er
1" an h e rre sat ban h eo d ud e ear :

H ul e he sei d e be o n u w ear

cav t i m

n ull e i ch wi b be plaid i nam

, , ,

ore
r
1 6 40 for her be m i st b i rihte l ore : a l l x

il art m nn l b b 6 9 990;
bu 3 p b bu
e est a t a e o ,

an e ue re uchw ih t i s w ib be w [ ro] b;
l w
mid 3uling mid ig c a e
d
m

de
an e 1 re
y I W" ?C
bu w ans t w e l bat b u art unl e d e . be U
1 6 45 Du s e is t b g
at ro m e s be i fob bo
y ,
11

an h e i e on r od d e be an h ob h
ang ,

t ot w ichet 1

t oschake b, ck
lu M
b e
p P
an s umme of be sc haw les mk b a e QL M u r O

Me bunc[ b] bat b u forle ost bat gam

.

e ,

1 650 u ul
b 3 p es t o f b i r e 0 3e schame :

W M 10W
m
m e bunc[ b] bat b u m e g es t an h on d e ,
S Q Q!

bu 3 p
ul e st o f b i r e 0 3ene d s g rcc t f r

Wb ea
Do heo hadd e be o s w o r d icw e d e ,

he o sat i n ore fai r e s t ud e P l 4

9 e

araft er h i r e st e ue ne dih i < " 9 a

1 6 55 an
b t e
p (
0 ,
1 .

m

an s on g so s ch i ll e 1 so brih te ,

(br i )
hrd e anc h
1 63 3 brei st 1 635 1 6 42 w or
mm
. . . . . . .

1 6 52 . sc o h e.

1 63 3 J b
bred i st ( and C m
r ei s t
) S t d s to bred st b rE d
W
. . r e e n . . an , .

breed ); re tain s br ei st f h p c G
O E breg d an , t o d raw ort , rod u e) : re tains
h f h c mm
. . .

h ch
.

breis t w i he g l osses ( w it out urt er o p ent) as re s 2 sg o f br ed en ( to

f m f c y xp
. .

b re ed no c h v
In ase ow e er i s th e i or h hW
sat is a toril e l aine d , t oug-
.

w oul c c J x h
onne t br eist ( t e t) w it b O Frb y rair e (ra ) and trans

brayest
m
. . . .

p ch
thy s ee
h no t
B ut t is rend ering w ill d o f or C , and the e end ation of
hym
. .

th e J c b h ch c
s ri e , w i y p
in id ental l s o il s the r he , sugg ests t at he w as
th e m
.

p zz by
u l ed re ad in
the g in te rmed iat e x
o f th e tch
e t a nd so a n g e d e a n in g
o f th h p
e w ol e assag e h f mc
I t w oul d t ere ore see h o mm on
ertain t at th e c
m
.

read ingb is
reis t c py
d ue to an error of o ing in th e x to
in te r ed iate te t, viz
m
.

h ch
the o i ssion of d w i pp had a e are d in the original .

T rans I no w k h b
not w hy t ou reare st thy rood

1 6 3 5W h h hym
. .

6 it t is r e is ( cf 11 56 9 7 0

OE r is (O E kr i s)
g
. s . . . . . . .

J
1 640 e ( . S tr and Sk read
. C
re tains e
. v
T he . readi ng g i es . . .

h v v v
g ood se nse , t oug it in ol e s an unusual in ersion i n th e c senten e ord er -

trans .

f h
thy usual ski ll ail s t e e .
()
J T he Owl an d the Nigh tingale 1 39

Ic to h wan bu bre ist bi w ord

no t ,

L yues ne d e be s ne d o b h i t g od .

1 6 35 D e Nihtegale ihe rd e bis ,

h u p te V ppe on bl owe ris
1 ,

1 h e rr e sat ban e he o dud e e r :
V le he s ey d e be o nv w er

,

N ule ic wib be p layd i n am

, ,

o re ,
240 v . col . 2 .

1 640 V or he r bu m ys t bi ryht e l ore :

D[ u] ye lpe st bat bu art m onn e lo
b ,

1 e uer vichw iht is wi b be w ro b:

1 myd y ollin
g e

1 myd ig re d e

D u binchst w e l bat b u art vnled e

D u seyst bat gro m
.

e ivob
1 645 es
b ,

1 h ey e on rod e be an h o b ,

1 t ot w icch 1 o schake ,
b e e
b t b

1 summe of be
mk b sc he ules a e

M binkb b t b u f l t b t g m
.

e a or es a a e,

1 650 D u y lp t f bir owe h me es o e sc o e:

M binkb b t b u m g s t n h n d
e a e e a o e,

D u ye lpest of bin e owe schond e

.

Do he o badd e be os w o rd [ icw ed e] ,

He o sat in one fayr e s t ud e ,

1 655 1 barafte r h i re st e fne d iht e ,

1 s on g so s ch i ll e 1 so briht e ,

1 6 41 1 653 i w d
. mitt d . c e e o e .

1 644 .
i
w anst
nc hs t) C f m fm
T h e J or. pp
(un y a il ia r a a
. re n tl t o t he .

J b is
e)
sc ri c c sin e
un oubted l y o rre t , v
c q h
it g i es the s ense re uired , w ereas
mb
.

the J read ing i s a iguous at l eastW G c c y c b

an d in orre tl d e s ri e w ans t
f mis
. . . .

p r 2 sg o f w en e ( O E w n appn s u o se) : b u t t h e or re a ll y p r 2 sg
to c mp m
. . . .
z . .
,

o f w ane ( O E w d nia n, o l ain or l a e nt)

f m
. .

p b by v
.

1 648 sch J
aw les ( sch eul es ro a l a ari ant or of
m
. .

sch see no t e
eue les ( 1 to no y h ME
anal og w it . sch eaw en , sch u en . .

h
sceaw ian , to s o w
'

) th sh ow p c c b
e id e a o f a a s e ta l e
-
e ing asso
h
,

cis te d w it the w ord .

C
1 649 unc ( unch,
. J )
i n k c b c f
F o r.s ri ba l o n u sio n e tw .ee n and h .

see Int 3 (d ) (v) ()

ro a

m
. .

t ag F in f
a l ig h t ff nc
e. m ad e in th c u f pl d ing w
es or s o e o rse o ea ere so
mmn th t i t w l ik pl ying g m f f f it Al d y in th 1 2 th
es e

co o a as e a a a rea e
c ntu y a N mn b n c mp d th p c d u f th e d uk c u t to
e o or e s .

e r or a aro are o r a
b y g m ( P ll ck an d M itl nd H i t f E g L w II
o e ro e re o e s

o s a e see o o a a n a
m g t h nd = d t u nd t o m f A S Ch n 882 And
, s . o .
, .

1 651 e es an o e

os s rre o ro

im n h nd
. er e, . . . .
,

tw h a d n o a co e .
1 40 T h Ow l e and t he Nig h tinga le C)
(
b at feor 1

ne r m hit ih
e e rd e .

D ar uore a a n n to h i re c he rd e

b ru s ch e 1 b rost l e 1 w ud e w ale ,
1 6 60 an b obe g re t e 1 sm
fuhele s al e :

for ban hddrh

at h
b u ht e
b e o badd e

be h o ul e o ue rco m e u or
ba n he o
g r ad d e ,

an sung en alsw a u al e wi se ,

an bl i ss e w as am on g
b e r is e

ann e a s ch e m
.

1 66 5 Ri3t sw a m e g re d be m e

at t aue le b 1 forle ost bat g om

,

b e .

D eos h ul e bo heo bis iherd e , ,

Hauest u he o s e i d e ibanned fe r d e ?

F ol 2 45 r col 2

. . . .

m st
, ,

an w ult u, w rec he w ib e e ?
t u none m
,

1 670 N ai l nai ! naues i 3t e !

Hw at g re d e b be o bat h i d er c o me?

Me buncb bu le d est fe r d e t o m e .

3e s ch ul e wi t e ar 3e eo heonne
hw uchis be stre nbe o f m
, ,

in e kunne :
eh
T ' '
for e d b
l

b i l e ihoke d
1 6 75 aue
b ,

cliur es [ ] har
p e
s c1 w el icroke d ,
ll e heo be ob of m
a in e kunre d e ,

an w ald e co m e 3if i ch be d e .

1 670 . N n i w ith i w r i tt e n v
a a th f th o er e a o e rst w ord . 1 67 6 . h
c arp e .

ff T h i g th i g f th bi d i f c id bl lit y int t A
1 6 58 s a er n o e r s s o on s e ra e erar e re s
c n mb d y i g uch n mbl y i mw h t o mm on in md i v l p t y
. .

n e a
f bl L i p l mn d
s e e e o s a asse s so e a c e oe r .

T h c nv ti nd t b ck t l t t M i d e F nc
e o en o a es a a eas o ar e ra e s a e, ar e e s es

Oi u p
sea f i R i w h il in D P l
x or tu N tu
a re f A l nu d e I n ul i
o , e e anc a r ae o a s s s, a

h t f bi d i d p ict d n th r ob e w n by th g dd N tu ; d t
os o r s s e e o e or e o e ss a ra an o
b th f th w k Ch uc P l m t f F l w p ibly ind bt d
o o e se or s a er s

ar e en o a es as oss e e
I mny th
o .

n a pl c th bi d o int d uc d t g c th c n
er a es , f P die r s are ro e o ra e e s e e o ara se ,
th C u t f L v
e o or th p ing
r o n an d th n th y
o e, p nt d as e s r se aso : e e are re rese e
s ing ing th i mtin h u ( n t 1 1 2 6 3 2 3 T h u St B nd n
e r a s

or o rs see o es . s re a
H II 57 4) am e t th b i d p d i w h
,

in hi w sd i g ( an er n see c o

ara se ere

e
mtyn (L g nd y d H tmn
. . e r s

f w l
o u g
e es s hh n e e ere nd in
a s

e e ar , e o rs a a
D unb T h i il d t h R i (1 1 45) th bi d in M y
.
,

i t b gy

ar s r ss an e o s . e r s a are sa o e a
th i h u i (
a r c f l Cl w Cu k nd Nig hti g l l
o r s a so I n L yd g t
anvo e, c oo a n a e, a e s

D ti n f th F w l (Min P m d H lliw ll p
. .

evo o s o e o
g i n c h nt
s or oe s, e . a e , . a a , a s are
s ung by t h p p i j y p lic n nig h ting l
e l k nd d v (
o n a cf l C u t f
,
e a , a e, ar a o e . a so o r o
L ) w h il i n D u b T h i i l nd t h R i th c h u inc l ud th

o ve e n ar s
mv , m l l k nd nighting l F mth t h w v th bi d p l y
, r ss a e o s, e or s es e
a is er e , ar a a e ro e o er , e r s a
S mtim ( in O nd
rs e
th y cc l im
.
,

p c l p t in th d b t
a s e ia ar e

e a es

o e es as a e a a
i t A qu mt V inum
. .

th v ic t
e t h i is th i f unc ti n in G l i
or : di l g
s e r
(cf o o ae a o a s n er a e
c h mpi
.

1 .
El wh in F l n nd B l n he th y g u
se ere , as or e c e a a c or , e re as a on s ,
th e di put b ing d cid d t th C u t f L v by d u l f ug h t b f
s e e e e a e o r o o e a e o e ore a
c unc l f bi d by nigh ting l d p t ; w h il in Cl n w Cu k
o i o r s a a e an a arr o e a vo e s

c oo
 1 42 T he Ow l and t he Nig htinga le (
C)
D
e se ol fe coc, b at w e l can 3t e ,
m ot m id m e h o ld e m
f
"

1 680 he id ri 3t e b
,

fo r [ ho be ] w e habbe b st e ue ne b ri 3t e ,

sit t e b u n d e r w e ol cne b i n i 3t e .

Sch i ll e i ch an u t es t upp n ow g re d e ,

i ch sh al sw o st ron g e fe r d e l e d e ,

at ow e r p r[ ii ] d e s ch al aual le :
1 6 85 b
e x to m M a t ort ne 3iue i ch for o w all e !
e

ne s ch al ar h i t be o fullich e s ue , ,

a w rech e fe b e r o n ow bile aue .

A h hit w as unke r uorew ard

98 bo we c o m
,

16 e h

id erw ard ,

at we b ar t o h old e sch old e

b
omu s 3iue w o ld e
,

ar rih d
b t
Wultu n u breke forewar d ?
.

I ch wene d ombe bing [ b] t o h ar d :

1 6 95 for bu ne d arst d om e s ab i d e ,

w ult n u w r e ch e 3t e 1 ch i d e
bu , ,
.

3[ u] t i ch ow all e w old e r e d e ,

ar [ i ch ] ut h est e u
pp on ow
g r ede ,

1 6 81 . b0 e . 1 6 85 .
p road e . 1 694 .
ing . 1 6 97 .
3 ot . 1 6 98 . i hc .

1 679T h i i p b bly on e f th li t f nc t th g h ting q u li

s s ro a o e ear es re e re es o e a
f th c ck C ck ghti g r s t b c m p p ul
.

ti es o e o . o p t in th ign f
-
n e a e a o ar s or e re o
E dw d III but F it t ph n (1 1 7 4) d c ib it th e p t f ch l b y
ar : zs e e es r es as s or o s oo o s
on Sh v T u d y H t t h w th b y f th p ctiv ch l
ro e es a e s a es o

e o s o e re s e e s oo s
b ing t th i m t
.

ch on e hi ghting c ck nd th y i d ulg d ll
m (WF it t ph n
r o e r as ers e a s o a e are n e a
th m ni g w i th
-

e or ing th i c c k g h t in th c h l
n see e r o s e s oo ro o zs e e
D ip ti n bi li im Ci i t ti L d ini
-
.
,

escr o (M t i l f
ae Hi t y f
v a on ae , a er a s or
T h m B k t p 9 R ll S i
o ss s s or o
o as ec e , F
. th e ub q u nt h i t y f th
, o s er e s , or s se e s or o e
sp tor Sh k psee E g l d (O x f d
a es ear e s l II pp 43 4 11

In
n an vo
N k m D L
, or , . . . .

ec a

d i bu D i i
s e S p i nti
aa 1 1 809 11 ( R ll S i
s 1 863 )
v nae a e ae , I I . . . o s er es ,
occu vivid d c ipti f c ck ght w h ich ill u t t th f nc b v
rs a es r on o a s ra e s e a o e
Th c m
o e re ere
b t nt h ving x cit d th m lv int t t f f
-
.

e o a a s, a e e e se es o a s a e o
P ct ll id unt up d d unt i tibu i c tu
e ora co s era c s s,
it m b ll i
,

C n p t l rescuunt a or e , co cre a a a, r .

T mp d m odi o p i nt in d e umunt
e ore se c re s ra

m
re s
i t ut m l l igit i
,

Vi n res , v r e co ra ova
T unc mtu c p iti g l ti p t i m
.

o a s a ea rovoca ra
E t g tu tum it ut qu m
,

id in n es o s aev er e a s .

I n u gunt l tuqu l vi n u i tu
s r i c tu sa e
I g m mnt vi
, e co c rr r, s

p iu t j
n e u nt a res s ae s ar e va
C b J b t or ) T h c mmn
, .

1 6 81 b ( o e o e, i d u to n eo a
in p c ing in th int md i t t x t f l 1 602
. . . er .
e o o err or s e a
e rror s a e er e a e e , o . . .

1 6 82 w l n ( . J w lk O E w l w l
eo c e . ky e neTh in . . o cen , e cn s e co
i p b bly c ib v i nt f c f n l (l
,
w l eo cne s ro a as r ah( l ar a
th ug h i t my p
or 0 , . eo e es seor e
ibl y t nd f c f l li h (l
. .

o a n oss s a or a e, . seo c e .
()
J T he Ow l a mt th Nig h ting ale e 1 43

De c o k pat w e l ca n vihte
se ol ue

He m o t md me h o l de w i
, ,

rih
1 6 80 y p t e ,

V or [ hope ] w e habb e st e fn e brihte ,

t sit t e p vnd e r w e l kne b i nyhte

"
.

S c hu ll e ic u p eu o n vtes t g rede ,

I c h s c hal sw o s tron ge ve rde l ede ,

1 6 85 pat o u re p r ude s c ha l aualle ;

A to rd n e ye ue ic for e n all e !
Ne s c h al a r h i t be o fullicheue , ,

A w re cche vepere o n eu bile ue .

A h h i t w e s vnke r uore w ard ,

1 6 90 Do w e c ome n hyd e rw ard ,

P at w e par t0 h ol de n scho ld e ,

P ar riht d o m v s ye ue w o l de
Wultu nv breke fore ward ?
.

I c w e n e d o m pe pinkp t o ha rd .

1 6 95 V or pu ne da rs t d ome s abyd e
P u wi l t m
,

v w rech e h
'
te 1 c h i de , , .

Ye t i c h eu w o l de a ll e rede ,

Ar i c h uthe st vp eu g rede ,

1 6 81 . beo at .

1 6 83 pre s pt l g f h l J rea d s c hul l

hi l le = schul le ( 1 442 ) cf sc a
th e f rmad p ted by G
. sc . . . o . s . o . . s e
o o .

ut h t < O E ut h
es E u tc ry (c f O E hd t n) th e n l t i s e x c re scen t a
. . s: o . . . a : a , s
in O E t al n gsi d e O E
c as u (d i p u te) c f Ch u C T A 2 01 2 uth a ees
T h t e c h ni ca l t rmf ut h t w
o c c s o
hut i mt c l mr
.
. . . .
, . . . .
, .

e e or an d th e u tc ry w as
es as es u e a o o
ra ised n d is c v e ri n g tha t a crim had b een c mm i tted T h e n igh b ur
o o e o . e o s
w e re r e quire d t turn ut w i th th e b w a rr w s an d k n ive s tha t t y

o o o s, o e
w e re b un d t k e p an d be sid e s muc h s h u ti n g th e re w u ld be h
,

o o e : o o o
b l wing In f c t th e hu nd c ry w uld be h rne d fr m vill t v ill
o .

a e a - -
o o

o o
p ibly th e pr per c ry w uld b e Out ! ut ! (s ee P ll ck an d Mai tl an d
o ss o o

o o o ,

Hi t f E ng L w 57 8
s . o . a , II .

1 685 p rud ( . C p ud J p rud ) O E p gt p gd (pr i d e) T h e 0 rea d in g

e . ro e, . e . . r , r . .

is p r b bly d u e t
o a c rib l e rr r a s th e n (v ry rar e t th is d t but f
o a s a o o e a a e, o
h ul 1 1 6 6 2 ) w uld p i n t t a n d j f rm(
.

o e, . o i O E p i d ) w h e re a s a h (
o vi o a . o . e . . . rz s . z .

p rid is c l r ly r quir d by th e n
e ea e e se se .

1 6 87 f l l i h u
. K ny na c e c e 591 ) p i n t s ut tha t th e d a m a t i c
. e o I II. o o r
a c ti n c rr p nd c l ly w it th e n tur l fac t s H s tate s th t th e p
o o es o s ose a a a

a
r ac h f mrni g w ith th e nd f th e d b t is d l ic t ly i d ic t d b y
. e
o o o n e o e a e e a e n a e
1 1 6 3 5 6 a n d 1 6 55 w h r th th e r b ird (f th d y) g a th e r b ut a t th e
.
-
.
, e e e o s o e a a o
rs t ign f th e d w n an d b gi n t in g T h e Ow l r e ma rk (11 1 6 87 8) is
s o a e o s . s .
-

add re sse d t th e se d y b ird a t th e v ry b g inni g f th e d y

o a -
s e e n o a .

de e,r e fe rs t th e v i g f th e ppr c h i g d y T h en th e p e t i magine s

o e en n o a oa n a . o
th e h use w ren ttr c t d by th e c h ru f w d b ird a n d g i ng 1 1 7 1 7 )
i bid s
o as a a e o s o oo s as o
f th e c n te s t w h en m rn in g i mr f ull y c m e
- -
.

t th e c n
o s e e o o o s o e o .

1 697 3 C
( 3. t J 1 T.h e C o di ,n g i p ba . 1 y a c r ib l . rea s ro s a
e rr r f u
o or th u gh d cc i n l ly cc ur f u S ee A ppend i I () (iii)
o r e, o 0 oes o as o a o or . x 0 .
1 44 T he Ow l and the Nig h ting ale O
()
b o w
ate r ht lac le t e b b e o ,

1 7 00 an g inne b r abe aw e i e o .

F or, b i be
b i c h b
cliurese r e at ,

3 e f 3e a b id e
b m in e he r e F l 2 45 ,
o . v col
. . 1

3 e s c hu l e o n o be r wis e sin ge ,

an acursi all e 3ting e :

v o r nis of o w non s o ke n e ,

at du rr e ab i de m in e onse ne
b .

e o s hu l e s p a c w e l b ald e lich
D e ,

for bah he o nad d e sw o hw atliche

ifare a fte r h ir e he r e ,

1 71 0 he o w al de neo beles 3e fe answ e re

i l m i d w ch e w o rde
b 3 g
e n t e a e s u c .

F or m oni ma n m i d sp eres o r de
haue b lut le st rencbe t m i d h is [ s ] c he l de
"
, ,

ah ne obele s in one fe l de ,

1 71 5 bu/rhb e l de w orde an m i d ilet e ,

deb h is iuo for arehbe sw ete .

De w ranne fo r he o c ube sin ge ,

bar c o m in bar e more 3en[ i] ng e

,

t o hel p e bar e ni3teg ale :

1 720 for bahhe o badde st e uene s ma l e ,

he o b adde go de b[ ro] te t s c h ill e "

,

an fal e mann e s on g a w i ll e .

De wranne w a s w e l wis ihold e ,

v or be; he o n e re ibred a w o l de -

h o w as i t0 3e n am on g m
,

1 725 an [ k] enne ,

an h ire wisdo m broht e be nn e :

he o m i3te speke b w ar he o w al de ,

t o n o re be k in g bah he o schold e .

1 71 1 N w par agrap h in MS 1 71 3 h ld 1 71 8 m 3 m g 1 721 e or e e1 e o r te

1 7 2 4 T h is li n i i n s e r te d a t th e f t f th e c l um
. e . . c e . . . . .

e s afte r
n ( oo o o
1 725 m
.

nn . ann e e .

c J
1 7 03 s hule ( sch ulle) h
s al l s ee n te 1 1 1 33

c n tra ry s en se p in t s a c mmn
. .
; o . .

1 71 1 New par agrap h b th

in o MS S o to to
w h i c h fr mth e e rr r m h v been a c py W
.
, o . o o
r
o iginal , ,
o o , ust a e o ( ) .

1 7 1 5 beld e < O E bal d w i th l en g h ene d b f r

t ea e o e l d in L O E
m m c h a fte r p
. . . . . .

1 721 2 Necka ( D e Na t Reru , 1 1 7 8) g th a t th e g ulu

e x l ainin re s

m v m si e m en ti n s l
. . . .

c rr
w as al so al l ed p a a on acc u n t
o of i t s d i
. inuti e (p a/r ) z , o a so
th e inging quali tie s i t p
s o sse sses
in th e w d l nd T h e m ni g f th e p g i s
.

1 7 24 w ld
. a -
o e : oo a . ea n o assa e z
1 46 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting a le O
()

L ust e b, b l ateb
me he o
s p eke cw a ,

.

1 7 30 Hw at ! w ulle 3e b is p e s t obreke ,

an d o bann e [ k in ge] sw uchs c h e me ?

3e [ t ] nis he no uber ded ne l ame .

H u nke s chal itid e har m t schond e

t
,

3 e f 3 e d o
bg b
r i br uch e o n h is l o n de .

L ateb be o t be ob is o me

1 7 35 , ,

an fare b riht t o o [ w ] e r d ome F l 2 45 v , o . . col . 2 .

an l a teb d o mb is p l a i d t obre ke ,

a1 sw o h i t w a e rur bisp eke s .

I c h an w e l cw aiS be ni3te gale

, ,

1 7 40 ah wre nn e n aw t for b ire tal e

, , ,

ah d o for m ir e lahfulne sse .

Ic h n ol de bat unriht fulne sse

me at be n e n de ouerkome :
i c h n am o fdrad o f n on e d ome .

1 7 45 B i bot e i c h habb e sob hit is , ,

bat M ais te r N i c h ol e bat is wis , ,

bit ux e n v s deme s c hu l [ l ] e ,

an 3e [ t ] i c h w e n e bat he w u l e .

A h [ w ] ar m
,
iht e w e h in e nd e ?

1 7 50 D e w ranne sat in o r e l in de ; l
1 73 1 .
b a nn wu h
e s 1 732 3 c . 1 7 36 br 1 7 47 c huld. e. . o e . . s e.
1 7 48 .
3 ef . 1 7 49 .
bar .

in th e d eb ate a t th is s ta ge quit i n k ee p i n g w i th md i v l n t i n s are e e e a o o

cc rding t w h ic h th e wr en th ug h th e mll t f b i rd s h ad b een e l e c te d
, ,

a o o s a es o
k in g by th e r t f i t s kind T h e t ra d i t i n w a s w id ly p r d i t is c mmn
o , ,

ea

G rm y a n d N r w y
o : o o
a nd a t ry lm t
es o . e s

t Sc tl an d I r e l an d F r nc
o o , , a e, e an o a : s o a os
i d en t i ca l (w i th th e l i nne t in th pl c f h n u r ) wa s c urr nt a m n g th e e a e o o o e o
tr i be s f N rth Amric T h e v ry n m f th w ren in th e va ri us l an gu age s
o o e a e a e o e o
b r w i tne ss t th is tr d i ti n f B mM
.

ea s o R i t l t Z unkiinig
a The o : o . a aK os, o e e , a .

trad i ti n run th at n n cc a si n th b ird m e t t c h s e a k i n g T h e

o s o o e o o e s o oo .

t i tl e w t b given t th e b i r d th t w th e h i gh e s t w h ere up n th e w ren

as o e o a e : o
c n c e al e d it l f und r th e w i g f th e eagl e an d th u s hare d in h e r i ght
Wh en th e gl h ad munt d ab ve ll th th er bird s h e p r c ee de d t
o se e n o s .

ea e o e o a o o
c l imh e r pr mi d r ew ard b u t th e w ren s ta rti ng f r mi ts p l ac e f c nc l
e o s
a se
m t imp ud ntly w n t th e h ead f th e e agl e nd b l d l y c l imd th a t
o : , o o o ea
en e e o o a
s h e h d w n H c l imw a s a ll we d a n d th e ea gl e i re v enge s na t c h e d up
, o a o e
a o . er a o : n
th l ittl b i rd w w i th i t t a d izz y h ig h t a n d l e t it f ll A s a r e su lt
e e , e o it e a .
,
so
w as s aid th e w ren l t pa r t f i t s t il ; w h i l e a cc rd in g t a n th e r t ry i ts
, os o a , o o o s o ,

w ing w s ai d t be b d ly d am aged th a t it h a s ne ve r si n c e been ab l e t y

as o so a o
h ig h r th an a h a w th rn b u h (c f 1
,

e o s . .

T h e t rad i t i n i l l ud d t by Ari t tl w h en h e d e s cr i be s th e w r n
o s a e o s o e e as
d w w kiu
r o nd b y P l iny i n th e p
os : a g D i id nt quil t t r hi lu i assa e ss e a a c oc s, s
 ()
J Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting a le 1 47

h me s peke


L uste b eo
, q b
ue l e te
b ,

.

1 7 30 H w at ! wi ll e y e bis pays t obre ke

1 d o ba nn e [ k in ge ] s u c h schom
,

e?

Ye t n ys he o no uber ded ne l ome .

H u nke sc ha l ityd e harm t schond e

I f w e d ob g rybbr uche o n his l on de .

L e t e b be o i beob is o me

r
1 7 35 , ,

1 fare b riht to cure d o me
t le te b d omb is p layd tobre ke
,

"
,

A l so h i t w e s e ru re bispe ke .

I c h vnne w e l que b be Niht eg ale

,

,

1 7 40

A h w e nn e n o u b t fo r bin e t al e
,
r , ,

A c d o myr e lauhfulne sse .

I c n o l de bat vnriht fulne sse

M e at be n e nde [ ouerco m e] :

I c n am o fd re d o f n o n e d ome

.

1 7 45 B i b o te ic habb e s o b h i t is , ,

pat M ays te r N i c h o l e bat is wis , ,

B it w ihe n [ u s ] deme s c hu ll e ,

t y et ic w en e bat he w ulle
"

A h [ w ] ar m
.

y ht e w e h in e f nd e ?
y F

ol . 2 41 v . co l . 1 .

1 7 50 De wr e nn e sat in h o re l yn de :
1 731 .
b a nne suc h . 1 7 43 . mu e o er co m e. 1 7 47 . eu de m e. 1 7 49 .
ar .

cred i mu qu mm mp p ll tu i um(Hi t N t
s, o
'

a re aT h e re i a furth r
e a r av s a x s e
ma maw p w xn m)
. . .

a ll u i n i n P l utar c h R i p ubli c
s o g nd p pt (

s e ae ere ae raece a a a a
p 806 e w h e r e th t ry i asc ri b e d t Ae s p th ugh a P r f r E B n ly
e s o s o o o s o e sso e
t w h mI amin d b t d f
.
, , , . s

( o o t h i r e f e r en ce ) p int e ut th f a b l e i n t in th
or s o s o e s o
c ll c ti n by B l m(e d
e , e
o e o a .

1 731 hing Ne i th e r f th M8 8 h th i r e ad i n g but S t r S k W a n d

. e. o e . as s : .
, .
, .

G ll agree in in se rt in g i t I t i re qui re d (1 ) t p r v d e a n an te c ed en t f h
a s o o i or e
2 ) t im
. .

( 1 .
( pr v th m e tre a nd w p r bably m i tte d f r m the in te r
o o e e : as o o o
m ed ia te MS
p ibl all usi n h ere 4 p xxx viii n t e 2
.

1 7 32 F I n tr
m(t u tw ) T h d u l f rmi
. or o ss e o , se e o .
, .
, o .

1 7 3 3 hunk ( C and
. e . a : o s o . e a o s
h e re u d i n a l se sen s e t s t an d f th e s pe ak e r nd th add re ssed G
o ose o or a ose .

g d r ea d i n g
.

t k
a es hunk < O E y n e y u tw w h i c h giv e o o

es a oo :
m ubtful
. .

but th e f rm yn o e see s o
1 7 3 4 g ib u h th l g l t rmf
.

. r r c b reac h f th k i ng s p ac At
e z e e a e or

o e

e e .

o n t i m e th k i n g s p e a c e t ti n w n t un iv r

l b u t part ic ul r i t
o r ) ro ec as e sa a :
w a s n t f ll mn f ll pl c A nd in th L O E pe ri d th ki ng s
e e o o

or a or a a es o e
pa rt i c u l a r p r tec ti n w a ca ll ed g ib a d i tinc t f r m th mr gene ral w rd
o e or . e . . .

o o s r s s o e o e o

f rib A fte r th e N rmn C n qu e s t h w e ve r th e king p ac b c m th "

o a o s e e e o es
n rml a n d g ne ra l a f guard
. o , , e
o a f p u b l i c rd e r a n d it i u d i n tha t gene ra l
e s e o o , s se
se n i n th e p re s en t i ns tan c e ( P ll ck nd Ma i tl an d H i t f E ng L w I 45)
se see o o a ,
s . o . a , .

1 0 2
1 48 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting ale C
()
a d
n u [ s] t e 3e cwab he o hi s h o m ?

E w at i

,

H e w uneb at P ort eshom

,

at o n e t un e in e D orse t e ,

b i bare s ee in ore ut le t e :
ar he d e m b ma ni e ri te d o m
1 7 55 b e 3
9 81
,
'
'
l
an d i ht t wri t mani wis dom F
,
.

an bur hh is mube t b urhh is h on de

h i t is be be t e re in to S cot lond e .

T o s e c he h in e is lihtlichbin g ;
he naueb b ute one w onin g
1 7 60

.

91
P a t [ is ] b isc h o
p en mu c he l w

W
an all e [ b] an bat of h is n o me

1 7 65
habbe b i be r t a o f h is dede
Hwi unlleb h i nime n he omt o rede
b at he w e r e m i d he o m i l ome
L
g a c
, .
,

, m ,
s .

for t e c he heo m of h is w isd om lan

an 3ine h i m re n te aual e s tude 9 i 3 W

e ( a n
(N y P ,

(
,

at he m i 3t e he o m i l o me b e m i de ?

b
1 7 51 nu3 t .1 7 61 hi 1 7 6 2 b n d tt e d
e. 1 7 6 6 t h h r s t hd e l e te d
. s . . a , o . . ec e, .

1 7 51 . nusteJ mi ht ) B th MS r d ing pr e s en t d it ulty

C
( . nug te, . e . o . ea s c :

th e C f rm c rr p d t n th i ng in O E th J rea d i n g g iv n n
Wretain s u3 t u nd d riv i t fr mO E ny t n w i th u t an y expi la nati n
. o o es on s o o . .
, e . es o se se .

n e a

) B u t b th MS S gr in r d ng a f rm
. e es o . . o o o .

S tr lt r i t t t
. a e s ny t n o n e o . o . a ee ea o
c n sis t in g f f ur s h rt s tr ke s an d n l nge r s tr k e be f r e t an d th is
o o o o o o e o o o -
e:
giv a cl u t th e re ad i n g f th e i nt e rm ed ia te t ex t T h a t r ead i n g c ann t
es e o o . . o
h v b een ut (w h i c h h a s nly f u r s h r t s t r k e s b f r e t ) but m ay w ll
a e n e o o o o e o -
e , e

ha ve b n u t in w h i c h c th e i n t e rm ed ia te c rib
ee n s e: th e C c rib ase , s e , or s e as
b ing a c qu a in te d w i th th e grap h t f 3 t m h ni y
.

sugges ted by
e s or ,
ec a
ub titut d th e l tt r h r c f 1 1 7 8 6 42 1 3 00
s s e a e e e, . .
, , .

nu t < O E ny t n = d id y n t kn w ?

t hm
s e s o e o o
P rti h m a D rs e ts h i re vi ll age lying und r fur z
. .

1 7 52 4 P -
. or es o : o s a , o e e
c v ere d h i ll s fr m w h i c h l i ttl e r ivul e t ru n s d wn t th
o o a I t t nd o o

e S ea. s a s
ab u t 2 3 m il es N E f th e h d f th e i nl e t ca ll e d th e F l ee t a n d in a
S W d i r ec t i n f mD r c h e s t e r I t h
o or . . o ea o ,

o n i n te r e s t i n g
ro old c h urc h w ith as a o
a nd f rmrl y i t b e l nge d t
. . .

N rm a n d e ta i l s nd E rly E ngl i h w i d w
o a a s n o s: o e o o
th e nei gh b u ri ng mn t ry t A bb tsb u ry
o o as e a
mw h t d i fc u lt a t rs t si ght t r c cil th e p si t i n f
o .

I t i h w ev e r s o so e a o e on e o o o
th e vi ll ages m e d i t nc i n l an d w i th th e d e sc r ip ti n g iv n in l 1 7 54 i
o s a e o e .
, v z .

tha t i t is bi b r i ut l t th u gh a c l s e r e xa m in at i n f th e l cal
a e see n ar e
ge graph y g e s m w y t w ard s pl i ing th in gs B e tw een F r m V al e
e e: o o o o o
'
o o so e a o ex a n o e
d th s ea th e r e e x ten d s a c a s t r i d g e r unning f r mL u l w rth t Swy r e
.

an e o -
o o o

(near B r id p rt ) th e ave r age h ei ght f w h ic h is b ut 500 ft T h e a nc i en t

o a o
D rc h t r i c m
, o .

o es e pl t ly ut ff f r m th e s e a by th is ri d ge B u t P rt is h a m
s o e e c o o o
f i t a n d b y a D r se t s h i r e m a n i t m
.

li es on th e s ea id s e o ig h t r e a s n a b l y b e
: o o
d escrib ed bi b r pp se d t th e s e qu es te re d plac i n F r m e V al e
as a e see , as o o o es o
M re v e r th e rid g be h i n d P r t is h a m c m mnd a vi w f th e E ngli h
.

o o e
C h n l a n d th e mnumnt ( 3 m
o
m
o a s e o s
an e il NE f P r ti h m
o
) e r e cet e d in m r y
b rn a t P r t is h am 1 7 69) is a l nd mrk
, es . o o s a e o
f H rd y Ne l s n s cap ta i n w h w
(

o a , o o as o o a a
1 50 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting a le C
()
a
Ce r te s
b be hu l e b a t 1 8 s oti
cw a
ad
l:

m
N (on
.
, ,
,

1 7 70 be o s r i c he me n w e l
o

mu c he i s d o n F l 2 46 r l 1 o co . .

m
. .
,

l 9
b at le t e b ba n e g o de o n lea w a
,
e

bat o f so fe ol e bin ge c o n

m m
mm
,

d %
l

01 h

an 3 iu e
b r e n t e w e l i s l i c h e l h g u H 0 ,

,

a n o f h i m le t eb w e l liht liche a t
Win
.

b e o r e he o b m i l d r e v l h

1 7 75 c u n n e e o
b w o e v
f) ,

an 3e ueb re n te l i tl e c h i l dre : li vi n g;
sw o h or wi t h i demb
e p
a d w o l e )
c ca o m d m l h em ,

A

t b at .e t a a b i d M a is t r e N i c h o le .

A h ute w e bah t o h i m fare l e i QE ,

1 7 80 for bar is unke r d o m a1 3a r e .

D o w e be nigt e g ale s e i de :

M A
ah [ w ] a s chal unke r sp e c he red e f
w k 3 " e

e q k
an te ll e t ouore unker deme ? S f
P e ro f i c h s chal be w e l icw em l ?
e c

m m

t
p
m
e
h
,

{
e
b e
1 7 85 cw a
b be h o u l e ; f o r a l e n de o f o r de
a , ,

te ll e i c h con w ord a fte r w or de :

an 3e f be bincb bat i c h m isre m
,

w r u n
p ge o
g
o n d a3e in t d o me c e m
,

bu s t r p e f e s i

5: t

.

Mid b iss e w o rde fo rb h i fe rde n m

.

W
W M
,

r?
"
al b ute he r e t b ute ue rd e 1 o
'

U V 0

0 f
1 7 90
at he o b1 co m
,
U 5

t o P or te s ham b
I i
e .

A h hu heo spedd e of he ore d o me s c u c e e d ! ,

ne [ c ] a n i c h eu n am o r e te ll e :

he r nis n am or e o f bis sp e ll e 40 .
(
7 ,
y
1 7 82 .
l 1 a, d tt)d o 1 7 9 1
e b . w i th bb r v i t i n
. f ,
t 1 7 9 3 c h a e a o or a o r ar . . an .

1 7 7 5 ff T h e re i ab u n da n t v id nc a s t th c n te mp ra ry p ra c t ic e f
s e e e o e o o o
c g i n t l ivin g s p r n f i n u enc e w h me i the r i gn ran c e y u th
.

ind u tin o e so s o o o or o
d isqu al i e d f uc h c h rg B ish p G r sse te s te in th rs t half f th 1 3 th
or s a es o o e o e
y tri ed t pu t n end t th e se ab us e s (s ee L tt r p im) I n 1 2 3 5 f
.

centur o a o e e s, ass or
in s tan c e h e r fu d t d mit n Will i md e G ra m a t c ur f s ul s
.
,

, e se o a o e a o a e o o ,

t h ug h p r e s en t e d b y W Ra l e i gh Tr e a su r e r f E x e te r th gr u n d th a t th e o on e o
id Wi lli md G ra m a w a s m
o .
, ,

sa a i ri
e t ti T h r ee ye a s l ate r G r ss e te s t e no s ae a s . r , o

o bjec te d t th e app in tm en t f T h m a s n f E rl F
o o t a b n o o , so o a e rrors , o e e ce ,
nl y b c u f th e c a n d i d a te s y u th but l b c u h w as n t in
n t o o e a se o o , a so e a se e o
o rd r an d t th s am e t im e th r c a nd i d ate s w r r e fuse d n b e ca use h
e s: a e , o e e e , o e, e
w as

b y s t i ll i n h is Ovi d
a o a n th e r b c u h h d been p r nt d ,

o , e a se e a ese e
w ring c l th e s f c rl t an d w ith ri ng s n hi ng r I f c t su c h w a s
ea o o s a e o s e s .

n a ,

th e ex ten t t w h ic h th e s e prac t ic e s pr v il d tha t G r t t i n 1 2 53 d

o e a
s c ri be d su c h b u a s m g t th c h i e f vil f th e tim H f ur th e r qu t e s
e , osse e s e e
a ses a on s e e s o e. . o
fr m Od f C h rit n (p 2 62 ) b y w y f ill u t ti n S ee al s G G C u lt n
o o o e o . a o s ra o o o o
l G rn r pp 1 93 3 08
. . .
,

A M di e eva a e
1 7 7 7
. .
, ,

8 A d i f c u lt pa ssa g e w h ic h W d ivid
. . int tw nt c w it h a , . es o o se en e s
fu ll s t p a fte r d w l L i 1 7 7 7 h t ra n sla te s S th y c nd em n th e i r
-
o a o e . ne e :

o e o
i n te ll igenc e [ a s] in e r r nd th f ll w i n g lin
ro app r ntl y h a e o o e a e e
()
J Th e Ow l a nd the Nig h ting a le 1 51

q uab be

v l e bat is
Ce r te s b
so :

D e os ric he me n [ m ] u c he l m
, ,

sd o
1 7 70
y b ,

pat le te b ban e go de man ,

P at o f so fe l e b in ge c an
1 ye ue bre nt e w e l [ m
,

ch
'
] is ly e ,

t o f h i m le t e b w e l lyht lich
<

Wib b eore kunne he o beob [ m ] il dre

e .

1 775 ,

t ye ue b r e n te lut le c h i l d r e :

S o b e or e w i t h i d e m e
b a d w ol e -

P at eu er ab i t M ay s te r N i c h o l e
A h vt e w e bah t o bymfare
.

is vnker d oma1 yare

,

1 7 80 V or .

D o w e be Niht eg ale s ey de :

,

A h bw o s c hal vnker sp e c he r ede

,

1 te ll e t ovore vnke r
P arof ic s c ha l be w e l ique m

e ,

Queb be vle ; for al e n de o f o rde

1 7 85 , ,

T e ll e ic con w or d afte r w o rde : F l 2 41 v l 2 o . co

isre m
. .

t i f be binkb bat ic m
.
,

"

p e

D u s to n d ay ey u an d d o me cre m
,

p e .

Mid bisse w Ord e fo r b h i fe rde n ,

1 7 90 A l b u t e he r e and bu t e ve rde
T o P o r te s ham be r he o bicom
,

e .

A h hw heo spe d d e of be ore d o me ,

N e c an ic eu n am or e te ll e ;
H e r n ys n am ore of biss e sp e ll e .

Ex p l i c i t .

1 7 7 0 Mu h l. 1 7 7 3 Mi ly h
c e . 1 7 7 5 M ild r . 1 7 80 t
s 1 7 83
c e . . e
. . a . .

t m ean an d th i M Ni c h la s v r nd ur H p int ut
t k
a es o B ut
s . o e e e e s. as . o s o ,

thi s i aga i n s t th rd e r f th e w rd nd ync p t d pr pl u ral s a re

s e o o o s, a s o a e es
c mpl sen ten ce
.

ra e B tt r sen s e i b t i ed by t king th e line s

r .

e e s o a n a as o ne o ex ,

i
v z . T h us th ir g d s en se w ill c n vi c t th e m f e rr r i n th t M Nic h l
e oo o o o , a . o as
s t ill uff r n g l c t F bid App n d i x I (d ) (iv )
s e s e e

or a see e
d mt is d e sc r i b ed b y S tr B
.

a e e p p f dw l n ( c f O H G tw l n r as o a e e ar e a
t rpe r e ) t g r w tupid but mr p r b bly i t is an ad ve rb i al f rm=
- :
. . . . . . . .

o , o o s : o e o a o on

aw t ( in
dw l o a
fr mb
o e .

1 7 85 t nd .
f ad ,
= e l l th e en d f r m th e be gi nn ing
e o or e

i a , o ,

. e . o e
gi nn ing t nd o e .
 *
9
s f
T RA N S L A T I ON

a h aun t rem o te o f a c e rtain va ll ey I hear d a n Ow l an d

a N i ght ingal e h o l d great de bate T he ir d isp ute w as s te rn an d .

s tre n u o u s and s tu bb o rn q u i e t at t i me s the n l o ud again

: , .

Eac h bird raged aga ins t the o the r utte rin g man y a ma l i c i o u s ,

thought e achg g e sp ake o f t h

: e o the r s c ha r a c te r the w o rs t
m

i se B ut ab ove all they m

M UM

d e the ir
gu

th in gs that s he could d e v
.

.
,

'

not e s seemed t o c o me f ha m mm e omharp o r p i p e

\
g v
m u (v

m
, _ ,

n o t fro m l i ving th roat .

N ear by the re s to od an was

w ent t o sin g he r h ou rs

.

o f the Ow l .

'
l
lll e N i h i
g t pg m al e b ehe l d l ooked he r u
pand
m
w A.
0. * a

W
i gd, all me n re ck on he r l oath s o me an d fouL l Mgnster ,

I am the w o rs e for s ee in g thee .

An d t r uly the sight o f th in e ugl in e ss o fte n b rin gs my s on g

, ,

to u n ti me ly e nd M y heart d o th sink m y t on gue fai l s me

.
, ,

w he n th o u d os t th ru s t thys e l f u p o n me I had rathe r s p i t .

(
\
E
tha n sin g o n hea rin g that gu r g l in g n o is e o f th in e .

k
V

g , T he Ow l w a i ted t i ll eve nin g fe ll a n d the n s he c o u l d c o n t ain ,

W
he rs e l f n o l on ge r : for he r hear t had b e come so sw oll e n that s he ,

W rage An d afte r a w h i l e s he s p ake .

thes e w o rd s : What d os t th o u th in k no w o f m y sin g in g ?

D os t th o u supp o s e t hat I can ng t ig th pu g h L h t

o f all th y t ri ll ing ? Ti me an d again th o u d o e s t me wro n g ,

s ay in g t hi ngs bo th a nn oyin g an d s hame fu l I f I b ut he l d thee .

 1 54 The Ow l and the Nig h ting a le [ 1 10

d ele d T he n was he an gry wi th h is b rood : he s c reamed al o ud

.

as he s tern ly s col ded them T e ll me q u o th he w h o hav e
.
,

d on e th is th in g ?for i t is qu i te agains t yo u r n atu r e A hate fu l .

t ri ck has b ee n pl ayed o n you T e ll me i f y e k n e w augh t

.

abo ut i t T he n sp ake one and sp ake an o the r : Tru l y i t w as a
.

b rothe r o f ou rs yon de r fe ll ow w i th the b i g head Bad l u c k

,
.

t o that head of h is ! Cas t h i m o ut for th wi th an d b reak his ,

An d of th is fabl e me n make a p arabl e th o ugh the s to ry be ,

not c o m p l ete F or t h u s it I S wi t ht he w o rth l ess man w h o has

c ome fro m vi ci o u s s t o ck A l th o ugh be l i ve am
.
,

ng n obl e fo l k
.

~
p m
,

b et ray fro m vvliEiiEFe he spiang : he s h ows that

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pare nt

o n w h i
t re e ,c h i t
th o ugh i t roll fa r i t wi l l ,

an d a fte r mak in g
t ing ale ,
th is l on g ind ictm e nt s he s an g in t o n e s that w e r e l o ud an d
Z

?
6 p i e rcing j u s t as th ough o n e had p l u cked the re s on an t s t rings
o f a ha r p

,

M eanw h i l e the Owl had b ee n l is te nin g keep in g

.
,

he r eye s x ed t o the gro u n d : an d as s he sat pu ffed o ut and

W
,

it w a s as i f s he had sw a ll o w ed a
 wi cked trick s 0
w ary an d ca n d od ge them :
n or is t h da rin g o f an
y y ava i l fo r m y s
,
k i ll in ght in g is SK Q

gr eate r than thy b rute s tre n gth I have besid es o n th is b ra n c h

.
, ,

o f m in e a s p l e n d i d s t r on gh o l d b ro ad an d l on g ; a n d as t h
, e ,

wis e man says H e ght s w e ll w ho fl i e s w e ll B ut le t u s now

,

.

'

l en gth s he \ o (

re pl i ed as foll o ws : I am wi ll in g that he s h o u l d judge : for

alt h ou h so me w hat wi l d in da s one b fo n d o f the ni ght

ing al} ang th

y
e r cre at ures t oo ge n t l e an d n ea

, ,

th at no w his ard o u r is co ol ed H e wi ll no t b e b e fool

.

thy mate in a w ay that is aw fu l to

to G A)
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to me n b oth w is e an d foo l is h i t s eem s n o t that

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1 5 6 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting a le [ 225

t ongue no w hav e a r e s t ! T h o u d os t
d a I S thi n e : b ut le t rp e no w h ave a
L
w
h
'

l et me sp eak : and I s hall b e r eve nged

o n thee And l is te n h o w I c an cl ear m ys e l f wi th t ruth fu l w o rd s

.

w i th o ut

pr e
b e no bet t e r off i f I p ut them t o ro ut wi th s co l din g or
n

w it h c hat t e ring or by u sing b ad l an guage as the s hep he rds

,

do .
 1 58 Th e Ml/d
( the [ 3 55

l o w th ro ugh o ut
the day an d n eve rthe l ess he s ee s qu i te w e ll I f the bound s p e r
,
.

c hanc e c ome o ut agains t h i m he dart s aw ay q u i ck l y win d in g

, ,

h is w ay al on g n arro w t rack s tu rnin g t o acco u n t h is ready t ri ck s

, ,

h0 pp ing an d l eap in g in swi fte s t fas h i o n as he make s h is w ay

t o a p l ac e o f c o ve r t T h is he c o u l d n o t d o d e spiteh
.
, s e es
i y ,

u nl e ss wi th them he s aw

s he s pake u p b rave l y .
47 7
] Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting ale 1 59

lb

for th and u nfol d them s e l ve s on the t ree s an d in the meadows .

i

T he 1i wi th he r l o ve l y hue w e l c o me s me as th o u d os t
_
7
,

k n ow : c l ad in b eauty s he d o th b i d me tha t I forth wi th s h ou l d

fly t o he r T he ro s e a l s o wi th t in t o f red that pe e ps o ut o f
.
, , ,

the b ri ar b u s h ,b idsme t o sin g fo r he r sake one p l easin g d i tty

-
.

An d th is I d o bo th night ,

d o th s tain the l eave s the n ,

I go h o me an d take m y l eave : for I car e n o t fo r win te r s

s poi l Whe n I s ee hard w eathe r c om in g I g o h ome t o m y

.
Q
ow n l an d tak in g wi th me l o ve a n d tha n k s for my p r e s e n c e
,

why sho uld I Fo r he has neither wi t nor Wisdg

n
m
jhta

fro m the b egi nnin g of th in gs that ev e ry ma n s h o u l d c he ris h

 1 60

h is fri e n d s r ejo i cin g wi th them on c e rta in o ccasi o ns wi th

,
,

me rry tal k an d k in d ly w ord s at h is o wn d ome s ti c b oard .

a wi l d l on gin g fo r the mare s An d th o u th

y s e l f a r t.mu c h t he

l . a
46

w o rd : th o u d os t twi tte r l ike the t i tm o u s e c hu c kin g wi th ,

a

w he n he has fo r
dep ar ts no r d o e s h is l o ve a n y

the sa m
,

l on ge r l as t And jhy m ood is

.
, v
e as smoo n as tho u
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d o s t si t a b rood in g th o u d os t lo s e allmthyt une O n th y t wi g

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i
in d
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.
,

the same things happe n : whe n th o u has t pe rformed th y

1, -w a; A .

pl easu re thy n ot e at on c e b e co me s d is c orda n t B ut w he n

, .

the l on g nigh ts c o me b ring in g fro s ts s eve r e a nd hard the n

, ,

for the rs t t i me i t is s ee n w he r e ar e th o s e w h o a r e a c t i ve a n d

h ol d s b a c k : one can s ee in t i me s of n eed to wh

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 is n oth ing s een Ye t th o u d o s t me n t i o n o th er matte rs : o f m y
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ne s th o u p re te s t fdlj
lishlygsg gyiiigjmh

at the ir n e s t is not
i

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gd cl ean B ut the fau l t is c omm

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W
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o ma ny c r eatu r e s : for the
H
' M

h o rs e i n i ts s tabl e the o x in i t s s tall b o th d o foll o w thbi r o wn

A
I ,M * 1 ,
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w V
. J

, ,

inc l in ati ons Aiid l i tt l e c h i l dr e n in the ir crad l e s w hethe r o f

.
,

l ow l y or ge n t l e b irth al s o d o th in gs in the ir earl y days w h i c h

,

they av o i d in l ate r y ears We ll ! ca n the in fant really reve n t .

i t ?If i t d o e s wro n g it nno t be He lp e d 11 3 3 t he r e i s as .

th o u art abl e
I
is h oll ow an d ro omy as is m os t c osy fo r m y bird s z but a ll ,
'

aro u n d o n the o utsi de i t is p l ai ted a way fro m the insi de o f ,

the n e s t An d th i the r they go in the ir n eed : an d w hat th o u

.

ee n in t i ghte r
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kn e w an y th in g e l s e w hethe r s he c o u l d d o aught b ut
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L aw 1

a sayin g w hi c h eve n now is

, no t forgo tte n : Whe n t ro u bl e i s

ever sp eak ing with t ruth ful

W
he n tro
u bl e is at its L \ V\

l
at c e rta in seas ons d i ffu sin g happin ess far an d wi de Wh y

m
.
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d os t th o u as k ab o ut my acc ompl is hme n ts ? T he one I po ss ess W
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the ir son gs co m po se so that o n e may remem b e r th rough the

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s o n gs w h i t he r he is de s t in ed the r e t o be fo r e ve rt thgt
, ,
y

m on ks an d can o ns as w e ll in pl a ce s w he re t he re are re li gi o u s
,

h ou ses are wo n t to rise u p at the h o u r o f m i d ni ght in orde r

,

1 1 2
1 64 Th e Ow l a nd the N ig h ting a le [ 732

to sin g o f the l i ght o f heave n : an d s e c u l ar p ri e s t s i n the ir

parishe s take u p the S i n gi n g w he n dayl i ght c o me s And .

far as I c an : wi th them I sin g b o th ni ght an d

m ight attain
et e rn al No w th ou O w l mays t
.
, ,

th ou si t an d s h ri ve l ! o n th is matte r the re c a n b e no b abbl in g .

I am wi ll ing that w e s h o u l go t o j udgme n t b e fore the ve ry
d
P ep e o f Ro me Ye t n e ve r the l e ss w a i t a b i t ! th o u s ha l t hea r
.
, ,

be cau s e I am n e i the r large nor lon g Th o u d o s t not k n o w w hat

.

th o u saye s t : me rel ing w or d s th o u d o s t utte r Fo r I am acco m

C
.

a v

y .

l ishe d I have mu c h s k i ll : an d that is w h y I am s o b o l d I

p ,
.
1 66 Th e Ow l a nd the Nig h ting a le [ 851

eve r .

s o that w hat b e fo r e w as sw eet may he n c e fo rth b e b i tte r An d

.
,

G od kn o ws I he l p mankin d in th is matte r I sin g t o me n n o

,
.

hea rt ; y et n eve rthe l e ss

11

they t oo l on g t o depart th is l i fe T hat they ar e he re is b ut

, , .

gri e f to them : for th ough they them s e l ve s are saved aro u n d

,

them d o they s ee n aught b ut sorro

97 1
] The Ow l and the Nig h ting ale 1 67

and sin g to the me n o f G all ow ay ? Fo r the r e l i ve me n w h o

have b ut li ttl e s ki ll in son gs o f any so rt Why wi l t th ou no t
.

sing the re t o the pri e s ts an d in teach in g them so methi n g o f

,

th y t ri ll s sh o w them by th y n o te s h ow the an ge l s in heave n

,

ar e w on t t o sing ? Th o u d os t behave l ike a u se l e ss sprin g that

,

br eaks forth n ear s o me rapi d s t ream an d l ets the h ill si de get

-

qu i te parc hed w h i l e ru nnin g

,

n o rth as w e ll as s o uth : I am

s hal t t rip : th y
11 V
(
co u rs e is tr eac he rou s T h o u say e s t that I ee b eh in d the
.

d w e ll in g th at is t rue the d w e ll in g is o u rs
: ,
.
l ad
o a n d
 1 68 The Ow l and the Nig h ting ale [ 97 1

s ingin g that th o u cans t s cream in erc e an d m i ghty fas h i o n :

,

th ou d o s t c lai m to dire c t mank in d that they s h o u l d b e w ai l thei r

in an o the r l and N o ! w hat s h o u l d .

I d o am on gs t s u c h pe op l e to wh o m all happ in e ss is u nk n o wn ?
,

is p oo r i t is no t gr ac i o u s b ut me r e wi l de rn e ss
, , ,

C rags an d r o ck s r eac h ing u p t o heave n sn o w ,

co mm o n ther e I t is a h o rri bl e a n u n c anny

.
,

l an d : the in hab i tan ts there o f are wi l d an d w i cked : the y keep

n e i the r t ru c e n o r p eace : nor d o they c are h o w the y l i ve .

T hey eat raw sh r aw meat as w e ll tearin g i t t o p i e c es l i ke

, ,

w o l ves M i l k they d rink an d al s o w hey : t hey kn ow n o t

.

o the rwis e w hat t o d rin k haying ~n e i the r win e n o r b ee r .

,

truth l ike wi l d b eas t s : an d

,

in o rde r t o teac h them b ette r mann e rs an d t o l eave the ir evi l

w ays he w ou l d d o b ette r t o remain at h o me fo r he w o u l d b ut ,

w as t e h is t i me He could s oon e r teac h e beart

m
.
h
w o w

m
si a n d s aag a r esles
W
h e l d coul d p e a s i d ed r
d

gg oE g I g y
f w s h o u l d I d o the r e wi th m y
s ing ing ? Hp w ever long to t he mI @1 1 n
m
w o u l d be
"

st ru m
r

(

rid l: in en
w

'

c om ple t e l y w as ted : for iieitherhalter t

o f s tee l nor o f iro n ca n c he ck them in the i r m
, ad b ehav i ou r .
 1 70 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting ale [ 1 090

all tu rn ed to h is o wn inj u ry K in g H e nry g o t t o k n o w o f

.

th is may Ch ris t have me rcy on h is s ou l ! T he n d i d he

o ut l aw the kni ght w h o th ro ugh s hee r sp i te a n d e n vy fo u l
, , ,

had b ehaved s o bad ly in t hat good k in g s l an d as t o

have the l i tt l e b ird take n an d c on dem n ed t o death T hat .

w as an h on ou r t o all my kin d :
forfe i ted h is happin e ss an d ,

L
on e occasi on I am the bl i the r eve r m or e
,
. And now I cansin g

a
'p
d ill
w
t r eat
-

thee a n d b r eak th
,
in e u l b o n e s to i

ece s I f .

t ho a r t kn o cked ol e; o r rch e s h o t for ti l t? rs t

l

'

t i me art th o u u s e fu l Fo r the n th o u art hu n g u po n a s t i ck :

.

an d wi th th y gri m an d baggy b od y an d that h i de o u s n e ck o f ,

W W
th in e th o u d os t prote c t the corneld s fro m a ll ani mal s A li ve
WwMhere neW
.
,

W
a J
F M w s eed s have b ee n s o wnthe r e ,

n e i the r hedge s pa rr ow n o r old nch r oo k n o r c r o w wi ll eve r

g
-
,

ve n tu re i f th y carcas e b ut han g n ear by An d w her e t ree s

, .

s hall bl oo m in the spring ti me a n d yo u ng s eed s b u rs t forth

-
,

an d gro w the r e du rs t n o b ird ve n tu r e t o p l u ck them i f th o u

, ,
1 206 The Ow l a nd the Nig h ti ng ale
]
is o in to d i e : eve r d os t th o u fo rete ll so me m i th
Th o u sing est ore e o ss o f ro r t a -

fri e nd r e se t o u fore t e lle st a h o u se a b u rni n g an in vasi o n

.
-
,

o f me n o r the p u rs u i t o f a th i e f T h o u d os t al s o predi c t a
, .

cattl e pl ague that n e i gh bo u rs wi ll s u ffe r mu c h dis tre ss that

0
-
, ,

an d beate n wi th s ti ck s an d wi th s to n e s wi th tu rf an d c l od s so
, ,

that no w ay o f e sc ape is l e ft ope n fo r thee B ad l u ck t o su c h

.

o r d o s t th o u e x co mmu ni cate n o t b ein g

,

o rda in ed ? Fo r the

p ri e s tl y cEce t hou art s u re ly p er fo rm in g I am n o t aw are

"
1
.

that th o u w e rt eve r a p ri e s t : I d ou b t i f th o u cans t r eall y sing

h o l ds I have forek n o wl edge o f fam in e an d in vasi on : an d I

.

kn ow i f me n are t o have l o n g l i fe I k no w t oo w hethe r a

wi fe shall l os e he r hu sb an d a l so W
.
.
, ,

he re mal ic e an d
s hall b e ri fe I ca n te ll w h o is fated t o b e han ged
.

to s o me o the r v i l e e n d : a n d i f me n co me t og e t he

I am aw are w h i c h si de wi ll b e b
l en c e is to fall on the cattl e an d
l i e s ti ll in death I kn ow i f tree s shall b ear the ir bl o ss o m i f the
.
,
1 72 Th e Ow l a nd the Nig h ting a le [ 1 2 06

th hars h fette rs An d I k n ow mu c h m ore as w ell I

.
.

am w ell

s traight pu rs ue s h is e rrat i c c o u rs e t o a d i t c h an d fall in g the r e

, ,

in b e co me s c o vered wi th mud d o s t th o u s u ppo s e al th o ugh I

, , ,

s ee i t all that i t happ e ns any s oo n e r b e c au s e o f me ? An d s o

,

i t is wi th m y fo rek n o w l edge : fo r w he n I am p e rc hed u po n my

bo ugh I k n ow a n d d isc e rn ve ry c l early that o n so me o n e
, ,

t ro u bl e is s trai ght way c om in g S hall he the re fo re w h o k n o ws

.
,

n o th in g o f i t p ut the bl ame o n me b e cau s e I k now ? S hall

,
 1 74 The Ow l and the Nig h ting a le
tu rn i t s l eaves and c l os e i t again : b ut i t is u n abl e all the
, ,

s ame t o make head or tai l of w hat is w rit t e nL And th o u gh

, H

in l ike fas h ion th o u e at the the

W
m '
1

And yet th o u v i l e t ng ! th o u d o s t c i
M
"

is e r for ,
M
reproac h me V i c i ou s ly for sin gin g n ear t o the d w e ll in gs of
o

men an d for teach in g the ir wi ve s t o b reak t he ir v ows T h o u .

l i e s t fo r c e rtain th o u l oath s o me obj e c t ! Wed lo c k t hroug hme

, I
 1 75

wg uld d efend th m if h
aid t t g rg aggst g r mg my
m
,
e r

eanin g ari ght L is te n now .

the r easo n
an d I ll te ll thee w hy

c o m pl e t e from b eginnin g t o e n d I f a mai d d oth l o ve p ri vi l y

.
,

s he s tum bl e s an d fall s accord in g t o n atu re : for th ough s he

fro li c for a ti me s he has n o t gon e ve ry far as tray Fro m he r ? .
,

sin s he may e sc a pe l aw fu lly th ro ugh the ri te s o f the Chu rc h ,

an d aft e rw ard s have he r l o ve r as hu sb an d free from all q ues ,

t ioning : a n d to h i m s he may g o in the fu ll l i ght o f day w h o m ,

kn ows n o th ing about s u c h th ings : he r yo u ng bl o od d o th l ead

he r as tray and so me foo l is h fe llo w e n ti c e s he r t o ev i l wi t h all
,

the t ri c ks at h is c omman d H e c ome s an d goe s he c omman d s

.
,

an d e n treats : he p ays he r atte n t i o n the n n eg l e c ts he r an d thu s

, ,

d oe s he w oo he r o ft an d p e rsis te n tly How ca n the g1 r1 he l p

'

b ut g o wron g ?She n eve r kneww hat t hina ere : an d so she

th
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An d $132; I s ee the drawn e x p re ssi o n

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 1 76 The Ow l and the Nig h ting a le [ 1 449

d o not sing in the breed in g s eas o n .

T h ough ma rri age b on ds may s eem t o b e hars h y et a wi fe ,

s h o u l d i gn ore the t eachi

o ne hand the hu sb an d is d o ugh ty ; o r e l s e he is fee bl e and

,
of

the
i p ayme n t o f that p e n al ty w h i ch s hall de p ri ve h i m o f futu r e
l ongin gs An d eve n i f that te rror is n o t p re s e n t wi t h h i m y et
.
,

i t is wi cked an d s e ns e l e ss in a h igh degree t o i nj u r e in th is w ay

,

a w orth y man by all u rin g h is p artn e r a w ay fro m h i m I f o n .

,

m
m
A
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lotlht h
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a fdii
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favou
N
mm n howa y
w iths e l f r e s p e c t may a fte r that make ad van c e s t o he r .
 Th e Ow l and the Nig h ting a le [ 1 568

thee th is tha t t o w hat I have s ai d th o u s hal t

ll , ,

no answ e r eve n t o save th y s k in : fo r a ll th y ta l k in g s ha ll

,

b e futi l e F u ll man y a me rc han t an d many a knight l ove s

.

an d che ris he s h is wi fe ari ght ; as d o e s many a hu sb an dma n

t oo An d the n the go od wi fe b ehave s a cc o rd in gl y r e n de rin g
. ,

h i m se rvi c e at b ed an d at b o ard wi th gen tl e deeds an d ,

k in d ly wo rd s an x iou s ly s t ri v in g h o w t o p l eas e h i m T he hu s
,
.

ban d go es aw ay am on gs t o the r pe o pl e b e n t on s u pp l yin g the

,

n eed s o f them b o th : an d the n is the goo d wi fe s ad at heart ,

b e cau s e o f he r hu sb an d s an x i o u s j o u rn eyin gs S he si t s a si gh

.
-

ing fu ll of sad l o n gin gs an d wi th s ore ve x at i o n at he r heart

, , .

B e cau s e o f he r hu sb a n d s he sp en ds days that ar e t rou bl o u s

an d w atc h fu l ni ght s : an d l o n g t o her the t i me d oth appea r
W
,

fo r eve ry s te p s eem s a m i l e Wh i l e o th . e rs 1 lie

:

I t he r w ha t h can bepause s he t ri e s t o d o w hat is

'

g ve o elps
"
a
J w - u g

ss th B .ut th o u ha s t s or e l y a n ge r ed me so that m y h e art is

,

al m os t c ru s hed an d wi th d i f c u l ty may I sp eak An d yet

, .

I wi ll
men ,
on to a twig in bl o ss o m s he pe rc hed he rs e l f h i ghe r tha n b e fo re
,
.

O wl ! s he sa i d now take go od heed I wi ll p l ead wi th thee

.
,

no fu rthe r sin c e he r e th y u s ua l l o r e d o th fa i l thee

,
Th o u.

boaste s t that th o u ar t hated by me n that eve ry cr eatu r e is

,

angry wi th thee an d wi th y e ll s a n d s h o ut s th o u d o s t b e w a i l

that th o u ar t acc u rs ed T h o u s ay e s t that bo ys cat c h thee an d

.

fo r th wi th e x c l ai med : H as t th o u

in deed s umm o n ed a n a rm y ? An d d o s t th o u wr et c hed c r ea

,

N ay ! n ay ! th o u ar t n o t s t ro n g
they c ryin g w h o have thu s c o me

cro oked all b e l o n g t o my o wn ra c e a n d w o u l d g o me i f I

, ,

b ut asked them T he c o ck h i m s e l f that

.

,
va li an t w a rri o r he ,

mu s t n atu rally si de w i th me ; fo r w e bo th have v o i c e s c l ea r ,

and b o th si t u n de r the c l o ud s at ni ght I f I but rais e the

.

hue an d c ry aga ins t yo u I s hall brin g u p s o m ighty a h o s t that

- -
,

yo u r pri de s hall have a fall I ca r e n o t a s t r a w fo r y o u a ll !

N o r s hall the re b e l e ft by e vem
.

ng t i me o n e wr et c hed feathe r

1 2 2
 1 7 94] T he Ow l and t e h Nig h ting a le 1 81

w here sh o u l d w e b e abl e t o nd h i m ? T he Wr e n r e p l i ed as ,

sh e sat i n he r li me t r ee What ! d i d y e n o t k n o w o f h is

-
,

ab o de ? H e d w e ll s at P o rt is ham a p l a e in D orse t in a n o ut l et
c , ,

e d b live rs m a

ny la w fu l j udgme n ts
g

near the sef w d the r e h

'

, ,

he co m pose s an d wri te s ma n y wis e s ay in gs an d in deed t h ro ugh

his say in gs an d a l s o h is wri t in gs th in g s a r e the b ette r e ve n

in Scotland L n e ek himo ut fs a n eas y tas k f orf h has


'

b ut o n e d w e llir1 g m
,

u c h t o the s hame o f t he b is h ops and o f

_ __
-
, ,

all w h o h
-
aue h eard o f h i m a n d h is w o r k Why w i ll the y no t .

arran ge in the ir o wn in te r e s t s that he s h o u l d fr e q ue n t l y b e ,

w i th them teac h in g them o ut o f h is s t o r e o f w is d o m ? Wh y

,

n o t gi ve h i m li v ing s in s eve ra l p l a c e s s o that he m ight ofte n ,

the O w l that is q u i te t rue T he s e great

,

.

me in p assin g o ve r th is e x c e ll e n t ma n
,

many th in gs an d in b e s to wing li ving s

inat ely w h i l e himthey h o l d in b ut l i ght e s teem
,
.

To w ard s the ir o wn k in they a r e m o r e ge n e r o u s : they gr an t

li v in gs t o l i tt l e c h i l d r e n T hu s the ir g oo d s e ns e s ha ll c o n vi c t
.

them o f e rr o r in that M as te r N i c h o l a s s t i ll s u ff e rs n eg l e c t
B ut l et us h o w eve r g o now t o h i m fo r wi th h i m o u r udg m
.
,

e nt ,

is r eady .

Yes l et u s d o s o s a i d the Ni ght in ga l e b ut w h o is the r e
, , ,

to p re s e n t o u r s tateme n t an d t o s p eak b e fo r e th is j
, udge o f
o u rs


On that p o in t r ep l i ed the O w l I c a n s et yo u r m in d
, ,

at eas e : fo r I can r ep eat eve ry w o r d fro m b eginni n g t o e n d :

and i f p e rc han c e I s eem t o g o wr o n g d o th o u p r o te s t and

p u ll me u p An d hav in g th us s p oke n the y w e n t o n the ir

,

.
,

w ay wi th o ut any s u ppo r te rs un t i l the y arri ved at P o rt is ham

, .

B ut as to h o w they far ed in the matte r o f judgme n t I ca n ,

te ll y o u n o th in g : th is is the e n d o f th is p a r t i c u l ar s t o ry .
 B I BL I OG RAP HY

I . E D IT I ONS A N D SEL ECT I ON S

l ) S te v
( enson, T he Owl and the N i htin al e wi thIn tr oJ . Gl os g g . a nd
sary : for t h e Ro x burg h e C ub L o on, 1 838 ( T ex t bas ed o n C w th l nd i
mJ
. . .

readi ngs )

Wr
so e . .

()
2 ig ,ht T T he Ow l a nd th e N i h t.in a l e : for t h e P e r y S oc g g c .

L o n o , 1 843 (d n T he C te x t w i hsh o t I ro )
. . t r nt .

()
3 M a t z n e r E A l ten g l is h e S p r a h p ro b en I 40 e lin, 1 86 7 c c . Br .

, , .

(ll 7 0 1 1 0 40 w h no t es ) it
m
. .

()
4 S tr a t a n n F H T h e Ow l a n d the N ig h ti ng a l e : p ri a t el yp in e d v r t
rm
.
, . .

K refel d, 1 86 8 ( Cr a ex t . i tic l t
MS S ead ings in foot otes : no alised . . r n
li
spe l ng : brie f but use ful no tes )

cm
.

rr
5) Mo is and S kea t , Sp e i ens of E a ly E ng lish
( 1 7 1 ff Ox f o d , r I . . r
352
,

1 882 . T he
( se ec l t i n includ o es 11 . 1 94, 1 392 3 2 , 2 53 2 82 , 303 ,

391 446 ,
549 555,
597 6 2 4, 6 59 6 6 8 , 7 07 7 50,
83 7 8 55, 9
05
92 0 ,

1 63 5 1 682 , 1 689
(
6) Wll e s, J . E . T he Owl h Nig ht ing al e (
a nd t e B ell es L e ttres Se ries) .

Bo t s o n and L o nd n o ,
1 907 , re v i sed 1 909 ( T e x ts o f bo thMS S p r int ed : . .

w ith ful l c rit ical p par atu a s: I nt ro . 6 2 pp . No te s and G lossa y r . An

edi ti o n s e c ia lly v a l u bl f c c u at r p r d u c t i n its o f MSS )

7 ) G ad w W D a Mitt l ng l i ch S t
p a e or a r e e o o .

tg d i h t E ul u N ht ig al l
'

( o s e e s e r ez e c e ac

B rlin di rtati n 1 907 full t r tmnt P l t L I 1 909 (C r i t i cal

, .
,
.

e sse o , : ea e a a es ra , V . .

te t w it h ugg t iv I n t r
x s u ful N t
es a n d Gl a y )
e o .
,
se o es oss r .

Ma n ly E ng li hP t y B t n 1 907 ,
s oe r . os o , .

()
9 C o k A S L i t
o y ,M id d.l E n g.l i h R d r pp 3 2 1era r B t n a nd e s ea e ,
. os o

L n d n 1 91 5 (
o o Th ,
l c t i n inc lud
. 1 1 1 94 1 01 2 85 2 87
e se e o es .
, ,

()
1 0 B a n d l u Z i r
pp l M i t t l n g l i c
. h Sp r c h n d L i t e t u, p b n e e s e a a er a r ro e ,

pp 1 2 4 7 B r li n 1 91 7 (11 1 0e4 3 1 2 9 0 ba d n C w i t h v a i an t ad se o r re

ing fr mJ
. . . . .
,

s o

( )
1 1 H a ll J e p h S l c
,
t i n f rosm E r ly M id d l E.n g l i h 1 1 30e e 1 2 5 0 o s o a e s .

Ox fo rd , 1 92 0 V ol 1 T ex t (
2 11 1 94, 1 3 9 2 3 2 , 2 53 2 82 ,
4 46
. . . .

303 3 53 , 3 91 , 7 07 1 7 1 01 7 95 . V ol . 11 . I nt r o .
, P honology ,
Note s, pp 553 57 9 . .

II . L I TE R A R Y C R I T I C I S M

() a H I ST OR I C A L B A C K G R OU N D .

Ada m s, G . B . Civi lisa ti on d uring the Mid d l e A g es . Re v i se d

ed . L o nd n o ,
1 91 5 .

() Anglad e ,
2 J . L es T ro uba d ours . P a ri s, 1 908 . Ne w ed . 1 91 9 .

(
3) at eson, B
M Med zcw al Eng land L o n d o n , 1 903
'

4) Cam brid g e H istory of E ng lishL iter a ture vol 1 Cam

. . .

( brid g e, 1 907
m
. . .
,

()
5 Ch a b e rs an d S id g w i c k E a r ly E ng l ishL y ri cs L o n d o n ,
1 92 1 . . .
1 84 B ibliogr ap hy

(7 ) Mashe ,
r A T he E x e p l u i n th e E ar ly Rel ig i uJ
s and
. .
m m o Did actic
t r
L itera u e of E ng l and Ne w Y 1 91 1 ork
r m Wri
.
,

m
.

8 N ecka , A D N t u i R u e d T g h (R ll t o s S eri es )
() e a r s e .
.
, .
.

L ond on 1 86 3
m
.
,

()
9 O t rl ey, H Ro ul us B e l n, 1 87 0 ri
t m
e s e .

o mi mi t
. .

1 0) T ul
( n S h, L e t M e y , P.
L es C on es r ali s er
e s d e Ni co.
l e o

Bo n (S oc d A n
zo xt . es c . T e es francaises ) P a s, 1 889 . ri .

( )
1 1 W arnk e K ,
. D ie L a is d er M ari e d e F r a n ce H a l l e ,
1 8 8 5 2 n d . .

ed . 1 900 .

D i F b Warnk K
l n d M i d F a n ( B ibl i he a N or ot c
(1 2 ) e, e a e er a r e e r ce

m
.

an nica heraus g S uch ier ) H all , 1 898 . . e .

(1 3) a n D i e Q u ellW r ke K
e n d e s E s p s d er M a r i e d e F an ce F
( or o r
m
.
,

schuny en zur Ro P hil l F s gab fii r H S uchier) Halle , 1 900 o et e

Wt
. .
. .
.

()
1 4 W s J
e ll ,
E M a nual t he ri ing s in Mid d l e E ng lish (
. .
Yal
of e
Un i v ress
P ) Ne w H.a n ,
1 9 1 6 l st S u .
1 9 1 9 ( F a b l e 1 80 ff ve . pp . . s e tc pp . . .

B i bl iog p . .

(1 5) W ri g ht T ,
. S elec ion t of L a ti n S tori es P
( e rc y S oc . L ond on ,

1 842 .

c
() F O RM. (
D e b a te ,
etc .
)
1 ) Al u n
( c i . Conictus ne ri s et hiem A Ri e s e, Anth
is ( ol og ia latina , .

II
md i
.

(
2 ) A l ter ca t io G a ny e s et Haur au, Notices
H elena e ( et Ex t ait
r s,

t
min
.

3 ) Calp urnius
( . co
E l g ues (
B ae hre ns , P oetae l at . or es, XX t . . I II .

6 5 iii) .

4) Ch
( ardr y . L e P e tit P l t e ,
ed . J . K oc h
He i l bro nn, 1 87 9 . .

5) C u n, V
( o si O uv in d it
. e res e

e d Abela r d P ari s , 1 83 6 (

Contai ni ng . .

Abe la d s S ic c r t N n w i th I nt ro )

o .

(6) D e P h il lid e et H or a H
( aurau,
N o t ices ct E x trait 3 2 (1 ) 2 59 if ) s, .

(
7) Di p ut s e be tw een the Vi l e o t and the Ro (H e rri
se g A c h i v X C ,
r ,
.

1 52 a)
t d u l rc t d u hv li (R m
.

8) F aral , E L a nia X I 47 2 iii

( . es d eba s c e e c e a er o ,
L . :

o f great bi bliog raphi cal valu ) e .

(9 ) G r i f Z i t h f u v r g l i h ned L it . a t u g hi hte N F I
sc2 89 . r e e c e e er r esc c e . . . .

95 ( A n acc ount o f t h d i ff u ion o f t h C n i tu in v ario us l i t e rat ur es ) e s e o c s

Ro mni hn P hilo log i

. .

(1 0) G robe r G und i d S t ra burg 1 888

r r ss er a sc e e ss
1 902 n w i ue 1 897 1 906 2 m
.
.
,

d d 1 904
e (
ss C n i tu t ) e see o c s e c

i al g log u and th md i a val d bat (

.
, . .

(1 1 ) Hanford J H Cl R a ss c e e e e e e e o

mani R vi w 1 1 1 91 1 pp 1 and
.
, .

c e ( A r tei c l e s 2 3 a nd 4 n d t h ori g i n e

o f th md i val d ebat in th eclog u o f clas i cal p oe t ry )

.
, ,
.
,

e e e e e e s .

(1 2 ) J an y A L a T n o n p rov ncal ( e Anna l d u Mid i II 2 81 11

ro , . e s e e ee , .
,

444 if )
cht imP ov n
.

1 3)
( Kno bl och H , . D ie S tr itg
e ed i e r e e . u. Al tf ranz . Diss .

B r e sl au, 1 886 .

(1 4) Mani t i us , M G esch ichte d er lat L it d es Mittelalters . . .

,
I . 57 4 if . for
(
t he i n uence o f T h eod ulus ) Mii nchen 1 91 1 .
,
.
 1 85

1 5) Mani t i us M A rt i cl e in P h il ol og us t L V I d eali ng

( 540 (
e i n ue nc e o f C alp urni as and Ne m
. .
, .
, .

w i t ht h es ianus in t he Mi d d le Ag es )

1 6 ) Nem Be ehre ns P aetae la t m

.

( es ian us E clog ues ( inor es XXX III

m
.
.
,
.
,

t
c rt m o m
. .

1 7)
( S ed ulius S liliique e a ine ( c o tu
M nu ent a Ger s D e rosae

m
.

a niac h is tor ica P

oet ae lat a evi Car l ing i , . . o t III . .

( )
1 8 S l ba h , L D ea s S eitg c
ed ich i n d e r a l tp ro venz
. L y r i k,
und sei n tr t .

Verh d l tniss zu d h nl ichen ichung en and e er L itter a t ur en Ma bu g , 1 886 D t r . r r .

(
1 9) T heod ul us E cl og ues, ed Oste rnacher 1 902
mc ci
. . . .

(
2 0) V es pa . J ud ici u o et
p istor is jud ice Vul cano (A . R i e se ,
An t hlo .

la t pp 1 40
c W G anym
. .

(
)
21 W tte
a nba hed wnd H le na (Zeitsch d a deutsche e s s

um(
. .
,

Al terth N F V I ) X V III
t T L a tin P o ma ttribut d to WMapes Camd n Soc
. . . .

2 2 ) W ri g h
( e s e e

Co ntai ning G l ia Dial ogue int r A gua met Vi numD isp utati inter
. . . .
,

1 84 1 ( o e e o

t O ul umD ia log u inter Corp u et A nim a mD e Cl a evallensi bus

.
,

C or e c ,
s s ,
r

e t Cl uniacensibu D e Ma uro ct Zoi lo D e P esby t s, t L og ico e tc ) ,

r er o e ,
.

d)
( G ENE RA L (A utho r D ate L i t e r ary .
, , A pp r e c i at io n ) .

(
1) Cam
b idg H i t y of E ng li hL it r atur I
r e s or s e e, . 2 3 8 42 Cam b ri d ge .
,

1 907 .

(2 ) C ourthop e , W J . . History of E ng lishP oet y r ,

1 . 1 31 6 . L o nd on ,

1 895 .

(3 ) H i nc kley H B T h e Date of th e Ow l a nd th
,
e Ni h
g t ing al e
. M
( od . .

P hil X V II No . 6 3 if 1 91 9 (
. An atte m p t to d ate t he po e m 1 1 7 7 or
. . .

1 1 7 8 or not late r t han

(4) K e r W P E ng lishL it erature Med ieval ( Hom e U ni v L ibrary )

3
. . .
, ,

pp . 1 80 . L o nd on ,
1 91 2 .

Morri s, R An O E Miscell any

(
5) I nt ro X X i 1 87 2
6 ) S choeld , W H E ng lish L iterature fromth e N orm
. . . . . .

( a n Conques t
. .

to Ch a ucer, pp 42 7 30 L o nd o n, 1 906 . . .

7
( ) T e n B ri nk Ea rly E ng lishL iterature, t rans by H M Ke nned y
. . . .

(
pp 2 1 4 L o nd o n 1 88 3
.
, .

8) Wart o n T
( Histo ry of E ng lishP ,
. o tye r ,
ed . W . C Ha l . z i tt . 3 v ols .

Lond o n 1 87 1 , .

(9) W l l J E T h Owl and th N ig h

e s, ting al (B ll es L ttr Se ri es )
. . e e e e e es ,

Int ro xx ix Iii L o nd o n 1 907 Rev is d d 1 909

W
. .
,
. e e . .

( )
1 0 W ll s J E M a nu al
e
of it
,
ing i n M E pp . 41 8 2 1 (Y a.l e r s . . .

U ni v P ress ) 1 91 6
. . .

(1 1 ) W es to n J T h Ch i f Mid d l E ng li h P o ts B o to n 1 91 4 (
,
. A e e e s e . s , .

mod rn rend ri ng o f th poe m pp 3 1 0 ff )

e e e , . .
1 86 B ibliograp hy

III . LA N G U A G E AND M ET R E

(1 ) At nki J W H N o t n th O
s, w l nd th e N.
ig hti ng ale (A t h n.
ceu m . es o e a e ,

2 0 J an 1 906 p .
, .

rs c h J U b M t i k d P o t ik d O a nd N M u n s t e r
()
2 B e un
,
e . e er e r e r . .

Dis 1 883
s . .

r i r W d i t io n ( E S t X L II 408

ad w
()
3 B R vi w ofe eG ,
. e e o s e . . .

()
4 B r i r W E ul un d N
e e a h t ig,
a l l H a nn o ve r
.
Di H all e 1 91 0 ( full e c ,
ss .
,

5) B
( ,
S y n u nd re i r W
A n a le d es K onj unlctivs in Ule a nd N ach
.
tig al l . .

S
( udtien z ur E ng P h il 50 , . .

r tt d a nd Mid dl e Eng lish ot

()
6 B e ,
C N es on P a ssa g es O l .
of
XI V pp 8
rnm m (Ki l r S t I
. .

(
7 D ie hn, 0 ina in F uh .
( t te m p t
A
D ie P o o r e e e . .

to e x plain variat ion o f s pelli ng be tw ee n ) e, o, co

m
.

()
8 E bi h Z u S y n t a d sc V b u t L e i p zi g Di 1 90
r5 x e er s e c ss

m
. . . .

() gg
9 E A E N o t n S
e,p i n of E ar.l y E ng l i h (M L . N o t es o ec e s s . . es,

1 887 , 1 12
ct on f omE arly M
.

1 0) Hall , J oseph S ele i idd l e E g l i h1 1 3 0 1 2 50

( . s r n s .

O x ford 1 92 0 (V l II pp 554
, . o . . .

( )
1 1 Ke ny o n J S N o t n t h O w l and the N ig hti
,
ng a l . . es o e e XII .

57 2 : a v aluabl and sug g es t i v c o nt ri but ion t o t he subj e ct )

1 2 ) K och J Revi w of W
e e .

( l l and G ad w ed i tions (
,
. A ng e e

s o

s . B eib . XX I .

227

(
1 3) K ock , E A . . In t er
p re a t tion nd E m end ati n of E ar ly E ng li h
s a o s s

T ex t s (
A ng XX V 323 c on is t ing o f no tes n Morri and S keat
s o s

s

mn of E E
. .

Sp eci e s . .

( ) N p i r A S Old E ng li hGl
1 4 a e s asses, I ntro O xford 1 900 F or
(
c ommo n c ri b l rror etc )
. . .
, .
,

s a e s, .

( )
1 5 N o e ll e, H . Uebe d i e Sp r ra c h d e es Ul e und N achig a ll t
Go tt ingen 1 870 ,
.

(1 6 ) S ai nt bury G H isto y of E ng li hP o ody I 56 L o nd o n 1 906

s r s r s

1 7 ) Sh rm G ra m
.

matical Analysis of the Owl and th N ig ht

,
. . .
, ,

( an L A e e

T ans of A m P h
,
. .

ing al ( e il A o 1 8 7 5 pp 6 9
r . er . . ss c .
, .

(1 8) S c hi pp r J E ng li ch M t il 1 21 B o nn 1 881
e , . s e e r c, .
,

(1 9) S ch i ppe r J A H i tory of E ng li h V r ificat ion O xford 1 91 0 s s e s

(0) S t at m
.

H E mnd atio n a nd Ad d i tion to th

, . .
,

2 ann F r e Owl a nd , . . e s s

th N ig h
e ting ale (E S t I 2 1 2 (C orr ct io n o f t he t e x t o f 1 8 7.7 . . e s .

(2 1 ) W ll s J E A cci d ence in th Owl a nd th e Nig h ting ak (A ng

e , . . e .

XXX III 2 52 iii)

Wells J E Acc nt Marking in MS J esus L Notes XX V
. .

, . . e -
s . .
,
.

1 08

(
23) W ll s J E e ,
. . Sp el ling in the Ow l a nd the M L
Nig hting a le ( . .

N ot es, XXV I 1 3 9 iii) . .

1 88

e qui valent F th rest th v o cabulary c onsists o f nat i ve w ord s o f a

s . or e ,
e ,

mor c oll oqui al charact r how v r than the O E p o t i c d i ct ion ; and

e e e e e

m any o f th m urvi v onl y in mod rn d i al ct g Dorse ts m

. .
, ,

e s o e= root e e ,
e . . or

o f t r e (c f me o p l =
p a c
( f p l re va ng = iv ( c f s ea s re s a e rece e

S omrse t
. .
.

af ong He reford p ol ting l ug (

e c f p ul t n 87 3 l ugg e e

m
.
,

q u t (c fa u quat i B e rks
o er h w ll ( c f h u l e C o p o und s s e e s e e es

frequently o ccur a w ll a n w form at ions l ik bichi men t w p n

.
.

s e s e e r ,
o e e ,

f a i hed e g al g l
re p u b u h
,
w h i l e o f t h o b so
e a e, s l e s c nt typ e o f c om s r c e, e e

pound i n tanc a found in ut hut and utl t th form er o f w hi ch

1
,
s es re sc e e e, e

ha i nc e d isapp ared w hi l t h latt r sur vi ves

s s e ,
e e e .

c
() P H ON O L O G Y .

i() T he hart ep i ng p g g jong vow els b for c on onant

s is o f w
e e s ,

f u nt p ur a nd is i l lus t r ated by t h e fo ll o w i ng r h
r eg y m e s :
eg
r e cg n
cc ,

hidd e (
OE 1 1 1 2
bridd e O
( E i ) . . c . .

riste (OE . . i) l is e
(t
O E i ) . . 1 7 1 2
cheste (O E ea ) ures e (O E 55) t 1 7 7 8

. . . .

l ?) t O
( E ) 1 45 1 2 es t (O E . . a res . . e

oft (O E ) ft (O E 1 545 6 e . . 0 so e . .

ii
() T rac e s o f t h l ng th ni ng o f O E a e s in o p e n y ll abl es appear
e e e . .

, , ,
s

only in th foll ow i ng cases e :

3ar e OE
( ea) a iwa r e (O E a) 2 1 5 6
6
. . . .

f are OE
( . . a) p a e r O E a)
( . . 995
unsod eOE )
( o OE
tobr od e ( 1 007 8
6
. . . .

.
nacoleb O E o)
( . . s ol }e O
( E . . 0 ) 1 275

r e how ever suchforms in D E d e s a sel f rhymi ng : and i t w oul d

A s a ul , ,
. .
, ,
re -

m
th erefore m that t h leng theni ng p roc ess w a n t a yet c om plete
se e e s o s .

iii
() S h t V w ls
Iso l at e d i n t anc
ores o f a i before p al
o g ! e . s
'
.

occur in i h t 47 3 i hi t 995 a s es
J
a
C
s e s
n 4'
is occasionally d i phthongised t i before O E ng ng d w i th
.

OE e o e - -

mind 1 3 1 min 945 : i t al o

.
,
. . .

l oss o f g 2
,
ex . e ,
e s

f u3el es 3 43 , su m540 ,
l uue 1 51 0 .

ex tgn
g g w ad e 444, wane 47 5,
m6 1 1
,

ca e , ba t e 884 c
( f . Morsbach 1 21 , a

i v)
( L ong Vow els ex a nd Dip hthong s . OE a . . a pp ears as a or a .

laward 959 w at 1 1 7 9 g n 1 51 0 a 1 083 g o t 1 1 1 1

, n 1 7 60 When ,
a , re ,
s , o e .

p rec d d by c on and u t his op en a [ Q] ha n t a y t bec om cl osed a

e e s s o s e e

m 2 37 8 g
.

c f th rhy m es e2 97 8 al wa w ( hw so o o so s o s ee o

eve r B mpl J ou nal of G mP hil 1 897 v l I pp 1 4 ill)

.
, ,

e , r er . . o .
,
. . .

S 1 Br dl y M king of E g li h p 1 2 4
ee a e , a n s , . .

Cf N pi r O E G l
2
. p xxvii and B runot Hi toir d la l ngu
a e , . . asses , .
, ,
s e e a e
 nguage of the C Tex t T he L
1 89 a .

I t w ould see mthat O E had n t a y t bec o m i d e nti ed w i thO E o s e e

o p n) for w hil bo th form a r pr nted by there

. . . .

ea a M E a ( s e e s re e ese e,

seem t o hav been somd iff re nce in their v l u I n any ca thro ugh
. .
,

s e e e a es se ,

ut t h p oe mthese form a self rhymi ng ; (O E s ) i nowhe re found

.

o e s re -
. . s

in r hym w i t he ( OE e ) e . . a .

T h am e hold s t ru o f (
e s O E c ) and e ( O E e) T h C te xt ha t wo e e . . o . . . e . s

in tances o f 6 o rhym es vi
s ,
z : .

d t ( O E ) p ro t O
( E c ) 3 2 1 2 es . . s . . o

d t ( O E ) bo t( O E ea) 97 7 8 es . . r s . .
-

c f al o 1 1 1 1 7 9 80 L ess cl ear a
. s . . re

wul e (O E ea) . . neod e (O E ea) .93 7 8 .

pead e (O E ea) ned e O

( E o t e) 1 58 3 4 or
r ul how ev r O E a lf rhymi ng in t hi s po mand i t would
. . . .

As a e e . . o, re se -
e

appear t hat t he y had n t as y t b om e i d nti d in M E e [ e] o e ec e e . . .

ME ( O E 5 or ) is occasionally d i p ht ho ngised t o i b fo a nasal

3 a e e re

ex d eim2 1 l in 302
,
. . . .

. r , c e e .

O E a is r g ul arly d e no t d by u e x c p t in houl 1 6 82 (
. . see Morsbach
e e , e e

1 21 ,
a

v ) Conso nants O E m ed i al g in a gut tural env ironme nt re tai ns i ts

.

( . . .

valu a a v oi c d guttural pirant

e s I t o cc ur afte r guttural v w l
e s s o e s,

aft r r and l and i g ne rally w ri t t n a 3 E id 3 586 h 3 7 01 ila3

'
e ,
s e e s . x . ra c ,
o e , e

847 ibor3 883 f l 3 3 07 T his v al ue [ y] i

6 ho w n by t h sc ri bal
o e s s e

v ari ant ahn 1 542 muh 1 581

.
, ,

s h 1 599 f uh l 1 6 6 0
e e , e ,
seor e , e es .

T he re w as how ve r a g ro w i ng tend e ncy for thi p irant to bec om e e s s

v ocalised to w and thi i i ll ust rated by th forms bow 1 2 5 tad w 1 2 6

,
s s e e ,
/ro e ,

b aw 47 8
, r rw 884 A t a late r d at e t h chang had b com e g ne ral
e ,
sa e . e e e e ,

and th c ri b o f J for i n tance uses w t hro ughout

e s e s

md ial and nal) w e re also pre

.
,

T h pal and gutt val ues o f O E h(

e . . . . e v

served at this d at e t hough x c ept in a i ngl i n tance (viz i3t 1 1 53 ) , e s e s . e e

no i nd i cat io n o f any d i ff re nc o f v al u i fo und in t h ort h og raphy o f e e e s e

C I n J on t h o th hand th sc ri be regularly d is t i ngui hes t h so und

. e er ,
e s e

val ues by an i ns rt ion o f i (

, y ) befor e p al h a n d o f u b for e g u
ett h E .
,
e . . x .

ay te h 1 1 53 , a u te h 3 85, houh
f ul 53 7 , neyh1 2 2 0 .

()
d A CC I D ENC E .

i)
( S ubs tant iv es .

(
a) ram mati cal g end er is ti ll mai ntai ned T hi is ho wn
As in O E , g s s s

so meti mes pr c d i ng d f adj e x p dai (m) 2 59 p a hul (f )

. . .
,

by t he e e e es e s e

1 66 7 t g m ( o mtimes by th adj ine i n

.
. .
, . .
,

n ) 1 6 49
,
a a e na nn . : s e e . x o ,
ex . e

w i 1 2 38 i
e id 42 9 ann cr ft 7 94 som e t im by t h p ro no un used
re s e e a : es e s

in co nne ct io n w i t h uc hw ord a d r i m m) 2 1 st fn (f ) 3 1 7 munb (f )

, ,

( s s s o a e e

n ) 68 9 w i d om ( m) 1 2 99 At t h
.
,
.
, .

34 1 lil i ( f ) 43 9 n t ( n ) 6 49 w it (
e es s s e

sam e ti m t races o f a t nd n y in t h d ir c t ion o f natural gend er exist n t

.
, , .
,
.
,
. .

e, e e c e e ,
o

ably in t h o cca io nal u of t he n u p ro in co nn c tio n wi thword s lik

e s se e e e

mun (O E f m) 3 55 (see bo v ) l p (O E ma ) 359 o ng (O E

. .

e e a e e e s s e

ma ) 3 43 ha rm(O E ma ) 1 2 3 5 and o f t h fem p ro w ithw ord lik e wif

. . . . . . .
, ,
.

s s e s

maid (O E n u ) 1 341 1 3 43
. .
, .
,
. . .

( OE . . e . . e .
, .
1 90

As a r ul nal i norg ani c uc h a app ars in mod e rn forms e,

-
e, s s e

l i ke l i f and

sor i n t found in th n mform o f thi po m: c f

e

e, s o e o s s e

m457 mu 87 m6 58 wi 1 01 1 liim1 056 T h

. .

lif 1 1 2 7 , 1 2 3 4, ha s a n e

form
sor

s in whi c hi t i fo und d m i t o f more th n n xpl n t ion I n so m

, , , , .

s a a o e e a a e

c s thi l i d u t o L O E form g h lin

.

a es s na ny ) 900
e s e s, e o esse -
sse

md u to n logy w i th
. . . .
.
,

w r e e w r ) 1 3 41 l w h r i t wo uld e e : e se e e see e a a

obliqu c i g ehi3 t 2 7 2
ases ti d 48 9 mub 1 7 57 hw il 1 591
n m il e, e e e e e e

i t i d d d for mt ri c l r so ns e i ther t o
-
. .
, , , ,

1 592 wh i l in oth r pl
: e e aces s a e e a ea

o bt i n n x t r yll bl or p ro p r rhymi ng f rm g d 3 1 1 b t
,

a a e a s a e a e a e r ar e a e

6 88 rod 1 3 82 On t h w hol e how v r i t my

,
. .
,

e f ly b i nferred th t e e e a sa e e a

i norg ni c l i uchw ord s h d n t be c om e t bli h d t thi d te

.
,

a na -
e n s a o e s a s e a s a .

(y) T he O E r e tai ned tho ug h mo t o f sb ine x ions in g e ne al

are r , s

them(O E a u an u m ve ee evelled t o I n part i c ular

. . .

. .
-
,
~
,
-
,
-
o ,
-
u )ha b nl ~e.
,

t rac of all t h O E plural s a e found g (1 ) unchang d n u a p l

es e r e e e cc

o f O E a s t ms [ bing ] 7 7 1 d a 1 01 2 ban 1 1 2 0 (in w p n (O E w p nu)

.
,
. . . . . .

-
e r e e

ee n) (2 ) n mp 1 o f O E is t ms unn 1 3 95 wi3t
. .
, , , . .

1 3 69 a u pl ural i
.

-
s s o e s e e

3 ) m utat ed p1 mn 1 2 46 t 1 53 8 ( tem
. . . .
, , , ,

87 ( ,
4) d at p l o f O E s . e ,
e ,
. . . .
~os
,
-
es s ,

child r 1 453 y r 1 06 (e 5) n p l o f t h w eak d e c l n io n 3 n 7 5 a n

,
e e ,
. . e e s ,
e e e , e re

3 3 8, g p l d eoulene 93 2
. . .

On the he hand , he t re is evid ence o f om e co nfusion o f the olde r

ot r s

d cl n ions and this also m

e e s ay be bes t i llus t rated from th e p l form In s

o m i n t anc t h O E l ong te mm ed neu pl (unchang ed in O E )

. .

s e s es e . .
-
s . . . .

takes th pl ural e x w d e 1 7 8 d s 1 1 2 9 co n 1 2 02 hu a 1 2 03
e -
s or s se e r es s s

bl e as om
,
.
, , , ,

1 56 2 T h form hip 1 2 05 is n o ta p are d w i teh O E sc es c

ip u w hi l e o m et i m th
. . .

sc : in i n i use d in the d p l e g of cr af t
s es e -
s ex o s es

71 1 m
. . . .
,

id t r 86 5 T hen ag ai n w i thunwi3ti 2 1 8 ni3t 52 3 ho ul d

e es s es s

be c om pared t he etymol og i cally c orr ct p lu wi3t 8 7 w hil l au d ies

.
, , , ,

e e : e e

plural t o a f m b f th w ak d e
.

1 3 3 8 show t he x t n io n o f the s e e s s- e . s . o e e

c le n i n I n tron 6 1 5 ch
s o ild n 1 1 1 5 ho w v e r t he w ak pl in i n has re e e ex o

b n ad d ed t o for m c orres p o nd i ng t o O E t w
.
, , .

ee ild u s . . r o e, c r .

(ii ) A djctiv e es .

T h O E adj ine ional y temis larg ely m ai ntai n d tho ugh in a

e x s s e

g f md sg um
. . .

w eak en d form Mo st o f t h adj e nd i ng s a e fo und

e er e r e e s e

ire 91 4 ; ma
. . .
, . . . .

I h g ann 7 99 g ad u 8 1 2 f uln 1 1 96 ; n pl br d 7 5 cc s e e e e e

g p l bei r 1 584 : but o m e am

.
,
. .
, , . .
,

ount o f irr gulari ty o ccur in t h case o f

e s e s e

adj ct i ve s r m o v d fromth ir noun suchword s be i ng not al ways in

. .

e e e e s,

te d in ag r mnt wi t ht he noun on w hi c ht h y d pe nd
ec ee
g l dl i h
e s e e e o c

f ma ma
,
. .

t fule ( harp 7 long (

i
r
sg ) 3 2

pl ) 2 7 0 tif l t ang (

e a . cc . .
,
s e cc s s r e s:
,
. .

acc sg ) 2 69
formo f th dj i u ed a in O E c f bat g r t
. . .

T hen ag a n , i t he wk . e a . s s s . .
,
. e e

hu d 1 1 9 b ill 42 1 al o 1 1 943 1 3 3 1 1 43 4 ; t wo e ndi ng (

e e e u ) e s s ~er e -
re

mpl oyed in c omparat i ve form

.
, , , , ,

a re e
g l ad d 7 3 7 u i u 1 52 w h i l s, e x ere a r r : e

m and m a d i ti ngui h d a in O E ( Gl os )
,
.

ore o re s s e s see s
An i m portant d v l opmnt how v r b c ome vi ibl in t h ad opt ion
. . .

e e e , e e e s s e e
,

o f n w d f and i nd ef art i cl (b and ) I n t h rs t place th i nd e

e e . . es e a . e e
linabl b is al ead y regul arly found for O E g o f d f art i c l e
c e e a n r . . so s . s . e . :
1 92

(2 n d C l ass ) h o w eve r n d i n i li k i 3 42 l ni 6 42 N t race s e x i s

e t as -
,
ex .
, or . o

y te o f t h l a te r f orme at io n i ( n ) li (n ) l i (n ) e t c t h r e g u l ar form s se e ,
e , e e ,
.
, e s

be i ng gg ( OE
se g n) ligg (
e O E .
li g a n) l gg (
.
O E
sec a l y a n ) S i g ns o f
,
e . . c ,
e e . . ee .

O F r i n uenc e a
. .
e n w h re th inn or g is p r c ed ed by f
re s e e e . er . e or :

ex f lutli 540 f to l t n 1 01 8 (c f O F p a a av i r )
or or e e r r o

ar act ri t i c o f W
. . . .
.
,

(B) I n t h p r e s in d i yn
e c o pa t e d forms c h . Se (se ,
s ,
e s . . e

S i eve rs 3 58 2 ) a frequ ntly found in the 3 d g g u 1 3 8 at 1 7 6

,
re e r s .
, e . . c , ,

s e t 7 6 3 bi t 1 3 5 2 i t it 1 52 1 it 1 587 but forms in al o o cc ur c f s : -

e s
p
.
, , , ,

rid e 494
I n verb w i th te ms ndi ng in d t h d o f t h p r 3 d g so m
.

s s etim e
e -
e e . r s . s

appear a d s g b ds1 43 7 un d e r t and 1 46 3 w nd 1 46 4 ch

eo id 1 53 3 h a ld e s e

simi lar for ms in O E see S i e v er 3 59 2

, . .
, , , ,

1 57 6 g rad 1 66 5 F
,
. or . . s ,
a .

A in O E t h roo t v o w el o f t h p r i nd i c g (
s . .
,
e 2 nd and 3 d p rs ) o fte n e . . s . r e .

bears t rac o f earli er umlaut g d t 49 li t 3 6 7 g 52 8 d 564

ad al so appe ar ed in L W
es e es es e e

m
,
.
,
.
, , ,

tih b l aut d forms w h i c h h S

1 43 5 u t u nu e . . .

( s ee S i eve rs 3 7 1 a 2 3) a s t i ll mor e f r e q uently found

, g ,
h alt 3 2 re ,
e . .
,

f a l t 3 7 d 4
,
9 0 f o l t 51 9 g 52 2 t
,
n t 6 1 8 f ro t
or os6 2 0 ,
o ,
s o ,
s .

T h end i ng o f t h p r p1 i i nvari bly g ing 483 w p 885

e e s a -
e e . . s e e e

excep t in form l ik l t w 1 7 7 f w 1 7 9 ut w 1 7 7 9 d w 1 7 8 1 wh re
. .
, , ,

s e e e e o e ,
e e , o e e
, ,

t h O E ad h t ativ c onst ruct ion o cc urs Cf ho wever nd

e . . or e s ee no te . . se .

( 7) I n t h p r e t forms oef t h t ro ng ve r bs t h O E g r ad at io n se ri es
. e s e . .

P r. 3 sg . Pt . sg . Pt .
pl .

writ 1 7 56 w rot 2 3 5

forl eo se 1 3 44 f orl ost 949 forl es 1 1 00

sing e 39 sing
t 72 1 s ngo 20 sungen 1 663

cumn 1 1 3 1 a cu mp 3 02 e co m1 3 2 ca m 1 67 1 e icu mn 1 3 0e

si tt e 2 82 sit 1 587 sat 1 5 se e n t 1 1 02

f ar e 6 58 farep 1 43 7 for 1 47 4
h ld 1 3 69 h l t 3 56
a h old 1 44 h ol d 1 2
e a e

Al o no t abl i n t hi c o nne ct io n
s t h follo w i ng forms o f t h i nd i c
e s are e e .

p ret 2 g in whi cht h O E roo t v ow el is p rese rved t l 1 03 b d 550

s e : s e e e e

m
. . . .
, ,

s e e
p k 554 un g 1 049 ,
1 058 st od 1 632 e ,
ca e ,
s e .

I n t h p p form f w 548 iw 6 60 a l vell i ng o f O E d t o

e . . s or or e , or e ,
e . .

i seen (
s c f no te 1 . .

I n tanc es o f O E strong v rbs bec omi ng w eak a found in ibann d

s . . e re e

1 6 68 and ih,
t 1 2 91 T h w k forms f d dd 1 1 43
s e nd f d d 1 1 50 . e ea o ra e ,
a o ra
,

are t o b found in O E (s ee S i eve rs 3 95

e w hi l e in l tt 952 l t . .
, a e e ,
e e

1 01 8 1 445 t h O E ve rb l Et n and l tt n h ve pp ar ntly bee n

, ,
e . . n s s a e a a a e co

fu ed ( not e 1
s see .
 ng uage of the C Tex t
T he L a1 93 .

()8 T h w eak p re teeri t e s r ta i n t h ir O E f orm and nd i ng b ut O E e e . . s e s, . .

-
d a d hav b n w eak n d to d
o e, s e g ih
ee d 3 r a dd t 1 5 9 h d e e -
e e, e . . er e ,
es ,
c er e

1 6 58 k d t 1 3 1 0 aku d t 1 1 84 I t i n t unt i l t h 1 4t h c nt ury

, as e es ,
rse es . s o e e

t hat th pt ndi ng f ll aw ay and n o f th causes th n w a analog y

e e -
e e o e e e s

wi t hth t pt formw hi chhad n n l (see Macaul ay Gow r I cx v ii )

.
,

e s r . . s o a ~e , e ,
. .

Th at t h w eak c o nj ugat io n w a
e al read y tabl i hing i tself a th s es s s e

l i v i ng c o nj ug at io n i how n by th form ip int 7 6 g r nti 2 01 f l d s s e s e ,

a ,
a o e

206 Cf al o iu p l id ing
. . s s e ,
a .

() Tch O E o p t a
en d i m p e r a t i ve form a p ra c t i call y u n c ha n g e d ; s re

i cht h ap t is empl oy d a th sam e a in

. . .

and t h c o nd i t io ns und r w h
e e e . e re e s

t h earli er pe riod
e .

E V E L O P ME NT o r N E WG RA MMAT I C A L MA C H I N E RY
() e D .

I n g ene r l t h g am mt i c l t ruc t ur e a c o m
a pared w i ththat o f O E
e r a a s s

ho w s m
, , . .
,

s ark ed ad v n c in a m d r n d ir ct io n bo t ha reg r d s t h ord r

a a e o e e ,
s a e e

o f w ord in t h se nten nd t h u o f auxil i ri nd pre posi t ion

s e ce , a e se a es a s as

m ns o f ex pr ssion T race o f th ld wkw ard i mp rso n l co n t ruo

ea e s e o a e a s

t io n re mi n (c f 11 2 3 1 2 8 1 nd t h word form a
.

a ti ll hi ghly a e -
s re s

i n ect d but in t h m i n mrk d d v lop ment ha tak en place nd

, ,
. .

e : e a a a e e e s a

mov mnt h beg un aw y fromth O E ynth t i c m e thod to t h

, , ,

a e e as a e . . s e s e

anal y t i c m t h od of Mod e rn Eng li h

e s s .

(i ) T h O E g n pl i frequ ntly di plac ed by of w i thgen g ful l

e . . e . . s e s .
,
e . .

of vu l w n
e e h 2 4 7 h 3 of
re c e hi hn ( cf O E w i t hg n ) 455
,
0 e s s e e . . . e .
,

l o 1 1 458 47 2
a s .
, .

ii
() A re l i c o f t h O E passi ve for m i fo und in h tt t 2 55 El s w h r
e s a es e e e

ho w e v r t h passi v e i form
. . .

e ed by t h uxili ry verbs b n and w u n

e s e a a ea r e

foll ow ed by p p g ni bi u d 1 2 0 w u f w 548 also 1 1 2 6 2

a . .
, e . . s re e , r or or e , .
,

iii )
( f t re t nse is o ccasionally re p re nted a in O E by th
T he u u e se s e

p r sent form uind tu 6 57 t l l 7 1 5 A t t h sam tim th au

.
,
.
,

e ,
ex . es ,
e e . e e e, e x .

v rbs ch l and wil l a al o u ed for thi s purpo e wi thi nc reasi ng f

e s a e re s s s rs

q u n y e x h wil g n a i3t w i 2 1 4 ha h l li/i w l unw

e c : e t 3 42 e o r e e e s a c e res e

al h mi ng 960
.
, ,

i h ch
c s On t h o the r hand t hese verbs al o re tai n at
eo s e e s

t im es t heir origi nal meani ng a nati nal v rbs e x m

.

a n ch l mu t s s o e : s a s

oug ht) h hi m i hp wit m 1 2 49

.

or o ught to ) b til l 97 9 chal o s e ,

s e s s a e e ,

w al le w ish) 3e is p es to br eke 1 7 30 .

i(v ) T h pe rfec t and pl upe rf c t t ense s a ex pressed a in O E by

e e re , s . .
,

m ans o f t h au verbs h bb n and b anh bb n wi tht ran i ti v e v rb

e e x . a e e a e s e s,

b n wi t h i nt ran i t i ve ve rb
ee p c i ally verb o f mo t ion E () han t
s s, e s e s . x . a e

i id o 1 1 3 hadd n frog g i u l3 1 46 ha dd i l n d 2 1 6 had d nd

s e o e e s o e o or e e a

m m
, , ,

u
s ere g od if zd e 7 05 ; i
e i u n 1 30 is ag 50 7 n i of h t i lid s c e ,
o ,
s or e s e

6 86 .

o v e xam pl i llus t r t t h fact that th p racti c e o f putti ng

T he ab e es a e e e

t h obje c t afte r t h pas t part i c i pl a in Mod E ng lish w a a y t fa

e e e s s s e r

f om g en ral I t b came in t h 1 4t h ce nt ury c f howev r at h dd

.

r e e so e : e o e

muchl wn ist 1 094

. .

id on so e r .

13
1 94 Ap p e nd ix II

v
() T h ca u s a le c o n t r u ct io n o f t h p o m fu
s r t h e r i ll u t r at e t h a
s d o p e e s e

t io n o f anal yt i c m thod o f xp re ion I n O E uchc on t ructions had

e s e ss . . . s s

b ee n f orm d b y O E
e d o n ( wi t h t a n d b c l a u e ) an d l t t an (wi t h x a s s e

m
.
. .

T h la t t e r f r e i fo u n d i n lat f d u 9 1 9 ls t f b n n 1 09 3 e or r e ,
e or o e :

t h for mr in i h h f 7 8 B t
e e p
ct i w u w 5 4 a u s ec e r or or e .

in ad d i t ion t t hi ano t he r c o n t r uct io n (

o s, v iz d n wi t hinf ) i found e x s o s

m m
. .
.
,

d o[ 2 m isreken 490, d e his 1 7 1 6, d o p e cr e e 1 7 88 .

A PP EN D I X 1 1

G H T I N G A LE E P I SO D E
THE NI

T hi pi od in th r t i n tanc app ar t o have p rung fromBreto n

s e s e e s s e e s s

soil I t i n rrat d at full l ngt h in th l i c al led L au ti (c 1 1 7 5) o f

. s a e e e a s c .

Marie d F rance and i the r d c ri b d a

e ,
Un s 1i e es e s

e

B r t un nt nu lai
e re B e for e t h nd o f t h 1 2 t h c nt ury i t w o uld s m
.

e e e e ee

t have at t ai n d
o w i d e p o p ul ari ty
e I t i f i n tanc e bri y allud ed
a s, or s e

t in Al xand r N kam D N tu i R rum i t i r elate d in d i ff r nt

.
,

o e e ec s e a r s e : s e e

forms by acho f th d isputant in T h Ow l nd th Nig hting al w hil

e e s e a e e: e

i t ub qu ntly i found in t h R n d l Co ntr f it (c

s se e s in t h e e ar e e a . e

F r nch han on o f t h 1 5t h c nt ury and in t h E ng l ishv r ion o f t h

e c s s e e e e s e

G ta R mn um a c om pi lat io n w hi c h appe are d ori g i nal ly in L t i n

es o a or ,
a

farm in England ( wa nl r g d n t h C o nti ne nt and aft e r

0 . s e a e o e ,

w ard t ran lat d i nt o E ngl i habo ut 1 445

s s e s

T h d i ff rent v r ion m um mari d a follow

.

e e ay b e s s e s se s s

()a T h L au ti A c
e o un t s c c .

A t St Mala t h r li v d t w k ni g ht e en of w hom w a m arri d to a

e o s, o e s e

b aut i ful and v irt uo u l ady whi l t h o t h r w a a bach lor f md al ik

e s ,
e e e s e a e e

for hi val our and c ourte y L av prang i nt o b ing b t w ee n t h lad y

s s . e s e e e

and h n igh
er bo ur b ut m et i ng w e re hard t arr ang o w i ng t a hi gh
e : e s o e o

wall w hi ch p rated t h ir r p cti v c a tle I t w a t h r for th lady

se a e es e e s s s e e e e

s

c us to mto tak e h st and n ar a wi nd o w w hi c hc ommand d a v i e w o f

.

er e e

t h n i ghbo uri ng c tl and a a r ul t h hu band u p i c io n w r

e e as e, s es , er s s s s s e e

in d u c o ure rou d T hi ang ry i nquiri e t h l d y r pli ed t hat i t

se a se . o s s e a e

w a t h ni ght i ng l
s e ong that had d raw n h t hi ther w h r upo n h
a e s s

er : e e e

re solved t o p ut an nd to th ong tr H av i ng c ap tur d the b ird by

e e s s e ss e

man o f nare h broke it neck in th pr nc e o f hi lady and t h n

.

e s s s, e s e e se s ,
e

ung i t at h fe t tai ning th rob h w or T h b d y o f th hapl

er e , s e e s e e e o e e ss

v i c t i mw a aft erw ard ch ri h d by t h l d y w h wrapp d it in m

.

s s e s e e a o e e

A nd by himi t w a c arefully
,

b roi d r ed v l v t and
e nt i t to h lo v r
e e se er e s

p r rved nclo d in a p r ciou cask t a a t k n nd me mori l o f hi

.

es e ,
e se e s e s o e a a s
,

k nightly d e v otio n .

( b) N / m Ac o unt
ec ca

s c .

T hi app ar in um m
s ary form (
e s D N t R umI 51 ) and i d
s se e e a . er ,
. s e

v id o f t h m an d e tai l w h
o e i c hcharact ri e t h ot he r v r io ns A cc ord
s
y e s e e s

ing t N kamt h s t ory r un nim q ui d am ni m

.

o ec Mi l e i z el o t e s s :

es e s
1 96

foli ag e o f thi t ree a night i ng l c hanted h p a sionat ng H

s a e er s e so s er

hu band h vi ng p rce i ved t hat h o fte n v i i ted t h cas mnt o f this

.

s a e s e s e e e

roo mat ni ght b came g reatly ang r d and n be i ng t ld that th

,

e e e : o o e
,

ni g h ti ngale w a t h cau e h fort hw i th ho t th bird by m ean o f a b w

s e s ,
e s e s o

and a rro w T hn e w r e n c.
h i n g u t it h e ar t h un g i t at h i w i f ah o s e s e

i n ul t w hi chth y oung kni ght qui ckly av eng d by layi ng t h o ff nd i ng

s e e s e e

husband Hi w n w i fe d i ed oon aft r and th n h m

. s o arri d t h y ung s e : e e e e o

w i d ow w h om h had l v d so long e o e

ak r G t a R m a n um h C XX I
.

(S E Aee B . . e ,
es o or ,
c . .

C h n f th F ift nthC nt u y
(f) A n a so o e ee e r .

T h foll ow i ng x t ract s m t o ref r t t h s am e ni ght i ngal e p iso d

e e ee s e o e e e :

L ro us i g nol t u un haux e s es s r

Qui n pe nc qu a ba ;
e e ses e s z

L faul x j al oux y t d ub e s es e ss o z

P o ur l uy t ir r ung m att r s e e e .

L a belle a q ui il d p lai ait es s

L uy a d it pa i nj ur e r :
Hella ! q u t av ai t i1 m fait
s e

es ,

M hant c reat ur ? esc e e

(S G P
ee a ris t
. G v a e r t L C ha n o n e d a X V S i ec l
e C I X 1 1 1 3
, 20 es s s e e, . .

( S a A n
c .T e xt e sc) P a.ri ,
s,

(g) A N i n t n th C n t u y V r io
e een , e r e s .

T hi appe ar in A W E O S haughn L nd o n

y L ay of F an (

s s ess s s r ce o

ere mod ern r nd eri ngs o f ve o f Mari e s lai a gi v n in

. . .
,

wh

e s re e ,

clud i ng L u ti (pp 3 41 ) and Y n (Yv n )

a s c . o ec e ec .

Cf t h i d i ant B re t on ballad Ann E tih ( th Ni ght i ngal e ) in

e so -
s os e

V ill m
.

a qu collect ion B a a Br i (Chantes po pulair s d la B

K ahle r s rem ark in W

e r e s rz z- e z e e re

t agne ) 1 51 if P aris 1 86 7 arnk e

,
s . al , , : se e so s ,

D i L a i d e Mar i d F ranc
e s r C XX V II CXXX III and Carol i n
e e Watt e, e s,

mod rn rend eri ng o f L au ti

,

M i d F ranc S v n of h L i (
ar e e e, e e er a s e s c,

pp 87 91 ; No te pp 1 88
. L nd n 1 901 s . o o , .

A PP E ND I X I I I

E RS I O NS OF T H E OWL A N D F A LC O N F A B LE
V

() A ng l L tin R m
a ul u (Rom ulus T v
o -
a n i ) o s re e re s s
1
.

A cc i p te r t noct ua in un ar bor nid i abant t t alis fui t i nt e r e os

i ut m utu fam
n d car 1 a,
e a e c ,
e
ili itat alt r in lt ri us ni d o v
, a ua p an t ar e, e a e o a s ere .

U nd nt igit i nt e r p ull
e co A ip it i p ul l um n tu p d i t ab A os cc r s oc e ro re , e o
cip it f v i t pas c i F ct um es t autemut inm
re o er e und u i ll e p ul lus nid um a s

Quad umv i d i t A cc i p i te r re m fed am abh m

.
,

f d
e t A ip it i
are cc r s inatu c o s,
nid um I lli ut m iamf m e d i nte ad p trem
.
,

d pe it t p ul l
es uo x e os s s . a e a e c e s, e

S H i u L F buli t l tin 1 22
ee erV e x , es a s es a s , II . .
 T he Ow l and F a c l on F ab e l 1 97

in fort i tudin lam av unt e c Cu n erpater d i aut quare d i nt i

: r os, eser s , e c e

tudio amnan t i bui ? Q ui bu i lle r p an

,

bu nabis o li ta p i tat i
s s e s s es c r s s es

d it Mul t i iamanni in ha [ arbore ] r ed i t pull

: s s habuic d num es e os : se

quamp ri u f d at umms i d umm umin ni Et p nd unt i lli N bi

e e ve re s o er : a s

h iniu t im m mm
.

oc s e
p ut at u u fr at e r no t
r, cr i ll u ag no ca p i t e ol u s e e c s s

Qua aud it ait pat r P t ui q ui d e m umfav

, ,

h f
oc it
ece r o, t d e : o e e re e e

d nat uram uamn n po s um inm

.

t ta p d u
es ro ce rs , se uta s o s re

M al ita L i ce t d oc trina m ul t ump it p a i in ho m

.

or s in f i oss o er r e, orc o r

(i ) tamn es t in
.

s c e iu nat ur so s e .

5)
(
D un

o tur vu lt
s e re cunter e i,
ki s ur s un fu t av it
e s un ui,

e 1 1 huans e nse ble ad l ui m

m
.

t
T an s e nt ra ere nt a b d u

m e i
5 q u e n un ui e nse bl pune ient

me
e l ur oise ls nse e m
ble ave ie nt .

Ore avi nt si q ue e n nu an
1i ost urs l es us a1 huan
a av it c vu e z e esch apiz
1 0 ad les s ue ns oi e ez pe tiz
s l .

i q rre v i e
P u s l ur al a ue and ,
s i cu m t r m
na u e le d e and e .

q t r p ri
Me s uan a e l s f u e ai ez
es te it s is niz orz e suillie z :
I5 li
mm
huan l aveie nt al is .

Q t t r se
uan 1 i as u s is
f u as ,
i ie
se s o ise ls la d m
blas a :
p a r mt e t
a l a l n l u r re p r uv a

q ue vi t ir t e
n anz at a e e nu ,
20 ke
nu s s i r t
g an d es cuve nue
s i aiss l n1 1 i re nt m es .

Cil li res p und ire nt a p re s

q iu l nes e n d e

it m m
ie blas er,
m m it
l ui e i s es d e e nculper :
'

25 r
kar l ur d ari e s unt e ii a ,f ire
ur ce o q
es t d re iz u e n s un ni pairs

.

1 l ur res unt ,

i t v ir
V us d es e .

L e giere c est
088 a save ir
o f poi jeo i
d e l s les

te r
b en ge
30 e par c h al ur 8 par co ve r ,

m i i t for
a s n en
'

t re
s d e l ur na u .

it t
Mald ite se e ls nurre t ure l

P u ceo d it hum n
r p uvi e re r er
d la um d l d ul p um
e e i e z e r,

l e c i t u nu fu t am r

35 s e e s r s e ,

ja n vra tant uel

e sa r
'

er
u l m ord r n i t un ii

a
g u qu l arbr l t ii
e e se c e e,
es r e e e e es cre e
S a nat ur p u t humg u n hi
.

e e e c r
40 m nuls n n p u t d l t ut i i
es

e e e e ss r .

S ee Wr a nke , D ie F a bel n d er M ri a e de F r . L x x rx .
(
De accip itre e t n oc tu ) a .
 1 98

Odo c)
( Ch eri on
of t 1

m i e re t s
.

i o
Busard us in n d A ccip it ris p roiec it unu o uu , e t nd a a u e st m
pul lu Al s ul l n b l s u ii p i o i e
fecerunt a nid u mm
S e d ullu e x tr m p s
mper m m mQ
.
.

B usard i se aculauit nid u suu uad ad ue rt e ns A e ait : cc i p i t r

mm m
.

Q is
u e st qui nid u aculat l T and e d ix erunt ci ull d e ull B usard i

p i p o
m m
.

Q ua d a t t e nd e ns A e e liu B usard i e t cci p i t r c p i t

a n id u p roie cit , e xt r
d icens : a ey h Of
i ye broht e , y nd e ne yche z hoc e st D e ouo
z
of k i m . te
e d ux t ra non p atui t anf a tu t t atu
i, d e na u : e c r c s es s .

d
() N i co l e B o o n z
3
.

L e huan p ri a 1 a tur d e narir n : l aut r l ui g aunt a e l ui d i t

e s so z e r s

u il 1 f i t ve8 n ir m t ter e e nt r e p ig o n d m e eign es S ie t o t cum e s s e s e s

q e

om m
.

c el y ol v y
se e n t n l p a ig n i l ea t u r l d
ce i t q u cil e n f u a st a e, e s e e s co r

ses pig o n e ap i t lu natur t an q l a tur v l it qu re lu viaund

e s r s r e : e e s o e e
r
e,

t r ava n ny a d mnt oi i f t
r v nt
e y t e l l
so Q st ce i l q
r u e jo
e e s .

e e o es

e

tro ve e nc ont re no t u e ? qui ad o f t 2

r V ost re norry f nt
r

s t ce e

o se z .

fet i1 ve i t d is t n e ng le is S t lc o ul a nd

rs es hrap o ul e e : ro e e sc e

v r is o ul oul Au int t d p lus u g nts qu ant n d e

a nd e e e e e x es e o rs e e s ez

Me ke i1 y nt e n haut munte ave nt e p ri e e nform

.

bas li g nag e . s so e s o z, s s

n r li g io n an e n s i e c le an e n d ig n t e t o u j o ur

e e e to rnent a l ur e st at e e z s r

o d it l e m
,

t a l u nat ure d o nt il ant n e P ur e n ng ley T rend l

e r s e z ce e s, e

m
.

th app l n v
e e
f r he n
e ere so
y se f ro w h a t t r hee a

co ee c .

() J ohn of S hp
e e

B u ard u p ie it in nid umA c ip it ri ouum s uum A cci p i te r aut em

.

s s ro c c s

c red en ouumsuumesse cubauit s upe r illud una umo uis ui et crea

.
,

s c s s

t i nd e pull us q u mnut i uit A cc i p i t r t anquam s uum P ul li ve ro

,

tu s es e r e

unt m um uume x t ra nid um : p ull us m

.

A ccip it i p roi r s ecer a ul auit s c

nid um Q uad ad ue rte ns A cc i p i te r ait Q ui s u st umes t qui i mac u : e r s c

lat nid um uum ? Et o m d i e unt N n eg d o m

.

n s i ne T and em facta
es x r : o o,

p ro sui lib aciane p rad er ueritate m

.

p l e ni o i i n quisi ian op ort ebat e

r c e, os er e

e t d i erunt : Domi ne i s te es t umm ag no c ap i t e o t e nso lio B usardi

x c s

Q ue m A cci pi t r ummagna indig na ion per capud arripien p oi it

, , .

e c c e s, r ec

e xtra nid umd icens : D e ou te p ad u i : xtra naturamnon patui Q ui a

, o r x e .

vt d i c i t C r t i ns e .

Naturam e pe llas fur t a (ic) x s

ta mn e vsq ue recurr e t .

( f) L a tin T r
tion of B n Cont a nsla ozo

s es
5
.

B ubo g it a ip it mut p ull um uumnut i t et in bo nis m ibu

a v ro cc re s r re or s

ed u a t q uad sib i
c re n d n j u it illumad d uc e re t ni d o u i nt er
co ce e s ss e s o

C ui d i x i t acci p i te r qu d in o m
,

p ul l uo p o ne r
os s s e n i bu p ul lis uis on a s s c

for mre t t ill um d u a i n mad i

.

e e t d ilig nt
or
Qui e
p nd it c c o e s cere e er . r es o se

S1 H vi u L
ee F buli t l tin v l
er e x p 1 81 (D B u d t d
, es a s es a s, o IV . e sar o e e
nid o A
. .

ip it i ) cc r s
Al o o f i hi th b tht o f th l hi n m
.

ytht
3


s c e e ra e, a
N icol B o on L Co t m li (d L T oulmin Smith t
e e e e .

3
S

ee e z ,
es n es o ra se s e a
An T x t ) p 2 3
.

P M y r S
.

. e d e , oc . es c . e es , . .

S 4 H i u L
ee F buli t l tin
erv e 43 7 (
x Bu du t Acc ip it r)
es a s es a s, I V sar e
N icol Bo on L Cont m
s e
o li (d L T oul min S mith t
, . .

5
S ee e z , es es ra s s e a
P M y r S oc d An T x t ) p 2 05
. .

. e e , . es c . e es .
, .
2 00 Ap p end ix I V

Or t d i b e n,m
e iel z a ereie i m
i jeo
t un s ul e ng n, se l ave ie ,

35 q u ec e t mp c p i
l s d un ai a u he l e ne :
jeo p e
t e ve i d el ivre d e e i n

i m e i t fe t c z mm
.

B en de
1 i ha
e brer
d e ce o q ue jai oi unte

c r
s uve nt es t at e inz 1 i gup iz ,
40 it
t ut s e il q uointe s par ses d 1 z

.

b) Od o
( of Cheri t on
1
.

V ul p siu R ina d u buiauit T b g id est Cato t d i xi t Rei nar

es e e r s o e er o ,
e

d us Q u t fraud s u l art i ia n ui t i ? Et ait Catus C rt e n c i a nisi

: a e e c o s : e es

unum E t it R ina d u Q uad t illud ? R p nd it C Q uand o can

a e r s : es es o : es

me in quuntu ci a r pere supe r arbor t uad Et qu iuit Catu

. .

se r, s e es e e ere es s:

m
.

Et t u q uo t c is ? E t p nd it R s S c io X V II t ah h h a b a cc u re s o : e oc eo s

pl enum V ni m cum t d bo te art i ia ma quad canes te n n

.
,

e e e oc e c e o

am ba i m
.
,

c ap ie nt Annui t Cat u ul iu unt V nat a t can in s: s er e res e es

A ud io c ane s i mt i mo Et ait R Nol i

. .

s eq u bantu e t ait r eos e : a e :

ti me r bene te i nstruam qualit uad A pp ap inquau unt canes t

. .

e : er e es r er e

C r te d i x i t C am
.

u nat a
e re s p liu n n uad te c um uol a uti a ti i
e s o o : r c o

m Et altauit super a b m Canes i p umd imi unt t R inard um

.
, ,
.

eo s r o re s ser e e

t ibi as q ui d ampe r u n
. .

in ut i unt t t and m
se c s p unt q ui d am pe e ce er er e

t r m qui damp d or um qui d am per c apud Et C in al to ed an

, ,

e er s s s

l am R ap e ri a ulumt uum c e rte omnes fraud

, , . .

c auit R ina d
e r e, .
,
s cc : es

t u n n nal nt t i bi

e o e .

() S imi lar v r io n a fo und in th A ng lo L atin R m

0 e s ulu and i n
s re e -
o s
2

J ohn o f S he pp y F abula but th y have n p ci al f ature

e

s e 3, e o s e e s .

A PP END I X V

N OT E ON C O RN I F I C I A N I

T he o nly reasonabl ex pl nat io n o f thi c urio us w ord seem t b e a s s o e

that i t ig ni es follo we r o f Ca ni iu A bo ut a d oz n p n o f
s

s r c s .

e e rso s

t hat name w re p romi n nt in ant iqui ty at vario u p rio d s (see P aully

Wi owa R al n y l p d i
e e s e

ss ,
e and o f th e e t h only n at al l l ikely
e c c o ae e, s e o e

i 8 Q Co ni iu orat or p oe t and p ol i t i c i an F
s . r c hi fri nd hi p w i t h
s, or s e s

e p ci ally C i d f amX II epi

, .

Ci ce ro and h i p li t i cal ym pat hi s o s es , se e s e c a

. . . s

t ulae 1 7 3 0 for hi r elatio n t Cat ul lu: t h l at t r path t i c ad

s

by W
s o s se e e e s e

d ress to him in t h 3 8thp o e m o f u c oll ct io n T he ar t i c l (

e i w a) o r e . e sso

a l read y quot ed g i ve s g oo d g round f upposi ng that C i c ro fri nd and s or s e

s e

C at ull u fell o w p oe t w e re n and t h s am S o m uchfor th r eal m

s

-
an o e e e . e .

1S H vi u L
ee F bul i t l tin
er e 21 2 x es a

, s es a s, IV . .

2 S ee i bi d 1 1 57 8 9 . . .

3 S ee i bi d I v 441 . . .

4 T is n e i sh ot co r t Pro f or H o o f th Univ r ity Coll

W
nt ibu e d by e ss J R se e e s eg e
ry twy h
. .

of al e s, Abe s t .
 N e tc on Cornici ani 2 01

A round pe rso nal i ty a c uriou l gend prang up by r easo n i t

his s e s

would mo f a mi und r tand i ng o f V rgi l and o f hi arli er and be tt r

, ,

se e

omme ntator (see Wi w a p it l

see ,
s e s e

c s In th sso v nthE clog u o c co e se e e

m m
,
. . .

( 11 2 1
. ff ) o cc u a c o .p l i n t ar y ref r
rs n c t o n C o d ru w h i a i d
e e e e o e s o s s

t b o co nd o nly to P hoebu in po t ry T h V ro n scholia t n t hi

e se s e . e e es e s o s

passag e (in T hi lo and Hagen ed i tion o f S r vi u v l III 3 99) no tes

s e s, o :

o m H l vi u
. .

Many uppose C od rus t o b V rg i l o th r C ni iu

s e e e s or c s, s e e s

N w in 1 2 6 o f t h sam E log u t h w i h i e x p ress d t hat

,

C i nna
o e e c e, e s s e

C od ru m um
. .

ay bur t w i t h nv y (
s inuid i s p n t w u t i l ia C d e ) N n a r a r o ro . o o e

w h know o t h pa t c las i c al habi t (

s by n m ean d ead y t ) o f n ve r
e s -
s o s e e

l ooki ng at t h c o nt x t n d t o b t o ld t h c o ncl u io n t h t w a d aw n
e e ee s e e s a s r

fro mt hi vi t hat i f C od r u w a to burs t w i th nvy i t w a b c au h

,

s, z . s s e s e se e

w a an nv io us ri v l o f V r gi l B ut i f t h
s e is w r so h c learly c ould n t
a e e e e o

b V e rgi l hi m
,
.

e sel f n Ci nna w h is l wh r (E l I X 3 5) pok n o f or o e se e e e s e

wi thth g r a t t r pect T h r for h mus t b Co ni iu T hat t h

. .
,

e e es es . e e e e e r c s . e

wi hi x p r ed by T hy i t h h p h rd w h in t h v nthE clogu
s s e e ss rs s e s e e o e se e e

i o v rc o m by C oryd o n in i ng i ng and t hat t h r for hi

,

s e e i w cannot s e e e s V e s

b tho o f V rg i l hi m lf a c o n i d e rat io n w hi c hnev r o cc urred to t h

,

e se e se ,
re s s e e

frame r o f t hi t h ory C onsequ ntly w hen w leav t h V ro nese

s s e e e e e e

halia w hi c h ap pear to g bac k to v ry g ood anc i nt co m mentator

.
,

sc , o e e s,

a nd t urn t t ho o f P hila gy iu (n II 3 9 c f t h Bern

o se halia ibidr r s
1
o e ese sc

eir arg ument um o f E l V II ) w nd thi not

. .
.
,

and th

ST V L T V S e e s e :

By A m
. .

A MYN S I N I IT TA y nt a i
V D t o b un
. d e r t oo d C n i iu w h s s e s or c s, o

t ri ed t wri t agai n t V e rg i l Naw th e hal ia o f P hila gy iu a

o e s . es sc r r s re

p r er v ed in three MS S o f w hi chnone i l t han t wo ce nt uri e old r

es s ess s e

t han J o hn o f S ali bury so that h m

.

ay a i ly h
s av s ee n any or all o f
: e e s e

t h m or c o p i
e o f them B ut in i e w o f th lo ng tand i ng quarr l (d ati ng
es V e -
s e

f mP lat o and I k at ) b t w e n rh t ori c i an and phil o o ph rs w hat

.

ro so r es e e e s s e

o uld b a mor nat ural ass umpt io n for himor for any o f hi c o nte m
,

c e e s

p a i
or r es than t hat n w h had w ri t t n agai n t V rg i l t h s up r me
o e o e s e e e

mas t r o f rh tori c (see t h c omm nt ary o f S r vi u p imand t h lo ng

,

e e e e e s ass e

d i c ussio n o f V e rg i l r h t ori c al ki ll in Mac robi us S aturn lia ) m u t

s s e s a s

hav b n a phi l o o p he r ? H ence t h n m e w o ul d ee man appropri te

,

e ee s e a s a

n for t h nt i H um ni t i c p h i losoph r o f J ohn o f S al i bury wn

o e e a -
a s e s s s o

d ay .

1
o
C f al s D anatus, V i a , t (V erg il i u ) no n ul i m t t
49
. .

3
S ee T e nn e y Fr
ank , C or nici us as D ap h Classical Rev x x x xv
nis ( . pp . . 51 ,

S
an d s , is Clas s S chy H t
al . . . I pp. 1 8 19
.
-
.
 2 02

A D D I T I ONAL N OT E S

il d w woo o h Mr B D ickin quot Cymb lin v

d b ug

mr t xt Wth w wood l v nd w d I h t w d hi
1 2 5 w ild e bow e :.
-
. . s es e e, I .

il d

ii 3 90 ( Ca b id g e e ), i ea es a ee s a s re s
p hr mp
-

rv o h b l ong ing to w il d or unfr qu nt d

.

g a e

T h e a .se i l ie s a b ug e e e e

wood l nd
3 2 2 R f r nc i f urth r m
a s.
ad by G ( no t I 1 01 8) t o p c ic ccl i t ic l e e s e e es as a
m
e e e e s e . .

f t f
.

bu i n I r l nd t h u o d il u d w in n d il d w r t th se e e a sa e a e s a ass , e
ilk t ( A B ll h im G
g e a e

b pti ing o f inf nt o f r nk in m

a se s , e .

h d K th
.

a z a s a ,
e c . see . e es e ,
esc . . a .

K i h in I l nd M in
rc e 1 890 I r a a z,

m
.
,

t
,

651 i hnd .
( C n d J i n d
e ) c o n ve n i n c
A ll d i
. or t in
a . a e e e es . e s re a

i w nd w h ich Str B x pl in nd c onn c t with r e a s as a e s

M H G g w nd T h M H G f ormh ow v r ( L x r
e e, .
-
.

e e e w nd e e e se e e e a
Mor ov r M E i w nd
. . . . . .
, , ,

bg ng n ith r o f w h ic h ugg t contriv nc

.

a a , e e s es s a es . e e . . e e
pp r ntl y d o n t occur l w h ; n ith r i th r ny cor pond ing O E
a e o e se e re e e s e e a re s
word It would th r for mp ob bl th t b thM SS h v h r copi d n
a es . .

e se e r a e a o a e e e e a
r or o f th int rmdi t t xt nd th t iw nd i n tt mpt to copy int r
. e e .

a e e a a e e s a a e e

md i t i nd w h ich it l f w n rror for original i k nd For imil r

e r e e e ,

e a e e e, se as a e o e . s a
s cribal r or (h e r 1 1 7 48 1 586 t s I f th n i hnd b
> ad i t wo ul d see .
, , e c . e e e e re ,

b e an dj ( O E g hnd n
a conv ni nt) u d
. . . conv ni nt th ing
e e e, e ar , e e se as e e s,

conv ni nc

my h ow v r m n in th country
e e es .

7 3 3 T h phr e ase o ppo d t a e e ea

e as se o
th tow n
.

e f L O S 2 4 8 3] hi t bi nn n by ig : o y hi t up p n l nd
. . . .
,
a r , s o a e

l o Ch n P o l l 7 02 n d t h t itl o f H nry on f bl T h Up nl nd i
a s a . r . .
, a e e e s s a e e o o s
Mou nd th B urg M n s a e es o s .

l t r d t i t i f o und urv iv ing in D unb r M rl nd th

7 3 6 1f A t a a e a e s s a s e e a e

Nig hting l wh r th m l (bl c kbi d ) ing in pr i o f L ov w h il th

.

a e, e e e er e a r s s a se e, e e
n ig h ting l th m i th t A ll lov i lo t but upon G d l on
a e s

e e s a e s s o a e

f liot to m n
.

86 8 f liot fool i hn o G d f i x p l in 0 F s e ss

o e ro e a s r o ea a
md up o f utt ing f th r to ttr ct f ooli h inqui itiv bi d E l
.
: . . .

s n are a e er ea e s a a s s e r s . se
w h r it w tc h pring
e e : Fr f li
to pl y th fool (
a -
s . o er a e

se e
T h roo t ide in ch c pp to b th t of ea tl n in t bil ity
ea ase a e ar s e a re s e ss ess , s a

nd in 1 2 th c ntury E ng l nd th word i u d
,

h nc fooli hn
e e s ess

: a e a e s se as a
s urn m Po ibl y tha e.i tirical r f r nc h r to Foli t B i h op o f
ss ere s a sa e e e e e e a , s
L o nd on ( 1 1 63 th gr t ppo n nt o f B ck t D N B e ea O e e e : see
th t w i mn l v th h ig h ro d f
. .

96 1
.

2 Tr n D o t th o u uppo a s : s se a se ea e e a or
th m
. . s e
udd y t r c k? Pro f
e or 0 B r tt (M L R a p 8) would tr n l t l v e ss e XI V a s a e

ea e

f ) it i m
. . . . . .

th rig h t w y b c u
e udd y
a B ut t h c o n tr uction f l t f
, e a se or s .

e s ar e e or
i r p t d in 11 96 5
s e ea e 6 nd t h r f cl rly for n t b c u a e e or ea

o e a se

F rom rl y t im ow l h v b n obj c t o f up
. :
, , .

1 1 50 if titiou t r or
ea es , s a e ee s e rs s e r
p rtl y n ccount of th ir oci tion w ith twilig h t nd d rkn p rtly f rom
. e s ,

a o a e ass a a a ess, a
t h w ird n e o f th ir cr ming th y y In cl ic l p g th w l i
e ess e s ea as e ass a a es e o s
ini t r m tu l u tif
.

d c ib d
es r p f nu f un e u as

ro a nd in A n id s, ere s, s s e aes s, c er

: a e e
86 2 if j u t b for th nd o f t h c om
,

x1 1 b t b tw n A n
s nd T urnu t h
e e e e e a e ee e e as a s, e
c f l o Ovid M t m
. .

o wl i h d w ith i t pp ing w ing

s ear nd it bo d ing c ry ( s a s a s a s e a
ig n u buba d i um m tal ibu omn E l wh r it i pok n o f
, .
, .

V 550 av s r or s e se e e ss e as
w y th oul th con t bl fromth d rk l nd
.
,

t h bird t h t n tc h
e a s a es a a e s

s a e a a

wh il th cr ch wl w id to ing n r th window o f d ying mn or mn

, e e ,

e e s as sa
mrk d ut for n ly d th (c f Ch n P of F III
ee o s ea e s e e
N o w itc h c h rm
-

a e o a e ar ea . a . . . . s a ,

a ag in w pot nt unl portion of th w l w n o f th ingr d i nt (f

as e ess a e o as o e e e e s o
nd in th tim o f S i T h om B row n
, .

Sh k M b a ac I v. th nci nt a e e r as e, ese a e
tain d p ci l ly by th cr d ul ou nd f minin
. .

s up r t it ion w r
e s til l s e e s re e es e a

e s a e e
N m nd Fol kl f B riti hB ird E D i l
, e
arty S S w in on P

p III
. ee a s , r ov. a es a or e o s s, . a .

th n W not that nn nn would

ac . XV .

1 3 80 nn (
J nn
mk b tt r rhym th n nn (< by formO E nn ) or th n nn (by
. e e . eo e e . . es a e, o e
a e e e e a e e -
. . te e a eo e
a n l og c l ub tit utio n o f
a i for ) f 0 K nt nn
a s s co a : o . . e . a e .
2 04

o (O E
al sw a , al sw o , al s . .

l o d
a s n d c onj 1 663a v a 1 51 3 ;
to
. .
, ,

if 1 46 ; j u t
,

as 1 2 9 2 98 ; s so , as, at b r oid e E ee tbr eg d an), s l e n ,

O
( . .

p
, ,

503 97 7 p , 1 3 80
am O E dm d n um
. . .

t t rr
.
,

an t ( se i n) c ur d s a se , at e l i che ( O E a el ic), e ibl e , 1 1 2 5 . . .

wy
. .

p p 1 3 07 at i l ( O E aat on), i e s a a , sinks,

am m
. .
. . .
,

id d n) n th 37
idd (O E u a 1 e

midd l 6 43 ; by th middl 1 2 4
e o -
, .

rt
. .

e e, at hal d e ( OE w thea l d an), e ain ,

mi (O N d mi ) mi
e, . . .

a s tr y -
s a ss , as a , r p
g as , 6 95, 1 42 0 ; at h l d , 3 sg o pt . . .

co r
. . ,

1 3 6 5 1 43 4 nsid e ed , 3 92
am ong (O E nmng ) mong pr p
.

ot c v
.
,

. . o a , a ,
e .
, at p renche ( see n e, 1 d e ei e , .

1 64 ; d t i nt v l 6; h
a v er a s , er 2 48, 8 1 4
mong in th i mtt r 7 44
.
,
a .

a s a e . at r ut e ( D E se t hr utan, se e . .

cp
, ,

i 54 3 2 3 1 2 46 e s a e , 1 1 68
an (O E a n) n o n , , , , .

v h
.
, , .

1 371 , 1 372 at sche t ( O E se t scotan) ani s ed , .

pt p
.

an ( O E an), an , a , 4, 80 ; an s , d at 3 sg , 44 ; at schot e , p , ex
m
. . . . . .

p
. .

sg , 1 02 1 ; anne , as sg : one , . . all ed , 1 6 2 3 .

w th
.

7 94, 802 ; see on . at st ond e (O E se tstand an ,

) i . .

an ( O E and ), and , 7 , 3 86 , 43 1 t
s and , 7 50
mw
. . . .

an ( D E ann), g an , a
. . illi ng , r t at t er cop p e ( O E d torcopp c), s id e , . . p r
1 7 39 . d at p l , 6 00. . .

anan , an n ( O E n+c oi n), at n e , . . o o c at w end e ( O E aet + w end an), e s a e , . . cp

o
an n, 1 658 , 488 . 1 42 7 .

and sw ar e ( O E and sw aru), ans e , . . wr t

a w i t e , at ui t e ( O E w tw i tan), it , . . tw
6 3 9 ; and sw ere , 6 6 5 ; and suare, er pro ch
a ,
1 2 3 4 ; at ui t est ,
1 49 ; ond sw are , 1 1 85 ; ansuar e , e st u, at wi s , 2 sg , 597 , 1 1 87 , t pr . . .

487 ansver e , 47 0 ; answ are , 1 7 1 0 . 1 3 3 2 ; at w it en , p , 93 5 p . . .

anhoB (

O E nhon), ang ; . 3 p lu
. o h pr . . . abel e ( O E aeel e), n bl e , 6 3 2
. . o .

1 6 46 ; anhong e , p , 1 1 95 p . . . auall e ( O E df ea l l an), all , 1 6 85

. . f .

ansuare ( O E and sw er ian), ans e , . . wr aui nd e ( O E andan), l ea n , nd , . . r

op t 2 sg , 555
. . . . 52 7 , 856 .

D E ap a), ape , 1 3 2 5 auorb ( O E on + f or), forth, 824

'

ap e ( . . . . . .

p
ap e l ( O E sep p el ), a l e , 1 3 5. . pp . anab( O E an en) re e i e ,
.
p l , 843 f c v pr . .

ar ( O E Er , d r ), ere ,
. . n i ,
c o j w th op t . . aw ai , a ei ( w
O E o n w ey), a a , 3 3 , . . wy
552 , 6 92 ; car , 1 2 1 6 ; ad v car , w
2 50 ; a ei w ar d , a a , 3 7 6 wy
m
-
. .

fo
be re , 1 560 ; er , 86 6 . aw ed eb ( O E d w d an), ag e , g o . ad , . r
ared d e ( O E d hr ed d a n ),
d e l
. i e , . vr pr pl u , 509, 1 3 84
. . .

r c
e s ue , 3 sg , 1 56 9 opt . . . . aw ene, se e ahw ene .

ar e ; ( O E earg ), . a d l , 407. c ow r y . aw ena ( O E on w ne), in t ug t , . . ho h

r e
a e3b , ar ehbe ( O E i ergu), a d . cow r
.
.
2 3 9 ; in d ub ( see n o te 682 o t .

ice , 404, 1 7 1 6 . wr
a e ( O E d hw er ), any w ere , 1 3 42
. .
'

ar1 3t , ariht ( O E on i k ), a ig , 400, . . r t r ht -

aw r eke ( O E d w recan), a eng e , . . v opt .

904 3 p l u , 1 56 2 ; p , 2 6 2 , 1 1 05 p
com
. . . . . .

r
a i se ( O E d r i san), a ise , 3 2 7 a i st ,
. . r r aw r obeb ( O E d w rdi an), be es
. .

pr 3 sg , 1 3 94; a i se}, 73 1 r ang ry

, 1 2 78

rm m m poor m r
. . . .

a e , at e s( O E ear ) , ise . . ax ( D E x x ), ax e , 658

. . .

abl e , p l u , 53 7 , 1 1 6 2 . .

aschew el e ( see n e, 1 s a e ot cr . b al d eli che (

OE . . beald lice), b l d l o y ,

a a ,w y pr 1 sg , 1 6 1 3 . . . . 1 7 07 .

asked est ( O E asci an , ax ian), d id s . . t bal e ( O E bea l a), r ubl e , 6 87 to .

pt
. .

ask, 2 sg , 1 3 1 0 ; ai she st , b ann ( e

O F r ban), , d at sg , 3 90 troop
m mmo
. . . . . . . .

aishel st , 2 sg , 47 3 , 995 ; pr . . . b ann e (O E bar an), su n; . .

ax est 7 07 i b anned , p , 1 66 8 p
r mr
, . . . .

p
as il l a ( O E d sp i l lan), sp o il , 3 48 . . . b ar e (O E bee ), e e , 547 ( see n . e), ot
pr h
.

ast orue ( O E d steorf an), e is ed ,. . 57 1 ; sb : the O e n , 56 , 1 50 p

p
. .

p , 1 2 00
. . . r
ba e; ( O E bear h), ba .
p ig , p orcus. rrow -

aswi nd e ( O E d sw ind an), e ase , Ian . . c .

cas tr a tus , 408
h
.

gui s , 1 57 4 ; asw und e , asvund e, b at all e ( O F r ba ail le ), ba le , 1 1 97 t tt .

p p f y
. .

= ee bl e abb , 1 480 53 4 b ed d ( e
O E bedd ), be d , d at , 96 7 ,
m tm
. .
.
, , . .

of
.

at ( O E act), at , in ,
. .
, to ; at one , 1 492 ; b ed ti e , be d i e , 3 2 4 - -
.
 G lossary 2 05

bed d e ( O E g ebedd a ), consort , 1 500 ; . .

(
E beg inna n), beg in , p r
O . .

pt
.

see i bed d e 1 sg , 1 456 ; b ig on, sg , 1 3 , 7 2 6

i
. . . . . .

bed e , see h d d e big red e ( O E beg r d an ), c ry o ut at ,

ir
. . .

be e ( O E bg en), both, ge n , 1 584 ;

. . . 1 41 3 ; b ig r ed e ) , b ig re d et , p r p l .

ha, neu .
, 990 . 2 7 9, 6 7 ; b i g rad d e , p l , 1 1 44 pt . . .

bel d e , see bol d . big row e ( OE g ro wn . .

-be n
de ( O E bend ), bo nd s, ri e s , acc . . t . v p
o e r, p , 2 7 , 61 7 . . .

p l u , 1 42 8 bihauest ( O E be h d w ian), gaz e st

mm
. . . .

b e od ( O E beod a n), co .and s , p r . . p

u o n , p r 2 sg , 1 3 2 2 ; see no e . . . t .

3 sg , 1 43 7 ; b od e , int , 53 0
. . bihed e ( O E be hd an), re en , . p v t
pt
. .

beon, bo ( O E bon ), be , inf , 93 2 ; . . . 63 5 ; bihed d e , sg : g uard e d , . .

ha, b on, 1 90, 2 6 2 ; beo , be , 1 3 03 , p

1 02 ; p , ro e c ed , 1 048 p t t
m mm m t m
. . .

1 1 51 ; p r sg , a , art , is , 1 7 0, 3 8 , bihe en ( cf O E he ), ri ,
m p t
. . . . .

3 4 ; p r p l u , beo) , b6 0 8 , be ) , 1 33 8
. .
. ani ul a e , 6 7 2 .

91 1 , 7 5 ; op t sg , bo , beo, 1 7 1 , . . b ib ind o ( O E beh ind an), be hind , . .

1 443 ; op t p l , bo, bon, heon, 97 , . . p pre , 594 ; ad v , 52 8 , 66 6

. . .

pt
452 , 1 2 2 1 ; . b ihol d e , bi hal d e ( O E be h ea ld an), . .

1 , 1 059, 5 ; pt pl , nere , w ere , . . be hol d , l ook at , 7 1 , 1 3 2 5 ; p r 1 . .

Opt
1 3 06 , 1 6 ; r
sg , w e e , 2 1 ; o pt sg , 1 56 6 ; b ih ol d , sg , 3 0, 1 08 pt
m p m
. . . . . . .

r
p l , w ere , 2 03 , w e en, 7 6 ; i p sg , b ihot e ( O E behata n), ro ised , p
m
. . . . . .

b e , 1 6 3 8 i p p l , b eob, b 0) , 1 7 35, . .
p , 1 7 45
. .

75 . bil e ( O E bile ), bill , be ak, 7 9, 2 6 9

. . .

b r (
e e O E g b u) c ri 92 5 b il eaue . bil eue ( O E b l f an), t e

m
e r e s, e

m
. . . . .
,

b r (
e e OE b r ) b . y p 1 . e an , e ar , carr , r . . ain , 1 6 88 , 46 4; re ain ( sil e n ), 42 t .

gs 1 599 ;
.
, p 3 g 403 ; r . . s .
, b il och, se e b il uk b .

b r t pe e pl 1 3 7 2 ; th r, p p r. .
, e e, . .
, bi l e d e t E (
O d ri e , p ur
. . v
b n 71 6
or sue , pr p l u , 6 8
O E bm
. .
, . .

b n ( ) b n d g 607 b ll eg g e ( O E be + lecg an), d isg ui se ,

hm (
er e . . e , ar , . s .
, . . .

e O E bi n ) bu n 1 2 03
e . . er an ,
r , . exp lain aw a , 6 7 2 , 904 ; bil ei st , y
b r t (
e s e OE b t n) bu t p t pl er s a t
d o s co lour , p r 2 sg , 83 9
m p
. .
, rs , o . .
,
. . . .

990 . b ike d ( O E be l ician) ad e l eas

.

besee (O E b n) l k f t .
pt . es o , oo a er, o . ing , p , 842 p . . .

g 1 2 72
s b ll uk b ( O E be + l can), l ocks up , p r
b t ) n iml 99
. .
. , . .

b t OF
es . r. es e ,
a a , . 3 sg , 1 557 ; b il eck ,
. . sg , 1 081 pt . . .

b t O E b t t) b t 47 0 O E beneoan), beneath, 91 2

b i neoBe (
m
es e e es
m t
. . . . . .
, ,

b t (
e O E b t) th b tt r d ra a v hi ni eb ( O E beni a n), ake s aw ay ,
mp
. . e ,
e r, e e , .
,
. .

21 1 72 3 941 bi na 1 2 26
O E b t n) mk mnd 86 5
, .
p r s
.
g , .
; e , p
. , . . .

b t (
e e . . o ,
a e a e s, . bireue d ( O E beraan), be re , .
p , . ft p . .

b t
e er e (O E b t r ) b tt r d j 2 83 . . e a , e e ,
a .
, ,
1 20 .

71 2 b ischop e n ( O E bisceop ), bisho s , dat p

m
. . .

bi ( O E be , bi ), by , throug h, concern
. .
pl , 1 7 6 1
. .

in g , 92 , 2 41 , e tc bischri cheb ( O E bi scricia

m m m
. . .
,

bi cher et ( O E be ci er a n), screa . screech at , p r pl , 6 7 . . .

at , p r p l , 2 7 9 b isehb ( O E be + scan), be se e che s ,

m
. . . . .

b i cl op ed ( O E becl eop ia n) ad e ( thy ) w oo s , 1 43 9 ; see no te

m m m
. .

ch arg e , p , 550 ; se e no te p b ise ar ( O E bis er), i n sul t , ock

m
. . . . .

bi cl op t ( O E beclypp an), clas ed , p p e ry , acc sg , 1 48 ; a b ise er e z in

m y
-
. . . . .

p , 1 048 ocker , 1 3 1 1
m m m m m
. . .

b l cu e ( O E becu a n), ha en ; b1 pp hi se ed ( O E be s an), ad e

m pt m
. . . .

co , 3 sg , 1 05 ; bi cu eb, p r . . . . p l ausible , p , 842 p . . .

3 sg : is tti ng , 2 7 1 ; bi con e . pt O E be + sid a n , besid e , 2 5

)
b isi d e (
mp
. . . . . .

p l , arri ed , 1 7 91 ; bi cu e , p , v D iane ( O E bi sen), b ind , 97 , 243 ;

m
. . . . .

co e, 1 3 7 see no e , t 2 43
i mp
. .

b d de ( O E bid d an), ask, bid , ray , p b isp eke E besp recan), coO
( lai n
m
. . . .

inf , 858 ; pr 1 sg , 7 41 , 929, 1 568 ; abo u , cond e t

n , op t p r p l , 1 56 1 ;
p m
. . . . . . .

bi t ( bid ), pr 3 sg , 441 , 445, 1 43 7 ; . . . p p.

, ro i se.d , 1 738 .

bid d eb, p r p l 886 ; b ed e , 2 sg , . . pt . . . bi sp el ( O E bisp el ), arabl e , stor ,

. . p y
550, o p t 1 sg , 1 6 7 8 . pt . . . . 1 27 .

b1 3et e ( O E begt e tan), obtain , 1 6 29 ; O E be + stand an), s tand s

. . bi st ant ( . .

O p t pr sg , 7 2 6
. . . . around , ay s co ur to , 1 43 8 p t .
2 06 G lossary

b isw ike (O E be + sw ican ), d e ce i . . v e, bo d i bod ig ). bod y , 7 3

(
O E . . .

be t ray , 1 58 ; o p t p l , 93 0 . . . b0 3 e bag ), bough, d at sg , 1 5 ;

OE
( . . . .

b i t , see b i d d e .
d p l u , 6 1 6 ; b ow e , d , 1 2 5, 1 2 44 ;
. . .

O E betel l an), d e
b i t ell e ( f nd Ju t fy e ,
s i , b ov = b ow , acc sg , 2 42 . . .

t
. .

2 63 b ol d ( O E beal d ), bol d s rong , 3 1 7 ;

tid n) my h pp n ;
. .
.
,

b i t id ( OE b
e . . e a ,
a a e b ol d e , 41 0 ; bel d e , acc p l , 1 7 1 5 ; . .

t 52 ; b i t id d p t g 1 1 07 e, s se e no te
o p g s . . . .
,

y
.
,

v
.

b ty ht ) d b o d eli che ( O E beal d ll ce), bol dl ,

i
*
b i t i gt (
OE . p p . e an , co ere , . .
, . .

1 01 3 ; n t 01
m
see o e .

bit 3
.

0 e (O E b t n) p l y d
. . e o , e o e , bol d hed e ( O E bea ld rash . .

p p 7 02
. .
,
.
ness , bol d ne ss , 51 4 .

O E betw eox n), be tw e en , bon ( O E bd n ), bones , acc pl u , 1 1 2 0

(
m
b i t ux e n
m
. . . . .
. .

1 7 47 b ond s an ( O E b6 nd a + a n), hus

m m
. .
.

b i t w e one ( O E bet w onan), be tw een , band an , bond an , 1 57 7 ; see

t
. .

1 379 .
no e , 1 1 507 . .

bi benche ( O E beenca n), be hink, . t her ( O E bor ), be er , 1 01 1

. . .

t
.

47 1 ; op t pr , 87 1 ; bi benchest , pr . . . b ord e ( O E bord ), abl e , (1 sg , 47 9,

. . . .

2 sg = d os
. hink, 1 505 ; bi bencb, tt 1 492 .

t
.

3 sg , 1 509 ; b i boht e , b i bo3 e , b ore ( O E bd r ), w ild boar , d sg , 408

'

m
p r . . . . . . . .

p t sg 93 9 1 9 9 . b or e ( O E be ), bear , (1 sg , 1 02 1 ;
. . . .

t
.
, ,

p p
.

bi uore ( O E bef oran), be ore , re , f see n o e

m
. .

t p
. .

7 7 6 ; ad v , 1 2 3 5 . . bo (Oe E bat), re e
. d y, . hel , 11 . sg .
,

b iw ep e ( O E be w ep an ), be w ail ,
. . 6 88 , 7 00 ; g sg , 858 . . .

980 ; bi w e p en , opt p l , 97 4 . . . b ot e , see b ute .

b i w erest ( O E b w ri an), pro tectest , b ob, see b eon

'
e e . . .

b obs O N bdir ), both, 1 681

pr 2 sg , 1 1 2 6 , 1 51 7
. . . .
( . . , 3 81 ;
b iwr o ( O E bew r on), conceal , 6 7 3 an)
(
m
.
. .

b l ed O E bl oo , ow e r , 1 042 ; and ), 50, 2 2 5

( . . .

see no e t . b ov, bow e , se e b oge .

b l e nche ( O E bl encan), e sca e , sl i . . p p br eche ( O E br ace , br ec), thicke t, . .

asid e , 1 7 0, 1 2 3 1 . p
co se , 1 4 ( see n o te ) .

bl enche s ( cf O E blencan), t ricks, b r ed e ( O E brd u), bread th, d , 1 7 4

mt
. . . . . . .

f int
e 378 s, . b red e ( O E bri d e), roast ea , a sg ,
. . . .

b l e o, b l o ( O E blo ), col our , counte . . 1 630 .

nance , 1 547 , 1 52 , 441 b re d e ( O E bred ), l og , (1 sg , 965

m
. . . . . .

b l et e ( O E blea ), bare , . iserabl e , . t b re d i st (O E e d an ), bre ed e st , p r . . .

6 1 6 ; sb = hard w e ather , 57 . 2 sg , 1 6 3 3 (
. see no te ); b r ed d e , p t
. .

b lind ( O E bli nd ), blind , 2 43 , 1 2 3 7

. . . sg , 1 01 ; ib re d,
.
p , 1 724 p . . .

b li s, bl i sse ( O E bl i ss), j oy , 1 2 80, b re ke ( O E brecan) bre ak, 1 080, 1 3 3 4

m m p
. . . . .

42 0, 7 2 8 ; acc sg , 43 3 ; d at sg , . . . . b re e ( D E br e), s irite d , pas . .

71 7 . s io nate , e cite d , 2 02 , 500 x .

bli sse ( O E bli ss ian), re oice , op t j b re b br i d) , ury , ass ion , f p

mt
. . .

sg , 47 8 ; b li ss e t bi t , re ex = re
. . e o ion , 1 454, 1 46 1 ; acc , 948 ; see .

j o ice s, 43 5 . n t o e .

b li be ( O E bl ibe), o ul , 41 8 ; bli bur , j yf b ri d (O E bri d ) young bird , ne stl ing ,

mp
. . . .

co , 1 1 08 . . acc , 1 2 4 ; b ri d d es , n p l , acc p l ,
. . . . .

bl o, s ee bl eo . 6 54, 1 06 , d p l u , 1 07 , 6 2 6 ; bri d d e , . .

bl od (
O Ebl bd ), bl ood , 1 1 2 7 ; hl od e ,
. . d p l , acc pl , 1 1 1 , 6 44, 1 2 3
. . . . .

d sg , 1 350 b ri d el (O E brid el ), brid l e , 1 02 8

m m m
. . I
. . . .

b l ost e ( OE blast a), bl osso s , b ri at (O E beor ht , br y ht), bright , 6 2 3 ;

m
. . .

43 7 ; bl os e , n p l , 1 6 r
b i 3t e , a sg , 2 50, 1 6 81 ; b ri gt er ,
m mp
. . . . .

b l o we ( O E bld w an), bl oo , 1 1 3 3 ,
. . co , 1 52 ; ad v , b ri ht e , 1 2 45 .

p p
.

1 2 01 ; = ad j, in ow er , 1 6 3 6 ;
. . . bring e , i b ring e ( O E br ing an), bring , . .

i b l ow e, p
61 8 . .
7 1 0 1 53 9 ; pr 1 sg , 43 3 ; b ring e b,
. . . .

D o , se e beon . b ri ng b. P r 3 sg , 1 1 7 1 , 1 53 4 ; . . .

b oc ( O E bac), book, 1 3 2 5 ; bokes ,

. . b ring e , Op t 3 sg , 1 447 ; b r o3t e , . . .

g en sg , 1 2 08 ; b oke , (1 p l , 3 50
. . . . .
br on e , t pt
3 sg , 1 07 , 1 7 2 6 ; i br 0 3t , . . .

b od e , see b e od . i br oht , p
p , 545, 1 559 . .

t t
.

b od e s ( O E bod i an), d os announce ,

. . br od ( O E br ad ), brood , 1 6 33 ; brod e ,
. .

1 1 52 , 1 1 55 ; bod e) . P r 3 sg , 1 1 7 0 . . . d sg , 93 , 1 3 0
. . .
2 08

neck, throat, 3 3 5 ; 2 sg 853 , 1 6 95 ; d urr e , op t

*
cr ei O
( E . . orley ) , pr . . .
, .

see n ote sg 1 7 06
mp m
.
.
, .

cr e e (
OE . .
*
cr e p an ) ,
res rain , t d ar e (O E d ari an), l urk, l ie hidd en ,
. .

1 7 8 8 ; see note , 51 0 3 84 ; see no te .

t
.

Cr ist e a ( O E Gr is t ), o f hrist, g sg ,
. . C . . d eal e (O E d i l an), ut e r , 954 . . .

6 09 ; Cri s i s, 1 56 8 t d eabe ( O E d eab), d eath, (1 sg 1 6 1 7 9 9

m m
. . . .

t
.

Cri st es asse ( O E Cr is tes a sse), -

d eabe s , ad v g e n z in d e a h, 1 6 3 2 ;
m
- . .
. .

C
m
hrist as , 481 .
d eb, 1 6 2 0 .

croked ( cf O N kro kr , se e . . .
d ed ( O E d d ), d ead , 1 1 3 8 ; d ead ,
. .

croo ked , 80 ; i croke d , 1 6 7 6 . 1 61 9 .

cr op e ( O E cr op an), cree , 8 1 9 ;
. . p d ed e (O E d i ed ), d eed , acc sg , 51 3 ;
. . . .

cr op b, p r 3 sg , 82 6 d pl , 2 32 , 1 3 7 6
m
. . . .

p
. . .

cr ow e ( O E crd w e), crow , 1 1 3 0 ; n d el (O E de b l ), art , 1 02 7 ; su d el ,

m mm
-
. . .

t
. .

l a l 1 2 6 1 6 1 3 so ew h a , i n so e easur e , 87 0,
p p .

W
.
, .
, , .

cr ow e b ( O E crd w an), crow eth, p r 93 4 ; ech d el , ho ll y , 1 02 7

m m j
. .
.

3 sg , 3 35 de e ( O E d a ), ud ge , 1 7 83
m m m m m m j
. . .

p
. . .

en , ku e ( O E cu an), de e ( O E d e an ) ud g e , ronounce ,
m m m
cu en , co
m m
. . .

e , 1 1 3 1 , 6 1 1 , 82 1 ; cu e , co 1 88, op t sg , 2 01 ; d e eb, d e b,
m
co e, . .

1 4 3 5 1 2 1 1 u t p r 3 sg , 1 7 55, 1 7 7 7
m m
; c e s
p r s g . , , . . . .

v
. .
,

2 9 08 5 8 5 u e b, co b, d eouel ( O E d of ol ), d e il , 1 41 2
m
s ; c e
p r .
g , . , . . .

ku e b, pr 3 sg , 3 02 , 1 43 7 , 68 3 ; d eoul ene , g p l , 932 ; see note

m m m m
. . . . . .

cu e b, p r p l 52 3 ; co , pt 1 sg , de e (O E d ie e ), d ark, d sg , 608
mp t m
. . . . . . . .

tl y
.

453 ; co , 3 sg , 1 3 2 ; co e , p t ad v 1 3 57
m
. . . . .
, se cre , .

2 sg , 1 058 ; co e , p t p l , 1 6 7 1 ; d ernl iche ( O E d i ern l ice), se cre tl , y

m m
. . . .
. .

co e , o p t p t sg 1 01 5 co e n , o p t 1 42 3
m p
. . . . .

pt p l .
, 1 0 1 4 ;
. i c u e n , p , 1 3 0 . . . d eb, se e d eaba .

cund e ( O E cynd ), kind , na ure , (1

. . t . di che ( O E d ic), d itch, d sg , 1 2 3 9
. . . . .

sg , 88 , 2 7 3 . di gel e (O E d l eg ol), hidd en , se cl ud ed ,

. .

t p
.

cund ut ( O F r cond ui , cond a ), art t

m
. .

song , 483 ; see no te . di ht p p (

O di kl an), . E
re ar e s, co .

cunne , se e can . p o se s, p r 3 sg , 1 7 56 ; di nt e , . . . pt .

cunne , see kun p

3 : sg , 1 655 ; i d i3t , p , 6 41 ;
m
. . .

p
.

cust e ( O E cy st), ual ity , ch aracte r, q i d iht , = f or ed , 1 547

m m m
p
. . . . .

1 1 p l , 9, d sg , 1 3 98 ; ash i on , 1 1 5 f di (O E d i ), d i , d ark, 3 6 9
m
. . . . . . . .

cub ( O E cyan), . . ake s kno w n , p r . di sp uti ng e ( cf O F r d i sp u er), str i e ,

'
. . . t f
sg , 1 3 2 , 1 3 8 ; cube st , p r 2 sg , 87 5 ; cf sp ut ing , 1 57 4
m mj mt v
. . . . . .

do (O E d b ), ud g en , erd ic ,
. .
'

t
cube , see can n sg , 1 6 94, 1 7 80, acc sg , 2 1 0,
m
. . . . .

O
cuub ( E c a), know n , 92 2 1 6 92 ; d o e , d 1 7 9, 1 93 ;
m m
sg ,
m
. . . . .

O E cw eal ), e stilence , d o es, g sg , 1 6 95

cw al (
m p f m
p . . . . .

d ea t h, 1 1 99 ; cual , 1 1 57 . d on, d o ( O E den) d o , er or , cause ,

.

cw ab, se e i q ue be .
p ut , 1 59, 6 03 ; d o, pr 1 sg , op t . . . .

cw es se OF
( . r. quasser), crus h , 1 3 88 . sg , 2 98 , 1 092 ; d est , d os , p r 2
. t . .

sg , 3 2 1 , 2 3 7 ; d e b, d ob, p r 3
t) mi f
. sg , . . .

d ahe t (O F . r. d ahe , s ortune , 99 ; 56 4, 1 56 ; d ob. P r p l , 95, 1 57 ; . .

u
c r sed b e h
(e ) 1 1 6 9 1 56 1 ; see d ud e , p t sg , 1 01 6 ; id on , i d o, p
m
, , . . .

n t 99
o e, p , 1 1 5, 1 1 3 ; d o , i p sg 1 7 88, 807
m
. . . . .

d ai (
OE d ang), d ay , 2 59 ; d ai es , g
. . . d or ( O E . ani al , creature ,
.

sg , 1 43 1 , ad v g en = by d ay , 1 590 ;
. . . 493 n p L 1 01 2 , 1 2 00 ; d ore , d p l
. . .

d ai , d ai e , d sg , 1 03 , 2 41 ; ad ai , . . 1 1 26 .

by d ay , 89 . D orset e ( O E D or s te), D ors e t, 1 7 53 . . .

d a 1 31 ; ( O E d wg leoht), d ay l ight , d ra3e , d rahe ( O E d rag an), d rag ,

g1
- -
. . . .

25
3 l ead , g o , 1 3 7 5, p r 1 sg , 97 0 ;
m
. . .

(O E daeg ri a), d ay break, . .

- -
d raget , pr 2 sg , 589 ; d rageb, . . .

arane b, d r aab, p r 3 sg , 1 43 4,
m)
. . .

d ai -
st arre O E
( . . da g -
steor , d ay 1 3 99, 7 7 6 ; i d ra3e , p , 586 p . . .

32 8 O E d rad an), d re ad d

star , . d red e ( cf . . .

d al e ( O E d eal ), d al e , d sg , 1 sg , 6 84
m mm y
. . . . . . .

d ar ( O E d earr ), d are , p r 3 sg , d re e ( O E d ra ), el od , d
m
. . . . . . sg , . . .

1 1 1 0 ; d ar t , p r 1 sg , 1 1 06 ; d arst , . . . 3 1 4 ; d rei , 2 1 .
 G lossary 2 09

d renche
m (O E d ren c an) , d ro wn , sub . . co m urne (
e, O E eo e a n),
run , 1 2 04 , 6 3 8 ; urns ) . P r p l , 3 7 5
. . m an Km '

erg e , 1 205 . . .

f
.

d rinkeb( O E d ri ncan), d rink, p r pl , er , ere ( O E ai r), e re , be ore , 86 6 ,

m
. . . . . .

1 009 1 309 ; car , 1 56 0 ; er ur , co p , for

m
.

t
.

dr i ue ( O E d r if a n), incite , ursue , p erly , 1 7 3 8 ; cr est , rs , 52 5 ; se e ar .

tv ty
. .

1 47 5 ; d ri ueb, p r p l , 66 , 809 crd e (O E ca rd ), na i e coun r , d ,

m
.
. . . .
.

d runne sse ( O E d ru enes), d runke n 460 .

v
. .

ne ss , (1 sg , 1 3 99 ; se e no e t ere d e (O E i r a te ), at a l oss , d e o id

mt t
. . . . .

d usebe ( O E d a gaj ri y , d sg , o f co un se l , 1 2 95
) u
m m
a , a . . . . .

E i i ng ), wre tch ed
6 34 cro i ng (O er

m m m
. . .

du b ( O E d u b d u b, 41 6 . . . be ing , 1 1 1 1 .

d une ( O E d an), ill , d own , d sg ,

. . . . cre nae ( O E arcad e), errand , bus i . .

83 2 , acc sg , 91 9 . . . ness , 46 3 .

d un e s (t O E d y n ), bl o w s , n pl , t eri en ( O E er ia n), lough, 1 03 9 p

m
. . . . . . .

1 227 . e rne ( O E w a n), rid e , 1 2 04

. . .

d ur e ( O E d ur u), d oo rs , (1 p l , 7 7 8
. . . . . est e ( O E es t ), l e as ure, d sg , 3 53 ;
. . p . .

d urre , se e d ar . ac sg , 1 504
. . .

d usi (O E d ysig ), oo l ish, unbridl ed ,

. . f e ste ( O E Es e), leasant , bounti ul
. . t p f ,

1 46 6 . 999, 1 03 1 .

O E d w eola , d wola ),
d w eol e , d w ol e ( . . et c ( O E e a n), e at , 1 08, pr 1 sg ,
. . t . . .

e rror , w and ering co urse , ( 1 sg , . . 598 ; e t est u, pr 2 sg , 599; et eb, . . .

825, acc sg , 1 2 3 9 ; a-d w ol e ( in . .

p r p l , 1 007
. . .

e rror), w rong , 1 7 7 7 ; d w eo l e song , -

cu, se e 3e .

so ng o f e il , 92 6 v . ouch (
O E Eeg hw y lc), each, 97 5, 1 22 4
. .
'

cu e ve (
O E sef en), e e ning , 1 687 ,

v
:i
. .

car , se e ar or e r .

eard i ng st ow e -
O E
( . . card i ng - s ow t ) , eueni ng ( jaf ning icf
) e ual 7 7 2
. ON . . q , .

d w ell ing lace , 2 8 -

p . e uer , evr e e auer e tc ( O E f re)
, , . . .
,

earen ( O E eure) ears , 3 3 8 . . , . e v er , al w ay s ,

1 3 2 , 3 3 3 ; eauer ,
eas ( tO E eas ), e as , 92 3 t t eauere , eauar , 1 2 7 2 , 1 2 82 , 1 47 4 ;
m
. . .

eauar , eauer , eauere uch, se e eue r , gaur e , see no e , 1 1 80 ; euer o, t

e ue r euch . constan ly , 2 3 8 t .

ech (
O . E fel e), . v y eac h , e er , e uereuch e uer euch ( see abo e ) v ,

h d
ec e , . sg .
,1 95 800 , . v
e e ry , 1 27 1 , 1 31 6 ; eauere uch,

) v l ting
eche ( O E
eck , se e e h
e ce e e r as.
, 7

O E ed w i t ), d isgrace , 1 2 33
ed w i t e (
.

.
1 2 7 9, 1 3 1 5
eur i ch, evri ch ( OE r
e ach, 1 94, 2 2 9, 42 2
i e )
c , e er ,
.

. .
-
m v y
mt
. . . .

f
e ne ( O E ef ne ), s oo hly , 3 1 3
. . . ey ( O E fi g ), egg , acc sg , 1 04 ; ey e ,
. . . .

ef t (O E ef t ), ag ain , a te rw ard s , 81 8 ,
. . f (1 sg , 1 3 3 ; eyr e , (1 p l , 1 06
. . . . .

1 06 3 .

c3c ( O E ca g e), eye , (1 sg , 42 6 ; e3e ,

. . . . fair E f aeg er), air , 57 9 ; ai re ,
O
( . . f f
e gen , p l , 3 64, 990 ; e3ene , n pl , 7 5 fayr e , 43 9, 1 82 ; ai r , ai re , 584, v v
m
. . . .

ci ate ( O E aht ), ro e rt ,.
g sg , . p p y . . 1 5 ; uair ur , co p , 1 52 ; ai re , . f
1 1 53 . ad v , e cell en ly , 92 4
. x t .

el be r , se e ai er b . f air he d e beau y , t
el w e t (
O E . . g hw w t ), e v e ry t hing , 581 .

1 056 . f al e , se e el e f .

ck , eke ( O E ac), al so , 69, 93 , 1 2 09 ; . . fal ewi ( O E f eal u), red di sh bro wn ,. .

eck , 1 7 4 . 456 ; see n ote .

ell e s ( O E el l es ), el se , 6 6 2 , 1 01 0 ;
. . f al l e ( O E f ed l l an), al l , be all , 956 ,
. . f f
ell es hw at , 932 -
. 6 3 0 ; fa1 1 es t , p r 2 3 g , 1 2 86 ; f all e b, . .

end e ( O E end e), end , 6 52 , 1 7 85

. . fal b. P r 3 sg , 1 2 40, 1 42 4 ; it al l en ,
. . .

( s ee no e ; ne ig h
) bo urh t
oo d , 1 1 3 2 . f al l e, p p , 51 4, 1 2 3 3 . . .

end i ( O E end ian), e nd , p r 1 sg ,

. . . . .
( O F r f a l s), al se , 2 1 0
. . f .

1 456 ; end ed , pr 3 sg , 943 . . . . fal t see f

ol d e
va (O E f ) g f
.
,

e ne , ene s ( O E zi ne ), once , 1 1 07 , . . fare , re . . a ran , o, are , be

1 049 . h v 658 909 640 ; p 1
a e, , ,
r . . sg .
,

e ng el es (O E eng el ), ang e l s , p l , 91 6 . . . . 454 ; p t pl 552 ; r t p

o .
,
ares , r . 2 .

f
.

m
Eng el ond c ( O E E ng la la nd ), d , 7 49 . . . . sg 42.1 ;
, a b f } p 3 ro , ar . r . . sg .
,

c ( O E Ea l y),.any , 557 , 7 2 0 . . 1 43 7 , 2 45, p r p l . .

, 386 ; f or , p t . sg .
,

A . l4
 21 0

1 47 4 ; f ar e b, i p p l , 1 7 3 6 ; itare . m . .
noakes ocks or
K ft tu s ( of

p p , 1 7 09, 400
w oo l ), 42 7 se e no te

my
.

. . .

f ast e ( O E f ee ste), ast , r l , 7 96 ; f od o o d , 946

mp
.

. .

uast r e , co , 6 56
. . ores ( O F r br , ai r ), ow ers, 1 046
. . .

f e st r ed e ( O E f ee str e b d ), s e ad as ( of t f t nob, se e ow e b
m
.

. .

ind ), 2 1 1 .
ow e b ( O E w an), ow s, 946 ; nob, . .

f ancun ( O F r f ancun), al con , 1 1 1 ; . . f p r 3 sg , 92 0

. . . .

f aukun , 1 01 .
fnast ( O E f nees t), breath, 44 . . .

f ed e st ( O E f Ed an), ee d est, p r 2 . f . f0 ( O E . begin , op t p l ,

. . .

p
.

sg , 94 ; i ue d , p , fe d , 1 52 9 . 1 7 9 : see i no .

f p
. . .

f el d e ( O E f el d ), eld , d , 1 7 1 4

od e , nod e ( O E f bd a ), off s ring , . .

f d d g 94 6 06
. . .

f p p
.

el e ( O E fa b l e) ro e r, na ural , 1 3 7 8 t oo s

m
.
. , .
, , .

f g (f O E g f bg ) d y
.

f el e ( O E f el a , f eol a , f ea l a ),
. . any o e c . . . e
'

, ecenc ,
o rd er,

(w i th 2 3 4 7 97 ; a l e , ual e , f 1 84 ; n t see o e .

fgl
,

6 2 8 , 1 6 6 3 ; f e ol e , ncol e, 1 2 1 4, 1 2 7 4 ; f ug l
o e e , see e
m
.

()
a u el e i n any , 2 0 . f l ( O E f l ) p pl
o c . 1 02 3 . o c ,
eo e, .

v f
,

f ell e ( O E el lan), o erth . r ow , . el l , f f ol d e ( O E f ea l d an), old , cl ose ,

. .

7 67 1 3 2 6 ; f al t , p r 3 sg : fol d s up ,
t mm
. . . .

f ell e ( O E f el l), skin, (1 sg , 1 57 2 ;

. . . . s a ers , 3 7 ; se e n ote .

nel l e , 1 01 3 ; uel , acc sg , 83 0 . . . f ol e , se e f ul .

f eng e ( O E f eng ), gri , bout ( . of . p f ol gi ( O E f olg ian), ol l ow , p r 1 sg ,

. . f . . .

d ial e ctics), 1 2 85 . 3 89 ; D r 3 sg , 3 07 ; see . . .

f eol e , see el e f . ful i e .

f eor, f or ( O E f eorr ), far , 92 3 , 3 98 ; f oli ot ( cf O F r f al ter ), ool ishne ss , f

mp
. . . . .

nor , 6 46 ; orre , co , 3 86 f 86 8 ; se e n ote

f m f
. .

f eorre ( O E f eor ran), ro . a ar , . f ondi ( O E f and ian), try ( w ith g e n )

. . .

1 3 2 2 ; orre , 3 2 7 v 1 442 ; f ond eb, p r 3 sg , 1 58 1

m m
. . . .

f er d e ( O E f ierd ), ar y, acc sg ,
'
. . . . vond e , i p sg , 1 06 3 . . .

1 1 56 , 1 6 6 8 , 1 6 7 2 , 1 6 84 ; uer d e , d . f or ( O E f or ), because of , f or the sake

. .

sg , 1 790 ; see n o te
. . o f , f or (re and 3 5, 3 2 , p p .

f erd en ( O E f r an), w ent, p t p l , . . . . 96 2 ; in ord er to ( w ith 540,

1 7 89 f or ban , f or bon , f or
mp
- -
.

f ere ( O E f er a), co . anion, d sg ,

. . . ban bat , 1 3 96 , 1 1 00, 7 80 ; f or ban , -

2 2 3 , n p l , 93 2 . . . there ore , 1 6 00 ; f
f or be , f or - bi , -

f e ber ( O E f eer ), eather, 1 6 88

. . f . there f ore , 69, 409 .

gt e ( O E f ec h ), s ri e , d sg , 1 83
. . t t f . . . f or , se e f eor .

3t e , vi gt e ( O E f eo htan), g ht , 6 6 7 , f or berne st ( O E f or bi ernan) art con

m
. . . .
,

1 72 ; p r 3 sg , 1 7 6 , . . . su ed , p r 2 41 9 . . sg .
, .

t
naa , p t sg , 1 07 1 . . . f or b od e ( O E f or bod an ), orbid , p r . . f .

a ti ng e ( see abo e), ( 1 sg , 1 7 04 v 1 sg , 6 48

m
. . . . . .

11 1 1 8 ( O E sc), sh, ac c sg , 1 007

. . . . . f or honne ( O E f or bar an), outl aw , .

ht l ac ( O E f eo htld c), ghting , 1 6 99

. . . 1 093 .

nd e , ni nd e ( O E nd an), nd , 595, . . f orbrei d eb( O E f or breg d an) e r ert , . p v

47 0 ; uind es t u, p r 2 sg , 6 57 ; uin , . . . t p
corru t , p r p l , 1 3 83 ; uorb re d eb, . .

p r 3 sg , 696 ; ifund e , p , 1 51 5 p p r p l , 51 0; f orb r od e , p , 1 381 p

m m m
. . . . . . . . . . .

t t e ( see no te ), e ual n sg , 7 84 q . . . f or d e e ( O E f ord an ), cond e n , . .

neb s , se e esch . 1 098 .

eo , 11 0 , ti on ( O E og an , eon, se e . . f ord o ( O E f or d bn), p , d estroyed ,

. . p . .

S ie e rs ,v 3 84, a 2 ), ee , y , 1 2 3 1 , 82 2 .

m
406 , 1 50 ; eo , o , p r 1 sg , 957 , f or d rue ( O E f or d rd g i an), d ry up ,
. . . . .

3 65 ; ast , p r 2 sg , 405, 89 ; . . . 91 9 .

ni 3b, i gt , pr 3 sg , 506 , 1 7 6 ; f ore ( O E f er ), w ay , acc sg , 8 1 7

m
. . . . . . . .

ob, pr pl , 2 7 8 ; 11 0 , i p sg , 3 3 ; f orew ar d (
O E f or ew ear d ), agre e
m
. . . . . .

eo , op t p l , 1 6 7 3 . . . ent , 1 693 ; uorew ar d , 1 6 89 .

esch ( O E a t sc), . e sh, 1 3 99 ; eh

. s, f orhel e ( O E f or helan), conce al , 7 98 . . .

acc sg , 1 007 ; esches, ese s , e n f orl e ose ( O E f or lo san), l o se , op t

. .
g . . . .

sg , 1 3 88, 895 ; ne sche , eshe , d

. .
p r sg , 1 3 44 ; f orl eost , f orl ost , p r
. . .

sg , 1 3 87 , 83
. . 2 sg , 1 649, 51 9, p r 3 sg , 949,
. . . . .

11 0 8 ( O E occ), ocks ( of bird s ), 6 93 ; uorl ost , pr 3 sg , 6 1 9 ; orl es , f

338
. . . . .

p t sg , 1 1 00 ; orl ore ,
. .
p , 1 3 91 f p . . .
21 2

f 3 4 7 g ri ne ( O E g r in), snare , d sg , 1 059

( ) i 6
'

36 1 O E g if , g yf , .
,
5 , . . . . . .

g i nn e (O F r en g )in , .s k i ll , c u nn .i n g, p l , 1 056
. .

d at acc sg , 669, 7 6 5
. . . . O E g r isl ic), horribl e , 2 2 4,
g ri sli ch ( . .

b b i l 1 003
g i n n e (O E y in n an ), g e n p r p , . .

p
.

t
. , .

43 7 , 1 7 00 . g ri b ( O E g rib), e ace , ruce , 1 005,

. .

g lad ( O E g la d ), g l ad , sg , 43 4 ; 1 3 69
mp
. .
. .

g l ad e , p l , 42 4, 451 ; g l ad ur , co .
g ri b b ruche (
-
O E g r ib bry ce), breach . .
-

p
.

sg , 1 9 ; g l ad d ere , p l , 7 3 7 o f th e ace , 1 7 3 4
m
e
m
. .

y p
. .

l u ( O E l w ) w i u d n t 1 9 3 p O E g ra ), angr , erturbed ,
(
g
g e g .a , s e , r e , .
gr . .

g od , g od e ( O E 96 d ), g ood , sg and 92
m m
. . .
.

l 47 7 60 5 d sg , 56 3 ; g ro e , se e g ra e
m m
e g
m 81 2
p ; g o s , . .

y
.
, , .

O N g rb r), bo s , 1 1 1 5

g od ne , ace . .
, . g ro es ( . .

God , God d ( O E G od ), G od , 86 7 , 1 6 45
m
. . .

1 543 ; God es , g sg , 3 57 . .
g roni (
'
O E g ra an), g roan , op t sg ,
. . . .

p
.

God d sp el ( O E g od sp ell ), g os el , . . 87 2 .

1 2 7 0 ; God d sp ell e , d sg , 1 2 09 . . .
gr op e b ( O E g r dgnan), e el , handl e , . .
'

f
g od hed e ( O E g ood p r 3 sg , 1 496
mt
. . . . .

v
.

ness , eri , 3 51 ; g od e d e , 582 . g roue ( O E g rdf ), gro e , d sg , 3 80

. . . . .

aoe be (
O E . .
g eogo d) , yo u th , d . sg .
, g row e ( O E g rbw an), g row , 1 1 3 4 ; . .

63 3 .
pt pl , 1 3 6
. . .

30 3eli ng e ( see n ote ), o utcry , d , 40 g rucchi ng (

cf O Fr g rg uehier ),
m
. . . . .

g ol d ( O E gold ), g ol d , 1 3 66
. . .
gru bl ing , 42 3 .

g ol d ne ( O E .
g ol dnc), g ol d n ch,. . O
g rul d e ( E g ri l lan), w ere tw ang ing ,
.

1 1 30 . op t 2 sg , 1 42
. . . .

ac1 1 s , gell en ( cf O E g iellan , see g rund e ( O E grand ), ground , (1 2 7 8

m
. . . . . .

no te , yel l , scre a , 97 2 , 97 7 ; G ul d ef or d e , uil d ord , 1 91 G f .

301 1 e st , gol st , p r 2 sg , 2 2 3 , 985 ; . . .

3uli ng e ( cf O E g i el lan), yell ing , . . .

p t sg , 1 1 2 . . . s b , 1 6 43
. .

g ol nesse ( D E g d lness), w antonne ss, . .

gul p est , se e gel p st .

l ust , d , 492 , 498 g ul (t O E g y l ), sin , g uil t , 1 41 0 ; t

m m
. . . .

g a e , see g a e g ul d , 1 42 7 ; g ul t e , d sg , 87 4
m mm
. . . .

go ere ( O E 950 ), sad ly , 41 5

. . .
g ul t e (O E g y l tan), i s g uil y , pr ind
. . t . .

30nd ( O E g eon), ha , ond er , p ro ,

. . t t y . 3 sg , 1 52 3 ; se e no e
. . t .

1 1 9 .
aung e ( O E g eong ), young , 1 1 sg , . . . .

aong se e 3ung 1 43 4 ; p l , 1 1 3 4
m
. .

'

so ni c (O E y eo an), y aw n , op t sg ,
. . . .
gung ling e , 3unl ing e ( O E g eong ling ), . .

2 92 ; 3conell . P r 3 sg , 1 403 . . . .
y o un g g i rl , d sg , 1 447 , n sg , . . . .

p f
m
g or e ( O E yd ra ), triangul ar ie ce 1 43 3 ; gong l i ng , n sg in ant , 6 3 5
mt
. . . . .

se t i n a g ar e n , g o w n , 51 5 .
a , see get
p
.

g os (t O E g d st ), s irit , g host , 1 401 ,

. .

1 1 1 1 ; g os es , g sg , 1 3 98 t . . . O E ha bban), ha
hab b e ( . 2 58 , p r . v e, .

g rad d e , see g re d e 1 sg , 1 7 4, op t sg , 99 ; h aue st ,

m m m
. . . . .

g ra e ( O E g r a a), ang er , har , 2 1 5 3 ha u b hau t

m
. .
p r . sg , ;. e , e , p r . .

49 ; g r o e , d sg , 1 090 . . . 3 sg , 301 , 1 1 3 ; habb e b, habbet ,

.

t t
.

g rant i , g r aunt1 ( 0 F r gr an er) , g ran , . . habe b, haueb, p r pl , 43 1 , 651 , . .

p r 1 sg , 2 01 , 7 45
. . . . 1 6 1 1 , 1 6 7 5 ; had d e , sg , 3 95 , pt . .

g ras ( O E g rass ), g rass, 1 042

. . . 1 083 ; ( n)ad d est , p t 2 sg , 1 06 1 ; . . .

g re d e ( D E g red an), cry o ut , 3 08,

had d e , p l , 1 008 pt
m
. . . . .

1 6 83 , p r 1 sg , 47 4 ; g re d est , p r . . . . hacehe ( O E heecc), case ent , d sg , . . . .

2 sg , 56 6 ; g rad , p r 3 sg , 1 533 ; 1 058

m
. . . .
. .

g red e k, P r p l , 1 6 7 1 ; g r ad ac , p t . . . hage ( O E h ag a), h o este ad , h ed g e ,

pt p
. .

sg , 93 6 ,
.
p l , 1 66 2 ; ig rad , p , . . . . (1 p l , 585 ; hahe , d p l , 1 6 1 2
. . . . .

1 1 49 . ha3e1 ( O E hag ol , h aeg ol ), hail , 1 002

. . .

g rei e ( O E g ri g ), g rey , 83 4
. . . t
nag e ( se e N ha ched , p t 3 sg t . . .

gr n ( O E g rne), green , 1 8 ; d pl , 1 05
ig
. . . . .

5 hahe se e hage, .

g ret , g r et e (O E g rea t ), g re at, l arg e , hal d e , hol d e (

O E hea ld an) hold ,
mp
. . .
.
,

1 488, 3 1 8 ; g r et t e r e, co , 74 kee p co nsid e r , 1 369, 3 ; b ol d e st ,

m mm
. .

y
,

g ri l i che ( O E g ri l ice), cruel l , . .

pr . 2 . sg .
,
1 51 7 ; hal t , p r 3 sg , . . .

1 33 2 3 56 ; hol d t s 1 44 h ol d e p t
.
, p g , ;
. , . .
 I
G lossary 21 3

pl 1 2, o p t sg , 51 ; i hol d e , pt p heouene , (O E h )
e of on , houene
m
. . .
. . . .

p , 1 723
. . v
hea e n, d sg , 91 6 , 897 ; f o r co . .

hal e ( O E h e a l h , corner , se cre

) . l a.ce , tp po unds see houenki ng e , e tc .

(1 sg , 2 ; see no e
. . t hep e (OE h ap ), hea ; ful b i hep e
. . p
v
.

hal t er ( O E h a lf er ), hal te r , 1 02 8 . . t . =q to o e r o w ing , 3 60 .

hal ue ( O E h ealf ), s id e , ( 1 sg , 1 09, her , he e ( O E r here , 46 2 , 93 1 ;

f mt
. . . . . .

88 7 her b i , 1 2 7 herof ro his , co n

m m m hm
-
.
,

ha , ho (O E bd ) a d v ce rning th is , 1 07 6 , 87 5 ; heruore ,
m
o e , . . .

t f
,

acc , 1 53 1 , 457 , 1 53 4 ; att o at he re ore , 1 1 65

m
.
, .

ho e , 1 52 7 . herd e , see ihere .

hard ( O E h ea rd , h
) ard , se ere , 1 694 ;
. . v herd e s (O E bi erd e) . .
, s he herd s p , n .

hard e , 53 0; as sb : hard w e a her , t pl 2 86

mt
. .
, .

459 ; d i i cul t ( circu s ances), 7 03 here , see heare

r (O E h ) v g ing my
. .

har d eli che ( O E h e a r d l ice , bra e ly ,

) . v he e . . ere , ra a ar ,

t p d g 1 7 09 1 7 90 n t ;
.

402 roo s see o e

m
. . .
, , , ,

hare ( O E h ) h re , n , 3 7 3 1 7 02 ace
m
a
m
a
m h t (O E k i ) p i t p 2
g s
m
. . .
,
. . .
, .

har , hare h ear ), h

(O E ar ere a e r an
m
ra se s r

m
. . . . .
, , , .

1 2 54, 1 2 60 ; hare e , d sg , 1 1 6 1 . .
g 1 51 8
. s .
, .

e ( O E hea rp e), har , 3 43 , 2 2 . . p h g ng (

. O E h g g ) inv i n
er o e . . er e an , as o ,

t t
ba l e ( O E h a ian), ha e s , p r 3. . t t . d 1 1 91. .
, .

sg , 2 3 0 . . b ling O E h iu g ) p i
( er n o . . er n ,
ra se , .

t t
ha t e s see hot , . sg .
, 981 .

hauec haueck ( OE h , eaf oc), h aw k, . . herre , se e he 3e .

3 07 3 03 ; hauekes , g sg , 2 7 1 hes ( O E has) se nte nce , j ud i i c al

mnt 7 48 ;
. . . . .
,

p
,

he (O E h ) he , it, e tc , 2 1 ; hi s, is n t
'

ro no un ce

m
. .
, .
, e , se e o e .

g , 1 00 403 ; hi d 1 2 2 ; hi ne , het e (
O E e e a e s 1 67 ht ) h t b
m
. . .
, , , .
, , .

acc , 2 3 6 6 80, 1 3 7 4 ; fe
. ho , heo , , .
, heued ( O E h af od ), he ad 7 4 ; . .
, ace .

he , n 1 9 934 1 41 ; hir e hur e , sg 1 19

m
.
. , , , , , .

fe g and d 2 6 1 599 ; hi heo ,

. . .
, , , hi se e he
, .

acc , 2 9 93 9, 1 438 ; ne u , hit , it ,

.
, . hi d er (O E hi d er ) hi her, 46 2 , 1 690
. .
,
t .

2 8 1 090 ; h i s, its 1 00, 2 3 2 ; pl u ,

, , . O E hy bl an) re oice p r 1 sg
hi 3t e ( . .
, j , . . .
,

hi ho , heo ,
, 1 0, 6 6 , 93 1 ; he re , 532 ; h i gt e b P r 3 sg 43 6 . .

'
. .
, .

here heore , hire , g , 2 80, 7 3 9 1 6 1 2 , bi gt e (

bg b l ), j
Ooy , n sg , 2 7 2 ;
E
m m
. . .
, , . .

1 56 6 ; ho , heo , d , 6 2 , 93 0 ; hi , acc sg , 1 1 03
m m
. . . .

heo , a , 1 08 , 92 6 . . hi w ar d , w i thto = to w ard s hi , 3 7 5 .

heare here ( O E h ai r), hair , (1 p l , hine , see he

m
, . . . . .

1 550, 42 8 . hi ne ( O E *
hl na ( a n)
. ser.

hecst , see heze . v t

an s, n pl , 1 1 1 5 . . .

he3e , hei e (O E . . a h), hig h,

h ad v .
, hoge ( O E h og u), care , th
. oug h t , 7 01 ; .

989, 1 6 46 ; heh, 1 405, 1 456 ;

on se e no te , 53 7
mp
.

her r e, co , al re )he es ,
1 63 7 ; ( .
-
t hoaeb ( O E h o g ian), i s an ious , p r
. . x .

s up er .
, 6 87 ; ad j, hex st d sg 97 0 .
, . . . 3 sg , 455
. . .

heg g e (
O E h0 3ful e agful , h oh f ul ),
. .
( O E b . .

O E h
he i e ( e g e ), hed g e , d .sg 81 9 . . .
, . an io us , x
houg h ul , n p l , 53 7 ; t tf . .

-
O E h
hci sug g e ( eg e sug g e , h
) ed g e .
-
li hohf ul , see no te .

p
.

,
a
s arro w ,50 5 . hoked ( O E ho ced e), cur ed , hooked , . .

v
hell e ( O E h el l , h 7 9 ; ihoked , 1 6 7 5
) ell , d sg , 1 01 4
m
. . . . . .

hel p e ( O E h eh n , h
) el , w i hd at , . . p t . hoke b (
O E . . wi nd s al ong ,
6 6 4, p r 1 sg , 484 ; hel p b, p r 3 . . . . .
p r 3 sg . . .
, 37 7 .

sg , 1 7 1 hol e (
O E ho l ), hole , (1 sg 82 6 ;
m m
.
. . . . .
,

he e ( O E J ui e ), ho use hol d ers , b t o hol e , g oes to e ar th; se e

m
. . cr 0 p
aste rs , n p l , 1 1 1 5 . . . al so hol g .

hen ( O E h enn), h e n , 41 3
. . . hol ; (
O E . . hol h), ho l low , ad j .
, n sg .

Henri , e nry , 1 091 H 6 43 , 1 1 1 3 ; hol e , (1 sg , 965

m
. . . .

heo , heore , heo , e tc , see he . . holi (O E h d li g ), ho ly , 7 2 1 , 1 3 82

. . .

heonne , honne ( O E beoua n), he nce , . . holi ne sse ( O E h d l ig nes), hol iness , . .

1 67 3 , 66
m mh
.

heorte , hort e ( O E h eor te), h t ho see ha e

m
e ar , . .
, , .

in d , hor e , g sg d sg , t . . . . hond e (O E . . ha nd ) , hand , 1.

( sg

945, 6 7 8 . 1 372 ; ace .

pl .
, 1 6 51 .
21 4

hong i (O E hang ian), hang , 81 6 ; . .

hw anne ( O E b anne hw ae ze . . m , m ,

hong est p r 2 sg , 1 1 42 hong eb, ,

. . .
hw enne), w he n , 1 2 44 ; hw an , 1 2 6 4 ;
pr 1 1 3 2 , pr
sg p l 1 6 1 2 ; b ong hw on 1 56 6 ; w ane , 42 0 ; w an ,
m
. . . .
, , ,
,
459 ; w ann e , 3 8 ; w one , 32 7 ; w on
i p sg , 6 58
. . .

honne , see he onne .

3 2 4 ; w anne , 43 0 .

hord (O E hord ), hoard , 46 7 hw ar ( O E hw r ), w here , 93 2 , 1 7 2 7 ;

m
. . .
. .

ho e ( O E ho r n), horn , d . .
. sg .
, w har , 6 4 ; w ar , 52 6 ; w ar e , 1 049 ;
31 8 w art o , w hy , 46 4
m
.

v f
.

O E hor s), horse , 6 2 9 ; horse ,

here ( . .
hw a ore ( se e abo e ), w here ore
b ors ec , (1 l 1 06 2 7 6 8 1 42 1 ; w areuor e , w ar uor e, 2 6 7 ,
p .
, , . .

hose ( has), hoarse , harsh, 504 1 61 8

'

O E
mm
.
. .
.

hot (
O E hd tan), co and s , p r 3 . . hw at , w at ( O E h w aet), w hat ! w ell ! . .

p
.

tt t
.

7 7 9 ; ha 2 g t es ass s : ar 1 7 3 0, 6 3 5
g
s . . . .

q
, ,

ll d 2 55 ; h t n p p =
.

ca e ,
ll d o e , . . ca e , hw atl i che ( O E hw aetl l ce), uickl y , . .

2 56 .
1 7 08 .

hot h t ( O E hat) h t 1 2 7 5 ; w k hw aber , w e ber ( O E hw eeer ), w hich

'

, o e . .
, o ,
.
, . .

1 454 .
(o f t w o), hw e ber , w eber ,
hob (
O E . . hbn ) hang s pr , , . 3 . sg .
, 1 408 , 991 ; w are , 1 51 .

1 1 2 3 ; ihong e , p , 1 1 36 p . . . hw aber ( O E hw aber ), w he her . . t

hou ( O E how ), hue , col our , a sg ,
. . . .

6 1 9 ; how e , d sg , 1 52 . . . 1 3 6 2 ; w eber , 82 4 .

houeneli 3te ( OE h eof on l eo ht), l ight . . hw i , w i ( O E hw i), 909, 2 1 8 ; w hf , . .

of h e a en, d sg , 7 3 2 v . . . 1 50 .

houeneriche ( O E heof onr l ee), king hw il e , w il e , w ul e ( O E kw i l ), w hil e ,

m m
. . . .

do of h 1 sg , 7 1 7
ea e n , ( v p
e riod o f ti e , 1 591 , 6 , d sg , 1 458
f m y
. . . . .

houenki ng e OE
( heof oncyning) king wil e , ad v d at p 1 = or erl , 2 02
mt m
. . .

of he ave n d sg 86 2 , .
, . w ul e , ad v (1 p l , so e i e s , 1 542 . . . .

t
.

houent ing e ( O E heof on . . t ng ) e e , hw i t ( O E hw i t ), w hi e , 1 2 7 6

. . .

re ach ing to heaven 1 001 ; , se e n t o e. nw o , w o , w a ( O E hw d ), w ho .

houhsi be ( O E ko k + sil ) . .
, a nx i u o s 1 1 95, 1 1 3 , 1 7 82 ; w u , n sg , 1 87 ; . .

j o urney ing s ,1 586 ; see note . hw an , w an , d sg 1 509, 53 0 ; hw at , . .

hu ( O E ha), how , 46 , 2 6 3
. . . w at , n e u , 1 2 96 , 1 85 . .

hud e ( O E hgd ), hid e , skin , a sg ,

. . . . hw on , see hw anne .

1 1 1 4 . hwuch, wucche ( O E hw y l c), w hich, . .

hud e ( O E hgd an), hid e, 1 1 1 3 , p r 1 w hat ( ad j an d 1 504, 1 443 ;

m
. . . . .

sg , 2 6 5 ; hud , i p sg , 1 6 4 hw ucche , d sg , 93 6 ; w ucche , d

m
. . . . . . .

hui ng ( O F r huer), o utcry , cl a our ,

. .
pl , 1 3 1 9
. .

1 2 6 4 ; see note .

hul e , vl e , ul e ( O E ri l e), C ] , 41 , . . W I, see i ch .

1 43 , 2 6 , 83 7 ; houl e , 1 6 6 2 , 1 7 85 . ibed d e ( O E g ebedd a), bed e ll o w , 96 8 ,

. f
hund ( O E ha nd ), d og , hound , 81 7
. . 1 490 .

hund e s , g en sg , 82 2 , n p l 3 7 5 ; . . . . ibe r e ( O E g eb r u), n o ise , ou cry ,

. . t
hund e , d sg , 81 4 . . . 2 2 2 , 1 3 48 .

hund re d ( O E hund r ed ), hund red , . . i bol w e ( O E belg an) sw oll e n w ith

. .

1 1 01 . rag e , p , 1 45 p . . .

hung er ( O E hung or ), hung er , d , . . . i b or 3e ( O E beorg an), saved . .

p , ,p . .

1 1 91 . 883 .

hunke , se e i ch . ib r o d e d ( O E brd d i an), e te nd ed , . x

p p
.

hup b ( OE *
hypp an), ho s , l e a s , p r
. . p p , 1 31 2
t pt
. . . .

3 sg , 3 7 9 ; hup e ,
. . 3 sg , 1 6 3 6 ; . . . i bund e ( O E bind an), bo und , hel d
. .

se e note , 3 7 9 .
( r es o n si bp
l e ), p , 6 56 , 1 3 54 p . . .

hur e , see he , i ch i ch ( O E l o), I , 1 , 3 ; 1 0 , 1 049 ; I , 2 93 ,

m
.

p
. .

hure ( OE hard ), e s e ciall y (

. se e . 448 ; e , d an d acc , 3 4, 3 9 ; unk er , . .

no te ), 1 483 ; hur e and hur e , 1 1 , d ual g en , 1 51 ; hunke , d ual d at ,

m
. .

481 l
.
1 7 33 ; w e , n o p , 552 ; us , d at . . .

hurne ( O E hyrne), corner , (1 sg , 1 4

. .
. . . a c , 1 87 , 1 88 ; ur e , g
c
.
p l , 6 50, . .

b us ( O E hi s), house , 6 2 3 ; huses , g

. .
. 958 .

sg , 1 1 55, n p l , 1 2 03 ; huse d s
g , i cnow e ( O E g ecnd w an), acknow
. . . . . .
, .

47 9, (1 p l , 1 3 3 3 . . . l e d g e , cul i a e , cherish, op t sg , tv t . .

hw an , see hw o . 47 7 .
 21 6

isuol 3e ( O E sw elg )an , s w al l o w ed , . .

m m) ming e , ca e , co , sb

p 43 6
p , 1 46
m mb m
.
.

f
. .

E i ) l ku e , ku see cu en
i sw ik e (O g esw ca n , ce ase , a i , . .
e , .

op t p l , 92 9 ; nis vi cst , p r 2
.
sg ,
.
. . . kun ( O E . . cy nn ) kin
kind , 7 1 4 ;, ,

t
w i h ne g , 406 ; see no e . t . kuhne , d .
,
1 099, g p l , 888, 1 3 96 . . .

i t , see he kuhne , kube , see can .

t
.

itache (OE . .
g eti can ) ,
e ac h pr 1
,
. . O E
kunr ad e ( . cy nn wi d en) kind red ,
sg 1 3 47 1 677 .

t t p t
. .
,

ite i d ( O E i eg an), ied , p , 778 O E

kur se st ( cursian ) curse s 1 1 78
mm
. .
. . . . . .
, ,

i benche ( O E g eencean), re e be r , . .

op t 3 sg , 7 2 3 la ( O E l d ), ohl , 1 543
. . .

z
. . . .

i brung e , se e bring e . l acche (O E laeccan), se i e , 1 057 . . .

i ti d e ( O E g eti d an), be id e , be all , . t f (O N l ag r ), l ow , ad v , 1 456 1 0 3e ,

. . .

tt
.

inf , 1 7 3 3 , op t sg , 1 2 1 6 ; i ti a, i i , 1 052
m
. . .
.

p r 3 .sg , 1 2 56 , 1 52 1 . . 1 a3e (O E l ag u, l a h custo , l aw ,

. .

t
.

i t ogen ( O E t on) reare d , brough up , .

p p , 1 725 l ahf ul nesse lag u, l a h l aw

f
. .

t
.

i tre d e ( O E tred an ), ro d d e n , en . .
ul n e ss , 1 7 41 .

g end ere d , p , 501 p l ai , see li g g e

m m m m
. . .
.

i ued , se e f ed est . la e , lo e ( O E l a a ), l a e , w eak, . .

i ui ( O E lg ), ivy , d sg , 2 7 , 6 1 7
. . . . . 1 7 3 2 , 3 64 .

i uo ( O E g ef bn ), ca ture , sei e , 6 1 2 ,
. . p z l asse ( O E li ssa), l e ss , l o w e r , ad j,
. . .

1 6 2 8 ; ifoS , p r p i , 1 6 45 . . . 1 2 2 7 , 482 , 1 406 ; ad v , 3 7 0 . .

iuo ( O E g ef d h), f oe , ace sg , 1 7 1 6 . . . l ast ( O E l s tan), l asts , p r 3 sg ,

. . . . .

t
. .

i vurne , see iruru . 51 6 , 1 46 6 ; l e s , 1 450 .

lw ar ( O E g ew aer), aw are , 1 47 ;
. . l at , se e l et e .

iw arre , n p l , 1 2 2 1 l at e ( O E last), l ate , ad v 1 1 47 l at er ,

m mp
. . . . .

iw a esse ( O E g ew azrnes), w ariness , . co , 96 3 ; see no e

. t .

1 228 . l aued i ( O E hl s bf d ig e), l ad y , w i e ,

. . f
i wel a ( O E g ew eald ), o w e r , control ;
. . p 959, 1 569 ; l s ai , 1 051 ; l aued i es , f
nah i w el d z cannot hel , 1 543 p . n p l , 1 3 38
. . .

i wi nne ( O E g ew innan), w in , 7 66 , . . l aner a, l ouer a ( O E bldf ord ), lord , . .

1 2 90 . husband , 959, 96 8 ; l auerd es ,

iw is ( O E g ew i ss), ind ee d , certainl ,
. . y l ouerd es , g sg , 1 586 , 1 589 . . .

3 5, 1 1 8 . l eches ( O E we ), l ooks , a e arance ,

. . pp
iwi t ( O E g ew i t ) und erstand ing , 7 7 4 1 1 40 ; se e note .

1 1 88 ; i wi tt e , d , 1 2 1 7 l ei d e , see l eg g e
m
. . .

i w one , i wune ( O E g ew una), custo , O E l eed an), l ead , 1 6 84 ; l ed est ,

. . l ed e ( . .

usual , ad j or sb , 47 5, 1 3 1 8 ; see . .
p r 2 sg , 1 6 7 2 ; l ed eb, p r p l ,
. . . . .

note . 2 80 .

i w orp e , see w erp e . l ei di , see l auedi .

i w or be , see w ur be . l eg g e ( O E l eog an), l ay , l ace , 1 2 2 4 ;

. . p
l ei b, p r 3 sg , 801 ; l ei d est , p t 2
. . . . .

J esus , J e sus , 1 092 . sg , 1 04 ; l ei d e , p t 3 sg , 46 7 , 1 057

. . . . .

l ei e , see li g g e
mp
.

kan, kon, see can . l eng ( O E l eng ), l ong er , co

. . ad v , . .

N F r canoni e ,
kanune s ( . . see N E D . . . 42 , 493 .

canon
2
) , canons , 729 . l eng be ( O E l engpa), length, 1 7 4
. . .

kar e (OE . 1 590 . ceara ) , care , . l enst ( O E li na n), l e n d e st , g i est ,

. . v
O E
kei e ( i g ), key, (1 sg , 1 557
or . . . . .
p r 2 sg , 7 56
. . . .

he O E cne ), keen , h
( ol d , 2 7 6 , f
l eo , 1 0f ( O E l eaf ), d e ar , recious , p
gge
. . . .

1 2 7 7 , 2 03 ; l oue , 96 8 ; bat l eo is f
ke p e O E
( l ike, w ish; ke cp an ) = w ho d el ig hts , 1 52 4
m m
. .
, .

p i chz kep e i ch, 1 54 ; se e note . l eof on ( O E lof an), l o er , . . v

king ( O E cyning , og ny), king , 2 3 5,
. . 1 43 0 .

d sg , 1 7 2 8 ; ki ng es , g sg , 1 095
. . . . . l eorni , see l orhi .

cf L G knarr e
knar r es ( ) ocks , 1 001 l ep e ( O E l eap ), baske , (1 sg , 3 59 t
m
r

mp ty
. . . . . . . . .

i i st , se e cni ht . l er e ( O E h i re), e
.
, 1 52 8
. .

(
O F O E l i r an), e ach, 1 01 7 , p r 1 t
fg
ku el d . r . cncuaul t
) , cuckol d ,
l er e ( . . . .

sg , 1 3 47 ; l erd est , p t 2 sg , 1 053

. . . . .
 21 7

l ese (
O . E l ees ),
. f al se , w o r thl ess , pl . , l od l i ch ( O E ld d l ic), ha e ul , ho r . .

tf
7 56 . ri bl e , 3 2 , 91 .

l esi ng ( O E lasung ), al se hood , 848

. . f . l ot, see l eo f .

is st , see l ast . l oac, se e l ags .

l et e ( O E l ta n): ( 1 ) l e t , all ow ,
. . l oke ( O E l oc), l oc k, 1 557
. . .

1 457 ; l at , l e t , p r 3 sg , 3 08 , 91 9 ; l oki ( O E lo ci an): ( a ) l oo k, see , 641 ;

m
. . .
. .

l et e b, p r 2 p l , 1 699 ; l et , 3 sg ,
. . pt . . . l oke b, p r 3 sg , 1 555 ; l oke , i p . . .

ft
.

t
.

8 ; l e t e , p t 3 sg , 952 ( see note ); sg , 1 66 , 2 95 b) l oo k a er , p ro

(
m m
. . . . .

l at , i p sg , 2 58 ; l a e b, i p p l , t t
tee , l oki , inf , 604 ; op t sg , 56
m m
. . . . . .

v
. .

1 7 29 ( 2 ) l e t al one , l ea e , l et , p r . l o e , see l a e .

t
.

3 sg , 1 530 ; l a e b, p r p l , 1 7 7 1 ;
. . . . l ond ( O E l a nd ), l and , 999 ; l ond e ,
. .

l et e , inn , 1 47 1 (3 ) caused , l et , d sg , g p l , (1 pl , 42 0, 1 3 7 1 ,
f m
. . . . . . . .

p t 3 sg , 1 093
. . 4) re frain ro ,
( . . 996 .

t
l e e n, l et e , inf , 1 01 8 , 1 445 ; l at , . l ond f ol c ( O E l a ndf olc), eo l e , . p p
pt
.

p r 3 sg , 2 50 ; l et e ,
. . 2 sg , . . . . 1 1 58 .

1 308 ( 5) hin k o f , al ue , l et e b. P r
. t v . l ong ( O E l ang ), l o ng , ad j, 344 ,
'
. . .

pl , 1 7 74
. . l ong e , 857 .

l e t e , see il et e . l ong e ( O E l ang e), l o ng , ad v , 8 1 ,

. . .

l eb, se e l i g g e 2 53
mp
. .

l eue ( O E l eaf ), l ea e , sb , 457 v l ong eb ( O E l a ng ian), i e rs , it

m
. . . . . . .

l e ue ( O E laf ), l ea e s , a p l , 456 ;
. . v . . y earn s , 1 486 ; ho l ong e b, the y
l eue s , p l , 1 046 , 1 3 2 6 . .
y earn , 881 .

l i bbe ( O E l i bban) l i e , 1 1 92 ; li b be b,
. . v l ong ing e ( O E la ngung ), l onging , 86 9 . . .

p r p l , 1 01 2 ; l ib b e , op t pl , 1 006 l ore ( O E ld r ), l o re , te aching , n sg ,

m m m
. . . . . . . . .

li co e ( O E l ic h a a , l icu a ), bod y ,
. . 1 640 ; d sg , 1 2 08, 1 3 51 . . .

1 054 . l orni ( O E l eor nian), l e arn , 642

. .

t
l i es , se e 1 1 3e . l eorni , p r 1 sg , 1 2 1 2 ; il orned , . . .

li t ( O E l if ), l i e , 1 1 2 7 , 988 ; li ne , (1
. . f . p .
p , 21 6 . .

sg , 1 07 8 ; li nes, ad v g e n = alive ,
. . . l os en ( O E l osan), lose , 3 51 ; l ost ,
. .

1 6 3 2 , 1 6 3 4 ; f or hi s li ue , to sa e his v p r 3 sg , 83 0, 1 1 59 ; l us , p r 3 8g ,
. . t . . .

f
.

l i e , 1 07 8 . 1 1 93 ; see no te .

lif d age ( O E l if d azg ), l i e , d p l ., 1 1 41

. . f . . l ob, l obe ( O E ldb), hate ul , 65, 943 , . . f
1 1 3e ( O E lic g an), l ie ,
. re arica e ,
. p v t 1 607 ( )
see n o te ; l ob e , d sg , 1 1 5 . . .

853 ; li es , p r 2 sg , 3 6 7 ; li gc, opt t . . . . l obe ( O E l db), in ur , ain , (1 sg ,

. . j y p . .

2 sg , 599 ; il oge ,
. .
p , 847 p . . . 1 1 46 .

l ig g e ( O E l icg an), li e , 1 2 00 ; l i b, l eb,

. . l oue , see l eo f .

p r 3 sg 43 0, 1 494 ; lis , p r 2 sg
. . . t . . . l ouer a, se e l anera .

1 502 ; li g g e b. pr 959 ; lisse . . l ud (O E hind ), l oud , 6 ; l ud e , d sg ,

. . . .

op t p r sg , 1 6 1 9 ; l ai , l ei e , opt
. . . . 31 4 .

pt .sg , 1 509, 1 34 . . l ud e (O E hid d e ), loud , l oudl , 1 1 2 ,

. . y
li gt , lin ( t
O E l eo ht ), l ig ht , 7 3 4, 949 ; . . 982 .

li gt e , li ht e d sg , 1 6 3 , 1 43 1 , . . . l ug g e ( see note ), o l e s , s icks , d p l , p t . .

l i gtl i che , l ihtli ce ( OE leo htl ice), . . 1 6 09 .

e as ily , l ig h l y , 854, 1 7 7 4 t . l ure ( O E l y r e), l oss, 1 1 53

. . .

y MHG
m
li htli ch ( O E leoht lic), eas , 1 1 85 l ei r en), l ouring ,

l uri ng ( cf
m m m
. . . . . . .

11 ( O E l i ), l i e , bird J i e ,
. . 42 3 .

1 056 . l ust (O E l us ), d e sire , l us , 507 ;

. . t t
liki ( O E l lei d a ), le as e , 3 42 p t
l us e , d sg , 895 ; l ust es , p l , 1 41 4
mp
. . . . . . .

lil i e ( O E lil ie ), l ily , 43 9 t

l us ( O E l ys t a n), it l e ases , i p
m
e rs ,
m m
. . . . .
.

li e ( O E l i ), l i b, ace sg , 1 098 2 1 3 , 6 1 3 ; l us e , o p t sg , 3 9 t
mt
. . . . . . . .

l i nd e ( O E l ind ), l i e ree , 1 7 50
. .
-
. l ust , see l osen .

linnene ( O E l inen), o f l ine n , ad j, t

l us e ( O E hl y stan), li s e n , 896 ; l ust , t
m
. . . . .

1 1 74 p r 1 sg , 1 594, i p sg , 2 6 3 , 546 ;
m
. . . . . .

list , se e l ig g e . l ust e b, i p p l , 1 7 29 ; l us t e , p t 3 . . . .

list e ( O E l i s ), cunnin g , g sg , 7 6 3 ;
. . t . . sg , 1 43
. .

d sg , 1 7 2 , 7 6 7
. . . l ut e ( O E l gt a l i tle , 7 6 3
. . t .

l ut el , l utl e E lytel ) l i tl e , 56 1 , . . t
see li g g e 91 1 , ad v
min
. 7

l i ueb ( O E ( be) l if an), . .

-
re a s, pr 3 . . (1 pl , 1 7 7 6
. . .

sg , 8 1 0
. . l ut eb ( O E l a ian), l urks , 3 7 3
. . t .
Zl 3 G lossary

l uber ( O E 1 37 ), e i.l , bad ,

1 1 3 7 .
M v . m t (O F m t ) f bu i
eos er . r. es er , o ce , s

O E l yt l i an), l e ssen , 540

l ut l i ( ne ss ,92 4
m i (O F m i ) m y 1 092
. .
. .

O E l nf u), l o e , 51 6 , d sg v
m w d (O E mim H od ) md
l uue ( . . . .
,
er c . r . er c , erc , .

2 07 er e o e e- o a
m 496
. .
. ,

l uui en, l uui e ( O E lnan), lo v f ares ,

m h (O E m ) m h d g ,
. .
e, or .

1 3 41 , 1 3 45 ; l uueb. P r 3 sg . . .
,
2 30 ; ers e . . ersc , ars , . s .

l uui eb, p r p l , 7 91 3 04
m h (O E m ) u h m h
.
. . .

*
es e scan cr s as

mi (O E my ) my
.
.
, , ,

it v il 84
m t (O E mb ) m t g t t
a . . as ,
a , can , a a s, .

1 2 2 8 2 7 4 t 1 2 66 s st

mi gt p 2 g 64 7 8 ; mi my
g ; o s es os re a e s
p r g . .
ps .
, , ,
. .
,
. .
, , ,

a a 6 84 852
m mt (O E mt ) f d 1 07 1 6 3 0
,
r. . s .
, , , , , .

7 6 2 1 4 5 l
mi d (O E mid ) p p w ith 1 8 7 6 ;
3 1 a e, e e e e oo

mint pt 3 g 42
; 3 p p r

1 82 ; m
p r g . . s .
, ,
. .
,
. .
, , , .

mi d 1 7 68 ; mi t 6 1 6
igt re

953 ; mi 3t t p t 2 g 2 56 ; m
e, e, . . s .
, ,
. .
, .
, , ,

ia t
m mi d lni at (O E mid
e, e,
m
es , . . s .
, , .

pt l 1 1 04 1 7 49 u r op t i d d l ni 3t e e, e e
m
e p
m
p ; 3
-
. . . .
,

t
.
.
, ,

pl , 6 2 (
. see no e ), 1 1 1 7 ; uhe , p r t . d el ni ht), id nig h , d sg , 3 2 5, . .

o p t sg , 1 58 1 731
m m m mt m m
. . . .

ai d e ( O E aeg d en), aid , 1 3 43 , ig , ia t e , e tc , see al

m m m m
. . . .

d sg , 1 41 9, n p l , 1 3 38 ; aid ene s, i 3t e ( O E i ht) p ow e r , ig ht , 1 1 88 ;

m
. . . . .

pl , 1 51 6 j3t t e , 53 6
m m m m m m
. . .

ai ne ( O E p aeg en), o w er , 7 60 il c ( OE eo lc , i l c), il k, 1 009

m mt m t m m mt m
. . . . .
.

ai st e r , ai s r e ( O Fr a i s re), il ce , il se ( O E i l s ), e rcy ,

m
. . . .

aste r , 1 91 , 1 7 7 8 kind ness , 1 404, 1 083

mk (O E m ) mt h b d m m
. .

il d e ( tO E ild e), g en le , kind ,

m
a e aca a e, us an
mp
. . .
. , ,

1 1 59 1 42 9 1 03 2 ; il d re , co , 1 7 75

mki (O E m i ) mk p p t m m m
. . .
,

ac an il e ( OE i l ), il e , 1 1 sg , 1 592
mm
a e a e, r o
1 544 ; mk t p m m
. . . . . . . .
, .

3 2 i n, ine ( O E in), y , 7 1 2 , 1 460 ;

3 3 9 ; mk hP m
a es
m
g s g r s
m
. . . . .
.
, , .
,

3 g 3 54 p p l ir e , dat f e , 1 7 41 ; i , 37
m
a e
650 ; mk b p p i 1 6 48
r s r
m
. . .
. .
, , . . . .

a e i sb e od e ( O E is bod an), ill use ,

m m (O E m m ) m
, r . . , . . .
-

an , on ann , onn an , abuse , 1 541

m m m m m
. . .
,

47 7 , 7 83 ; annes , onne s , g sg , i s d ed e ( OE isd e b d ), o f e nce , is f

m m
. . . .

1 47 6 , 3 3 8 ; anne , en, d , d ee d , n sg , 2 3 1
m m m
sg ,
m
. . . . .

800, 1 2 46 ; anne , onne , g p l , i sd on ( O E isd on), act w rong ly ,

m m
. . . .

(1 p l , 2 3 4, 1 3 1 ; en, n p l , 1 2 7 , sin , 1 489 ; isd e b, p r 3 sg , 6 3 6 ;

m m
. . . . . . .

ace p l , 3 3 0, ( 1 p l , 91 0 isd oB, p r p l , 1 7 7 0 ; i sd o , p r
m m m m m
. . . . . . . .

ani , oni ( OE aniy ), any , op t p l , 1 3 53 ; i sd on , p , 1 3 93 p

m m m m m
. . . . . . .

uch, 1 3 2 3 , 1 41 1 ; ani c , oni e , i sf ong e ( O E i sf on), use w rong l y , . .

ace p l , 1 7 55, 2 57 t
g o as ray , 1 3 7 4, op t p r sg , 1 440
m m m m m m
. . . . . . .

ani fol d e ( O E anigf eal d ,

) ani . i s; eng e ( O E i s + g eng e), a iss , .

v
. .

f ol d , ari o us , 1 551 1 229

m m m m m m
. .

ankunne , ankenne ( O E ann i shap ( OE is + O N happ ), is

m
. . . . . .

cynn ,
) k i d , d sg , 849, 97 3 , f ortune , 1 2 49
m
a n n
m m
. . .

1 725 i sli ehe ( O E i sl ice), ind iscri i

m m m
. . .

ausi ng f or a ansung ( O E a an hate l y , 1 7 7 3

m x mm t m m
. . .

su ung
), e co unica ion , 1 3 1 2 ; i sl ike b ( OE i sl i ci an), d is l e ase s , p
m
. .

ansig e , d sg , 1 1 82 p r 3 sg , 3 44
m m m m m m
. . . . . . .

ante ine ( fO Fr a intenir ), d e end , i snu e ( O E is is

m t
. . . .

ain ain , 7 59 taken , g one w rong , p p , 1 51 4

m m m m m
. . . .

ass e ( O E ) ass, 1 1 81 i sr e d e ( O E i sr d an), ad ise v

mm
eesse ,
m m
. . . . .

on (
e, O E )
an , in d e cl , one , . . badl y , 1 06 3 ; i srad d est , p t 2 sg ,
t
. . . .

hey , 1 42 , 455 1 60
m m m m m Em
. .

ed e ( O E i d) e ad ow , d sg 43 8 i sr ek e , i sr eken O is r ecan)
m
a
m
. . .

t
.

ei nb ( O E eng an), s irs up , 945 ; y

g o astra , 490, se e n o e ; 6 7 5 t
m m m p p mx m m m m
. . .

eina, i eind i ena, i ed , i sr e p e ( O E i s + r e p an), g o

m m
. . .
.

ing l e d , 1 3 1 , 1 8, 87 0 ; i eind e , headl ong , g o wrong , p r op t 1 sg ,

p
. . . .

p , w k , 82 3 1 7 87 , p r op t 3 sg , 1 3 53
m m m m
. . . .
. . . . .

ene (O E nan), te ll , t
i sst ort e ( see n o e ), g o w rong , 6 7 7

mt
ean ,
m m
. .

p l ain ; pr 1 sg , 1 2 57 , 92 , 583 ; is ( p f
O E issan), e sca e , ail , p r
m m t
co

m
. . . . .
.

enest , e na , p r 2 sg , 6 48 , 7 55 ; 3 sg , 82 5, 1 6 40 ; i i st , p p , 581 ;
m mt p
. . . . . . .

t
,

eneb, pr p l , 1 56 3 . . . is e , p , 7 6 4 ; see no e . . .
220

i nu mp e, p 541 ; p p acce pt d e , oft , Of

te (
O E . O ft en , 81 ,
1 21 7 .

vx
. .
. .
, ,

1 1 97 Oft one d O E . tonian), e ed ,

p
.

nise ge , ni so i so ), 3 82 , irritate p , 2 54
mp
. . .

674 ; see i seo ofbu3t e ( O E ofy ne an), i e rs (it)

. . .

p vx
.

ni svi cst , s e e i swike .

d is l e ased , e ed , 3 97 .

ni b (O E n if),
e n.
y , w i cke d ness , . v 0 36 , oger ( O E d yen), own , ad j, 2 59, . . .

1 1 94 ; ni be , d sg , 41 7 , 1 088 . . . 1 1 8; 3ene , d sg , O
1 6 52 ; ow e , . .

no ( O E nd ), not , no t at al l , no , 42 ,
. .
1 00 ; ab ene , 1 2 86 , 1 542 .

O E aht , aw i ht ), aug ht , 66 2
'

1 53 , 57 9 . Oa t ( . . .

no, see non Ol d ol d e ( O E ea ld ), Ol d , 2 5, 2 07 ,

.
u . .

nogt ( O E na h ) ,
n ot ,
. n o t at a l l , . t as sb ; of ol d e , 6 85. .

1 02 , 1 54 ; p ro , naugh , 2 46 , 1 1 2 7 . t . on ( O E on), on , in , 51 , 42 9, 1 7 4,
. .

nol d e w ill e 2 7 5 ; one , 6 1 3

m nim
see . .

no on ( O E d n), one 82 ; one ,

n m(
se e e
m) m
. .
, .

oO E e na a na e, 1 7 62 (1 sg , 3 57 ; in on , con tinuo usly

m
. . .
. . ,

non, none , no (
O E . . i n) , no 3 56 ; one s, o f one ( kind ), 1 3 95 ,
53 4, 493 , 57 1 ; non , p ro , none , 1 7 05 ( )
art on = an , 90 ; one , o , d sg , 2 ,
m
. . . .

Norew ei e , Norw ay , 909 1 03 ; or e , d fe , 1 7 50

m
. . . .

nor b ( O E norb), nor h, 92 1 . . t . ond e ( O E and a ), al ice , anger, 41 9,

. .

not , nost , nut e , nust e , e tc ( = ne + . 1 401 .

w ot , w os , w i e , 1 1 80, 7 55, t t ond sw are , and sw er e ( E and O . .

1 01 0, 1 441 ; se e w i t e . sw ar u), answ e r , 1 1 85, 1 57 3 .

t
no e ( O E no u), use , ro t , se r ice ,
. . t p v one ( O E d na), al one , 1 594
. . .

one , one s , se e on .

nabel es , see nabel es . ong r e d (

O N . . a ng ra ), to vex , p .
p .
,

nober O E
( . . nd er ,
nd hw ae er ) , 1 588 ; se e no te .

n either , p ro .
, 1 1 2 7 use d w i th n e ons ene E O
( . . ansien ) , a pp earance ,
465 ; as p e ct, 1 7 06 .

1 732 . Op , se e up .

noberw ard ( O E neoor d o wn . . op e (

OE . . op en ), e vid ent , 1 68 .

w ard s, 1 44 Op eli che (

O E op enl i ce
) o e nl p y
m
. .
.
, ,

nobing ( i n +j7 i ng , no th
OE ) ing , . . 853 .

6 24 ; ad v , no t at all , 56 2 . . or d e E ord ), oint , d sg , 1 06 8 ;

(
O . . p .

t v
.

no i ( O E no tian), rend er se r ice , beg inning , 1 7 85

m y
. . .

1 033 . or e ( O E d r ), erc , g race , d

. sg
. .

O E nahw r ), now he re , 1 1 6 8
'

now ar ( . . . 1 404 ; a sg , 886 , 1 083 . . .

n ow e), new l , ad v , y . or e , se e on .

1 1 29 . f
or e , or eue (
O . E . or f) , cat tl e, d . sg
nowi 3t , now , se e nawi ht t . 1 1 57 , 1 1 99 .

nu ( O E n22 ), now , 46 or bli che (O E eorli c), e arth ly ,

m
. . . . .

nul l e, nul t u, etc ( = ne w i l l e, w i l tu , ortal , p l , 7 88

)
m
. . .

Ober ( O E 51 ), other
. 1 1 7,
t
.

nus e , nust , see not . o ne o f tw o , e ith er , 1 47 7 ; p l , 1 3 6 ; .

o bere s , g sg , 1 1 ; obre . P L , 1 593 ; . .

0, se e on.
(adj) o th er ; ober , d sg , 54 ; obre ,
Of f m Of
. . .

(
O . E . o f) , ro , , concerning , Ober , d p l , 1 3 7 6 , 905 ; obers, . .

because of , 2 2 , 1 4, 9, 40 obre s , g sg , 1 47 6 , 1 499 ; on ober ,

f p
. . .

ofd rad ( O E of d ri dd ), a raid , p , . . . . o th e rw ise , 6 7 1 , see no te .

1 7 44 ; of d r ad d e , p l , 1 1 43 . . Ober ( O E dh w aeer , d ( w )er , dor ),

f
. .

oteren ( O E df i ran), terri y , 97 8 ; . .

e ith e r , or , 2 43 , 6 6 6 ; ber ober , O
otera, p , 3 99 p . . . e ith er o r , 3 2 8 , 1 47 9 80 -

p
.

oi g g e ( O E o icg an), l ie u on , Op t . .
. ouer , o er ( v
O E of er), be ond , u on , . . y p
sg , 1 505 3 47 , 6 4, 1 52 4
m m m m
. .

v
.

oong ed ( O E oang ian), o erco e ouerco e , ouer cu e , ouerku e ( O E

m v m
. .

t p
.

w i hl onging , p , 1 587 )
of er cu an , p p , o e rco e , 1 66 2 ,
m
. . .

v
. .

ofn e ( O E of en), o en , d sg , 2 92 542 , 1 1 98 ; ouerko e , Op t p r 3

m O m m m
. .
. . . . .
.

ofsch a ed ( E of sca i an , asha ed ,

) sg , 1 7 43 ; ouerku eb, pr 3 sg ,
p
. . . . . .

p , 93 4
. . .
7 88
p
.

Of sl ie (O E of sl an), kill e d , p, x
lgil ouer d e d e ( O E e cess ,
. .
. . . .

3 52 .
 221

ouerfull e O E
( . . o er f f y llo) , re pl e tion , p und e p o und in m
( o ney)
x
,

354
e ce ss , .
g pl . .
, 1 1 01 .

ou g an
er i f n in t rans .
,

p
.

w y
ass 952 ; u g p a a o er o, p quab q uad i quebe see
x mt
, . .
, , , .

56 7 ; t n u g b p 3 ra s . o er e , r. . sg .
, q ue d ( cf O E cw ead , e cre e n , . . .

v u 947
o err n s, . ad j = e vil , il e , 1 1 3 7 ; sh : e i ,
. v v .

u h h B ( O E f h gi ) de 1 1 52
'
an
m
o er o e o er o
m p
. . .
,

pi 1 406
e sc s , .
q ue e ( O E cw e a n), l ease , inf . .

ou l ng
er o O E f l ng )
( e o er a e to o 2 09
m p v
. .
, .

l o ng , 450 ad v .
, . q uid e ( O E e id e), ro erb, sa i ng , . . y
ouer q uati e ( O E of er O F r g au ier) t
m x
. . . .

cra to e ce ss , 353 ; see no e t .

ouerse 3 ( O E Of erson), behel d w i h t rad (

O E hrwd ) q ui k c read y 1 043 ;
mp 7 38
. . . .
, , ,

sco rn , pt
3 sg , 30 . . . . rad e , p l . 42 3 rad d ere , co .
, .

ouer si t ( O E of er si t tan), neg lects , . . rad d est , see r ed e .

3 1 43 8 n e t ra e b (O E h )
ra e , q ui kly 1 700,
m
p r sg ; see o c
mp =
. . . . .
, .
,

ouerswi be ( O E of ersw ie) too uch, . y

earl , 1 086 , 1 1 47 ; b
ra e re , co .

1 51 8 . soo ne r , 7 3 8 .

oueruareb ( O E of crf a ran), o e rrun , . . v read es, se e red .

t
g h , p r p l , 3 87 . . . readl i che ( O E r i d e + l ice), read il , . . y
0 v , see bu . q
uickly , 1 2 81 .

ow , see bu . recche ( O E reccean), ree k, care fo r , . .

ow e , see 0 36 . inf , 803 , p r 1 sg , 6 0 ; reche , p r

. . . . .

ow el O E
( d w el), aw l, 80 1 sg , 58 ; recb, rchb, p r 3 sg
m
. . . . . . .

491 , 1 404 ; r eccheb, p r p l , 1 006

'

O E
ow er ( . . eo er ), y our 1 6 85 . .

1 6 99 . re st e , Op t sg , 42 7 . pt . . .

ar e O E
( . . ox a ) , ox , 629 . r ed ( O E r ad ), w ise co unsel , lan ,
. . p
3 96 , 6 82 , d sg , 6 80, see no e ; . . t
p abe s ( O E p.e1 9j, a hs, ace p l , 3 7 7 . pt . . . red e , d sg , 3 07 , 66 0 ; r ee d es , a . .

p
. .

p es ( O F r p s , p ais), eace , 1 7 3 0 pl , 1 2 2 2
mp
. . . . .

pi e ( O F r p i e), ag ie s , 1 2 6 , 1 6 1 3
. . r ed e (O E r ead ), red , 83 0 . . .

p t t
.

p ine ( O E p in), ain , o r ure , 1 1 1 6

. . . r ed e O E r d a n), ad ise , inf , 1 697 ;
( . . v .

p i nnuc ( se e N hed g e s arrow , -

p p r 1 sg , 86 0 ; inf = read , s e ak,
. . . . p
1 1 30 . 350, 1 7 82 ; rad d es , 2 sg t pt . . .

p ip e ( O E p ip e), i e , 2 2 , 3 43
. . pp . d id st ad ise , 1 59 v .

p i pe st ( O E p ip i an), p ip est , 503 . . redl es ( O E r i d l as ), d es i ute o f . . tt

p pp
.

i p ing ( < O E p ip e), sb , i ing , 56 7 ; . . . co unsel , re d e l e ss , 691 .

pi p i ng e , d , 3 1 6 red p urs ( O E r i d + p u rs), reasury t

m
. . .

t p
.

p l ai d , p l ai ( O F r p la id , p l ai ), l ea ,t o f w isd o , 694

m
. . .

t
d e ba e , 1 7 3 7 , 5 ; p lai t e s, g sg , 47 2 . . . re gel ( O E hreeg l ), d ress , ar o ur . . .

p l al ai ( 0 F r p laid ier ), l ead , d iscuss ,

. . p 56 2 .

in f , 1 84 ; p l aid eb , p r 3 sg , 944
. . . . . t
ren e , se e ri gt .

p l ai ding p la id ), l ead ing , p rchb, se e r ecche .

d e ba e , 1 2 t reke O E
( r ecan
) g o , inf 1 606
m kr ea m
. . . .
,

p l ei e , p l ei en ( O E p l eg ian), r olic , . . f re O E
( t y hu d
. .
) , o u cr , e - an

p l ay , 2 1 3 , 486 ; p l ei e , p r 1 sg , . . . cry 1 21 5 , .

53 1 , O p t sg , 1 42 5 . . . re nt (
OF e nt ) v nu l iving . r . re e , re e e, ,

P op e ( O E p d p a ), P o e , 7 46 p 1 7 67
m m m
. . . .

t
P or e sha , P ort e sho , P ort isha , reo w ( O E h w ) g i f p i ty d g
e . . r o r e , , . s .
,

d , 1 7 91 , 1 7 52 1 445 ; u 1 498 ; n t re see o e

m
. . .
,

p our e ( O F r p o or e), sb , the o or ,

. . . p res (O E b ) u h i.
p ul 51 2 . ri s , r s , se , .

482 . res t (O E t ) t th p 3 g . . r es an ,
res e , r . . s .
,

pre ost , p res , p re s ( O E p rece ), t t . . t 1 452 ; n t s% o e .

p t
rie s , 902 , 1 1 80, 3 2 2 ; p r es es , t t (
re s e O E t) t g 2 81 . . r es , res , ace . s .
, .

g sg , 1 1 7 9 ; p reost e , (1 p l , 91 3 ;
. . . . reu , w see re o c .

p r est es , n pl , 7 3 3 . . . rcu ( O E
e f ) p il p l und 458
. . r a , s o ,
er , .

p i h ( i h
t i h p l 1 7 7 0 ; b p) 482
p rud e ( O E p r yte , p r yd ), rid e , 1 685
. . r c e O E i O F dj . . r ce , . r. r c e , a .
,

see no e t g re a r c s
i ) kingd m3 57 7 1 7
.
.
, , .
, .

p ul t e(O E p y l ta n), . .
*
assail , p e lt , i h (
r c e O E . . r ce , o , , ,

thrus , 87 3 , 1 52 4 t .
222

ri d e b O E
( . . r i d an ) , ri d et h pr ,
. 3 . sg . , scharp O E
( . . scearp
) ,
har
s p , 7 9;
494 e charp e , ad v 1 41 .
, .

t)
.

t , riht (
ri a O E . . rik , ad j
.
, rig ht 549 , , schaw l e s , see sheuel es .

958 ; r1 3t e , d 1 7 9 = t ru e 1 3 4 5; sched e ( O E scad an), d is ting ui sh,

m
, ; , . sg .
. .

ri htne , ace sg 1 2 38 ; reht e , in f , 1 97 ; schad d e , shed , p t 1 sg ,

m
. . . .
, . . .

acc sg 1 60 2 ; ri g t e , ri 3t t e ,
1 61 6 .

t
.
, . .

strai g h , 81 5, 96 2 ; ri a t e , p ure , 2 7 6 , s chel d e ( O E sci eld ), shiel d , d sg , . . . .

1 088 ; ri 3t , ad v : j ust , 7 6 ; r i ht , .
1 7 1 3 ; shel d , ace sg , 1 02 2 . . .

straig h , 1 7 3 6 t sehend e (O E s cen d an

), inf , re . . .

p v pt
.

ri zt , riht ( O E ri ht ), sb righ , d uty , t ro ach, re il e , 2 7 4, op t sg 2 85

m mp
. . .
. . .

1 88 , 950 ; ri a t e , (1 p 1 88 ; i d ri gt e , . . i schend , p ut to sha e , p , 1 33 6 . . .

t
r ig h l y , 1 86 schil d e, i shil d e ( O E . .

p
.

ri nd e O E ri nd ), bark, d sg , 602 ro te ct , in f , 6 2 , 7 81 , o pt sg , 57 ,

mt m
. . . . . .
. .

ri p e E r ip e),. a ure , 2 1 1
. . o p t p r p l , 1 2 53 ; seh
. il d , i p sg ,
. . . .

ri s O E h . r i s), tw ig , branch, d
.
sg , . . 1 63 .

1 3 6 , n p l , 586 ; ri se, d sg , 1 9,
. . . . schil l e ( O E sci cl i), shril l , 1 42 , 558
. .

(1 pl , 1 6 64
. . . ad v , 1 656 . .

r od d e ( O E r odd ), rod , d sg , 1 1 2 3 , . sch ill e , see schal .

p
. .
.

1 646 . schi p e s (
O E . . seip ) ,
hi
s s, acc .
pl
O E r od ), cross , 1 3 82 1 2 05
m
rod e (
mn) t
. .
. .

rozt e , see recche . schi r e ( cf O H G sci r a ,

o ght, . . . .

(O E hrbc), ro ck, 1 1 30 3 06

rok
m mR m
. .

t f
. .

Ro e ( O E Ro ), o e , . sg 7 46 . . s eh O E sei t te w or d ), oul
i - w ord e ( . .
-

ror d ( O E reord ), s e e ch, 3 1 1 p 1 p l , 2 86

w ord s , (
m m m
. . . .
. .

rose ( O E rose), rose , 443 scho e , sho e , see seha

m
. . . e .

rud e ( O E rnd u), rudd col our , (1

. . y . schond e (O E scand , d i sgrace , sh
) a e , .

sg , 443 . . d sg , 1 498 , 1 6 52
. . .

O E r ah), ro ug h, hair , d p l , y
I

ru3c ( . . . . sch ri che st (cf OL G ser i con), . . . .

1 01 3 . scre ech e st , 2 2 3 .

rug g e (O E hry cg), back, (1 sg , 7 7 5 schul d e , schul e , see schal

m m m p
. . . . . .

ru (0 E ra ) roo y s acious , 6 43 schunest. ( O E scanian), shunnest ,

m m
. .
.
,

ru hue (
-O E ry l atrine , . . 590 ; schunet , schuni et , shune b,
6 52 ; d sg , 592 . . .
p r 3 sg , 2 3 6 , 2 2 9, 1 1 6 5 ; shuni eb,
. . .

rune ( O E ryne ), co urse , ursuit , p p r p l , 7 92

m
. . . . .

1 1 56 . sckil e ( O N s ki l ) di scern ent , reason ,

. .
,

rune ( O E r an), secre ts , acc p l ,

. . . . 1 86 .

1 1 70 Seotl ond c , S cotland , 908 , 1 7 58

m
. .

e ( O E h r yr e), al l , ruin , 1 1 54
. . f . ser ew en ( O E scraw a), e il e rsons , . . v p
sh rew s , d p l , 2 87 . . .

E sai d ), sate d , p l , 452

( sea, see O E sea , 1 2 05 ; d sg ,
sad e O . . . .
( . . . .

sake ( 0 E sacu) quarrel , que stioning , 1 7 54 .

'

1 1 60, 1 43 0, see no te ; sake z sake , seche , sechen, fecche ( O E secean), . .

1 589 . t
se e k, at ain 1 7 59, 1 508 , 7 41 ; seche b, ,

sal ue ( O E sealf ), sal e , heal ing

. . v p r 3 sg , 3 80, p r p l , 53 8
. . . . . .

p o w er , ace sg , 888 . . . se d ( O E sg3d ), see d , 1 041 ; sed es , n

. . .

schad d e , see sche d e pl , 1 1 2 9

m
. . .

schal , shal ( O E sceal ), shal l , ust , . . se d e , see s eg g e .

p r 1 sg , 960, 547 ; schal , shal ,

. . . t t sec , see sea .

p r 2 sg , 956 , 544 ; schal , seal , O E seeg ), se d g e , 1 8

(
. . . seg g e . . .

sh al , 1 87 , 1 1 99, 3 42 ; schul , schul e , s eg g e O E se cg an), say , te ll , p r 1

. . . .

shull e , p r p l , 1 2 00, 1 1 92 , 856 ; . . sg , 2 6 6 , 1 42 1 ; sei st , s eist u, p r 2

. . .

sch ill e , shul l e , p r op t sg , 1 6 83 , . . . sg , 50, 1 07 5 ; sei b, p r 3 sg , 1 7 6

. . . .

442 schol ae , shol d e , sol d e , sol d i ch, se d e , sei d e , p t 3 sg , 3 3 , 2 3 5 ; . . .

schul d e , p t Op t sg , 1 7 2 8 , 464 , seg g e , p r 2 Op t

sg , 6 0 ; se d e ,
m
. . . . .
. .

97 5, 1 02 5, 1 41 7 ; schol ae, schul d e , Opt pt sg , 1 2 96 ; s ei e , sci , i p

m
. . .

sol d e , p t Op t p l , 1 691 , 1 2 6 2 , 97 7 sg , 2 1 7 , 1 407 ; s eg g et , i p pl

m m m
. . . . . . .

sch e ( O E sca u), sha e , 1 7 6 1 , 1 1 3 ; i se d , i sei d , p , 3 95, 1 03 7 p

m m
e
m
. . . .

1 2 83 ; scho e , sho e , 1 6 7 , 1 07 5 se l d e ( O E seld an), se l d o , 943

m m m
. . . .

scha i e ( O E sca ian), be asha ed , sel e ( O E sa i l) ha ine ss, (1 p l , 953 pp

m
. . . . . .

i p sg , 1 6 1
. . . see no te .
224

sore (O E sd r ), g rie o
. u s , s ore , p l., v . sp ure O E
( . . sp a mp m
) pu , s a , s r, 7 77 .

1 47 2 ; ad v , g ri e ousl , 885, 1 3 52 v y . sp usb ruche (

O F r esp il e
. . O E bry ce),
. .

t y
.

sor 3e ( O E sorg ), sorro w , troubl e , ace ad ul er 1 3 68

m
.
. .
. ,

sg , 43 1 ; scorns , sorw e , d
.
sg , . . sp use (O F . r. esp il e
) , arriag e vow ,

1 599, 884 1 3 34 .

p f
.

O E scirig ), sad , w retche d , 994, ) wi e,

'

sori ( . .
sp us e esp i t se , s ouse ,

1 1 62 1 52 7
m m pn) m i g
. .

od ( O E sarig od ), sad , 1 2 1 8 p u i ng

sari - . .
-
. s s es s , arr a e ,

sot ( O E so ), ool ish, adj, 1 43 5 ; tt f 1 33 6 1 555 1 3 40

b nd ) m
. . .
, , .

t
so t e s , sb g sg = ool s , 1 3 51 , ace

. . . f . sp u ing b nd
s (
O E - e es . .
-
e , ar

p l , 2 97 i g b d
r a e- 1 47 2 on s, .

d i p ut ) d i put
. .

s ot hed e ( O E sot + h *
id u) ol l , 1 488 . . f y . sp uting s er , s

s oti ( O E sotig ), dirt , 57 8 y . ing 1 57 4 , .

t bl ) t bl 1 g
. .

sob, sols ( O E sob), true , 3 49, 1 7 69 ; . . st abl ( OF e . r . es a e , s a e, ( . s .

,

s obe , d sg , 6 98 . . . 62 9 .

s ob, 8 0 5 ( OE truth, 2 1 7 , 950 ; . st al , see st el e .

p
.

sobe , d sg , 2 6 4 . . . st a1 (
O E . s eal t ) lace 1 6 3 2
, , , see note ;
s ob- sa3e ( O E sbsag u), true saying , . . st all e , d . sg .
= t
s all , 629 .

1 03 8 . st are , t ) vs arke t O E
( . . s eare , se ere ,

so bbe , se e seo bbe . vi l nt 5 1 47 3 52 4 1 1 7 6

o e , , , , .

s oul e E(
O . . sd w ol d sg , 1 092 ) , soul , . . . sta t (ON t t ) t t l p p 3
r . . s er a , s ar s , ea s, r. .

sow e O E
( . . sd w an), sow , 1 039 ; sow eb, g 3 79
s .
, .

p r. 3 sg. .
, 1 041 ; i sow e , p , 1 1 29 p . . . sta O E t blind ) t n
blind (
r e- . s are- , s o e

sp ac, see sp e ken . bl ind , 2 41 .

sp al e O E
( . sp a la ) , substitute , 2 58 ; st arest ( O E . . stari an ) , starest , 77 .

v
.

se e n o te . st aue E stwf ), sta e s, (1 p l , 1 1 6 7

O
( . . . .

sp anne O
( . E . sp anan ) , se d uce , e n ti ce , st eap e ( O E s teap e), s e , 1 592 . . tp .

1 490 . st e d e ( O E s ed e), l ace s, ace p l . . t p .

sp e che O E
( . . l aw -
s ui t pl , e a, 590, 966
p
.

1 3 , 3 98 , se e note , 545 ; s eec h , 480 . t

s erne , st e une , st euene ( O E stef n), . .

s p ecb, see sp eken . v

oice , 3 1 7 , 52 2 , 986 ; te aching , 7 2 7 .

sp e d d e , se e sp e t . st el e ( O E s i el e), steel , 1 03 0. t .

p
.

s p eken, sp e ke O
( . E sp r ecan () ) s e ak, t
s el e ( O E stelan), ste al , inf , 1 499 ;
. . .

inf , 67 8 , 2 6 1 ; sp ekest , p r 2 sg ,
. . . . st el e , p t 2 sg , 1 03 ; st al , 3 sg , . . . pt . . .

1 2 82 ; sp ekeb, sp ecb, pr 3 sg 1 53 6 , . . . 1 43 2 .

1 07 2 ; sp ac, p t 3 sg , 3 96 ; sp eke , . . .
st eorre ( O E s teorra), stars , pl , 1 3 29 ; . . .

p t 2 sg , 554 ; sp eke , Op t p r sg ,
. . . . . . t
s orre , d p l , 1 3 2 1 .

p
. .

1 07 9 ; i sp eke , p , 1 2 93 . . . ste rne ( O E st i er ne), stern ly , 1 1 2 . . .

sp el ( O E sp el l), s o ry , 1 2 8 ; sp ell e ,
. . t st i cke ( O E sticca), s ick, 1 6 2 5 t .

t y
. .

d sg a l o ng s or , 2 6 4 ; sp ell e , d
'
. . . st if ( O E stif ), s ti , 5, 2 69
. . .

p 1 = saying s , 2 94
. . sti 3b ( O E st ig an), ri se s , p r 3 sg , .

p
. . . .

sp ene ( O E sp end an), s e nd , 1 65, see 1 405

m
. .

t
.

n o e sp e neb, sp enb, r 3 s , 1 52 5,
P g . . . st il l e ( O E s i lle), stil l , cal , ad j,
. . t .

3 6 2 ; sp e ne , o p t pr sg , 1 549 . . . 2 6 1 , 97 9 ; ad v : quie tly , 1 2 55 ; see

p
. .

sp ere ( O E sp er e), s ear , 1 02 2 ; sp eres, note

mp
.
.

g sg , 1 06 8
. . .
st oc , s ok ( t
O E sto cc), stu , l og ,
2 5, .

t
.

sp e (O E sp d an), s ucceed s , p r 3
. . . . 1 1 13 .

sg , 7 6 3 ;
. sp e d d e , p t p l , 1 7 92 ; . . st od , see st ou t .

sp e d d e st u , p t 2 sg , 1 6 9 . . . . st e d e ( O E s od ), stud , herd , d sg , t
pt
.

t
. . .

sp et en ( O E sp i an), s i , inf , 3 9 . . . . 495 .

sp ill e ( O E spi l l an), w aste , 1 02 0 ;

. .
t
s one , st oone ( O E std n), stone s, (1
p
. . .

isp il d , p , 1 02 7 . . .
p l , 1 609, 1 1 6 7 ; st one s , a p l , 1 1 1 8 .

t
. . .

sp ir e (O E sp ir ), all ree d s , d p l , 1 8
. . . t
s out ( O E stand an), stand s , p r 3 .

p
. . . . .

e ( O E sp r d an), s read , inf ,

ig
sp . .
. sg , 6 1 8 ; st od , p t sg , 2 5 ; st e d e ,
. . .

pt2 sg , 1 6 3 2 , se e no e ; st ond , t
p m
. . .

*
sp re ng e OE
( . . sp r encg
) tra , 1 066 i p sg , 1 7 88
p
, . . . .

sp ri ng e OE
( . . sp ring an
) s ri ng , bur st st or ( O E s or ), iol ent , se ere , 1 47 3 t v v
f th 43 7
. . .

or , , 1 1 3 4 ; sp ri ng eb, sp rinb, st orre - wi s ( O E st eor r a w i s), skil l ed

p
.

pr 3 sg . . .
, 7 3 4, 1 042 ; i sp rung e , . in star l ore , 1 3 1 8 -
.

p , 3 00
. .
st ott es ( O E s ol e), horses , 1 1 pl , 495 . . t t . . .
 2 25

t
s reng e (O E . . s reng t ) , bow -
s ring ,t d . s w a , cw o , so ( O E s d ), co n = as , as . . m j .

sg .
, 1 2 30 . i f , 1 6 65, 1 7 3 8 , 7 7 ; so
str ong be , s trene e , b ( O E str e n e b . . ad v so , .

gbe ), s
s t ren t re ngt h, 7 6 2 , 1 2 2 6 , 7 8 1 . sw eng (O E sw eng ,
) ( wre s l ing ) . . t
ae ( OE s t r t , road , ace
) t
r ick, 7 99 ; sw eng e , g p l , 803 , ( 1
g
. . sg , . . . . .

g 2 p l , 1 2 86 ; sw eng es , acc p l , 7 97
m2 42
. . . . .

(
str i nd see no t) e , s tr ea , . sw e e (t O E sw t e), s w ee , 86 6 ; s et e ,
. . t v
t ng t ng (O E t g ) t ng
s ro , s ra e . . s r an , s ro 3 58 .

d j 57 9 2 69 ; vi l t v 5
,

a o en se ere ,
mp
.
, , , ,

52 4 ; h d 6 6 7 ; t ng u ar , s re r , co .
, sw i che , se e sw uch .

7 7 3 ; t ang d vi l tly 2 54
s r e, a v .
, o en , ,
s wike E sw ica n), cease , p r 1 sg
O
( . . . .

1 082 t see no e 1 459 ; swik cb, p r 3 sg , 3 3 6

tubb (O E ty bb) t ump O f t
.
, . . . .

s e . . s , s s re e s , sw i kel ed e , se e svikel hcd e .

1 pl 506
( swi be , sw abe , svi be , sube ( O E sw ipe ),
m
. . .

st ud (O E tyd ) pl 93 6 ; g p l
e . . s e , ace , . .
,
v y
e r , 1 1 7 5, 1 591 , 3 7 7 , 1 2 ; uch,
1 7 67 1 2 7 4, 1 56 1 ; suibe , sw i ly , 3 7 6 ft
t um t umbl
. .

s p b ( e se e s e s, sw ank ( O E s w incan), o il ed , pt 3 . . t . .

t ip p 3 g 1 42 4 ; p pl 1 3 92
r s,
t und (O E t nd ) tim d
r s r. sg , 46 2
. . . .
. . .
, ,

s e s a e, sw or d e ( O E sw eor d ), sw ord , d sg ,
802 ; mmnt (
. .
, . s . . . .

O f th ug ht) 1 p o e s o , ( . 1 06 8 .

7 06 . sw ore ( O E sw or a ), neck, 7 3 , 1 1 2 5
. .

sv l (O E w l ) bu n d g d p t
a . . s e an , r e ,
ra e , . swuch, sui ch O E
( sw y lc ), p ro . . .

3 g 7
. s .
, . such, such a o ne , 1 3 07 , 405 ;
svt w t
e e , see s e e . sw ucche , ( 1 p l , 1 3 2 4 ; ad j = such, . . .

ui h wu h sucha , sw uch, ( 1 p l , 1 453 ; sui ch,

vi k d m
s c see s c
O E w i dd m
. .
, .

s ( e
)
o t h y . . s c , re ac er ,
n sg , 1 1 6 9 ; sw i ene , sui ch, swuc
. .

1 67 che , sw uch, co n = as if , 566 , 1 53 3 j

ik l d m O E wi l d m
. . .

( )t h
'

sv e o s co o re ac
m m
.

1 63
e ry , . t acni ng e ( O E td cnung ), sy bo l is , . .

svikel he d e E sw ico l (
O d sg 1 2 1 3
mt
. . . .

t
re ac h e ry , 1 6 2 ; swik el e d e , 838 t al e ( O E a l u), s eech, indi ct en , t p
m
. . .

s ali sb ( O E sy l ian), beco es d e l e d ,
. . ch arg e , 1 40 ( se e no e ), 1 51 1 ; d is t
p r 3 sg , 1 2 40 p tu e , 3 , 1 90 ; ale s , g p l , 2 57 t
m m m m
. . . . . .

su su e ( O E su ), p ro , so e , t auel eb ( O E tae ian), l ays at d ice , p

mt mm
,
. . . . .

so e hing , 540, 1 599 ; su e, n p r 3 sg 1 6 6 6

m
. . . .

p l , 1 6 48 ; su , a cert ain o ne , one ,

. t e che ( O E t can), teach, inf , 91 4 ;
. . .

1 01 6 , 1 3 97 t e che , t eache , p r 1 sg , 892 , 1 3 3 4,

m m m
. . . .

su (O E s u ), ad j, so e , a cer 1 449
m m
. . .

t
.

ain , 1 1 51 ; su er e , f e d sg , t el e , t el en ( O E t lan), abuse , re

m m
. . . . .

1 , se e no e ; su uc , as ace sg , t p ro ach, 1 3 7 7 , 1 41 5

mm
. . . .

1 1 52 , 1 3 53 ; su e , ae d sg , 2 93 ; t e ll e ( O E tel la n), e ll , inf , 2 93 , t

m m
. . . . . .

su e , n p l , 8 7 9, (1 p l , 7 09 ; su 1 2 6 7 t l t 2 s

m
. . .
p r . s g , ;. e s , p r g , . . . .

tt
.

e , acc p l , 1 2 46 3 1 0, 6 2 5 ; t el st u d os ho u recko n ,
m m m
. . .

su d el ( O E su s d aile), so ew hat , 7 93 ; t el b, p r 3 sg , 3 40
m t m
. . . . . .

8 7 0, 93 4 te e ( O E ie a n), bree d , inf , 499,

m m mm
. . . .

su er e ( O E su or), su er , d , p r 1 sg , 1 47 0
m m mt m
. . . . . . .

41 6 ; su ere s g sg , 489 t e es ( O E ta ), ea s , 7 7 6
W
. . . . . .

s uneg eb ( O E sy ng ian), sin s , p r 3 . . . . e ( O E . t

i on) g o , 1 2 3 2 ; tib b, .
,

sg , 1 41 6 ; suneg i , Op t p r p l , 92 8
. . . . . d raw e h, p r 3 sg , 1 435 t . . . .

s unful l e ( O E synnf ull ), sinf ul = s b . . . t er es ( O E tEar), ears , 42 6 , 86 5

. t .

( 1 p l , 891 t eb ( O E e e h, ( t t
1 p l 1 53 8
tm
. . . . .
. . .
,

sunne ( O E sunne) sun , 1 1 sg , 96 3 . . . . . t ide ( O E tid ), i e , se aso n , (1 sg ,

. . . .

sunne ( O E syn n), si n , (1 sg , 86 3 ,

. . . . 7 09 ; hours , ace p l 2 6 ; see no e t .

n p l , 1 3 95, pl , 97 4 ; sunnen , t ihb, see t ee

m m tm
. . . .

d p l , 858 ti e ( O E t i e ), i e , 3 2 3 ; at ri a te
m
. . . . .

tt
W
sur O E sti r ), so ur , bi e r , 866 ; sure ,
. . ti e , i n se ason , 984 .

v , 1 08 2 ; see no te
. . e ( O N t id i nd i), id ing s , 1 035, . . t
sub ( O E so u h, 92 1
. . t . 1 1 71 .

sub . to ( O E to), re , to , at , as , f or, 3 8 ,

. . p p .

sube , see sw i e b . 7 3 1 , 1 3 1 1 , 2 3 2 , 606 .

A . 1 5
226

to ( O E to), too , 1 7 1 , 452

. . . tr o, t r ow c ( O E tro w ), tree , (1 sg , . . . .

t ober st e (O E t oberstan), break, Op t . .

. 438 , 1 3 5 ; t r con, tr on , n pl , 1 2 01 , . .

sg , 1 2 2 ; t ob ur st eb, p r 3 sg , 1 6 1 0 . . 1 1 33 .

t t t t
. . .

t obet cb( O E t obea e n) beats se ere l y , t v rust e ( cf O N r aus , sh

) o uld tr u s ,
. . .

O pt
.

3 sg , 1 2 7 3
p r 3 sg , 1 6 1 0 . . . .
. . . .

t ob r eke ( O E tobr ecan), break, inf , . .

. t ucl e ( O E tw g en), tw o , n 7 95 ;
. .

1 554, 1 7 3 0 ; break Off , 1 7 3 7 ; t o t w eire , g e n , 888 , 1 3 96

m
. .

b roke , p , 1 558 p . . . t ukest ( O E til cian), al treate st , p r . . .

t obrod e ( O E tobr eg d an), p ull e d p p 2 sg , 6 3

. . .

v
.
, . . .

p
to ie ce s , 1 008 . t une ( O E tan), tow n , ill ag e , d sg ,
. . . .

t ob uneb see note ), be ats se erel , 1 1 66 v y . 1 1 69, 1 7 53 .

t ob urst e see t oberst e . t ung e , t ong e ( O E ung e), tongue , . . t

t ochi ne ( O E o~ei nan), s li t , crack, t p 2 58 , 1 07 1 , 3 7 .

f t f
. .

inf , 1 56 5. . t ur ( O E urf ), t ur , d sg , 1 1 6 7 ;
. . . .

t odr age ( O E t5d rag an), d raw n a . .

.
se e n o te .

sund er, p , 1 062 ; t od row c , p t p . . . t urne (

O . E . tyrnan), turn , inf .
, 82 0,
pl , 1 2 6 pr 1 . . sg . , 1 598 ; t urn eb, t urnb,
pt
.

f
.

t o ore ( O E tof oran), be ore , 7 46 ; . . f pr 3 . . sg .

, 1 2 84, 81 8 ; t urnd e , .

t onor e , 1 7 2 8 . 3 sg. 1 090 .

, .

t og ad er e ( O E wg wd er e), tog e her , . . t O E tw elf ), tw el e , 83 6

t w cl ue ( . . v .

807 . t w ene ( O E tw o), d oubt ul thing s , . . f

t oa te t og en , to ull ), tight , p g p l , 991 ; see note
. . .

the ough, 7 03 ; t oht e , t t w eng eb ( O E tw eng an), inch, nip , . . p

ad j = d raw n , 1 446
. .
p r 3 sg , 1 1 1 4 ; t ueng st , p r 2 sg ,
. . . . . .

t oheneb ( O E to kiena n), strike 1 56

m
. . .

d ow n , in ure, p r pl , 1 1 1 9 j t wo ( O E tw a), tw o , 1 047 ; t w o ,

m
. . . . .

t ol l i (cf O E ty l la n), entice , inf ,

. . .
-
. t w a , d p l , 991 , 1 47 7 . . .

1 62 7
m m m
.

to e ( O E ta ), ta e , 1 444. . . O E ba h)
bah ( . .
, though, how ever ,

t one ( O E tona), re roach, 50

. . p . 1 2 3 5, 1 7 7 9 .

t ong e , see t ung e . ban banne , see be

, .

t ong e ( O E ang e), air of tongs , 1 56

. . t p . ban bane (
, O E ponne ban) than . .
, ,

t op ( OE opp , top , 1 3 2 8 ; t o p e ,
)
. .
p t 2 4 3 9 ; be 56 4 ; bon 505
, , , .

d sg , 1 42 2
. . .
banne bane ( O E banne be nne) the n
, . .
, ,

t op p e s ( O E opp a), th read s, (1 pl ,

. . t . . 53 1 7 00 ; w he n 1 6 5 591 6 7 0 6 82 ;
, , , , ,

42 8 ; see note bone 804 ; benne hen 1 3 80 t

x m
.
, , , .

t t
or ( O E t or d ), e cre ent , 1 6 86
. . .
bar bar e (
, O E f i r d ra) there 2 5 . .
, , , ,

t oschake lS ( O E t oscacan), shake to 2 95 595 91 3 ; ber 1 485 ; bar

'
. . , , , ,

p ieces , p r p l , 1 6 47 bare w he re 2 6 1 2 6 892 ; al so fre

mp
. . .
, , , ,

t osheneb ( D E td sc na n), break to . . q

ue nt in co ound s e g bar , . .

p iece s, p r p l , 1 1 2 0 . . . ft
a er a ter h at 45 ; bar b i w here
, f t ,
-
,

t osli t ( O E t osl i tan), broken, out to

. . by 98 ; berf ore bar euor e there
, , ,

p ieces , p , 694 ; see no te p . . . f

ore 1 2 6 0 2 7 4 ; bar ri nt e straig h
, t ,
-
,

t osvoll e ( O E tosw el l an), sw oll e n . . aw ay , 1 2 46 , e tc , e tc .

t
.

(w i h ang e r), 1 45 .
bar e bas bat see be
, , , .

t ot or ueb ( O E totora n), e l ts w i h . . p t bar ( f

O E earj) nee d pr 3 sg . .
, , . ,

t f
. .

ur , p r 3 sg , 1 1 6 6 ; t ot or ueb , pr
. . . . 803 ; baref 1 90 , .

pl , 1 1 1 9
. .

bat (O E s ) con
r that so that
. . t , j .
, , ,

t o to se ( cf O E a isan), ull to iece s,

. . . t p p 21 , 1 22 .

t
,

inf , 7 0 . .
bat re l p ro , hat, w ho , . .

t ot w i chet ( D E t5 + tw iccian), l uck p 80, 1 7 6 , 1 082 ; wha , 95, 1 59 ; w ho , t

m
. .

to p ie ce s, p r p l , 1 6 47 . . .
pl , 2 51 ; to w hich, to w ho , 2 3 1 ,
t f
.

onor e , se e t o or e . 1 52 4 .

t ow e ard ( O E tow eard ), concerning , be ( O E ), ( 1 ) d e f art = the ( all

mm
. . .

pp
. . .

to , 553 ; ad j = a roaching , i i . case s sg and 1 3 , 2 1 , 96 ; b0 , .

nent , 1 2 54 . n sg , 2 6 , 1 99 ; bas , g sg , 3 3 8
. . . .
'

t rendli ( O E tr end lian) tr undle , roll , f

bare , g en sg , 2 8, d at sg , 3 1 f
m
. .

Op t
. . . . .

3 sg , 1 3 5 ; see note
. . . .
ban , bon, ben, d at sg , 1 2 5, 801 , . .

t t
.

tri s e ( cf O N tr ei sta , rust ,

) pr 1 1 51 4, ne u d at sg , 1 3 3 , 1 3 5 ; ban,
m
. . . . . . . .

sg .
, 7 60 .
bane , banne , as acc sg , 7 42 , . . .
228 G lossary

vi ch (
O E g ehw i l
. c), . e ac h 1 378 , . unri htf ul ncsse ( O E un + ri htf ul + . .

nind e , ui nt , see nd e nes ), l aw l e ssness , 1 7 42

mm
. .

unri p e ( O E unr ip e , i
)
ui se , see w i s ature , 3 2 0
. . .

pp
.

ui se st , see w i si unsel be ( O E unss b ), unha ine ss

m
. . .

ul e , vl e (O E ale), o w l , no 83 7 , n sg , 1 2 6 3
mf
. . . .
. . ,

2 6 ; hul c , g sg , 2 8 ; hul e , . . houl e , unsibe ( O E unsi), is ort une , d

. . .

n sg ace sg 41 1 662 . sg , 1 1 6 4 . .

p
.
. .
, . , ,

uli ge ies , (1 p l , 6 00 . . . unsod e ( O E unsod en), p , nu

. . . .

O E unblibe), sad , 1 585

unb li be ( . .
. co oked , raw , 1 007 .

unel cne ( O E uncl aine), uncl e an , 91 . . , unst r eng be ( O E un )

s tr eng u . .

2 33 . w e akne ss , 7 51 .

und er ( O E und er), und e r , 51 5 . . unst r ong ( O E uns trang ), w e ak, 56 1 . . .

v t
.

O E untsaw ), ice , bad habi ,

-

und er3at O
( E und er g i eta n), p er . nubea ( . .

pt
.

ce ive d , und e rs ood , 3 sg 1 055 ; t . . . 1 94 ; unbew es , ace p l , 1 01 8 . . .

und ery at , 3 sg , 1 091 , se e no e ; pt . . . t unuel e , see un el e f .

und er3et e , p , 1 68 p unw at e , see unhw at e

m t
. . . .

und erst ond e ( OE und ers tand an), . . vnw i 3t ( O E nu w i ht) ons e r , 90 ;
. .

und e rs an d , t
erce i e , 1 2 6 2 ; un p v unw i gt i s , n p i , 2 1 8 . . .

d erst ond , p r 3 sg , 1 46 3 ; (hi ) . . . unwil l e ( O E ung ew ill ), un l easin g , . . p

und erst od be though hersel 951 t f 42 2 , 1 53 5 .

1 2 97 ; und er stod e , opt p t sg , . . . unw renchc ( O E unw renc), s i e ul . . pt f

662 tricks , (1 p l , 1 6 9
mp
. . . .

f
un e l e ( O E unf l e), i
1 3 81 ; unuel e , 1 003
ure , e il ,
. . v unw r e st e ( O E unioni s ) una ail ing , . t v
. f
util e , p l , 1 7 8 , 1 1 7 0 ; ad v : bad ly ,. .

ung od e ( O E ung od ), e i l one , sb. . v . 3 42 .

''

1 2 9 ; ung od = e vil , 1 3 6 4 vnw r0 3e n, unw roa e( O E un w rcen )

m z
. .

ung ret e ( O E un g r i e a ) s al l si e ,
. . t d isco e red , re eal ed ,v p , 1 62 , v p . .

7 52 848
v m
. .

unhw at e ( O E un bw a ia ), e il o en , unw urb ( O E un + w ur), w orthl e ss ,

mf t
. . . .

is or une , 1 2 6 7 ; unw at e , (1 p l , . . 3 39 .

1 1 48 . uo ( O E f d h), fe e , (1 sg , 403
. . . . .

unihod ed ( O E un g eh d d e d ) not or . . uod e , se e od e f .

d ained , 1 1 7 8 uol d e ( O E f ea ld ), old , d sg , 6 96 , f

m
. . . . .

unil ikc ( O E ung el i ca), unl ike , con (1 pl , cre ices , 602 ; ani c vol d e , v
m
. . . .

tras , sb , 806t . . any w ays, ( 1 pl , 7 2 . . .

uni sel e ( O E unszi le), e il , w icked ,

. . v vond e , se e f ondi .

1 004 uong e sei e , inf , 1 1 3 5 z

m m v
. . .

nui so e ( O E ung eso ) at ariance , . . uor , see f eor .

p l , 1
. 52 2 . uor , vor , see f or .

unker , se e i ch . uor bi sne ( O E ro e rb, . . p v

unl ed e ( O E unl sbd e), w re tched , ao
. . p
arabl e , say ing , 98 , 2 44, 6 3 7 .

curse d , 97 6 1 6 44 uor br e d eb( O E f er br eg d an , br d an)

m f m
-
.
, .

unl cng be ( O E un + l engu), short . . be co e trans or ed , corr u t one p

ne s s, 7 52 f
sel , p r p l , 51 0
m m m
.

x
. . .

un ebe ( O E un se), e cess , 3 52

'

uor cr e p eb ( se e no te ), tw i st co nvul
m m mp
. . .

un il d e ( O E un i ld e) rough harsh, sive l y , ra , p

r p l , 51 0 . . .

6 1 , 1 2 54 uor gete ( O E f org i etan), org et , op t f

m m
. . . .

un uri e ( O E un yr ig ) unp l e asant , .

3 sg , 7 2 5
. . .

sad , 3 46 . uorl et eb, se e f orl ct cn .

unneabe O E a ubabe) scarcely , w i h .

'

t uorl ost , se e f orl eo se .

t
d ifcul y , 1 605 ; d i cul t , 1 6 1 8 , see f vorre ( O E f ee rr an), a ar , 3 2 7
. . f .

note .
no et oo , ( 1 sg , 51 f t .

f
. .

unorne ( O E unorne), e e bl e , 3 1 7 , . .
up , vp ( O E up ), ad v , up , 96 , 851 ;
. . .

1 492 op , 1 3 94 ; 1 5, 1 6 2 5
m
.

f
.

unre d ( O E unrisd ) olly , unw isd o ,

'

. .
up breid e ( O E iip + br eg d an), up . .

ace sg , 1 46 4 ; unr ed e , 1 6 1 , 2 1 2 ,
. .
braid , re roach, inf , 1 41 4 p . .

1 3 55 .
up b r0 3t e (O E up bring an) u tere d , t
t
.

nuri 3 ( O E unri ht ), sb and ad j,. . . . pt 3 sg , 2 00

j j t
. . . .

w rong , i n us tice , un us , 1 488 , 1 6 5 up p on, up on , up p en ( O E upp e n),

; . .

vnri 3t , unri ht , 1 054, 1 548 . p p

re = u on , 1 6 3 6 , 494, 1 683 ; up e
. p
 Glossary 229

ben = as -
tha , 679 ; up e
ag ai nst t w el cu m (O E e . . w i lc u a ), w e lco m m e
l ond e , t hroughout the co un r , ty g ues 1 600 t , .

7 33 ; see no e t . w end en ( O E w end an), turn , 1 3 2 6 ; . .

ure ( O E are, user ),

. . o ur , ad j .
, 1 18 . w end e , p r 1 sg , 288 ; w end , p r . . . .

3 sg , 1 46 4 ; w end e , op t p r 3 sg ,
. . . . . .

ut , vt (O E at), o ut , 8 , 53 . . . 864 ; i w end , p , 1 51 9 p . . .

ut e (O E u e n ), l e t us), 1 7 7 9
. . t . w ene ( O E w na n), e e c , su o se ,
. . xp t pp
O E uh
ut hal ue ( e f ), ou sid e , ad v . . t t . 1 2 66 , p r 1 sg , 2 3 7 ; w enes t , . . .

d at 1 10
.
, . w enist , w enest u, w ehst , p r 2 sg , . . .

uthest e , u e s ( O E at h s), hue and t t . .

-
2 59, 3 1 5, 303 , 47 ; ucneb , w en eb ,
ery , 1 698 , 1 683 ; see no e t .
p r 3 sg , 1 554 , 901 ; w eneb, p r
. . . .

utl et e ( cf O E outl e ,
. . . t p l , 844
. .

(1 sg , 1 7 54 ; see no e
. . t . w eol cne ( O E w olcen), cl o ud s , sky , (1 . . .

ut schutc ( O E atscy te ), o utbreaks , . .

p l , 1 6 82
.

x
.

e ce sse s , 1 468 . w eol e ( O E w ela ), ros e ri y , riche s ,

. . p p t
uuel , vue l ( O E yfel ), e vil , ill , ad j, . . . d sg , 1 2 7 3
. .

v
.

1 051 , 7 6 9 ; uel e , uuel e , ad v . w ep en w ee , 987 ; w cp c , p

badl y , 63 , 1 206 .
p r 1 sg , 87 6 ; wep eb, p r p l , 885 ;
. . . . .

w ep e , o p t 2 sg , 2 2 6 ; w epen , . . .

w ai , w ail aw ai (O E w eilaw ei ), alas ! w ep e , Op t p l , 93 1 , 86 1

m m m
. . . . .

1 2 0, 2 20 ; see w ol aw o . w ep on ( O E w zep a nn), an , d . . .

8g , 1 3 7 9
. .

w ake ( O E w z cen), w ake ulness, eh

. . f . w ep e (
n O E w i
z p en), w e a ons , n p l ,
. . p . .

1 590 1 3 69
m
. .

w al d e , see w ill e . r
we e ( O E w er ), an , h
. usban d , n . .

w all es ( O E w eal l ), walls , ace pl ,

. . . . sg , 1 52 2 ; ace s
.
g , 1 3 41 . . .

7 6 7 ; see no te . w ere , see b ee n .

w ereb ( O E w eria n), ro ec s , 83 4 ;

. . p t t
w an, w ane , w anne , see hw anne . w eri eb, p r p 1 = w e ar , 1 1 7 4 . . .

w anene ( O E hw a none), w hence , . . w erne ( O E w iernan), d e n , re use , . . y f

1 3 00 ; w honene , 1 38 . 1 3 58 , 6 1 4 .

w anst , see w oni e . w es ( t O E w es ), w e st , 92 3

. . t .

w ar , w are , see hw ar . w est ( O E w eax an), incre ase s , p r 3

. . . .

w ar ( O E w a r), cau ious , 1 7 0 ; w ear ,

. . t sg , 6 89
. .

1 63 8 . w es e (t O E w ste), d e so l a e , barre n ,
. . t
w are , we ber , see hw aber . 1 000, 1 52 8 .

+f er ), w eber , se e hw aber .

w here f w hy , 2 6 7 , 1 6 1 8 w honene , see w anene

m m
ore ,
m m
. .

O E w iccecr f t), w itch

w ar (O E w ea r ), w ar , 6 2 2 ; wi cehecreit e (
m
. . .

w ear e , eh, d sg , 53 8 . . . . cra , ( ft

1 sg , 1 301 ; w i ccchecrait e , . .

w arni ( O E w ea rni an), w arn, pr 1

. . . . ace sg , 1 3 08
. . .

sg , 3 30 , 7 3 9 wi cke- unes ( t O E c ana s), rel i t

mm
-
. . . .

w arp , see w orp e .

g io us co uni ti e s , n p l , 7 3 0 . . .

w arto , se e b w ar . w id e ( O E w id e ), far , w id e , ad v , 2 88
. . . .

w ast e ( C F r w as ), d eserted , so l itar , t y wi d er ( O E hw id er ), w hi her, 7 2 4 t

m
. . . . .

1 7 ; se e no e t . wii ('
O E w if ), w o an , w i e , 1 1 59,
. . f
1 1 7 3 ; w i ue , d sg , 1 07 7 ; wif , a p l , . . . .

w ear , see w ar . 1 3 34 ; w i ues , g sg , 1 468 , n p l , . . . .

wed e ( O E w e d ), w eed s , (1 p l , 93 7 ;
. . . . 1 56 2 .

w ed e , d sg , 3 2 0, (1 p l , 58 7 . . . .
. t
wi s , wiht ( O E w i ht ), cre ature , n . . .

593 . sg , 43 4, 1 642 , voc , 556 ; w i s e , n

. . t .

w e 3e (O E w eg an), carr , 1 022

. . y .
p l , 87 , 2 04, g p l , 6 2 8 ; w i gt e s ,
. . .

w ei ( O E hw g ), w he y , 1 009
. . . n p l , 43 1 , a p i , 598
. . . . .

w ei, w ai ( O E w eg), a h, w ay , 956 , . . pt w i ke ( O E w ic), d w ell ing s , a pl , 604

. . . . .

2 49 ; w ei e , d sg , 2 1 4 ; w ei e : w ike ( O E w ice), se r ice s , d ut ies , v

m
. . . .

anner , 1 42 8 . 605 ; p l , 6 03 , 1 1 7 9 ; g p l , 805 . . . .

w el , uel , vel ( D E w el), w e l l , e ry , v wil d e ( O E w i ld e), w ild w ood , 1 2 5

m
-
. . . . .

36 , 53 7 , 95 ; w el , al os t , 2 1 6 , w il d ernisse ( O E w i ld ernes ), w ild e r . .

read ily , 201 ; ness , 1 000 .

we l ( O E wi eil), w e ll , s r ing , 91 7
. . p .
2 30

w il l e , w ul e , w ull e ( O E w i ll ah), w ish, . . w l at e ( O E w lt ta), d isg ust, nausea,

. .

t
in end , w ill , p r 1 sg , 2 6 2 , 1 46 7 , . . . 1 506 .

903 ; w il t , w il t u, w ul t , p r 2 sg , . . . wl ati e ( O E w ld tian) to be d isg usted

.

1 6 5, 6 40, 1 06 4 ; wi l e , w ul e , p r 3 3 54 .

b y
. .

sg , 2 1 4, 6 3 0 ; w ull eb, p r p l , 896 ,

. . . w li t e ( O E w li te), e aut , 43 9
. . .

1 2 57 ; w ol d e , w al d e , 3 sg , pt . . . w l onc ( O E w la nc), ro ud , arrog ant ,

. . p
1 7 1 0 ; w ol d est , p t 2 sg , 1 050, . . . 489 .

84 ; w al d e , p l , 1 6 7 8 ; w il l e , pt wo ( O E w ci ), grie , w o e , 882 f
m f z
. . . . .

w il e , w ul e , Op t sg , 7 7 , 1 85, 1 3 6 2 ; . . w od , w od e ( O E w ad ), ad , ren ie d , . .

w ill e , wuli e , op t pl , 3 06 , 1 7 3 0 ; . . 1 041 , 51 2 , 1 02 9 .

w ul d e , op t p t sg , 1 7 2 7 ; w ol d e , . . . w od e ( D E w ad ), w oad , d sg , 7 6
. . . . .

o p t p t p l , 1 02 4
. . . . w od e , see w ed e .

w il l e ( O E w i ll a), w ill , . l e asure , . p w od e , se e w ud e .

1 2 56 ; a will e : to the d e l ig h , 1 7 2 2 t w ose ( O E w h), roo ed , p l , 81 5 ; c k

mm mm m
. . . .

wi e n, w u en ( O E w if an ), sb = w r ong , 1 6 4, 1 98
m mm
. . . .

w o an , 1 3 57 , 1 3 59 ; w i ane , w ol aw o ( O E w d la w d ), w el l ad a ! y
mm mm
. .

d sg , 1 3 7 9 ; w i en, w u en , al as ! 41 2
m m
. . .

n p l , 1 3 55, 1 350 w ol cu el: ( O E w i l cu i an), w e l

cm
. . . . .

w in ( O E w in), w ine , ace sg , 1 01 1

. . . . . o e s , p r 3 sg , 440 . . . .

w inne ( O E w inn) troubl e , d sg 6 7 0. . . . . w ol d e ( O E w ea ld ), o rest , (1 sg ,

. . f . .

wi nt er , w i nt ers ( O E w in er ), d sg , t 1 724
c mp
. . . . .

41 2 , 41 5 ; w int eres , g sg , 458 '

. . . w oni e ( O E w ni an), o . l ain , be .

w i p p en ( cf L G er w ipp en), ap , w ail , 97 5 ; w onest , w anst , p r 2

t m
. . . . .

re bl e , 1 066 sg , 985, 1 6 44
m
. . .

w ir che, w ur chen (
'

OE w y rcean), w oning ( O E w cinung ), la entation ,

m
. . . .

inf , ake , 7 2 2 , 408

. . 3 1 1 ; w oni ng s , d sg , 87 0 . . .

w i s , wi se ( O E w i s), w ise , 1 92 , 1 07 1 ; w anna, se e hw anne

mp m
. . .

ui se , n p l , 96 1 ; w i sur e , co .
,
. . w op ( O E w op ), l a entation , 8 7 8 ;
. .

1 2 50 ; w i se = sb , 1 7 6 w op e , d sg , 857
m m m
. . . . .

wi sd o (O E w i sd o ), w isd o , 7 7 2 , . . w or d ( O E w ord ), w ord , s e e

. .
, se n p ch
454 c
ten e , 2 3 3 ; w ord e , n sg , 1 2 7 0, d
W m
. . . .

i se ( O E w i se), el od y , song , une ,

. . t p l , 1 80 ; w or d es , n p l , 841 , acc
. . . .

ace sg , 54, 51 9, 1 7 03 , g p l , 1 6 6 3 , p l , 7 56 ; b are w or d e , 547 , se e n o te

m
. . . . . .

( 1 pl , 2 0 ;
. anner , w ay , d
. sg , . . w orl d e ( O E w orul d ), w orl d , g sg ,
. . . .

893 , (1 p l , 1 02 9 47 6 ; w or l d es , g sg , 1 2 80
m m m m
. . . . . .

wi si ( O E w issi an) show , te ach, i nf

.
. w or es ( O E w ur , w y 'r ), w or s, . .

91 5 ; w i sse , p r 1 sg , 92 7 ; ui sest , . . . acc p l , 601

. . .

p r 2 sg , 97 3
. . . . w orp e ( O E w eorp an), t row , utter ,
. . h
t
w i s e , see w i t e . 7 6 8 ; w orp eb. P r p l , 596 ; w arp , . .

w i t , see w i b p t 3 sg , 45, 1 2 5 ; i w orp e , p

m
. .
p ,
tt
. . . .

w it ( O E w i ), re ason , ind , und er

. . stri cken 1 1 2 1 .

t t
,

s and in
g , 6 81 , 6 89; w i t e , d sg 7 83 . . . w orr e ( O F r w err e), w ar , 3 85
. .

t t
.

wi e ( O E w i an), kno w , 1 1 3 9 ; w at ,
. . w or se , w or st e , se e w ur s .

w ot , p r 1 sg , 1 1 7 9, 6 1 ; w e st , pr . . . . w orb, i w orbe , se e w urte .

2 sg , 95, 1 407 ; w ot , p r 3 sg 2 3 6 ; w ost , w ot , se e w i t e

m y
. . . .

t pt
.

t
.

wi s e , sg , 1 6 0 ; w us e , p t
pl ,
. . . . w ow s ( O E w d w a), w oe , iser , 41 4
. .

t
.

1 0 ; w i e , Op t 2 sg , 1 46 7 , 440 ; . . . w ow e s ( O E w d h), w all s , acc p l , 1 52 8

t pt
. . . . .

w i s e , Op t pl , 1 1 6 wr a3t e ( D E w reccean), at ed , p t h ch
m p
. . . .

t t
. . .

wi e ( O E w i an), bl a e , re roach, sg , 1 06 ; see n ote

W
. . . .

1 2 48 ; i t est u, pr 2 sg , 1 3 56 . . . . w r ake ( O E w ra cu) re e ng e , rue l t , v c y

t t
.

w i t est ( O E d os w a ch
. . 1 1 94 .

o ve r, g uard e st,
p r 2 sg , 1 045 . . . . w ranna ( O E w ri nna), wren , 56 4, .

t
.

w i b, w i b , w i t ( O E w ib), agains , 403 , . . 1 7 40 .

1 6 08, 56 ; = w ith, 1 3 1 , 1 41 9 ; se e w rasl ing e ( O E w re st . .

n ote , I 1 8 . .
r
l ing , d sg , 7 95

t
. .

h
.

wi but e , wi t ut e ( O E ; w iutan), w i h . w r abbe ( O E w r o),w rat , 941 , 954

p
. .

o ut , re p , 1 43 0, 1 83 ; ad v : o ut w recche , w r ecch, wr eche

. .
( OE . .

sid e , 6 46 ; w i l ut e , 1 594

w rw cca), w re t , 5, 4, 1 3 7 7 1 6 6 9; ch
m
.

t
wi i ( O E w i ig , w i tig ), w ise , 1 1 89
. . tt . ad j = . isera l e , w re t e d , 3 3 5, b ch
wi t l e s ( O E w i t las), se nsel e ss , 692. .
. 1 3 1 6 ; w re che , 1 6 88 .