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I0 I
Recall Σt = N σt −Σt X
I ( X ) = I 0e
Probability per mfp g λs = 1/Σs
p for scattering
unit path
length.
mfp for absorption λa = 1/Σa
………….
∞ ∞
Rt = ∫ ∑ t ( E ) n( E )υ ( E ) dE = ∫ ∑ t ( E )φ ( E ) dE
0 ∞ 0
Ri = ∫ ∑ i ( E )φ ( E )dE
Nuclear Reactors, BAU, 1st Semester, 2008-2009 3
(Saed Dababneh). 0
Neutron Flux and Reaction Rate
IIn general, l neutron flux
fl d depends
d on:
• Neutron energy, E.
• Neutron spatial position
position, r.
r
• Neutron angular direction, Ω.
• Time,
e, t.
Various kinds of neutron fluxes (depending on the
degree of detail needed).
Time-dependent and time-independent angular
φ (r , E , Ω, t )
neutron flux.
φ (r , E , Ω )
Nuclear Reactors, BAU, 1st Semester, 2008-2009 4
(Saed Dababneh).
Neutron Flux and Reaction Rate
In Thermal Reactors,
Reactors the absorption rate in a
“medium” of thermal (Maxwellian
Maxwellian) neutrons
Ra = ∫∑
Thermal
a ( E )n( E )v( E )dE
Most
probable
and average
energies?
~200 MeV
Liquid Drop
gy (MeV)
Activatiion Energ
Shell
2
Z Crude: QM and original shape
> ~ 47 could be different from spherical.
A
Nuclear Reactors, BAU, 1st Semester, 2008-2009 13
(Saed Dababneh).
Nuclear Fission
2
(120)
= 48
300
Consistent with activation energy
curve for A = 300.
Extrapolation to 47 X ≈ 10-20 s.
Nuclear Reactors, BAU, 1st Semester, 2008-2009 14
(Saed Dababneh).
Nuclear Fission
235U +n
Î
93Rb + 141Cs + 2n
Not unique.
Low-energy
Lo energ
fission
processes.
The average
number of
neutrons is
different, but
the
distribution is
Gaussian.
Delayed neutrons
~ 1 delayed neutron
per 100 fissions, but
IIn essential
ti l ffor control
t l
general, of the reactor.
β decay
favors
high • Waste.
energy.
• Poison.
1/v
Fastt neutrons
F t
should be
moderated.