A scientific law describes a relationship that never changes.

For example Newtons second law describes

the relationship between forces and acceleration. This relationship is always the same regardless of what
kind of force is involved or what kind of acceleration is produced as a result.

A scientific principle describes a relationship that, while always true, is subject to changes if the
conditions of the quantities that are related change. For example Archimedes Principle describes the
relationship between buoyant forces and fluids but the exact nature of that relationship depends on the
particular fluid, the properties of the object in the fluid, the pressure exerted upon the fluid, and so on.

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Principles Are All Around

Principles, in physics, are more like guiding ideas than anything. According to F. Woodbridge Constant, former
chairman of the physics department at Trinity College and author of both Fundamental Principles of Physics and
Fundamental Laws of Physics, a principle tells physicists how the world works in general. Principles tend not to
be specific rules that you can write down in mathematical terms. Instead, they are more like guiding theories that
allow scientists to make predictions about new phenomena and develop new laws that clearly explain the
phenomena.

Laws Are on Paper

In contrast to the sometimes wishy-washy wording of principles, laws are perfectly clear. This is because physicists
define laws with mathematical statements. You cannot subjectively interpret mathematical statements, which makes
them more reliable than principles in clearly defining the rules of nature in a way that all physicists can agree on.
One key difference between a law and a principle is that laws have no exceptions. Physicists prove a law via the
mathematics of physics, and proofs make no room for exceptions.

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