Dear User

Thank you for purchasing Forbes Marshall Packaged Boiler. If you experience difficulty during the
installation or operation of this equipment; please contact our Customer Service representative. To
maximize your benefits from this product, we request that you read this manual thoroughly before
installing the system. A record of the products maintenance history should be kept in this manuals
Service Record.

An IBR certified boiler operator is required to run the IBR boiler. It is assumed that the operators
are trained in operation of IBR boilers & are certified to operate IBR boilers by the State Boiler
Inspectorate.
Forbes Marshall conducts a workshop at Steam Engineering Training Center, Pune specially
designed for Maintenance/Utility/Design/Plant Managers & Engineers. This is a 5 day paid program
designed using relevant case studies along with hands-on time on our unique simulation rigs. It
covers all aspects of steam circuit and the participants are made to draw up an energy conservation
plan with the knowledge acquired in the course and to enable them to take forward meaningful
Energy Conservation measures for their respective industries.

Apart from above Forbes Marshall conducts a three day free (non-residential) program for the
operators, technicians and maintenance personnel strictly for those who are operating and
maintaining our boilers. The contents are

1. Basic Concepts & Operation of packaged boilers

2. Burners & Associated Controls
3. Boiler Accessories, Mounting & Controls
4. Automatic Blowdown of Boiler & Associated Equipment
5. Flue Gas Monitoring
6. Energy Efficient Operation of Boilers

For more information about Training Program please send mail to sec@forbesmarshall.com

Boiler Manual -1-

Whats inside?

1. About us

2. About The Product

3. Transportation, Unloading and Storage

4. Getting Started

5. Startup & Standard Operating Procedures

6. IBR Formalities

7. Commissioning of Boiler

8. Boiler Operations

9. Mountings, Control & Safety Systems

10. Operation and Maintenance

11. Safety

12. Fixing Problems

13. Log Book Details

14. Dos and Donts for Operations

15. Service & Spare Parts List

16. Fuels & Combustion

17. Accessories Manual

18. Contact Us

Boiler Manual -2-

ABOUT US

For over half a century, Forbes Marshall has been building steam engineering and control
instrumentation solutions that work for process industry. Forbes Marshall's goal is to provide
solutions in Energy, Efficiency and Process Automation, using the best technology the world has to
offer. 50 years ago we started out with steam generation solutions. Today we are comprised of
twelve business divisions; most of them partnering with the world technology leaders in respective
fields, manufacturing products that cover the entire spectrum of energy generation, energy
efficiency, control and instrumentation for the process and power industry.

But we are proud of much more than just the products we make. We are committed to creating a
progressive work culture that uniquely puts people first. We are concerned with the community
beyond our factory's gate. Putting people first is the way we have become industry's first choice in
their efforts to better harness steam, air and water. We do much more than sell products. We build
steam engineering and control instrumentation solutions that work for you.

From our unique corporate structure and commitment to quality, to our extensive community and
social service programs, there's a lot that makes us stand out from the rest.

In the last six decades Forbes Marshall has grown from a modest, Mumbai based trading company to
a multi-divisional, ISO 9001 certified global company manufacturing advanced engineering products
for process and power industries across the World. Forbes Marshall is probably the only company in
the world to have extensive expertise in both steam and control instrumentation. The dual expertise
has allowed us to engineer industry specific systems that focus on energy efficiency and utilities
management for sectors as diverse as textiles, food processing, paper, power and chemicals etc.

Trusted Partners
Innovative Solutions

Boiler Manual -3-

CORPORATE PROFILE

Forbes Marshall- The name synonymous with Steam Engineering & Control Instrumentation
for over five decades, is a group of seven ISO9001 companies with joint venture partners in
Germany, France, U.K. and the U.S.A.

Our Group Activities -

Forbes Marshall We make steam

We manufacture high efficiency three-pass wet-back packaged Boilers and Burners. We also offer a
total Boiler Efficiency Monitoring System to incorporate every important parameter into one
package. We design & supply complete steam distribution & condensate return systems that result in
increased efficiency and major energy savings.

Krohne Marshall Every Kind of Flow meter for Every Kind of Flow
We manufacture an extensive range of flow meters & level instruments in joint venture with Krohne
Messtechnik of Germany. These include Magnetic flowmeters, Rotameters, Vortex Flowmeters, flow
switches etc. We also have in-house state-of-the-art hydraulic & pneumatic calibration rigs. Our
agreement with our Principals allows us to market these products in India and neighbouring countries
viz, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh & Nepal and through Krohne Messtechnik offices worldwide.

Forbes Polymetron How good is the Water you use?

Whether it is water or any other process media, you need accurate monitoring, analysis & control of
pH & conductivity in your process. Errors can lead to costly equipment damage or wasted time &
materials. We manufacture the Polymetron range of on-line pH & Conductivity analysers and also
offer a wide range of other Water Quality Analysers such as Silica, DO2, Sodium, Chlorine,
Ammonia etc. We also design, manufacture & supply customized Steam & Water Analysis System
packages (SWAS). Analyser systems for fermentor, foam and concentration are also available
besides those for Water & Effluent Treatment Plants.

Forbes Marshall Arca Control Valves for Every Process

We manufacture a wide range of Control Valves as well as Steam Conditioning Valves & Stations in
joint venture with Arca Regler, Germany. These include revolutionary one-piece Pressure Reducing
and Desuperheating (PRDS) Valves. We also offer variable nozzle desuperheaters called
Attemperators to match any process needs. Our new generation microprocessor-based pneumatic
positioner makes your control valve intelligent.

Gauge Division Gauging for higher technology

At our Hyderabad manufacturing unit, we manufacture Pressure & Temperature Gauges and Circular
Chart Recorders. Our Bimetallic thermometers from USA offer a unique 5-year warranty.

Forbes Marshall When its Time to Take Control, High Performance Valves for the Toughest
Jobs & Turnkey Solutions

Whether you are a huge plant or a small batch producer, any loss of control can mean ruined batches,
poor product quality, or equipment damage. That means massive losses. Our Control Systems &
Products are designed to keep your process, and your expenses, in check - Plant wide.

Boiler Manual -4-

We offer I/P Converters, Multi-loop digital Controllers, Smart Transmitters, besides Distributed
Control Systems for special safety requirements.

A valve that fails is not just a nuisance. If it leads to shut-downs, it becomes an expensive liability.
From extreme pressures & temperatures to precision control applications, our high pressure Stop &
Check Valves as well as Safety Relief Valves are the most dependable assets on your process line.
They combine unflagging resistance to extreme operating conditions with utmost ease of
maintenance.

Besides, because of our wide & complementary product mix, un-matched expertise in both steam &
instrumentation, and half a century process experience, no company is better suited to engineer
complete turnkey solutions for process industry in the country. Our process specialists are experts in
chemical, pharmaceutical, steel plants, thermal & nuclear power sector, sugar, distillery, paper and
for that matter any process. We also undertake site erection & commissioning jobs through our
country-wide network of sales and customer support engineers located at more than 20 places in
India. We also cater to customers in neighboring countries through our International Operations. We
have recently established Forbes Marshall Inc. in USA to promote some of our products like Control
Valves & Vortex Flowmeters, in the American market.

We also offer some of the imported, Agency products from our Principals such as Shinkawa
Vibration Monitoring Equipment, Watson Marlow Peristatic Pumps and Codel Pollution Monitoring
Analyzers etc.

Utilities Management Save Energy, Save Money

For Utilities Management, we now offer three services: Steam Engineering Centre, Energy Audits
and Consultancy.

EDUCATION: In our Steam Engineering Center, we conduct focused & structured programs for
Industry Professionals / Practicing Engineers and also provide maintenance oriented hands-on
training courses we hold every month in steam system design.

ENERGY AUDITS: We undertake detailed surveys of process plants to identify energy saving
potential. Detailed reports include a heat-balance for the plant, detailed payback calculations for each
suggestion, and prioritization of all energy saving proposals.

PROJECT CONSULTANCY: We undertake detailed engineering of all plant utilities, for new
projects and revamps. Scope includes detailed P & I diagrams, piping layouts and isometrics, and a
detailed BOM for all utilities. Our designs are fully consistent with the latest Good Engineering
Practices world-wide.

Community Service & Medicare

Besides serving customers and making pioneering contributions to Indian Industry, we have always
been concerned about meeting obligations to society. Our community service programs are guided
by our desire to be an economic, intellectual and social asset to the nation and the community in
which we operate. These aim at improving the quality of life of people living in our neighboring
areas and include adult literacy classes, job training and establishing income generation programs for
women.

Our Shehernaz Medicare Centre is a 35-bed hospital that provides free medical treatment to our
members & their families and also to all residents of the neighboring towns of Kasarwadi &
Bopkhel.
Boiler Manual -5-
Knowledge is Power
Ultimately any organization is only as good as its people. Our members are the source of our success
today and our only chance of success tomorrow. We believe that a member must have every
opportunity to realize his or her fullest potential and that it is our duty to provide those opportunities
to grow.

All of this adds up to our corporate mission : being a developed company in developing country.

Boiler Manual -6-

 SECTION-1

About The Product

Boiler Manual -7-

1 About the Product
1.1 General Description
Modern packaged boilers are designed to produce steam, efficiently and reliably, twenty-four hours a
day and seven days week without interruption. To achieve the best performance of boiler operation,
it is essential that the boiler is operated correctly and maintained regularly. It is equally important
that the boiler operators and maintenance personnel are well trained to carry out regular checks and
make adjustments and repairs.

Marshall Range of package modular boiler is of three-pass design. The first pass is the furnace and
the second and third passes are two nests of smoke tubes. At the end of the furnace, reversal chamber
is provided which reverse the flue gas and directs it to second pass tubes. The flue gas outlet is
positioned at the rear side of the boiler, just after the third pass.

All working parts of the boiler are accessible for ease of inspection &maintenance. One elliptical
man door is provided on shell and one mud hole is provided on rear tube plate. Tube nest can be
accessed by opening front hinged door or removing rear doors. The design and construction confirms
to IBR 1950 with latest amendments. All mountings, fittings, & accessories used conform to above
standards and codes.

1000 of our three-pass wetback boilers are generating steam in plant all over India, the Gulf, Africa
and South East Asia. These boilers provide the driest steam possible from the least amount of fuel &
floor space. The true three pass fully wetback design ensures low flue exit temperatures resulting in
high thermal efficiency.

Boiler Manual -8-

ADVANTAGES

Truly Packaged

Pre-Wired
Skid Mounted
Pre-insulated

Compact Design

Less Floor Space required

Helps keep radiation losses lower
No requirement of heavy civil foundation

Specially developed pressure jet monobloc burner

Takes care of practical aspects of maintenance

The only company in India offering monobloc design, a preferred burner worldwide

Boiler & Burner Same design source

Design source for boiler and burner are same

Optimum flame configuration hence enhanced furnace life

Easy access to working parts

Ease of inspection & Maintenance

1.2 MOUNTINGS AND ACCESSORIES

All mounting & accessories comply to highest quality standards

1
1.2.1 Feed Water Pump 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Boiler Manual -9- 17
18
19
Feedwater pumps from WILO, Germany. The Feed pumps take the water from the feed water tank &
supply the water to the boiler. Two feed water pumps are provided, one working and one standby.
The pump is operated on off, by the water level controller.

Each pump is of adequate capacity and head to meet the boiler requirement. The feed pumps are
selected considering reduction in pump capacity and head due to normal wear & tear over a period of
time.
The pumps are vertical, multistage, centrifugal types. Electric motor is the directly mounted on top of
the pump. The pump is provided with single mechanical seal.

1.2.2 Disk Check Valves from SSD Division

1.2.3 Piston Valves

All steam line and water line valves are Piston Valves

1.2.4 Efficiency Monitoring System

Boilers are equipped with online boiler efficiency monitoring system for continuous monitoring of
Boiler efficiency.

Boiler Manual -10-

1.2.5 Electrical Control Panel

The electrical control panel supplied along with the boiler is designed to suit the boiler operating
logic and provides the electrical supply to the boiler & its other electrical equipments like motors of
feed pumps, fans, controls etc. It also interlocks fans, low water safety to ensure safe operation of the
boiler. The control panel consists of the main on-off switch, switch gear for the operation of the
motors of feed pumps, burner, and mounts hooter, indicating lamps, power and control circuit
wiring.
The control panel is mounted installed on boiler. The control panel is to be connected to the various
motors, safeties and controls of the boiler by proper cables and wires

1.2.6 Burner

Burner is the heart of the boiler, which provides the fuel or heat input to the boiler. The high thermal
efficiency & the trouble free operation of the boiler will mainly depend on its design, its
compatibility with boiler, ability to burn the desired fuels with high efficiency & reliability of the
components.

Boiler Manual -11-

1.3 SPECIFICATIONS

Insulation : Rock Wool mattress 75 mm thick,

Density 100 kg/m3
Cladding : Steel Sheet, duly painted

Electrical
Power supply voltage : 440 V 3 Phase
Frequency : 50Hz
Control voltage : 230 V Single Phases

Boiler Manual -12-

 Boiler Capacity 1000 to 5000 kg/hr
Std. Working Pressure 10.5/14.5/17.5 kg/cm

Boiler Range(F&A
Kg/hr 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
100 Deg C)
Evaporation KW 703 942 1256 1570 1758 1884 2198 2826 3140
Fuel High Speed diesel/Light Diesel Oil/Furnace Oil/Natural gas/LPG
Design Pressure Kg/cm2(g) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
Overall length mm 3605 3750 4250 4190 4190 4875 5065 5300 5300
Overall Width mm 2455 2630 2630 3055 3055 3255 3375 3375 4500
Overall Height mm 2230 2450 2450 3055 3055 3055 3105 3190 4000
Space for Tube
mm 2000 2000 2000 2000 2500 2500 2500 2800 3500
Removal D
Boiler House
mm 6160 6765 7265 6935 6935 7925 8285 8620 12000
Length
Boiler House
mm 5455 5630 5630 6055 6055 6255 6375 6375 14000
Width
Boiler House
mm 4720 4920 4920 5500 5500 5500 5550 5600 8000
Height
Weight Boiler Full Kgs 7150 7400 10200 14800 14600 16000 20200 20900 29580
Weight Boiler
Kgs 6700 6800 9500 13400 13400 14700 18700 19200 27100
Water up to NWL
Safety Valve
Mm 25/50 25/50 25/50 40/50 40/50 40/50 40/50 40/50 40/50
(Inlet/Outlet)
Quantity of Safety
Nos. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Valves
Main Steam Stop
NB 50 50 50 65 65 80 80 80 100
Valve
Blow Down Valve
Mm 25 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40
NB
Auxiliary Valve
Mm 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
NB
Water Level Gauge
Mm 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25
NB
Quantity Nos. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Disk Check Valve
Mm 25 25 25 40 40 40 40 40 40
NB
Quantity Nos. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
PB Inspector Test
Mm 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Gauge
Pressure Gauge
Mm 150 150 150 150 150 200 200 200 200
Dial
Pressure Gauge
Kg/cm(g) 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40 0 to 40
Range
Chimney Diameter Mm 203 305 305 355 355 380 400 455 485
Type/Mak
Feed Water Pump Vertical Multistage Stainless Steel Centrifugal Pump / Wilo, Germany
e
Head mtrs WC 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190
Flow LPH 1400 1875 2500 3125 3500 3750 4375 4625 6250
Quantity Nos. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Total Connected
Load With KW 18.65 21.65 22.6 36.1 36.1 39.0 39.0 46.7 50.7
electrical heater

Boiler Manual -13-

 SECTION-2

Transportation,
Unloading and Storage

Boiler Manual -14-

2.1 Transportation
Marshall B boiler is dispatched from our factory in single package boiler & accessories. The IBR
valves & mountings, panel box, feed pump, FD fan etc. are packed separately in wooden cases &
dispatched with the boiler.

During transportation, extreme care is taken to ensure safe & intact delivery of the boiler. The boiler
& other wooden cases are loaded on the truck as per uprights markings.

Dispatch particulars are sent to the customer immediately after loading the trucks.

2.2 Unloading Instructions

The boiler should be lifted for loading, unloading or shifting from one position to another,
only by means of lifting hooks provided on top of the boiler.

The packing slip supplied with the material should be referred & the no. of cases supplied
should be verified with the nos received at site.

The wooden/packaged cases should be opened only in the presence of Forbes Marshall
Engineer or Forbes authorized person, for checking the inside materials as per the packing
slip.

If the cases are opened in the absence of Forbes Marshall Engineer/authorized person, & if
the material is found missing, the responsibility of Forbes Marshall shall cease.

For any damages, insurance claim should be made.

For any missing items, Forbes Marshall Engineer /authorized person shall report to Forbes
Marshall ltd for replenishment, provided the cases are opened in the presence.

For any incorrect supply of material Forbes Marshall Engineer /authorized person shall report
to Forbes Marshall ltd. for replacement.

Boiler Manual -15-

2.3 Unloading Guidelines
A) All the parts should be unloaded with crane, tripod, suitable capacity as per the weight &
dimensions (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Unloading Boiler with crane.

Boiler Manual -16-

 B) All parts should be unloaded in marked upright position only i.e. these should not be tilted
while unloading or shifting. (Refer Figure 2). If lifting tackles are not available, rollers,
wooden slabs or some skid should be placed beneath the frame of the boiler and wooden case
and it should be carefully guided for unload and shifting. Under no circumstances the boiler
and accessories should be dropped or turned to any other position other then marked on the
cases.

Figure 2: Packing Cases should not be tilted while unloading or shifting.

C) It is advisable to unload the boiler as closes as possible to the Boiler House; preferably just
outside the main door of the Boiler House, on some skids or pipes, so that pushing the Boiler
into the Boiler House for positioning it on the foundation is easier. The soil at the place of
unloading should be hard enough to bear the weight of the Boiler, to prevent it from sinking.
(Refer Figure 3). Likewise, when the Boiler is being shifted to the Boiler House, the approach
road to the Boiler House should also be made of hard ground.

Figure 3: The soil at the place of unloading should be hard.

Boiler Manual -17-

2.4 Storage

A) All the material should be stored under roof and should be protected from rain, water or direct
sunlight. (Refer Figure 4).

Figure 4 : Boiler should be stored under roof.

B) Boiler & parts should not be stored under corrosive atmosphere. (Refer Figure 5).

Figure 5: Boiler should not be stored under corrosive atmosphere.

Boiler Manual -18-

C) Do not pile up cases. (Refer Figure 6)

Figure 6: Do not pile up cases.

D) Do not store heavy material on soft soil. (Refer Figure 7).

Figure 7 : Material should not be stored on soft soil.

Boiler Manual -19-

2.5 Drawings
A set of the following drawings is given by Forbes Marshall to guide the site persons. These
drawings are sent from Forbes Marshall, Kasarwadi factory as a part of Start Up Folder.These
drawings should be carefully preserved for the refrence.

The Drawing numbers with Alteration numbers to be recorded for future records by the customer
before installation:

P & I Diagram
Boiler House Layout
General Arrangement
Electrical Diagram
(Supplied with Elec. Control panel)

Boiler Manual -20-

 SECTION-3

Getting Started

Boiler Manual -21-

 GETTING STARTED

3.1 INCLUDED ITEMS

A. Pressure parts
Tube Plates
Boiler Tubes
Stays (tubes, Bars, Gussets)
Mud hole on tube plate
Manhole
Stand pipes for stop, feed check and safety and blow down valves
Stand pipes for gauge glass and level controller

B. General Construction Parts

Front casing with hinged door
Rear smoke chamber with removable doors
Flue outlet Box
75 mm thick Insulation and Steel Sheet Cover for boiler shell
Platform & ladder assembly
Rear Access Door

C. Mountings
Safety valve (2Nos.)
Main Steam Stop Valve (1No.)
Feed Check Valve (2Nos.)
Blow down Valve (1No.)
Water level gauge glass (2 sets)
Water level controls (2 sets)
Pressure gauge (1No.)
Inspectors test connection (1No.)

D. Feed Pumps
2 Nos. electrically driven centrifugal multistage pump with motor, interconnected
pipe work between pumps, Strainers, isolation valves and feed check valves.

E. Combustion Equipment
The Burner is supplied by Forbes Marshall, Pune along with Boiler

F. Instruments and control

Main steam pressure gauge with cock,
Level controller for feed pump operation and low & extra low water level alarm
Pressure switch for boiler pressure
Audio / visual alarm in case of unsafe operation.
Pressure gauge
Control panel housing with switchgears, relays & connectors

G. GENERAL ITEMS
Painting
Feed water piping from FW pumps & between feed check valves to Boiler.
Drain piping from level controller, water level gauge & header assembly
Boiler Manual -22-
3.2 WHAT YOU NEED?
A. Chimney and ducting with insulation between the chimney and boiler
B. Expansion bellows between boiler flue gas outlet ducting & Chimney
C. All civil structural work for boiler installation
D. Water treatment plant with chemical dozer to maintain required water quality
E. IBR inspection, registration and approval.
F. Structural approach ladders, platforms in the boiler house
G. Electrical work in the boiler house up to our terminal point.
H. Water & oil storage tank of adequate capacity located at suitable height as advised by JNM.
I. Steam, water, oil piping beyond terminal points.
J. Water & fuel handling system.
K. Tools, tackles, utilities & consumables required for assembling, erecting & commissioning of
the boiler.

L. Spares for installation, operation maintenance of boiler.

M. Approved boiler operator.
3.3 BOILER FEED WATER CIRCUIT
Ensure that water treatment plant should provide the water as per the specifications for feeding in
the boiler.

3.3.1 Recommended Water Characteristics for shell boilers as per IS: 10392 & BS-2486-1978
a) Feed Water
Sr.No. Characteristics Value
1.0 Total hardness max. ppm (asCaCo3) 5
2.0 PH value 8.5-9.5
3.0 Dissolved Oxygen max. mg/lit Nil
4.0 Total dissolved solids ppm (Minimum to reduce blow
down quantity)

b) Boiler Water
Sr.No. Characteristics Value
1.0 Total hardness max. ppm (as CaCo3) Not detectable
2.0 Total Alkalinity max. ppm (as CaCo3) 700
3.0 Total dissolved solids max. ppm 3000
4.0 Sodium Phosphate max. ppm(Na3 50-70
5.0 Po4) Caustic Alkalinity min. ppm (as CaCo3) 350
6.0 Silica as SiO2 0.4 of Caustic Alkalinity
7.0 Sodium Sulphite ppm (as Na2So3) 30-70
8.0 pH Value 11-12
9.0 Hydrazine-ppm as (N2H4) (If added) 0.1-1
10.0 Suspended Solids max. ppm 50
Boiler Manual -23-
 Refer the piping & instrumentation Diagram (P&I Diagram) for the boiler model for the layout
and sizing of the pipe lines, valves and other connection details.

3.3.1.1 Feed Water Tank Capacity

Feed water storage tank of minimum 3 to 4 hours capacity of boiler evaporation is recommended
for this purpose to have the time for the regeneration of the water treatment plant.

3.3.1.2 Feed Water Tank construction

The raw water storage and soft water tanks should have a hinged or bolted cover, an air vent, a
float valve, a water level gauge glass, preferably with calibration, a drain at the bottom with a
gate valve and an overflow connection.

The outflow from the tank should be taken from a point of distance of minimum 100 mm (4")
from the bottom level of the tank, to avoid any sediments and foreign matter going into the water
pump and damaging it.

3.3.1.3 Feed Water Tank Elevation

Following table gives the elevation of water storage tank (NPSH) required for corresponding
feed water temperature for most of the pumps considering maximum suction pipe length of
10 meters

TEMP. OF WATER ( C ) ELEVATION REQUIRED (M)

90 3
93 3.5
99 5
100 5.7

3.3.2 Feed Pump Suction Circuit

The feed water pumps will perform better if NPSH available is very much higher than NPSH
required by the pump. In the NPSH formula only suction head (Tank Elevation) and friction
pressure drop in suction piping are in our hands. Suction piping pressure drop is directly proportional
to product of square of velocity and length. Hence we want to reduce velocity and reduce length to
reduce friction pressure drop. Also sharp bends or any fittings causing a sudden change in direction
of flow will increase pressure drop in the suction piping.

Therefore in order to reduce suction piping pressure drop we should:

- Use large suction piping size. At least one size higher than feed water pump suction
size.
- Use only Piston/Gate / Ball valves. Avoid valves like Globe or Needle.
- Use long radius bends.
Boiler Manual -24-
 - Use as short suction piping as possible.

The logic of selecting suction piping size is explained above. The following may be ensured

1. Suction piping is provided with a sample point for taking sample of water for analysis.

2. A Y type strainer is provided to prevent entry of any foreign particles in the pump.

3. Since suction piping recommended is one size larger than the pump suction size a pipe
reducer is required to connect suction piping to pump.

4. It is suggested to use GI pipes to avoid corrosion.

3.3.3 Boiler feed pipe-Feed Water Pump Discharge Piping

This conforms to ASTM A106 Gr. B and is an IBR approval piping. This pipe connects Feed
Water Pump to boiler. Disc Check Valves and Piston Valves are provided on pump discharge for
isolation and throttling purpose.

All valves, flanges and fittings in the pipeline are IBR approved.

Oil Line Size

Oil Line Size from DOT Water line size FWT to
Total Boiler from Oil Header to
to Oil Header Pump pump
Capacity (TPH)
Selected m/s Selected m/s Selected
0.5 50 50 40
0.75 50 50 40
1 50 50 50
1.5 50 50 65
2 50 50 65
2.5 50 50 80
3 50 50 80
3.5 50 50 80
4 50 50 100
4.5 50 50 100
5 50 50 100
6.3 50 50 100
7 50 50 100
8 50 50 125
10 50 65 125
12 65 65 125
15 65 65 150
16 65 65 150
18 80 65 150
20 80 80 200
22 80 80 200
24 80 80 200
26 100 80 200
28 100 80 200
30 100 80 200
Boiler Manual -25-
 CAUTION:
Feed water service tank should never be constructed out of cement concrete, as soft water
will absorb Calcium and Magnesium salts from cement and the hardness will increase.
The water level in the boiler feed water day tanks should be easily & clearly visible from
the ground level to the operators.
Use G.I. Pipes and fewer fittings.
Avoid using globe valves.
Provide proper support to the pipelines to avoid unwanted stress on valves and pumps.
Pump suction pipe size should be one size higher than the pump suction size.
Long radius bends may be used, if necessary.
The feed Pump suction pipe should be as short and direct as possible.
The suction head pipelines should be laid with a downward slope towards the pump.
The suction pipeline must be anchored in close proximity.
All the pipe joints should be absolutely airtight.
Dont reduce the diameter of the pipes than what is mentioned in P and I diagram.
Avoid use of Elbows and short bends.
Never use the pump itself as an anchorage point for the piping.
The gasket between pump and the pipe should not protrude inside the pipeline flange.
The pipelines should be not transmitting any stress/ strain and pipeline weight, to the pump
body.

3.4 DRAIN, BLOW DOWN AND STEAM PIPING

3.4.1 Blow down Pipe Line

Blow down valve located at the bottom of the boiler shell should be connected to a pipe of
one size bigger and should be led to a blow down pit/tank located outside the boiler house.
The blow down pipe should be properly clamped and insulated for safety purposes.
Use IBR pipes for the blow down lines.
The lines should be properly clamped at every 3 meters and at all the two sides of the bends.

3.4.2 Blow down Pit

Blow down pit should be made of concrete or mild steel plates of proper size as indicated
below.

Boiler Manual -26-

 Figure: Blow down Pit.

3.4.3 Safety Valve Exhaust Pipe

Safety Valve exhaust pipe connection is to be given as per the sketch given below:

Figure: Safety Valve Exhaust Pipe Connection

Boiler Manual -27-

 The discharge from the safety Valve/s should be piped as direct as possible to the atmosphere
with a pipe diameter of not less than the Safety Valve outlet.
A drip pan elbow or a flexible connection between the valve and the escape pipe is
recommended to prevent build up of backpressure and accumulation of foreign material
around the valve seat.
The discharge piping must be properly arranged, clamped and supported so that its weight
dose not bare upon the valve.

3.4.4 Drain Pipes

Drain pipes from water level gauges, level controllers should preferably be led with the same
size of piping as fitted on the valves to a common header.

CAUTION:

All drain, blowdown & steam line must be properly insulated to avoid heat losses and
condensation.
The steam piping from the main steam stop valve should be sized to match the steam valve
diameter.
Provide expansion bends in steam pipeline within every 30 meters of straight run.
Always provide a non-return valve at Boiler steam outlet, in case of two or more boilers
connected to the common header.
The steam piping should be so sized to suit the evaporation capacity of the boiler to avoid
siphoning effects and steam/water hammering.
Provide thermodynamic steam trap before every expansion bend for condensate water
removal.
Provide adequate steam traps in the steam pipeline.
Never reduce the steam pipe diameter, as they would restrict flow of steam.
Never leave the drain or blow down pipe in open.

3.5 RECOMMENDED FUEL OIL/GAS CHARACTERISTICS

1) Furnace Oil
Composition (% v/v)
C H2 S N O2 H2 O Ash
84.00 11.00 3.50 Nil Nil 1 0.5
NCV of the fuel 9650 Kcal/kg
Ash % Wt Max 0.1
Flash Point 0C 66
Kinematic Viscosity 125-180 Cst at 500C
Pour Point 0C 27 Max
Sediment % Wt 0.25 max
CCR (Conradson Carbon Residue) Less than 8%

Boiler Manual -28-

2) Light Diesel Oil
Composition (% v/v)
C H2 S N O2 H2 O Ash
85.50 11.50 3.00 Nil Nil Nil Nil
NCV of the fuel 10100 Kcal/kg
Ash % Wt Max 0.02
Flash Point 0C 66
Kinematic viscosity, cSt, at 40o C 2.5 to 15.7
Pour Point 0C 12(winter)
18(summer)
Sediment % Wt 0.1 max

3) High Speed Diesel

Composition (% v/v)
C H2 S N O2 H2 O Ash
85.70 14.00 0.5 0 0 0 0
NCV of the fuel 10500 Kcal/kg
Ash % Wt Max 0.01
Flash Point 0C 32
Kinematic viscosity, cSt, at 40o C 1.8 to 5.0
Pour Point 0C 5 Max
Sediment % Wt 1 max

4) Natural Gas
Composition (% v/v)
Methane C1 96.434
Ethane C2 1.102
Propane C3 0.543
I- Butane IC4 0.147
N-Butane NC4 0.127
Neo-Pentane 0.002
I- Pentane IC5 0.042
N-Pentane NC5 0.04
Hexane C6 0.005
Carbone Dioxide 0.188
Nitrogen N2 1.371
GCV 12750 kcal/kg
NCV 11250 kcal/kg

Boiler Manual -29-

3.6 FLUE GAS DUCTING LAYOUT
The flue gas circuit means the path of the flue gases leaving the boiler, Heat recovery (if applicable)
& finally exit through chimney.

3.6.1 Chimney

Chimney can be either of the following designs:

a) Self supported
b) Guy rope Supported
c) Structural supported
d) Wall Mounted

However, Chimney for the boiler should be of the adequate top diameter as per the recommendations
given by Forbes Marshall Engineers.

Guidelines:
Chimney design Reference can be taken from the IS : 6533 specifications and considering the
Local geological conditions
Provide all the Accessories of the chimney i.e. Aviation Lamp, Lightening Arrestor etc as per
the recommendations of the local statutory norms.

Figure: Self Supported Chimney.

WARNING:
Follow rules and regulations of Smoke Nuisance Act and consult their local Pollution
Control Boards office for further information & guidance on chimney design & height.
Never reduce the Top Diameter of chimney than the recommended size.

Boiler Manual -30-

3.6.2 Flue Gas Ducts:

The area or the size of the flue gas ducts needs to the same as recommended in the GA
drawing to ensure that the flues gas leave the boiler & system easily without any excessive
pressure drop.
The recommended duct is of circular cross section.

CAUTION:

Keep the cross sectional areas of the flue gas same as recommended. Do not reduce the
cross sectional areas.
All the ducts should preferably be of fully welded construction.
Any leakage means reduction in the capacity of the fans and reduction in the output of
the boiler.
External columns, from ground, should support long ducts.
Provide sockets with plugs at the inlet & outlet ducts for checking the pressure drops
and temperature measurement, across these equipment.
The dampers should be checked for correct opening & close indications and for the
smooth operation.
Provide long radius bends & avoid sharp bends in the ducts.
Insulation of the ducts should be done after through check for the leakages, after the
commissioning of the flue gas system.
Provide Insulation of proper density & the thickness as indicated in the table below.

3.7 INSULATION GUIDELINES

The table below gives recommended insulation thickness in mm required for different pipe sizes and
different operating / fluid temperatures.

3.7.1 Mineral Wool

Pipe dia Operating / Fluid temperature oC

(NB) mm 90 150 200 260 315 375
25 25 40 65 65 75 90
40 25 40 65 65 75 90
50 25 40 65 65 75 90
80 25 40 65 65 75 90
100 25 50 75 75 100 100
150 40 50 75 75 100 115
200 40 50 75 75 100 115
250 40 65 90 90 100 125
300 40 65 90 90 100 125
Flat 40 65 90 90 100 125

Note: Mineral wool is assumed to have a thermal conductivity 0.036 kcal/m hr oC and average
density about 100-200 kg/m3.

Boiler Manual -31-

 CAUTION:

1) The surface temperature after insulation is 55 60oC.

2) Insulation up to 65mm should be in single layer and above 65 mm, multiplayer, e.g.
80mm two layers of 40mm each, for 90mm inner layer of 40 mm and outer of 50mm.

3.7.2 Glass Wool

Pipe dia Operating / Fluid temperature oC

(NB) mm 90 150 200 260 315 3756
25 25 25 25 25 40 40
40 25 25 25 25 50 50
50 25 25 25 25 50 50
80 25 25 40 40 50 65
100 25 25 40 40 50 65
150 25 25 40 40 65 75
200 25 40 40 40 65 75
250 40 40 40 40 65 75
300 40 40 40 40 65 75
Flat 40 40 50 50 65 75

Note: Glass wool is assumed to have a thermal conductivity 0.045 kcal/hr oC @ 100oC and average
density about 80 100 kg/m3.

Boiler Manual -32-

 SECTION-4

IBR Formalities

Boiler Manual -33-

4.1 Registration of Boiler under Indian Boiler Regulations (IBR)
4.1.1 Necessity of Registration

All steam boilers in India are required to be registered under section 7 of the Indian Boiler Act and in
accordance with Chapter 9 of the Indian Boiler Regulations. Section 6 of the Indian Boiler Act,
prohibits the use or permit to use any boiler which is unregistered or uncertified. This registration is
generally valid for 1 year from the date on which it is granted.

The installed boilers are also subjected to these tests to determine the fitness of boiler for the purpose
of renewal of Registration certificate.

In India, State of Jammu & Kashmir is exempted from this activity of IBR registration. Boilers
installed on Railway Engines are also exempted from this activity.

The following details and Instructions will guide the owners & users in getting their new boiler
registered as per the Indian Boiler Regulations

4.1.2 Boiler IBR Certificates: IBR Folder

This folder is supplied to the user from our factory and contains all the original certificates of the
boiler manufacturing and the mountings /fittings. This needs to be submitted to Boiler Inspectorate,
while making the application for registration along with inspection fees.

This folder contains important and original documents like:

1. Manufacturing certificates in forms II, III and IV,
2. Approved boiler pressure part drawings,
3. Boiler mountings certificates in form III C.

Preserve the IBR folder and take one photocopy copy of the complete folder, for the records & site
reference. Ensure that all the certificates are intact & serially numbered in the folder

4.1.3 Application for Registration

The owner shall make application for the registration of a new boiler/renewal of Registration
certificate, to their Regional Boiler Inspectorate. Boiler Folder and receipt of Treasury Challan for
prescribed registration fees with the application be submitted to the Boiler Inspectorate. The Boiler
Registration Fees depends upon the heating surface area of the boiler, and details could be obtained
from the Boiler Inspectorate office. The Boiler Inspectorate office shall then communicate the details
of Inspector's visit for various Inspections.

4.1.4 IBR Boiler Inspection

The inspection as per IBR involves 3 Stages as under,

1. Open Inspection or ground Inspection
2. Hydraulic Test
3. Steam Test

Boiler Manual -34-

4.1.4.1 Open Inspection

For new boilers, which are to be registered, this inspection is carried out with the purpose of
verifying the details recorded in the folder to the actual details of the boiler construction.

This inspection is carried out on the ground under the open condition and clean of the boiler and the
IBR mountings & fittings.

The boiler inspecting authority generally verifies/checks followings during this inspection:

1. Approval stamping made on the boiler as per the certificates.

2. For any damages or any alterations if made, other than details mentioned in
approved drawings.
3. Verification of Serial numbers and the inspecting authority's seal on various valves and
mountings with respect to their Certificates.
4. Measurements of the spring, body, valve and valve seats of the steam safety valves.
5. Verify the Certificate of the Boiler operator, if appointed by the Owner/user.

Preparing the boiler for Open Inspection:

The following preparatory action is taken prior to the Inspector's visit.

a) All the smoke tubes and internal surfaces of boiler should be kept clean by using suitable
wire brush.
b) Any Insulation & Cladding which is hiding the pressure part surface should be removed for
the inspection.
c) Safety valves should be opened out completely and cleaned so that the spring, body and valve
seats are available for inspection and measurements of various dimensions.
d) The side and manhole/mudholes covers are removed to facilitate the best possible view of the
tubes and internal surface for inspection.
e) All the IBR valves and mountings should be kept arranged for verification. It should be
ensured that the serial numbers/registration number and the inspecting authority's seal on the
boiler and on the IBR valves are clearly visible so that the Inspector can immediately relate
them to the corresponding certificate.
f) Necessary platforms are provided for ease of boiler inspection.
g) Measuring instruments like measuring tape, venier, measuring feet scale etc. should be kept
handy for checking the measurements.
h) Temporary provision of 24 volts Hand Lamp with lamp guard / powerful Torch must be
made for ease of inspection of each part.

NOTE: It is advisable to verify the Identification number and Inspecting authorities Seal on Boiler,
valves and mountings and fittings with relevant Certificates and Forms of boiler folder before the
visit of the IBR inspecting authority (use the photocopy of the IBR folder).

Only after the inspecting authority clears the IBR inspection, the boiler can be prepared for next IBR
inspection i.e. Hydraulic Test.

Boiler Manual -35-

4.1.4.2 Hydraulic Test

Under regulation 377 of the IBR, important provisions of which, as applicable to the boilers are:

Every boiler shall be hydraulically tested in the presence of the IBR Inspecting authority, to not less
than one and half times the designed pressure, for registration/for renewal of registration certificate.

The boiler shall satisfactorily withstand such pressure without appreciable leakage or undue
deflection or distortion of its parts for at least ten consecutive minutes.

Preparing the boiler for Hydraulic test:

Note: Under above regulation, when a boiler is hydraulically tested for the first time, it should be
entirely cleared of insulation & cladding; at subsequent tests the insulation & cladding, or portion
thereof, should be removed if required by the Inspector.

a. Safety valves should be removed and the opening should be closed by blank flange. Pressure
switch connection should be removed and the opening plugged.
b. All side and manhole covers are placed properly with correct gaskets and checked for
tightness.
c. Following valves be kept closed in position during the test-
ii. Main Steam Stop Valve
iii. Vent Valve
iv. Gauge Glass Valves
1. Steam Valves
2. Water Valves
3. Drain Valves
v. Mobray blow down valve
vi. Boiler blow down valve

d. Feed inlet, blow down lines are to be connected to the boiler. Feed pump can be connected
for filling water in the boiler.
e. A convenient inlet for the pressure test should be taken and suitable hydraulic test pump
connections be made.
f. The Boiler shall be completely filled with clean water and the pressure being applied
gradually, with a test hydraulic pump having a pumping capacity higher than that of
hydraulic pressure. Care is to be taken to avoid air pockets in the boiler pressure parts.
g. As a preliminary test, before Inspector's visit, raise the hydraulic pressure to working pressure
limit and ensure that no leakage is observed from the pressure part's joints and then raise
slowly to the required Hydraulic test pressure, to keep it for ten minutes. Check for the
leakages and sustenance of the pressure.

On satisfactory completion of Hydraulic Test in presence of boiler inspecting authority, the

Provisional Order for use of boiler is issued, valid for 6 months and the Registration Number for the
boiler is allotted.

IT IS NECESSARY TO COMPLETE THE IBR FORMALITIES OF IBR STEAM LINES & PIPES,
SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE HELP OF THE IBR APPROVED CONTRACTOR. BOILER CAN
BE FIRED ONLY AFTER RECEIPT OF PROVISIONAL FIRING ORDER (FORM V)

Boiler Manual -36-

Engraving of Registration Number

The registration number allotted by Chief Inspector should be engraved in front plate in such
position as pointed out by the Inspector. This should be completed and reported to Chief Inspector
for verification within one month from the date of its receipt.

The Chief inspecting authority normally supplies the registration number engraving slip. This slip
should be pasted on the part of the boiler pointed out by the Inspector for engraving. The engraving
should not be less than 0.4 mm (1/64") in depth.

4.1.4.3 Steam Test

Every newly installed boiler, before the issue of a Registration Certificate, should be tested under
steam to the satisfaction of the Inspector. This should be done in accordance with the Provisional
Order issued by the Boiler Inspectorate after completion of hydraulic test and as per regulation No.
380 of IBR within Six Months from the date of registration of Hydro test.

A steam test is primarily intended for the purpose of ascertaining by actual test whether the safety
valves are sufficient to relieve boilers effectively of excess steam and whether they operate at the
time when the maximum working pressure is reached.

Preparing the boiler for Steam test:

a. Get the Boiler Registration number (allotted for the boiler after hydraulic test) engraved
on boiler pressure parts at any convenient location suggested by Boiler Inspector.
b. Verify the safety valve settings done during commissioning of boiler.
c. Boiler attendant must be present during the test.

Steam Test in presence of Inspector:

At the time of test, the safety valve should be left free and capable of being adjusted to the working
pressure.

After adjustment of the safety valves to the correct blowing pressure, the boiler shall be tried under
full steam and firing with the stop valve closed. During this test the Boiler inspecting authority shall
note the accumulation of the pressure and other details of the test as well as verify the performance
of the safety valve.

On satisfactory completion of Steam Test, the Boiler Inspectorate issues Registration Certificate in
Form VI. This needs to be protected and displayed in the boiler house as per the advice of Boiler
Inspecting authority.

4.1.5 Safety Valve over Pressure

REGULATION NO. 294

The safety valve shall be so designed that they attain rated discharge capacity with the over pressure
not greater than that given in regulation 292; provided that the safety valve which have a discharge
area less than 80% of the flow area, the over pressure at which the design lift is attained shall not

Boiler Manual -37-

exceed 10% of the set pressure. For safety valve having discharge area 80% or more of the flow area,
the over pressure at which the design lift is attained shall not exceed 5% of the set pressure.

4.1.6 Safety Valve Pressure Drop

REGULATION NO. 295

The safety valve shall be reset at a pressure at least 2 % below, but not more then 5% below the
safety valve set pressure. The 5% limit is increased to 10% for valve having a body seat bore less
than 32 mm and/or having a set pressure of 2 bar gauge or less.

4.1.7 Prohibition of Use of Boiler

Prohibition of use of unregistered or uncertified boiler -

Important provision under Section 6 of Indian Boiler Act.

Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, no owner of a boiler shall use the boiler or permit it
to be used -

(a) Unless it has been registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(b) In the case of any boiler which has been transferred from one State to another, until the
transfer has been reported in the prescribed manner.
(c) Unless a certificate or provisional order authorizing the use of the boiler is for the time being
in force under this Act.
(d) At a pressure higher than the maximum pressure recorded in such certificate or provisional
order.
(e) Where the State Government has made rules requiring that boilers shall be in charge of
person holding [certificates of proficiency or competence], unless the boiler is in charge of a
person holding the certificate required by such rules:

Provided that any boiler registered, or any boiler certified or licensed, under any Act hereby repealed
shall be deemed to have been registered or certified, as the case may be, under this Act.

4.1.8 Renewal of Certificate

Important provision under Section 8 of Indian Boiler Act.

(1) A certificate authorizing the use of a boiler shall cease to be in force -

(a) On the expiry of the period for which it was granted; or

(b) When any accident occurs to the boiler; or
(c) When the boiler is moved, the boiler not being a vertical boiler the heating surface of
which is less than [18.58 square meters], or a portable or vehicular boiler; or
(d) When any structural alteration, addition or renewal is made in or to the boiler; or
(e) If the Chief Inspector in any particular case so directs, when any structural alteration,
addition or renewal is made in or to any steam-pipe attached to the boiler; or
(f) On the communication to the owner of the boiler or an order of the Chief Inspector or
Inspector prohibiting its use on the ground that it or any steam-pipe attached thereto is
in a dangerous condition.

Boiler Manual -38-

(2) Where an order is made under clause (f) of sub section (1), the grounds on which the order is
made shall be communicated to the owner with the order.
(3) When a certificate ceases to be in force, the owner of the boiler may be apply to the Inspector
for a renewal thereof for such period not exceeding twelve months as he may specify in the
application:

(4) An application under sub-section (3) shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee and, or
receipt thereof, the Inspector shall fix a date, within thirty days or such shorter period as may
be prescribed from the date of the receipt, for the examination of the boiler and shall give the
owner thereof not less than ten day's notice of the date so fixed:
Provided that, where the certificate has ceased to be in force owing to the making of any
structural alteration, addition or renewal, the Chief Inspector may dispense with the payment
of any fee:

(5) On the said date, the Inspector shall examine the boiler in the prescribed manner, and if he is
satisfied that the boiler and the steam-pipe or steam-pipes attached thereto are in good
condition shall issue a renewed certificate authorizing the use of the boiler for such period not
exceeding twelve months and at a pressure not exceeding such maximum pressure as he
thinks fit and as is in accordance with the regulations made under this Act:

The Inspector shall, within forty-eight hours of making the examination, inform the owner of
the boiler in writing of this opinion and the reasons therefore, and shall forthwith report the
case for orders to the Chief Inspector.

(6) The Chief Inspector, on receipt of the report under sub-section (5), may, subject to provisions
of this Act and of the regulations made hereunder, order the renewal of the certificate in such
terms and on such conditions, if any, as he thinks fit, or may refuse to renew it:

Provided that where the Chief Inspector refuses to renew a certificate, he shall forthwith
communicate his refusal to the owner of the boiler, together with the reasons therefore.

(7) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent an owner of a boiler from applying for a
renewed certificate therefore at any time during the currency of a certificate.

Boiler Manual -39-

 SECTION-5

Commissioning of the
Boiler

Boiler Manual -40-

5.1 PRE-COMMISSIONING
The pre-commissioning is the part of the commissioning activity of the boiler.

Pre Commissioning is commenced on completion of all the connections as per the preceding
chapters; P & I diagram electrical diagram and the assembly work.

The persons entrusted with operation, servicing and observation (Boiler attendant for IBR boilers)
must be present during pre-commissioning. It would be better, during commissioning operation;
direct superiors of boiler man should be present.

Forbes Marshall representative shall provide the guidance & supervision of the critical activities
during Pre-commissioning & Commissioning. Forbes Marshall representative shall ensure that all the
settings & actions are completed as per the detailed checklists. However the users /customers should
ensure that the following and all other jobs, as suggested by our representative are completed before
inviting them for commissioning.

Following points may be taken as guidance while blowing down the boiler, gauge glass and Mobray
level switch. Blowing down helps in removing sludge, loose scale and other fine material that might
accumulate in the boiler shell.

The blow down water quality -

1. After the boiler is switched off. Blow down the boiler until water level drops by about 2"
(keep the air vent valve slightly open).

2. To check the automatic operation of the feed pump, put on the selector switch and blow down
the boiler below normal water level, the pump motor should start and work till the boiler is
filled up to the top level.

NOTE:
DURING NORMAL BLOWDOWN NEVER PERMIT WATER TO DISAPPEAR FROM THE
GAUGE GLASS.

CAUTION:
If water quality is poor, intermittent blow down water quantity / frequency of blow
down increases to keep the allowable boiler water TDS within specified limit of 3000
ppm. Prolonged Intermittent blow down affects the water circulation in side the boiler,
which is dangerous for boiler and tubes. Only way to control the boiler water TDS is to
feed specified soft/DM water or provide continuous blow down. Intermittent blow down
should be done only to remove sludge, loose scale and other fine material that might
have accumulated in the boiler shell.

Boiler Manual -41-

5.1.1 CHECK LIST

5.1.1.1 GENERAL:

Check and level all the equipment and tighten their foundation bolts.

Check all the motor windings for damage and moisture with megger.

Check and ensure that all the pipe lines and ducting are supported properly.

Remove manhole cover

Check inside of Boiler for scale, foreign objects etc.

Refit manhole cover with new gasket and ensure manhole is tightly secured

Check all the mountings, front and rear smoke chambers are properly tightened and have not
become loose during transit.

Arrange boiler operators and other manpower required to operate the boiler.

Open Air Vent Valve

Check and ensure that Blow Down Valve is closed.

Open valves to pressure gauge and pressure switches

Close Main Steam Stop Valve. Ensure steam and water valves on gauges are open and the
drain valves are closed.

Arrange feed water treatment chemicals, as recommended.

Insulate all the lines and equipment after they have been tested completely.

5.1.1.2 FEED WATER SYSTEM:

Get the water treatment plant commissioned and ensure the quality of Feed Water is within
the specified acceptable limits.

Flush the feed water storage tank and pipelines.

Flush the feed water pump completely before commissioning.

Check the operation of softener and doser and make sure that the operators are well trained
on the softener, if applicable

Mobray water level controller is set for feed pump on-off operation to at maintain proper
water level.

The water level extra low safety is working.

Boiler Manual -42-

The pressure gauge is fitted at pump outlet.

The strainer at pump suction strainer is cleaned.

CAUTION
1. NEVER START THE WATER PUMP WITH DISCHARGE VALVE OPEN.
INITIALLY THROTTLE THE VALVE PARTIALLY.
2. NO VALVE WITH THE HANDWHEEL SHOULD BE TURNED FULLY OPENED
OR FULLY TIGHTENED, I.E THE HAND WHEEL SHOULD BE TURNED
BACKWARD AND FORWARD HALF A TURN AS TO PREVENT SIEZURE OR
LOCKING

5.1.1.3 FLUE GAS CIRCUIT

Check the chimney and duct connections and make sure that they are airtight.

Check and provide supports to ducting.

Check the functioning of various dampers provided in the ducting.

Insulate the part of ducting inside the boiler house.

5.1.1.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:

Tighten all the terminals in control panel, as they might get loose during transportation.

Check the functioning of main switch and provide correct fuse.

Check whether proper earth wires have connected on all the motors and panels.

Check if all the settings of overload relays of motors, pressure switch(es) etc. are all right.

Check for the correct electrical supply.

Check for the Trouble free operation of Mobra level controller.

5.1.1.5 STEAM SYSTEMS:

Check whether correct size of steam pipe lines as recommended, are provided and IBR
hydraulic test certificate obtained.

Check for the steam traps & fittings, for proper clamping & free removal of condensate.

Boiler Manual -43-

5.1.2 FILLING THE BOILER WITH WATER

Open auxiliary/ air vent valve of boiler.

Check strainers on FW line for any foreign material; open both isolation valves on feed water
line.

Ensure water supply is on. Let the boiler be filled partially by gravity. Remove vent plug on
delivery head and ensure trapped air is removed.

Set feed pump switch on.

Replace plug.

Check direction of rotation of feed pump motor, which should be counter clockwise
looking from the motor end. This can be done by having a person observing the motor
rotation, while other switches on the pump for a second. If rotation is not correct, supply
phase to motor should be interchanged.

If rotation is correct set feed pump switch to auto and pump will run. While the pump is
running the lock out lamp will be illuminated and the alarm will ring. The alarm can be
muted by operating the mute/run switch.

When feed pump stops the lockout light will remain illuminated until the lockout is canceled
by pressing reset switch on panel.

CAUTION:
If, the pump is operated without water even for a few seconds it will be
damaged.

5.2 COMMISSIONING
The commissioning activity starts after all the pre commissioning activities are completed
satisfactorily and all the controls and safeties are working normally.

For commissioning and trial operation, steam or heat utility must be provided, for long duration of
steam generation or continuous boiler operation. This is required to set the firing system as well as
all controls and safety facilities can be adjusted.

Warning:
The commissioning of the boiler is to be done in the presence of FORBES
Marshall Engineer only, to avail our warrantee benefits.
If steam utilities are not ready the steam will be vented out for the
Commissioning & output efficiency trials.

Boiler Manual -44-

5.2.1 STEAM GENERATION

After completion of chemical boiling out, and the complete flushing operation, the boiler is filled in
with the treat water and boiler.

The IBR licensed operator fires the boiler and steam pressure is raised up to the maximum working
pressure of the boiler.

This first operation of the boiler & steam generation is done in presence and under the guidance of
Forbes Marshall Engineer /authorized representative.

The Mobray water level controller needs to be checked for its normal functioning and the operation
of the extra low level safety.

5.2.2 SAFETY VALVE SETTING

The two safety valves are set by Forbes Marshall Engineers /representatives as per the IBR, while
boiler is generating steam with its full capacity. The exact lift pressures of the Safety valves, the
pressure build up in the boiler and the safety valve sit back pressure is observed. Till the satisfactory
operation of the safety valves the steam is vented out through these. This is one of the major and
critical settings to be done on the boiler.

5.2.3 PRESSURE SWITCH SETTING

Pressure switch controls the steam pressure of the boiler by switching the Burner in different modes
of firing, depending on load.

After the settings of the safety valves, steam pressure high cut of pressure switch is set. This pressure
switch has to be set below the lift pressure of the minimum lift pressure of either of the safety valves.
The pressure switch controls the steam pressure of the boiler by operating the solenoid valves on the
Burner. This stops the burning of the fuel & reduces the steam generation. Hence this is the device,
which controls the steam pressure in the boiler.

During this commissioning process all the safeties & controls of the boilers are checked thoroughly
by operating the boiler at its full capacity and venting out the steam through Vent valves or by
passing the steam through the Steam lines for Flushing.

5.2.4 FLUSHING THE STEAM LINES

All newly fabricated steam lines need flushing by passing the steam for minimum 4 hours, to ensure
clean internal surface of the pipelines.

The steam traps and strainers fitted should be removed from the lines during the flushing operation.
All air vents are opened and steam is flushed out for these valves. Only after the lines are flushed the
steam should be opened to the plant utilities.

Boiler Manual -45-

5.2.5 EFFICIENCY & OUTPUT TRIALS

After the above procedures the boiler will be ready for the Output & efficiency trials.

It is mandatory for the customer to conduct the efficiency & out put trials, within a weeks time of
commissioning of the boiler, as per the guidance of our engineers/authorized representatives.

The efficiency trials are conducted as per BS 845 and in accordance of the performance standard practices.

The observations of the trials are noted down and are signed by the Owner/users responsible person and also
by Forbes Marshall engineer.

These efficiency & output trials are conducted to ensure that the boiler is performing as per the committed
contractual norms of efficiency and steam output.

5.2.6 TRAINING

During the boiler Installation, pre-commissioning, commissioning and efficiency & output Trials, our
engineers /authorized representatives ensure that the Boiler operators and other technical personnel
responsible for the operation and maintenance are geared up & trained to operate & maintain the boiler as per
the norms laid down by Forbes Marshall.

These norms and the good operation & maintenance practices of boiler are also explained in the section of
operation & maintenance. These should be read & practices for the trouble free operation and long life of the
boiler & its accessories.

5.3 BOILER HANDING OVER FOR COMMERCIAL USE

After the successful commissioning and efficiency /output trials, the Boiler will be handed over to the
user/owner for the commercial use.

The boiler handing over procedure includes the signing and stamping of the Erection & commissioning
checklists and certificates of Forbes Marshall by the owner/users responsible person and our commissioning
engineer.

The signed/stamped commissioning and handing over reports/certificates are forwarded to Head office of
Forbes Marshall for the scrutiny of the site reports. If any discrepancies are observed in Installation,
performance or settings, we take immediate corrective action by informing the concerned engineer/authorized
representative and also to the owner/user of the boiler.

Warning:
In no case the owner /user should use the boiler for the commercial use /production,
without completing the Handing over formality from Forbes Marshall, to avail the
committed warrantees of the Boiler & its supplied parts/equipment.

In case of failure on the part of the owner/user to comply with the above handing over
procedure, all the warrantees provided by Forbes Marshall Pvt Ltd, as per the order
terms, will cease to exist and in such case and we shall not be responsible for any failure
of the supplied equipment or components.

Boiler Manual -46-

 SECTION-6

Start Up & Standard

Operating Procedure

Boiler Manual -47-

6.0 Startup & Standard Operating Procedure for FM Boilers

Purpose: BOILER-BURENR START UP FOR SMOOTH OPERATION &

LOGEVITY OF OUR FM BOILER.
Scope: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 TPH fuel oil fired Boiler with 3 stage burner.
Procedure to commission steam boiler.

 Ensure all IBR formalities have been completed before the boiler is to be commissioned.

6.1 The IBR formalities consists of

6.1.1 Submission of IBR folder to LOCAL IBR office.
6.1.2 Open inspection of the NEW boiler.
6.1.3 Hydraulic test of the boiler and connected steam line if newly laid
6.1.4 Engraving Registration number on the boiler.
6.1.5 Getting Provisional firing order certificate FORM V from IBR office.

 Ensure boiler operators holding Competency certificate are available at site.

 Ensure treated soft feed water is available & filled in FWDT.
6.2 The treated water parameter requirements are,
6.2.1 Soft water with hardness less than 5ppm.
6.2.2 Ph of water between 8.5 to 9.5.

 Ensure FO / LDO / HSD / LSHS fuel is made available & same has been filled in DOT.
The DOT should have the following minimum arrangement made
6.3.1 out flow heater with Temperature controller in case of F O/LSHS fuel oil .
6.3.2 Drain line at the bottom with isolation valve.
6.3.3 Vent line arrangement.

 Ensure the cabling is done and wiring completed and checked as per the control panel wiring
drawing.
 Ensure the blow down valve is in closed position & the vent valve (1inch air vent ) located on
the boiler top is in open position for boiler cold start .
 Ensure the isolation valves of the main boiler pressure gauge & pressure switches .are open.
 Ensure the boiler water level controller steam & water side isolation valves are opened and the
drain valves closed.
 Ensure the boiler water level indicator steam side and water side valves are open and the drain
valve closed.
 Check the Boiler exhaust flue gas damper (if fitted) is in open position before switching on the
panel.
 Ensure feed water pumps are vertically installed and the feed water inlet line is connected with
80 size mesh strainers.
 Ensure the feed water line strainer is cleaned and the feed water line is flushed before switching
on the pumps
 Check Feed water Pump connection,

Boiler Manual -48-

 Feed water pump motor with less than 4 kW - 3 phase star connection.
 feed water pump motor with more than 4 kw and upto 7.5 kw , 3 phase delta connection
Rotational Direction for vertically installed motor.
Rotational direction of the feed water pump motor when viewed from the motor
End should be clockwise direction.
 Ensure 3 ph + neutral supply connection to the panel incomer.
 Ensure electrical trml connection of the water level controller for, feed pump, low water & extra
low water magnetic switch are as per the panel wiring drawing & mobrey switches are set right.
Each boiler has 2 water level controllers with control box having 2 magnetic Switches.
One level controller will have the boiler feed pump operation and 1st low level alarm.
The top magnetic switch in this controller is for Boiler feed water pump on/off operation. And
the bottom one is for 1st low water alarm.
In the 2nd level Controller the top magnetic switch is for boiler high water level (optional) and
2nd switch for Extra low water level alarm. (Extra low water alarm)
For connection detail refer control panel wiring
Before switching on the panel ensures the following,
 The heater selector switch is in off position .( for FO fuel )
 The pump auto/manual selector is in off position.
 The burner on/off switch is in off position
 The EMS switch is in EM mode.
 Switch on panel , The panel will buzz with indication for low water , extra low water & lockout
indication (if the wiring is proper) since there is no water in the boiler
 Move the run/mute switch to mute position and mute the buzzer ,
 Select the Auto/Manual pump selector switch to manually mode , select any one feed pump
operate the pump and maintain 50 to 55 % water level in the boiler .Cross check the boiler level
by operating the drain valve of the boiler level gauge also..
 At this level both the alarm for low water and extra low water condition should get cancelled
and panel is reset and lockout indication is also cancelled
 If the alarm continuous to buzz check the respective wiring and setting.
 Switch off the feed pump and the panel and close the Feed water pump inlet valve to prevent
filling of water in the boiler by gravity flow since boiler is not pressurized.
 Earthing needs to be checked & should be connected to our Electrical boiler / utility panel.
 Ensure wire connections of Pressure switch / pressure transmitters are checked.
The pressure switch has 3 trmls the connection is to be done between comm. and NC trml contact
for burner start operation and the NO contact for the high Pr /cutoff indication.
The pressure transmitter is 2 wire /3 wire system connected to PID trml.
 Check the control wiring connection.
 Check & set operation of the feed water pump, mobrey switches of LWA & ELWA are working.
 Through EMS switch Check the operation and direction of the fuel oil pump & blower motor and
ignition.
 For oil pump direction refer arrow mark punched on the pump port it is clockwise direction
when viewed from the motor end
To check the blower motor directions remove the blower motor silencer and check the direction.
The motor direction should be in anticlockwise when viewed from the motor fan end.
To check the Ignition move the EMS switch to Ignition position and check the electrode sparking
through the access door flame window.

Boiler Manual -49-

 Next Ensure FO / LDO / HSD / LSHS fuel line is flushed & air removed from one inch flexible
hose connected to the fuel oil pump.
 After flushing the oil supply line refit the 1 supply hose to the oil pump inlet, next remove the
3/8 flx hose connected to the 1 return line from the IPRV relief port.
 Run the fuel oil pump in manual mode till the fuel oil flows out smoothly and the air is removed
from the system .This also ensure the heater body is filled with oil.
 Reconnect the 3/8 inch hose to the return line. Loosen the IPRV and run the oil pump in manual
mode open the pump regulator plug and slowly tighten the pump regulator grub screw using
suitable L& Key to maximum .This ensure the pump is set for maximum discharge.
 Once the Pump discharge capacity is set slowly tighten the IPRV regulator and set the oil
circulating pressure between 20 to 22 kg/cm2.
 Open the junction box and Set the check start thermostat between 100 to 105 Deg C in case of
FO / LSHS fuel oil or to minimum setting in case of HSD/LDO.
 Set the set point of burner heater Temperature controller to 110 Deg C
 Switch on the heater , run the oil pump and check the Temperature controller operation
 Ensure oil circulating pressure of 20-22 kg/cm2 at oil temperature of 110 Deg C .
 Check whether temperature on dial thermometer has reached above 105 deg.
 Boiler- burner is now ready to be operated on Auto & on low fire mode.
 Ensure EMS switch in AUTO position
 Move the burner switch to low position. The command for the burner run will start as soon as
the safety loop of the controller is made
 The burner auto operation sequencing will start with pre purging cycle, ignition, low and
actuation of low fire solenoid valve operation,.
 The burner will operate on low flame, allow it to run & let gradual heating take place.
 Check the firing from the rear side, flame should be bright golden in color. If it is not bright set
the low fire air damper by operating the damper motor.
 Ensure 50-55 % water level is maintained. During warming up/cold start of the boiler.
 It may take approx. 45 60 minutes for water to heat.
 Check and record the current drawn by the Feed water pumps motor, FD fan motor, electric
heaters & fuel oil pump motor current drawn along with flue gas temperature.
 Open the feed water inlet valve when the boiler pressure reaches above 1.5 kg/cm2 pressure
.Steam will start coming out from air vent valve, allow it to come out upto 3.5 kg/cm2& stop the
boiler operation.
 Operate the water level indicator drain valve and flush the level indicator from steam and water
side.
 Flush the Water level header by operating the drain valve.
 Operate the blow down valve and check auto operation of the Feed water pump ,
 Open the drain valve of the level controller and flush the level controller.
Above activities can be completed within a day.

Boiler operators need to be informed to release the steam gradually & drain the water next day
morning & fill fresh soft water inside the boiler upto 50% level.

 Hot bolting of the complete boiler to be done.

 The front door furnace sealing ropes bolts to be tightened.
Boiler Manual -50-
 Ensure normal water level is maintained and fuel oil pump etc to be checked & heater to be
started.
 started the boiler on low fire only & gradually raise the steam pressure to 3.5kg/cm2
 Check the pressure switch function. Throttle the air vent valve slightly.
 Check feed water pumps auto & manual mode operation and position the switch in Auto mode
operation.
 Move the Burner MODULATION switch to mid fire and check & set air to fuel ratio up to 5 bar
boiler pressure, check mid fire pressure switch operation. Also
 Move the burner modulation switch to high fire position and check & set air to fuel ratio & cut
off the steam boiler at 7 kg/cm2 by operating pressure switch. Ensure water level in the boilers is
continuously checked.
 Operate the drain valve of water level controller & check FW pump starts operation in Auto
mode& boiler low water level alarm, burner trip condition with audible alarm & lock out signal.
 Operate the drain valve of the extra low water level controller & check audible alarm & lockout
signal.
 Check photo cell operation during burner operation the burner should trip when the flame sensor
is removed from the burner.
 Check the Check stat operation by increasing the setting above the actual valve, the burner firing
should trip immediately. Reset to the earlier setting after the testing.
 Boiler can now be re started & gradually steam pressure can be increased to 10 kg/cm2&
 Set the high pressure switch for boiler cuts off at 10 kg/cm2 . Set the pressure switch setting
looking at the pressure gauge.
 Safety valves top cap need to be opened & ensure to loosen the check nut.
 Ensure the air vent valve is closed completely.
 Slowly increase the pressure of steam above 10 kg/cm2 on manual fire & ensure first safety valve
is lifted at 10.3 kg/cm2& the second safety valve is lifted at 10.5 kg/cm2, accordingly one needs
to set the safety valves at site by locking & unlocking check nut first & then operating middle
tightening nut.
 Ensure that the boiler is running on high fire& both the safety valves have fully lifted & have
started discharging to their full capacity at 10.5 kg/cm2.boiler pressure
 Steam pressure should not increase in the boiler main pressure gauge. Same needs to be tested
twice. Stop the firing allow the safety valves to reset & note the lift / set readings.
 Tighten the lock nuts of both safety valves & close the top dome of same accordingly.
 Boiler Steam valve can now be opened very slowly & steam header can be charged accordingly
for further usage of steam in the plant through our PRS etc.
 Train the boiler operators / engineers at site, create a confidence in them dismantle burner, clean
nozzles, diffuser plate etc & ask them to operate our FM boiler in our presence.
 Explain electrical circuit diagram to their operator / electrical / Boiler engineer on site.

DOS
 Operate FM boiler in presence of boiler operator only or qualified BOE.
 Always use treated water during boiler operation. .
 Maintain water level at safe operating level of 50 55% of gauge glass level.
 Check all safety locks in presence of client.
Boiler Manual -51-
 Lubricate all piston valves once & ask operators to ensure to lubricate once a month.
 Ask them to maintain a logbook & log all boiler parameters which should be recorded once every
hour.
 Maintain feed water & boiler water parameters & same to be logged in log book once a shift like
TDS, PH, hardness, etc.
 Mobreys to be drained & checked when boiler operator takes charge in his shift daily.
 Gauge glasses need to be drained every 2 3 hours in each shift & same to be recorded in log
book.
 Burner needs to be overhauled once a week & records to be maintained.
 Tube cleaning to be done at least once a month if FO is used.

Donts
 Do not operate boiler without valid Provisional Order from IBR office.
 Do not operate steam boiler without a qualified Boiler Operator.
 Do not bypass any safeties at any given time.
 Ensure both feed water pumps are working always.
 Do not tighten the safety valves beyond its set pressure.
 Do not increase pressure switch settings beyond the design working pressure of the boiler

If any water leakage found report the same ASAP to FM.

Boiler Manual -52-

 SECTION-7

Boiler Operation

Boiler Manual -53-

7 BOILER OPERATION
Water is supplied to the boiler through a feed pump and enters the boiler through the feed check
valve. When the water reaches 12.5 mm above the normal level, (which is about the middle of the
gauge glass) refer Fig 2, the feed pump is stopped by level controller refer fig. 3. The burner is bolted
to the front door. The combustion air is provided by a forced draught fan, which is integral to the
burner unit. The furnace receives radiant heat from the flame and the gases after combustion give up
heat to the tubes in the second pass as they travel to the front chamber. Gases turn in the front
chamber and give up more heat to the tubes in the third pass as they travel to the rear chamber. Gases
leave the boiler through the gas outlet connection at the top of the rear chamber. Pressure in the
boiler is indicated by a pressure gauge.

When the pressure is sufficiently high more than 7 Kg/cm2, the main stop valve can be opened to
allow steam to pass to the process or heating system. When steam leaves the boiler the water level
will drop until it reaches a point 12.5 mm below normal level. The level controller will start the feed
pump and more water will be fed into the boiler.

As the steam pressure falls, the controlling pressure stat will cause the burner to operate on the high
fire mode. If the pressure rises, the controlling pressure stat will initiate the burner to operate on the
low fire mode. When the boiler pressure reaches the maximum allowable pressure limit, the limit
pressure switch shuts down the burner. When the boiler pressure falls to a preset point the pressure
limit switch will cause the burner to restart. If the limit pressure switch fails stop the burner, the
safety valve will lift and excess steam will escape, thus preventing any further rise in boiler pressure.
If for any reason the water level falls to a point about 50mm below normal level the level controller
will stop the burner & send an alarm signal so that problem can be attended immediately. The burner
will start automatically once the water level is restored. If however the water level continues to fall
until it reaches a point about 75mm below normal level, the overriding control will ring the alarm
and cause the burner to trip and a lockout condition occurs. The burner will not start until the water
level is restored and the reset switch has been operated. If it is found necessary to let water out of the
boiler, open the blow down valve. An isolation valve & connection for the inspectors Test gauge is
on top of water level gauge header.

Caution: The set pressure for safety valve should not be altered except by a suitably qualified
person, who is able to fully assess the consequence of carrying out such an alteration.

Boiler Manual -54-

FIG. 2 Water Control Levels with reference to Water Level Gauge Glass Assembly

Boiler Manual -55-

FIG. 3 Water Level Controller with Multi Switch box & Float Rod Assembly

Boiler Manual -56-

 SECTION-8

Mountings, Control &

Safety System

Boiler Manual -57-

8 MOUNTINGS, CONTROL & SAFETY SYSTEM

8.1 PRESSURE LIMIT CONTROL

The pressure control has a snap acting micro-switch which automatically switches off or on with
increase or decrease in boiler pressure respectively at pre-determined pressure settings. The lower
and higher limit of pressure is adjustable.

Setting and adjustments:

For proper setting:

1) Set the main scale for cut-out pressure; and

2) Adjust the differential for desired set in pressure. To set pressure control main indicator turn
the pressure adjusting screw until pressure setting indicator on the front of the case is in line
with required set point at which the pressure control. The indicator setting is the point at
which pressure control breaks contact. There is a separate adjusting screw to set the
differential scale.

3) For boiler with ON/OFF control the pressure controller is of this type.

8.2 WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

Boiler is equipped with single water level controller having three limit switches. First operates the
feed pump, second operates as over-riding control at the first low water level. Third operates extra
low water alarm & burner goes into lock out mode and switches off the FD fan.

Boiler Manual -58-

8.3 LEVEL GAUGES

Refer fig. below two nos. of gauges are provided for each boiler as per IBR requirements. Packed
cocks are fitted on level gauges to allow the glasses to be blown down or isolated. The water gauge
cocks are fitted with Automatic Shut off system. A ball check valve is fitted with the help of circlip in
water as well as steam incomers. In the event of gauge glass failure these balls prevents water and
steam flow from gauge glass, which may lead to accidents due to imbalance of steam & water in
gauge glass assembly.

Operation
The cocks are rotated through 900 to operate. The handle indicates the position of port. Gauge glasses
should be blown periodically to ensure removal of mud and scale deposits collected in the
connecting pipes.

Boiler Manual -59-

8.4 BOILER SAFETY VALVE
The safety valve ensures that excessive steam pressure does not built up in boiler. Failure to test
these valves at regular intervals can result in over-pressure leading to serious consequences. A
common cause of safety valve failure is accumulation of foreign particles, which cause the valve to
stick. This often results from slight leakage through valve over a period of time. To prevent such
failures a regular testing and maintenance program should be set up.

Operation of safety valve

The safety valve operation is automatic. As steam pressure rises above the pre-set level, safety valve
will pop open. When sufficient quantity of steam is vented through safety valve, causing boiler
pressure to fall to preset level, safety valve will close. Under pressurized condition safety valve can
be eased or lifted by applying hand pressure to the easing gear lever. Any steam leakage between the
valve faces should be attended to at the first convenient opportunity. Safety valves are not usually
fitted with glands around the valve seat or spindles, so during discharge of steam, some leakage will
take place and get vented into the boiler house. Condensate is drained from the bottom of the valve
through the drain line.

Safety valve is commissioned; in the presence of IBR inspector, during steam test. The boiler
inspectorate defines the spacer to be provided for permanent adjustment of valve. He also makes a
note of the height. If in future safety valve is changed or opened for maintenance; with concurrence
of boiler inspectorate, again the safety valve can be set with this spacer.

Note: The valve loading or setting must not be tampered with any adjustment. Any alteration should
first be approved by the boiler inspector.

Boiler Manual -60-

8.5 MAIN STEAM STOP VALVE

This is valve is an isolating valve between boiler shell and pipe work to process or heating units.
When two or more boilers are connected to a common steam main each boiler must be fitted with a
check valve and stop valve capable of being locked in closed position. This arrangement of valves is
necessary to comply with IBR act, which requires all boiler valves including the stop valve to be
checked periodically. Therefore it must be possible to completely isolate & its stop valve from the
rest of the plant.

The stop valve is usually manually operated using a hand wheel. A wheel spanner must never be
used as excessive closing torque may warp the disc and seat or twist the stem. The valve should be
operated slowly and never forced to the limit of its travel in either direction. A cold valve in
particular should never be tightly shut as a later increase in temperature may promote valve seizure.
On steam lines always open drains to rid the pipe work of condensate and allow pipe work to heat
through slowly by cracking open the stop valve very slowly. Failure to drain and warm the system
before fully opening the valve will result in water hammer, which could damage the installation.

8.6 ISOLATION VALVE IN FEED LINE

Feed lines are equipped with piston valves between feed pump and boiler shell
and are mounted on boiler shell. These feed lines are provided with DISC
CHECK VALVE for assuring unidirectional flow in boiler. During feed pump
is operating DISC CHECK VALVE opens. When pressure on outlet side
exceeds that of inlet side, DISC CHECK VALVE automatically shuts and
prevents a reversal of flow. The piston valve should be operated slowly and
should never be forced to the limit of its travel in either direction. A cold
valve should never be tightly shut.

8.7 BOILER BLOW DOWN VALVE

This valve is fitted to the lowest part of the boiler shell. This valve
is used for blowing down the boiler while it is under steam pressure to
maintain TDS of boiler water within the limits and to remove suspended
of the boiler under cold conditions and maintaining the correct water
level when starting the boiler from cold condition.

Boiler Manual -61-

The blow down valve is equipped with gland packing. Care should be taken for leakages through
these glands, as they can be replaced only after totally draining all water from boiler.

Note: Blow down valves is fitted with an operating key, which can only be removed when the valve
is closed position. This device is a safety lock, which must not be interfered with.

8.8 Fusible Plug

By definition fusible plug is a non resetting safety device, which relieves pressure through melting
of a fusible alloy. The body is typically made of bronze and the fusible alloy is generally composed
of lead and tin with certain additive elements. The composition is designed such that the alloy will
melt once the temperature exceeds a certain limit. As such the fusible plug is a mechanical safety
device and is typically the last line of safety.

IBR requires the alloy to be designed in such a way that the alloy melts at least 83oC (150F) above
the operating temperature of the boiler. (IBR does not specify the higher limit for melting
temperature). In boilers with the wetback design two fusible plugs are required one on either the
FTP or BTP and one on the top of the combustion chamber.

The fusible plug is typically screwed to the boiler plate,such that it is exposed to smoke on one side
and water on the other. It is submerged under water which keeps the temperature of the plug at close
to the boiler water temperature. In the event that the water level drops below the fusible plug, (this is
possible only after all the earlier safety locks have failed to operate), the plug is no longer cooled by
the surrounding water. Since it is exposed to direct hot flue on the other side, the temperature rises
and once it crosses the melting temperature of the alloy, it fuses and the water/steam pressure pushes
the pellet out. Steam/water from the shell rushes in the flue space and drops the temperature of the
furnace, thereby protecting the boiler from thermal damage.

The fusible plug on the FTP is located at least 100 mm below the Extra Low Water Level. If the
water level drops to this level the plug will melt per its design. The fusible plug on the crown of the
combustion chamber is situated at a slightly lower level than the level for the first plug. In the
eventuality that the water level drops further and reaches below the second fusible plug, then the
second plug will melt too. Thus both the plugs act as a last resort for boiler safety.

Boiler Manual -62-

 SECTION-9

Operation &
Maintenance

Boiler Manual -63-

9.0 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Procedure explained in this section is applicable for start up of Packaged Boilers already
commissioned with an assumption, that the operators are fully familiar with the design &
construction features described in earlier sections.

Procedure to put the boiler on factory load

To put the boiler on factory load process as follows:
1. Ensure that the Burner Switch and the Feed Pump Switch Are in Auto position.
2. Crack open the main steam stop value. Wait for few seconds, and then start opening the stop
valve slowly until it gets fully open, then close it by a quarter turn only. As the pressure rises or
falls the burner will respond under the command of the controlling pressure switches.

Note: No extra leverage should be applied to stop valve hand wheel as this could result in twisting of
spindle.

9.1Boiler shut-down procedure

9.1.1 Short Period Shut Down

There are two alternative procedures of shutting down the boiler.

Procedure I:

1) Close main stop valve.

2) Set feed pump switch to Manual position and raise water level to 25 mm from top of gauge
glass to allow the contraction as the boiler cools overnight.
3) Open auxiliary / air vent valve to ensure no vacuum is generated inside boiler.

Caution: If the boiler is to be shut down over night leave main isolator on, feed pump off and feed
check valve shut. This will prevent boiler filling by gravity if pressure falls overnight. Be sure to
open feed valve before switching pump on at next start up.

Procedure II:
Close stop valve and leave burner with switch and feed pump on Auto.
1) This will ensure that the boiler is kept unto pressure all night and will help to reduce any
strain imposed by variations of pressure and temperature.
Note: The boiler is suitable for unattended operation but this method of operation is not permitted by
IBR and therefore it should be adopted for a short shutdown only and under presence of boiler
attendant.

9.1.2 Extended Period Shut Down

If the boiler is to be shut down for a long period raises the water level and then shut off all valves.
Put all switches to OFF and open the main isolator. When the shut down procedure by either
procedure I or II is completed proceed as follows:
Boiler Manual -64-
 1) Shut down gauge glasses.
2) Clean sight whole glass at rear end of boiler.
3) Refer table 1 for details of storage methods

Note: Boiler, after shutdown has to be cooled carefully. Permissible cooling rate of the boiler is half
the permissible rate of heating. If the boiler cooling is accelerated, thermal stresses develop in the
shell, headers etc.

Boilers used seasonally and idle for long period should be laid up "Dry" or "Wet" during the period
of idling.

9.1.2.1 Wet Preservation

If the boiler is to be kept idle for a short period, it should be laid up "Wet" as follows:

i. Fill the boiler completely with water, up to overflow level. By admixing an alkalizing agent,
bring the pH value of the boiler water to 9.5 and add a corresponding quantity of oxygen
binding agent. Sodium hydroxide or a corresponding phosphate, for instance, can be used as
the alkalization agent.

Oxygen binding agents are, for instance: Hydrazine, Sodium Sulphite and sodium bisulphate.
Depending on the standstill period, the hydrazine content in the boiler water should be for
instance :

Standstill duration Hydrazine surplus g/m3 N2H4

Up to 1 week 20 to 30
Up to 1 month 50 to 100
Longer 100 to 300

For better mixing, the boiler should be heated briefly after admixing hydrazine, up to about
85 C, to drive out the oxygen in it. Take care that no pressure builds up in the process.

Before renewed commissioning of boiler, the boiler water must be drained off until the
operational water level has been reached, provided the steam is allowed to contain hydrazine
(the steam must not contain hydrazine if it comes into contact, for instance, with foodstuffs,
Boiler Manual -65-
 clothing or dressings). Otherwise, the boiler must be drained and refilled. Close all valves. In
all cases the exhaust gas flaps or gate valves must be kept closed.

ii. Check for any leakage and take samples of water at regular intervals to ensure alkalinity and
Sulphite are maintained.

9.1.2.2 Dry Preservation

If the boiler is to be kept idle for long period it should be laid up "Dry" as follows: -

i. Drain the boiler thoroughly, clean it internally and externally both fire and water side and dry
it out.

ii. Place trays of lime inside the boiler shell to absorb any moisture. Then close the door,
manholes, dampers, etc., properly so that no ingress of moisture or air can take place.

iii. Water service tank, pumps, and all piping should also be dried out.

It is essential that the boiler is thoroughly clean while using the wet or dry laying up method. To
prevent corrosion on the gas side of the heating surface, it is recommended that all heating surfaces
are dusted with hydrated magnesia to neutralize any acid remaining on the boiler heating surfaces.

NOTE :
When working with caustic liquids or chemicals, it is imperative that the relevant accident
prevention regulations are observed and made accessible to the persons carrying out the work.

9.2 Refractory Spot Repairs

Areas of refractory lining, where distress in the form of spalling or erosion of material or cracking is
noticed, can be properly repaired with the use of an appropriate grade of above castable. Before such
repairs are made, it is necessary to clean and dress the surface to proper size and depth for adherence
of the castable. Pre-shrunk castable should be rammed hard on to the surface and cured for at least 10

Boiler Manual -66-

 12 hours. Above castables can be relied upon to render satisfactory service provided the correct
grade of castable is selected, placed well, batching of minimum water and thorough mixing is
ensured, it is properly vibrated and cured, and initial heat-up schedule is meticulously adhered to.

9.3 Procedure for Descaling

If the boiler water quality is not maintained as per the specifications the descaling of the boiler may
be required, to remove the water side deposits. The descaling is done by using chemicals.

Chemicals are available which are manufactured specially for the use in boilers without harming the
metallic parts of the boiler. Care to be taken to avoid commercial chemicals available in the market
which may cause harmful effect on the boiler parts & may result into reduced life of the boiler
components & pressure parts.

Descaling is a very critical process & should be carried out by qualified personnel only.

Boiler Manual -67-

9.4 MAINTENANCE
9.4.1 Daily maintenance

Carry out preventive maintenance on modular boilers as follows:

1. Blow- down water gauge glass as follows:

Close water cock. Open drain cock and allow blowing for a few seconds. Close drain cock. Open water
cock. The water should return rapidly to its correct level. If returns slowly, clean orifice. Close the
steam cock. Open drain cock and allow blowing for 4-5 seconds. Close the drain cock open the stream
cock. The water should return rapidly to its correct level. If returns slowly, clean the water cock
orifice.

2. Blow down boiler as required by water treatment suppliers.

Note: Water treatment procedure and chemical dosage must be discussed with your water treatment
suppliers bearing in mind the minimum quantity of water blow out during the testing of direct mounted
water level controls.

3. Clean rear sight glass if found directly.

9.4.2 Weekly maintenance

With boiler firing test water level control as follows:

1. With boiler attendant standing by feed pump switch off and allow water level to fall by evaporation.
2. At the level approximately 50 mm bellow normal the burner should stop and the bell should ring.
3. When the water drops a further 25mm the lock out light will become illuminated and the bell will ring
again if previously muted.
4. Check the alarm signals operate and that boiler stops.
5. Put pump switch to auto and when pump stops operate spring loaded reset switch position when the
burner will restart.
6. Feed pump- check feed pump filter when installed.

Boiler Manual -68-

Periodic Maintenance and Checking of Various Parameters for Forbes Marshall
Boiler
A. Fuel /Fire Side Maintenance

Parameters to be Half
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Checked yearly
Duplex 1 Bucket filters Y
to check & clean
Drain water from all oil Y
tank
Tube brushing & Y
cleaning to be done
Chimneys & ductings to Y
be cleaned
Fuel oil transfer pumps Y
to check
Furnace & fireside Y
cleaning to be done
Check furnace & rear Y
refractory
Fuel oil analysis to be Y
done
To replace both door Y
sealing ropes
Clean Outflow heater Y
coils
Cleaning of main oil Y
storage tank
Cleaning of day oil tank Y

Boiler Manual -69-

B. Burner Maintenance

Parameters to be Half
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Checked yearly
All nozzles to clean Y

Diffuser plate to be Y
cleaned
Electrodes to be cleaned Y
& set
Lance assembly to be Y
cleaned
Photo cell to be cleaned Y
& checked
Air damper to clean Y

Fuel oil leakages from Y

burner to check
Burner strainers 1 Y
filters to be cleaned
Rear view glass to check Y
& clean
IPRV 1 BPRV to check Y
& clean
Solenoid valve to be Y
cleaned & check
Air intake silencer to Y
clean
Oil heater elements to Y
check & clean
FD fan impeller to Y
check & clean
Volute casing 1 wind Y
box to clean
Fuel oil pump to be Y
overhauled

Boiler Manual -70-

C. Water/Steam Side Maintenance

Parameters to be Half
Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Checked yearly
All mobreys to be Y
drained
Water gauge cocks to be Y
drained
Chemical dosing pump Y
to be checked
Extra low water mobrey Y
to check
Boiler feed water Y
analysis to be done
Strainers & filters in Y
FW line to be cleaned
Leakages to be checked Y
from FW pumps
Reflex gauge glass to Y
remove & clean
Water side internal Y
cleaning to be done
Safety valves to be Y
checked
Feed water check valves
to be cleaned
Feed water pump to be Y
overhauled
Feed water tank to be Y
cleaned
Boiler mountings to be Y
overhauled
Fusible plug to be Y
checked

Boiler Manual -71-

D. Electrical Side Maintenance

Parameters to be Half
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Checked yearly
All indicating lamps to Y
check
Check ignition Y
transformer
Check HT cable of Y
ignition transformer
Check sequence Y
controller
Modulation motor to be Y
checked
Pressure switches to Y
check & clean
Amperes to be checked Y
& recorded
All contractors relays to Y
check & clean
Mobreys switches to Y
check
Thermostats to check Y

Electrical panel to Y
check & clean
Motors to be greased & Y
overhauled

Boiler Manual -72-

 Maintenance Schedule
8
Half
Maintenance Activity hourly / Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
yearly
Shift
Water treatment plant
check & regenerate, if *
required
Steam Pressure Switch
*
check
Mobray level control
check
*
For normal pump on
off operation
Mobray extra level low
*
safety check
Boiler water quality
*
check
Check Hooter operation *
Electrical Supply check
*
& correct, if required
Clean Strainers feed
*
pump suction
Feed line NRVs check *

Check motor interlocks *

Safety Valves operation *

Motor Current check
F.D. fan *
Feed pumps
Cleaning of Burner
*
Nozzles
Cleaning of furnace *
Cleaning of boiler *
smoke tubes

Boiler Manual -73-

 Maintenance 8hourly Half
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Activity / Shift yearly
Dust removal from
Electrical control *
panel

Clean electrical
*
contactor contacts

Check the
connections of
*
Mobray level
controller
Cleaning Gauge
Glass protector & *
glasses

Replacement of
gauge glass rubber *
cones & sleeves

Check Furnace and

*
Door Ropes

Burner refractory
*
wall check

Furnace refractory
*
wall check

Grease F.D fan

*
Bearings

Grease Feed pumps

*
Bearings

Boiler Manual -74-

 Maintenance 8hourly Half
Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
Activity / Shift yearly

Smoke box Sealing

*
tape replacement

Smoke box patch up

*
/ maintenance

Check resin
quantities in the
*
water treatment
plant, as applicable

Grease bearings of
*
electrical motors

De-scaling &
internal cleaning of *
boiler pressure part

Cleaning the smoke

tubes & smoke *
boxes

Dismantling,
Cleaning & lapping
of all the Valves, *
NRVs, Safety valves,
blowdown valve.

Removal &
replacement of
Removal &
replacement of all
Gaskets of valves, *
mountings &
fittings, Manholes,
mudholes, inspection
doors.

Boiler Manual -75-

 8 hourly Half
Maintenance Activity Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Yearly
/ Shift yearly
Offer for Open
inspection of the
*
boiler to the IBR
authority

Refixing of all
Mountings & fittings *
on the boiler

Box up all the

*
manholes / mudholes

Hydraulic test, up to
1.5 times the max.
*
working pressure for
15 minutes (max)

In case of leakages,
Stop all leakages & *
re- test

Offer the boiler for

the hydraulic test to *
IBR authority
Cleaning of feed
water tank, as *
applicable
All Insulation repairs
of boiler, steam line *
etc
Tighten all
*
foundation bolts

Boiler Manual -76-

9.4.3 Burner

A burner which is working under good combustion condition should require little service but the following
points should be checked weekly:
1. With burner running remove photocell and check flame failure circuit clean and replace.
2. The ignition electrodes and air diffuser plate should be checked and any deposits removed.
3. For further details on maintenance of burner refer Burner Manual.

9.4.4 Boiler cleaning

9.4.4.1 Tubes

A definite ruling cannot be given on the frequency of cleaning as this depends on the loading and the
quality of oil. We suggest that the boiler be opened up after first four weeks or alternatively if the fuel gas
temperature rises by 100C more than usual temperature when the boiler is in clean condition whichever is
the earliest. All soot deposit should be removed and the tubes cleaned. On the basis of findings after the
first four week a definite program of cleaning should be formulated.
Considering normal factory requirement for steam it is recommended that in any case periods between
cleaning of the boiler should not extend beyond 2 months. It is important to arrange the cleaning while the
boiler is warm. Cleaning should never be undertaken on a cold boiler.
Always bear in mind that the boiler will operate at high efficiency if the heating surface is cleaned
regularly. If they are not cleaned for a long periods the efficiency will fall and extra fuel must be burned to
meet steam requirements. It is much cheaper to clean at regular intervals than to burn fuel at low
efficiency.

9.4.4.2 Methods of cleaning

Clean the tubes as follows:

1. All tubes are accessible from the front of the boiler access to the tubes is achieved by opening the
hinged door on front & removing doors from rear smoke chambers.
2. As the tubes are cleaned all the soot will be deposited at the back of boiler. This soot can be easily
removed.
3. On replacing the doors particular attention should be paid to the sealing both of the door & smoke
chamber frame.
4. The asbestos tape should be renewed each time the door is opened if there is any sign of deterioration.
Bad seals will cause low efficiency and high maintenance cost.
5. The smoke boxes need to be cleaned in addition to the cleaning so as to ensure free path of flue gas
and low-pressure drop on gas side.

Boiler Manual -77-

9.4.5 Valves maintenance

General
To ensure easy and efficiency operation valve steams should be cleaned and lightly lubricated as required
at periodic intervals.

It leakage through a valve occur the worn or damage disks and seats should be re-faced and ground or
replaced at first opportunity as a leaking valve will quickly deteriorate if neglected.

All valves should be operated from time to time and a regular schedule of inspection of emergency valves
should take place to ensure that isolating and emergency valves will operate when required.

9.4.5.1 Repairing a leaking valve

1) Gland packing and cover gasket joints should always be of the correct material and size. During the re
assembly of the valve it is important that the faces and mechanism are kept clean and that all traces go
grinding or lapping components are removed.
2) Never use excess force to open or close a valve. The use of wheel spanners should be discouraged as
valve are provided with hand wheel large enough to give a turning force sufficient to open or close the
valve. If the valve is so tight that it cannot be fully operates by the hand wheel alone it is defective and
application of more force may make matters worse.
Valves should be operated slowly and should never be forced to its limit in either direction. Shutting a clod
valve hard down may lead to its seizure when temperature in the adjacent pipe work are later increased.

Safety Note:
Ensure that valve to be repaired is isolated. Release any pressure in the line and drain carefully.
Attach WARNING NOTICES on the isolating valves or blanking flanges.

3) Before applying force to operate a valve check the valve position indicator and the direction of
operation of the hand wheel. Always ensure that the pipe work system is operational. If repairs are
being carried out locks danger notices and warning should be posted to prevent inadvertent operation
of plant under repair.
4) It is important to ensure that the valve to be repaired can be isolated with due regard to safety, e.g. the
valve may control the water supply to the boiler which have to be shut down.

Boiler Manual -78-

9.4.5.2 Safety valve- maintenance

Keep the safety valve and easing gear clean and free from obstruction. Lubricate the easier gear. Check the
valve operation periodically.

9.4.5.2.1 Valve and Seats

The work entailed in the operation of valve and seat faces should be under control of a skilled engineer
preferably one specializing in this type of work.
1) Remove the column and spring.
2) Before grinding the faces of the valve and seat an abrasive is very sparingly smeared on the faces.
Appropriately observes such as rich or fine carborundum and oil are used.
3) Ensure that the piston chamber is correctly positioned in the body recess and seat faces by firmly
rotating the spindle clockwise and anti-clockwise between the palms of the hands.
4) Should the valve or seat face have indentations or score marks it is essential that the faces be skimmed
up until all the marks have disappeared taking off as little material as possible and maintaining the
same seat angle and width as originally supplied.
5) The valve and seat may then be ground to a polished finish as described in b and c.
6) If valve leaks or keep passing the steam it is necessary to adjust the blow down ring. Contact our
service engineer.

Warning:
The set pressure should be altered expect by a suitable qualified person authorized by your local IBR
Inspector.

If and when the settings require to be altered the following is a guide to the method that can adopt:

1) Close the main stop valve.

2) Start burner and bring pressure up to 0.7 bars below working cut out pressure.
3) Isolated pressure switch.
4) The boiler pressure will rise above normal working pressure and safety to feather (i.e. pass a small
quantity of steam). Upon a further slight rise in pressure the safety valve will blow off.
5) Should the valve lift before the required blow off pressure remove valve cap. The adjusting screw
should be then screwed down until the valve does not lift and the required pressure is reached. During
this operation care should be taken not to rotate the valve spindle which should be held stationary by
means of a rod or screwdriver inserted through the cotter hole.
6) If the valve does not fit until after the required pressure the adjusting screw should be screwed up to
obtain the necessary setting taking care to hold the spindle stationary.
7) After the valve has been set replace valve cap and cotter and padlock valve.
8) Put the pressure switches back on line.
9) NOTE: On no account must the valve be set to lift at a pressure in excess of the boiler design pressure
or in excess of any lower pressure specified by IBR / Customer.

Boiler Manual -79-

9.4.6 Water Level Controls- Maintenance

To replace complete unit proceed as follows:

Check, the Boiler is at Atmospheric Pressure
1. Shut off stop valves.
2. Switch off the electric supply at the control panel isolator switch.

9.4.6.1 Periodic Check

A thorough inspection of the controls should be made at least once per annum in the following manner:
Check, the boiler is at atmospheric pressure

1. Switch off the electric supply at the control panel isolator switch.

2. After ensuring that the unit is isolated electrically withdraw screw on switch box and remove cover.

3. Warning: Dismantling the switch units is not recommended and replacement of complete switch is
advised:

Where emergency action is unavoidable however it is important to note that:

1. The secondary magnet pivot pin is a lose assembly.

2. If the secondary magnet is inadvertently removed it must be re assembled in repulsion to the tertiary
magnet.

4. Disconnect the electric wiring ensuring that leads are marked to facilitate re-connection.

5. Remove nuts holding switch head flange to boiler flange and withdraw complete unit.

6. Remove clip securing stop cap and withdraw float assembly.

Caution:
The magnet not touch any magnetic material such as the boiler tools steel bench tops etc. and the assembly
must ably be put down in a clean place where there is not danger of the magnet collecting magnetic
particles.

7. Examine the guide tube to ensure that it is clean.

8. Check that the inside of the center tube is clean and that no scarf is attached to the magnet.

9. Check that the float is not waterlogged. Examine float rod not for alignment and wear. Check that the
float-locking nuts are tight and ensure that the whole assembly is clean and free deposits.
Caution: Before refitting the control to the boiler, it is essential that the switch head is checked for correct
operation

10. Fit the float rod assembly with its magnet into the center tube check that it moves freely up and down
before securing the stop cap with clip provided. Slowly move the float assembly to the top of its travel
and slowly lower thaw float assembly. Check visually that the float rod magnet operates the switch

Boiler Manual -80-

 units as it passes them. Fit the control back into boiler using a new joint ring(s) and tighten all holding
nuts.

11. Re-connect all electric connections. Replace switch head cover and tighten securing screw.

9.4.7 Feed pump Maintenance

The feed pump is designed to operate for long period with only the following maintenance:

9.4.7.1 Quarterly:

Check the following:

1. The pump is developing the correct pressure and flow and is not noisy or vibrating.
2. The gland is not leaking.
3. The motor is not overheating.
4. Clean the strainer if provided.

9.4.7.2 Half Yearly:

In addition to quarterly checks:

1. Check electric installation thoroughly.
2. Check that the feed water tank is open interconnecting piping between tank and pump is clean and
water supply is satisfactory.

9.4.8 Day Oil and Feed Water Tank (In clients scope)

Day Oil tank to be maintained to achieve better hassle free operating of boiler &burner.

9.4.8.1 Daily

1. Drain oil tank, till water settled in tank is removed.

2. Drain both level controllers so to remove any SPM in gauge glass.

9.4.8.2 Monthly

1. Drain oil & water tanks fully so to remove all sludge (in case of oil) & sediments, SPM etc from tanks.
2. Check thermostat working & adjustment.

9.4.8.3 Yearly

1. Both tank should be fully cleaned from inside.

2. Clean outflow heater & element coils so to get better heating.

All strainers & filters should be cleaned for any foreign material in bucket mesh.
Note: If it is found that oil is of better quality, then the cleaning cycle time can be increased as alternate or
bi weekly etc required as per case to case basis.

Boiler Manual -81-

 SECTION-10

Safety

Boiler Manual -82-

10 SAFETY
We have incorporated all the possible safeties in the Boiler; however, the user is advised to follow the
safety precautions during installation, operation and maintenance.

WARNING

The equipment must be operated and maintained by authorized and trained operators only. It is
mandatory to strictly follow all the instructions given for safe installation, operation and maintenance
of the equipment. The user will not hold us responsible for the mishaps or the accident occurring due
to negligence or by not following the instructions.

Few suggestions are summarized below, which may help to work with modular boiler, assuming that, the
final user will evolve a comprehensive safety code for all operations in the plant.

 The installation and commissioning of the equipments must be performed by trained / licensed
operators under supervision of Authorized staff.

 The boiler operation & maintenance staff should be well known with hazards of high pressure,
high temperature steam, water, gases etc.

 Before starting the boiler after shutdown, it should be checked for all maintenance personnel, tools,
scaffolding etc have been withdrawn from boiler.

 Boiler house should have proper ventilation and lighting arrangement.

 The installation of units should be done as per the instruction manual and drawings supplied along
with the unit

 None of the safeties and controls should be bypassed during the operation of the unit.

 It is mandatory to check the tightness of manhole, mud hole, smoke chamber doors, explosion door
for leak free operating before boiler startup. Do not attempt to open these doors while boiler is in
operating condition.

 Before entering into the furnace for maintenance, care should be taken to vent out all the flue gases
by running the blowers. Before entering the furnace ensure that the oil and electrical supply to the
FD fans is disconnected and the furnace is cooled to ambient temperature

 All electricity supply should be switched off and maintenance staff should ensure that no electric
supply is available at the equipment by:
 Switching of mains supply
 Removing the fuses / Switching off the MCBS
 Removing the cables from terminal strips
 Put shutdown board on equipment control
 Introduce work permit system and record on logbook.

Boiler Manual -83-

  If there is requirement of illumination for working in boiler, it should be ensured that, it is with
using low voltage bulbs, extension cords properly earthed & through an Earth Leak Circuit Breaker
(ELCB).

 Maintenance staff should use proper tools and tackles, Safety Shoes, Helmets, Safety Belts, etc.
wherever applicable

 Do not use nylon / polyester clothing, during the operation and maintenance of the boilers/ heaters.

 If more than one unit is connected to one common duct / chimney, ensure that the flue gas duct of
the unit under maintenance is removed / disconnected from the main flue gas duct or chimney.

 If more than one unit is connected to common steam header, disconnect the steam line from the
common header to take care of any reverse flow of steam.

 Before opening the pressure part of the boiler ensure that the pressure is released completely and
the air vent valve is full open and ensure that there is no discharge of vapor from the air vent line.
Also ensure that the water has cooled down to ambient temperature.

 Boiler pressure part or the furnace should not be taken for maintenance before 24 hours (minimum)
from the time of shut down. The faster cooling is harmful to the pressure part and furnace

 Use only genuine spare parts for the safety of units.

 All the users, operational and maintenance personnel should make sure that during installation,
operation and maintenance of the boiler and heater, regulations under Boiler Act, Factories Act,
Fire Insurance and Explosives Act, Pollution Control Act are strictly adhered to.

 All the safety precaution mentioned above and also in the product instruction manuals are to be
strictly followed by the user

 Always follow & maintain a system for maintenance or troubleshooting of any part by tagging or
noting respective records.

 Always remember, fire fighting, first aid, handling electric shocks etc trained personnel may save
lives & property in an emergency.

Boiler Manual -84-

 SECTION-11

Fixing Problems

Boiler Manual -85-

11.0 FIXING PROBLEMS
Some of the common problems & remedial action is as given below:

11.1 The feed water pump motor does not start

OBSERVATION CAUSE REMEDY

Overload tripped/ defective Reset/change

Contactor defective Change

Switch defective Change
Phase supply is not available at
water pump motor contactor Control fuse blown Change

Auxiliary contact defective Change

Mobray switches
Contactor is energized
Control phase not available in
mains
Mobray air break switch NC
contacts not getting activated
Supply not available from the
switches
Motor winding defective
Connections on motor loose
Check & correct mains and fuses
Check the switch contacts
Rectify/replace
Check & correct the connections
Rewind/Replace motor
Check/tighten

11.2 In BURNER ON position of Switch, FD Motors do not start and there is an alarm (while starting), water
level low safety lamp glows.

OBSERVATION CAUSE REMEDY

Auxiliary contactor for the
Extra low level Switch is
not energized
Auxiliary contactor for the
Float switch is Not energized
Feed water Pump does not start.
Low level switch/Relay
Defective
Contactor coil defective/Loose
Actual Water in the Boiler Low
or Extra Low
Float stuck
Float defective/puncture
Contactor coil defective
Overload protection
Motor Contactor
Mobray Level Control Air break
Switches
Water pump motor
Change
Change
Fill Water
Open/Clean
Change
Change
Check the overload relay of the
motor.
Check the contactor coil and
proper neutral connection. Check
the contacts of the contactor.
If timer is not energizing, check
the Mobray contacts. Rectify or
replace air break switch.
Check the motor windings.
Rewind/Replace as required.

Boiler Manual -86-

11.3 Insufficient or no water supply to the boiler. Pump is ON but there is insufficient or
no supply of water to the boiler.

OBSERVATION CAUSE REMEDY

Check whether the stop valve is open.
Check whether there is sufficient water
Disc Check Valve and stop in the tank.
valve Check whether there is any air lock at
the water pump suction
Check the mounting direction of disc
Insufficient or no water supply to check valve
the boiler. Pump is ON but there
CHECK:
is insufficient or no supply of -Direction of rotation,
water to the boiler. -Feed water Suction Strainer,
clean if found chocked.
Water Pump -Feed Water temperature more
NPSH required is more- ref
Pump Manual
-Remove the air from vent plug
of Feed Water pump

11.4 Boiler does not maintain the desired steam pressure/ lower than rated Steam out put

OBSERVATION CAUSE REMEDY

Steam load on boiler, if more than
Process steam load
actual capacity, Reduce the load
Low calorific value of fuel: Use
Fuel quality correct calorific value fuel
Check Moisture in the fuel
Boiler does not maintain the Firing method not correct:
desired steam pressure/ Lower Frequent opening of front doors
than rated Steam out put. Low fuel firing rate
Atomizing Nozzle chocked
Operational problems
Lower feed water temp.
High blow down rates
Excessive scale formation inside the
boiler: low heat transfer to water.
-Check the Rotation & Speed
of FD fan & correct if required.
-Check the F.D fan damper & open
F.D fan
more
- Check the air duct from FD fan for
the blockage/damper getting stuck
Check that there is no gap between
the furnace and the rope on the main
Furnace door. Tighten the furnace sealing
bolts provided on the front door
uniformly

Boiler Manual -87-

11.5 High Stack temperature.
OBSERVATION
High Stack temperature
11.6 Low thermal efficiency /higher fuel consumption.
OBSERVATION
Low thermal efficiency
/higher fuel consumption
11.7 Erratic operation of Mobraypump OnOff level gets disturbed.
OBSERVATION
Erratic operation of Mobray
pump on off level gets
disturbed
Boiler Manual
CAUSE REMEDY
Fuel firing rate high Reduce fuel firing rate
Over loading of boiler /Higher
rate of steam generation than
Process Steam load the boiler capacity
High calorific value of fuel &
high firing rate
Excessive scale formation
Operational problems inside the boiler: low heat
transfer to water.
Tune the Burner/Set the
Excess Air Level
Damper
CAUSE REMEDY
Over firing of fuel
Wrong firing method
Low calorific value of fuel,
fuel with high sludge,
Frequent opening of fire door
Over loading of boiler /Higher
rate of steam generation than the
Fuel firing rate
boiler capacity
Excessive scale formation inside
the boiler: low heat transfer to
water
Higher blow down rates: bad
feed water quality high
TDS/Alkalinity in boiler water
CAUSE REMEDY
Mobray float getting stuck up
inside and not moving
Mobray rod bent
Scale inside the Mobray float
chamber
Mobray float /rod
Float punctured
-Maintain boiler water quality
by blow down or proper water
treatment
- Check chlorides level in the
boiler water
-88-

Air break switches
11.8 Water carries over or wet steam from boiler.
OBSERVATION CAUSE
Fluctuating Steam load
Boiler Water quality
Water carry over or Wet steam
from boiler
Boiler Over loading
Wrong operation
11.9. Frequent blowing of Fusible plug.
OBSERVATION CAUSE
Mobray level controller
faulty
Frequent blowing of Fusible
plug. Low water conditions in
boiler
Low discharge from the feed
pump
Fusible plug
Boiler Manual
Heavier float
Check with FORBESMarshall
Air break switches
-Wrong /disturbed position
of Air break switches,
tighten at proper position
-Check Electrical
connections
REMEDY
Process should be controlled so as
to avoid steam jerks or sudden
surges of steam.
- High TDS or alkalinity in boiler
water, resulting in to high water
level fluctuations. -Increase the
blow down rate.
- Add chemical for reducing the
alkalinity
- Oil/Organic matter in the boiler
water Boil out the boiler.
- Higher than rated steam, load
on the boiler- check the steam
output from the boiler & restrict
to the rated load.
- Steam Valves should be
opened & closed very slowly
in the process.
- Operate the boiler at the
maximum working pressure
& avoid low pressure boiler
operation.
REMEDY
- Improper water level setting
in the boiler
- And Water level extra low
safety not working.
- Also Ref above Mobray
level controller problems/
Ref above the feed pump
problems
Ref above the feed pump
problems
Poor quality of fusible
plug/wrong fitting of plug.
-89-
 Higher discharge of boiler
water, leaving the boiler water
Blow down
at very low level exposing the
fusible plug to steam.
- High water level
fluctuations excessive
high level or extra low level,
Boiler water quality
due boiler water quality
problems -Ref. Water carry
Over.
Change Sealing Rope
Short Circuit of Flue Gases
Tighten the main door sealing
from Furnace Sealing Rope
bolts

11.10 Bulging of doors (front & rear), over heating of smoke boxes

OBSERVATION CAUSE REMEDY

Bulging of doors front and
rear, over heating of smoke
boxes
Due to physical damages
during opening or closing the
Refractory to be
doors or excessive fuel firing
repaired/replaced -Ref below
/back firing.
the chapter Spot Repairs of
Insulation.
Access Door Refractory
cracked or fallen
Replace the Furnace Rope and
Damage to Furnace Sealing
tighten the sealing bolts
Rope
provided on the door.

11.11 Front Door overheating

The front door of the furnace design has male-female parts which should properly fit into each other.
These two mating parts have to be packed by using furnace sealing ropes, refractory and door has to be
tightened to avoid leakages.

How to Avoid Overheating of the Front Door

1. The front door should be properly tightened. The loose bolts on the door should be checked first
and tightened.

2. Proper Matching of refractory: The refractory of both the male and female part should be exactly
matching without leaving any gap for the leakage.

3. Furnace Sealing Rope: The standard 32X32 size furnace sealing rope should be used to pack the
mating parts to avoid leakage.

Boiler Manual -90-

Symptoms of front door overheating

1. White ring:
If the front door overheats during the operation of the boiler, the periphery of the door develops a
white ring which is visible when the door is open.

2. Bulging:
Due to excessive heating of the front door for a long time can result in development of bulge of the
front door.

3. High heat radiation:

As the hot flue gases of the combustion due to leakage for various reasons causes heating of the
door and heat is radiated from the door. Thus is one of the symptoms of front door heating.

S. No Probable Causes Remedies

1 Front door sealing rope not Supply sealing rope/tighten the rope
provided or tightened. without any clearance.

2 Large gap between burner and The refractory should be aligned

refractory. with the burner so that there is no
clearance between the two.

3 Furnace refractory damaged. Refractory material to be replaced.

4 Furnace extension ring burnt out Furnace extension ring to be

replaced.

Boiler Manual -91-

 SECTION-12

Log Book Detail

Boiler Manual -92-

12.0 LOG BOOK DETAILS
Every boiler should be maintained with its own log book. The contents of log book can be identified with
the help of following table.

Boiler log book

Shift Operator Name Sign Date:

I
II
III

Time Oil Steam Oil Water Blow TDS Remarks

Level in Level in Down Time
Press Temp Pressure Flow meter Tank Tank
H:M Kg/Cm2 O
C Kg/Cm2 Kg Mtr Mtr Hr : Min

The remark column facilitates operator, during shift changeover. The happenings during one shift should
be conveyed to next shift and has to be documented.

Following are benefits of maintaining Log Book:

1. The log book helps to monitor the performance of boiler
2. Planning maintenance shut down etc.
3. Monitor water quality fed in the boiler.

Log Book may incorporate details like chemical dosing, stack temperature details, time of water pumped
in boiler etc.

Boiler Manual -93-

 SECTION-13

Dos and Donts for

Operations

Boiler Manual -94-

 CAUTION:

13.1 Water System -

1. Do not use turbid water in the softener/DM/Water treatment plant,

this may choke the resins of these equipment. Get the water (2
liters) and Resin (50 cc) analyzed every year.

13.2 Operation -

2. Check the feed water quality every 4hrs of running & ensure it is
as per the requirement.

3. Feed only SOFT WATER into the boiler always. Never feed hard
water as this will result in scale formation. Scale results in to low
heat transfer to the water & over heating of tubes.

4. Scaled tubes and metal parts like furnace dont transfer the heat to
the water, hence overheating may take place, resulting in to metal
failure or bursting.

Boiler Manual -95-

 5. Oxygen present in the water attacks the metal surface of the boiler
shell, which results into pitting.

The Low pH of water results into corrosion of the metal surface.

Hence regular use of water treatment chemicals is recommended.

Use water treatment chemicals for the treatment of Oxygen

Pitting, pH corrosion, residual hardness, Alkalinity etc., and
ensure that the dosing of these chemicals is done regularly.

6. Ensure that proper quality and quantity of regenerates are used in

the water treatment plant and proper procedure is adopted in
running the plant with specified quality of regenerates.

13.3 Electricals:

7. Control Panel:

 Check electrical input once in a day, to the control panel.

 Check all the controls and safeties regularly as mentioned in

the manual.

WARNING:
Never short circuit safeties and work the boiler. It may end up in costly damages.

Boiler Manual -96-

 13.4 Boiler Unit:

8. Give blow down after regular intervals to maintain the Boiler

water quality.

9. Negligence in operation may cause severe damage to the boiler.

And automatic does not mean, no attention required.

13.5 General:

Operation:

10. Maintain the Log book supplied with the boiler. It will help in
detecting faults, if any, at the early stages itself.

Refer Log Book section.

11. Keep spares in stock to minimize down time due to breakdowns,

if any.

Boiler Manual -97-

 SECTION-14

Service & Spare Parts List

Boiler Manual -98-

14.0 Service
If you still need help please contact your nearest FORBES Marshall representative. The address and
contact number of our major branches are listed on the back of this manual. Theyll be happy to direct you
to any representative in your area or provide service themselves.

Product Serial Number:

Please record all instance of field problems and actions taken in the space below.

Date Problem Action Taken Serviced By

Boiler Manual -99-

14.1 Field Service Report
This form should be used to report filled problems. A copy should be filled out by your Forbes Marshall
customer service engineer. Any product which requires servicing to be sent back to Works cannot be
completed without this report. If the product is returned to our Works you should include either the
original excise gate pass or our invoice number and date.
If youd prefer an estimate before proceeding with repair:
You should clarify on the form weather you weather you would like to see a cost estimate before we make
any necessary repairs. If you indicate that an estimate is required our works engineer will complete part 6
of the form and return it you. If this estimate is satisfactory you should approve the estimate and return the
approved form to your Forbes Marshall representative. Only then will servicing proceed.

14.2 SPARES

It is suggested that certain essential spares may be kept in stock to avoid idle time due to unpredictable
breakdowns and non-availability of parts with you. It may take some time for us to arrange for the part
/component at site.

If there is any breakdown due to component failure, it is better to replace the defective component and if
possible repair the defective component if repairable, at leisure, as replacement is faster and easier.

List with ordering No. of each component can be taken up from nearest office. For the amount of the water
conditioning and fuel additive chemicals to be stored, approach our nearest office.

Boiler Manual -100-

 Field Service Report:

Report: Date:

Division:

1) Customer Information:

Customer name:

Address :

Site:

Contact person: Phone:

Reference:

2) Product Information

Product description :

Serial number: Original Invoice # Date:

Input/Inlet Details:

Output/Outlet Details:

The product is online offline

Connections flanged screwed welded

Mounting Details:

3) Application Information

Process media:

Pressure: temperature:

Sensor Details (if any)

Mounting Details:

4) Observed Problems or symptoms

Boiler Manual -101-

 5) Proposed Action:

Repair at site return to estimate first

Works under warranty
Field Engineers sign customer sign

6) To Be filled in for Estimate Purposes

Estimated cost:

List any important spares which must be provided by customer:

Signature of MFG/CSD Engineer:

7) Customers Endorsement

We accept the above repair estimate.

Signature and stamp:

Boiler Manual -102-

 SECTION-15

FUELS &
COMBUSTION

Boiler Manual -103-

)8(/6$1'&20%867,21


x
)8(/)25%2,/(5

)RUEHV0DUVKDOOERLOHULQJHQHUDOLVGHVLJQHGWRRSHUDWHRQOLTXLGDVZHOODVJDVHRXVIXHO)XHOV
ZLWKDYHU\ZLGHUDQJHRIKHDWLQJYDOXHFDQEHXVHGIRUKHDWLQJLQWKHVHERLOHUV/LNHZDWHULWLV
H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW WKDW WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH IXHO JRLQJ LQWR WKH ERLOHU LV FDUHIXOO\ FRQWUROOHG LQ
RUGHU WR REWDLQ JRRG SHUIRUPDQFH RXW RI WKH ERLOHU :KLOH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DIIHFWV WKH %RLOHU
SHUIRUPDQFHGXHWRLWVHIIHFWVLQVLGHWKHKHDWLQJVXUIDFHVWKHIXHOTXDOLW\DIIHFWVWKHRXWVLGHRI
WKHKHDWLQJVXUIDFHV7RLQVXUHWKHRSWLPXPSHUIRUPDQFHZHQHHGWRNQRZWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKH
IXHODQGPDNHQHFHVVDU\DGMXVWPHQWV:HVKDOOGLVFXVVEHORZVRPHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWSURSHUWLHV
RIIXHOV

x
&20326,7,212))8(/6

0RVWRIWKHIXHOVFRPSULVHRIFRPSRXQGVIRUPHGRXWRIFDUERQDQGK\GURJHQDQGLQVRPHFDVHV
RWKHUHOHPHQWVOLNHVXOSKXUHWF9HU\RIWHQIXHOVDOVRFRQWDLQR[\JHQLQWKHPROHFXOHV

0RVW RI WKH IXHOV XVHG LQ WKH ERLOHUV DUH GHULYHG IURP SHWUROHXP 7KHVH IXHOV DUH YHU\ ULFK LQ
FDUERQ DQG K\GURJHQ 7KH OLTXLG IXHOV JHQHUDOO\ KDYH PRUH FDUERQ DQG OHVV K\GURJHQ ZKHQ
FRPSDUH WR JDVHRXV IXHOV 7KH FDUERQ FRQWHQW IRU SHWUROHXP EDVHG OLTXLG IXHOV ZRXOG EH
JHQHUDOO\DQGK\GURJHQFRQWHQW3HWUROHXPEDVHGJDVHRXVIXHOJHQHUDOO\KDYHD
FDUERQFRQWHQWIURPDQGK\GURJHQFRQWHQWIURP1DWXUDOJDVKDVPXFKKLJKHU
K\GURJHQFRQWHQWDQGPXFKORZHUFDUERQFRQWHQW'HSHQGLQJRQWKHFDUERQK\GURJHQUDWLRWKH
EXUQLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFKDQJH%XUQHUVIRUEXUQLQJWKHVHIXHOVQHHGWREHVSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGIRU
SXUSRVH,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRGHVLJQEXUQHUVWREXUQDUDQJHRIOLTXLGIXHOVDVZHOODVJDVHRXV
IXHOVXVXDOO\RQHDWDWLPH'HSHQGLQJXSRQWKHVSHFLILFIXHOFRPSRVLWLRQLQXVHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR
DGMXVWWKHEXUQHU,IIXHOFRPSRVLWLRQFKDQJHVDIWHULQLWLDODGMXVWPHQWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRUHDGMXVW
WKHEXUQHUWRVXLWWKHQHZFRPSRVLWLRQ

7KHUH DUHWZRSRSXODUZD\VRIDQDO\]LQJIXHO FRPSRVLWLRQ2QH PHWKRG LVWRKDYHDFRPSOHWH

FKHPLFDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH TXDQWLWLHV RI YDULRXV HOHPHQWV SUHVHQW FDOOHG XOWLPDWH DQDO\VLV 7KH
RWKHU PHWKRG LV WR DQDO\]H TXDQWLWLHV RI EHKDYLRUDO JURXSV RI FRPSRQHQWV SUHVHQW LQ WKH IXHO
FDOOHGDVSUR[LPDWHDQDO\VLVRIIXHO

$VWKHXOWLPDWHDQDO\VLVRIWKHIXHOJLYHVWKHTXDQWLWLHVRIHOHPHQWVSUHVHQWWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQFDQ
EHXVHGIRUWKHRUHWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQVRIWKHDLUUHTXLUHGWREXUQDQGWKHKHDWRXWSXWRQEXUQLQJ,W
VKRXOGEHPHQWLRQHGKHUHWKDWWKHRUHWLFDOFDOFXODWLRQRIKHDWLQJYDOXHVPD\QRWEHH[DFWGXHWR
WKHGLIILFXOWLHVLQMXGJLQJH[DFWO\ZKHWKHUVRPHRIWKHFRPEXVWLEOHDWRPVDUHDOUHDG\OLQNHGWR
R[\JHQRUQRW

7KH FRPSRQHQW ZLVH DQDO\VLV LV XVHG WR MXGJH KRZ WKH IXHO ZRXOG EHKDYH GXULQJ WKH EXUQLQJ
SURFHVV 7\SLFDOO\ WKH TXDQWLW\ RI ZD[ FRQWHQW ZLOO LQGLFDWH SUREDEOH SUREOHPV RQH PD\
HQFRXQWHU GXH WR ZD[ VROLGLILFDWLRQ *HQHUDOO\ D KLJKHU YLVFRVLW\ RI SHWUROHXP RLOV DW URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH ZRXOG LQGLFDWH D KLJKHU FDUERQ K\GURJHQ UDWLR JLYLQJ D KLJKHU IODPH OXPLQRVLW\
JLYLQJ D KLJKHU UDGLDQW KHDW WUDQVIHU LQ WKH IODPH DW WKH VDPH WLPH LQGLFDWLQJ D SRVVLELOLW\ RI
VOXJJLVKFRPEXVWLRQ

7KHUH LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW YDOXH WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH EXUQLQJ EHKDYLRU RI WKH IXHO FDOOHG FDUERQ
UHVLGXH DOVR VRPHWLPHV UHIHUUHG WR DV &RQUDGVRQ FDUERQ 7KH FDUERQ UHVLGXH LV QRW QRUPDOO\
UHSRUWHG HLWKHU LQ WKH XOWLPDWH DQDO\VLV RU LQ WKH FRPSRQHQW ZLVH DQDO\VLV XQOHVV VSHFLILFDOO\
DVNHG IRU 7KH FDUERQ UHVLGXH LV YHU\ GLIILFXOW WR EXUQ DQG D SRUWLRQ RI WKLV UHVLGXH FDQ EH
H[SHFWHG WR SUHFLSLWDWH DV VRRW XQOHVV YHU\ VSHFLDO FDUH LV WDNHQ LQ WKH JHRPHWU\ RI WKH
FRPEXVWLRQ FKDPEHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH FRPEXVWLRQ FKDPEHU DQG WKH UHVLGHQFH WLPH RI
EXUQLQJDQGVXFKRWKHUSDUDPHWHUV

x
&$/25,),&9$/8(2))8(/

7KH FDORULILF YDOXH LV WKH TXDQWLW\ RI KHDW WKH IXHO JLYHV RXW GXH WR FRPEXVWLRQ &DUERQ EXUQV
IRUPLQJFDUERQGLR[LGH+\GURJHQEXUQVWRIRUPWKHR[LGHRIK\GURJHQZKLFKLVZDWHU6XOSKXU
LISUHVHQWIRUPVVXOSKXUGLR[LGHDQGVRPHVXOSKXUWULR[LGH

7KHUHDUHWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIHYDOXDWLQJWKHFDORULILFYDOXHRIIXHO2QHYDOXHLVNQRZQDVWKH
JURVVFDORULILFYDOXH*&97KH*&9LVWKHKHDW JLYHQRXWGXHWRWKHFRPEXVWLRQ RIWKHIXHO
ZLWKDOOWKHZDWHUZKLFKKDVEHHQIRUPHGKDYLQJDOUHDG\FRQGHQVHG,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH*&9LV
WKHKHDWZKLFKKDVEHHQUHOHDVHGE\WKHFRPEXVWLRQDQGLQFOXGHVWKHODWHQWKHDWJLYHQRIIE\WKH
VWHDPZKLFKKDGIRUPHGGXULQJWKHFRPEXVWLRQFRQGHQVLQJWRZDWHUODWHURQ,WFDQEHFOHDUO\
VHHQWKDW*&9LVQRWDYDLODEOHIRUXVHZKLOHXVLQJWKHIXHOLQDFWXDOSUDFWLFHEHFDXVHWKHVWHDP
IRUPHG GRHV QRW LQ SUDFWLFH FRQGHQVH EXW JRHV RII WR WKH DWPRVSKHUH WKURXJK WKH FKLPQH\
7KHUHIRUH*&9LVQRWDXVHIXOILJXUHWRHYDOXDWHWKHKHDWREWDLQDEOHE\XVLQJWKHIXHO+RZHYHU
DV*&9LVWKHHDVLHUTXDQWLW\WRPHDVXUHJHQHUDOO\DIWHUWKHIXHOLVWHVWHGWKHFDORULILFYDOXHLV
UHSRUWHGLQWHUPVRI*&9

7KH XVHIXO KHDW DYDLODEOH IURP WKH FRPEXVWLRQ RI D IXHO LV NQRZQ DV WKH ORZHU FDORULILF
YDOXH/&97KH/&9LVWKHKHDWJLYHQRXWE\WKHIXHOGXULQJFRPEXVWLRQLQDFWXDOSUDFWLFH7KH
YDOXHRI/&9LVDUULYHGDWGXULQJWHVWLQJRIWKHIXHOE\ILUVWREWDLQLQJWKHYDOXHRI*&9XVLQJ
VD\ DERPEFDORULPHWHU WKHQGHGXFWLQJ NFDONJRIVWHDPIRUPHGGXULQJ FRPEXVWLRQRID
GU\ VDPSOH RI IXHO 6RPHWLPHV FDORULILF YDOXH LV GHQRWHG E\ 1&9 1RPLQDO FDORULILF YDOXH
1&9LVWKHVDPHDV/&98QLWRIFDORULILFYDOXHLVNFDONJRUNFDO1P
x
3+<6,&$/&21',7,212))8(/

&RPEXVWLRQ V\VWHP DUH GHVLJQHG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQWV QRW RQO\ WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RU
FDORULILFYDOXHEXWDOVRSK\VLFDOSDUDPHWHUVOLNHYLVFRVLW\OXEULFLW\HWF)RUSURSHUDWRPL]DWLRQLQ
DEXUQHULWLVQHFHVVDU\WRPDLQWDLQOLTXLGIXHODWDYLVFRVLW\RIFHQWLVWRNHVDWWKHEXUQHU
WLS

x
&/($1/,1(66
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQVLQWKHSK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHIXHOLVWKHFOHDQOLQHVVRIWKH
IXHO 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKLV DVSHFW LV YHU\ RIWHQ WKH PRVW LJQRUHG UHVXOWLQJ LQ D YHU\ VDG VWDWH RI
DIIDLUV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH RSHUDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH ERLOHU ZHDU RXW RI FULWLFDO SDUWV DQG
XQUHOLDEOHRSHUDWLRQ,QVSLWHRIDFWXDOH[SHULHQFHRIUHSHDWHGWULSSLQJDQGXQUHOLDEOHRSHUDWLRQRI
ERLOHUV UHVXOWLQJ LQ SURGXFWLRQ ORVVHV WKHUH KDYH EHHQ PDQ\ FDVHV ZKHUH LQVWHDG RI HQVXULQJ
FOHDQOLQHVVRIIXHOHQHUJ\KDVEHHQZDVWHGDWWHPSWLQJUHWXQLQJRIEXUQHUVFKDQJLQJRIHOHFWULFDO
FLUFXLWU\HWF7KHIRUHPRVWSULRULW\LQERLOHURSHUDWLRQDIWHUHQVXULQJSURSHUO\WUHDWHGIHHGZDWHU
VXSSO\VKRXOGEHDVVXULQJDFOHDQIXHO&OHDQOLQHVVRIWKHIXHOFDQEHDVVXUHGRQO\LIJUHDWFDUHLV
WDNHQULJKWIURPWKHPRPHQWWKHIXHODUULYHVLQWKHSODQWE\ILOWHULQJDWWKHWLPHRIWDNLQJWKHRLO
LQ WR WKH VWRUDJH WDQN IXUWKHU ILOWHULQJ EHWZHHQ WKH VWRUDJH WDQN DQG GD\ WDQN IXUWKHU ILOWHULQJ
EHWZHHQWKHGD\WDQNDQGWKHIXHOSXPSDQGNHHSLQJWKHVHILOHUVDOZD\VFOHDQ

&RPEXVWLRQ LV JHQHUDOO\ WKH R[LGDWLRQ RI FDUERQ K\GURJHQ DQG VXOSKXU LQ WKH IXHO )RU DOO
SUDFWLFDOSXUSRVHVR[\JHQLVVXSSOLHGE\SURYLGLQJVXIILFLHQWDWPRVSKHULFDLU7KHDLUGHOLYHU\LV
VRDGMXVWHG JHRPHWULFDOO\ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRIXHOGHOLYHU\WRHQVXUHSURSHU PL[LQJ ,QVSLWHRIWKH
EHVW SRVVLEOH PL[LQJ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR SURYLGH PRUH WKDQ MXVW VXIILFLHQW DLU IRU WKH FKHPLFDO
UHDFWLRQWRHQVXUHFRPSOHWHFRPEXVWLRQ7KLVH[FHVVDLUQHFHVVDULO\QHHGVWREHNHSWDPLQLPXP
E\DVHIILFLHQWDPL[LQJDVSRVVLEOHVRWKDWWKHIOXHJDVTXDQWLWLHVDUHNHSWDPLQLPXPDFKLHYLQJ
PLQLPXP ORVV RI KHDW WKURXJK WKH FKLPQH\ 7KH HQWLUH H[SHUWLVH RI D EXUQHU GHVLJQ UHYROYHV
DURXQGWKLVLPSRUWDQWFRQFHSW

x
&+(0,675<2)&20%867,21

7\SLFDOFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVLQYROYHGDUH

&2 &2NFDONJRIFDUERQ

&2 &2NFDONJRIFDUERQ

&22 &2NFDONJRIFDUERQ

+2 +2NFDONJRI+

62 62NFDONJRI6

7KHVH FDOFXODWLRQ KHOS HVWLPDWLQJ VWRLFKLRPHWULF DLU UHTXLUHG &DORULILF YDOXHV DUH HVWLPDWHG LQ
ODERUDWRU\ 6RPH LPSHULDO IRUPXODH PD\ EH XVHG IRU DSSUR[LPDWH HVWLPDWH RI FDOYDOXHV IRU
GLIIHUHQWIXHOV

,QSUDFWLFHFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIH[FHVVDLUKDVWREHVXSSOLHGLQRUGHUWRFRPSHQVDWHIRUWKHODFNRI
FRQWDFWEHWZHHQIXHO DQGR[\JHQ7KLVDPRXQW ZLOOYDU\IURPWRGHSHQGLQJXSRQIXHO
DQG IXUQDFH GHVLJQ ,Q VRPH FDVHV HJ H[WHUQDO UHIUDFWRU\ OLQHG IXUQDFHV IXUWKHU H[FHVV DLU
QHHGVWREHVXSSOLHGWROLPLWIXUQDFHWHPSHUDWXUHEHORZFDNLQJDVKVRIWHQLQJWHPSHUDWXUH

7KHWRWDODPRXQWRIDLUVKRXOGEHMXGLFLRXVO\GLVWULEXWHGDVSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\DLU,WVKDOOEH
QRWHG WKDW VHFRQGDU\ DLU LV YHU\ HIIHFWLYH IRU FRPEXVWLRQ RI JDVHRXV SURGXFWV LQFOXGLQJ &2
JHQHUDWHG LQ WKH UHGXFLQJ ]RQH RI WKLFN EHG RI ORZ YRODWLOH PDWWHU IXHOV OLNH FRNH 3UHVVXUH
UHTXLUHG IRU SULPDU\ DLU QHHGV WR EH MXVW VXIILFLHQW WR SXVK XS WR WKH WRS RI IXHO EHG ZLWKRXW
SUHVVXULQJWKHIXUQDFH6HFRQGDU\DLUVKRXOGEHVXSSOLHGDWKLJKSUHVVXUHWKURXJKMHWVZKLFKZLOO
SHQHWUDWHWKURXJKWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIJDVHVDFURVVLW


  























 































  
















 

  


%2,/(56$)(7<9$/9(


































 








 


 


 







 










23(5$7,212)7+(6$)(7<9$/9(














 



 




 










 




 




















 

 












 






 



 








 





 




 !









"














#$
%&'




(

 )
)*
+$$$
,$+
-






$./






7(50,12/2*<2)7+(6$)(7<9$/9(6(77,1*


x
6HW3UHVVXUH0
1





 









x
%ORZRII3UHVVXUH0
1



 

















 



%2



 



x
5HVHW3UHVVXUH0
1



 















 


 
 

&%2

%2



 
















3&


%2
 




-42












3&









x
 












!





 
-4%%
5&
6

7

 
8



 




R
6DIHW\YDOYH6HWSUHVVXUH0
1
-4%%
95&
67

# 8

R
%ORZRIISUHVVXUH0
1
--4:
95&
67

# 8


%2




























 

R
5HVHW3UHVVXUH0
1
;%5&
67

# 8


-42



# 









3&














  


%RLOHUVDIHW\YDOYH



  







<






 














 


 




























 

  



 








 


















 



















 
*
























 









 












 




 !!!"


9

















 
!






*







 



!#




































 






/










.


























 



 













 




) 



 




 

















 



1 







 























 
































 









































 
 


 









$

















 




*









$! !%



 










(

 






$./

$ 



$





(


















0



)
* 







)






 


4=






 

)
$ 

 




 

 





 







6







(



8
>




 

 
















(


 







 

















(
 



,



































 





)
$










(
 


 
























 

  


)
























)
#

 








&



?



 











 





 
 








 


$./
5
* 

  















)




 



  















7$57,1*$1'
0$,17(1$1&(,16758&7,21
)25
08/7,909,



1
 (G3DJH











08/7,909,

6(5,(6(5,$/









7(&+1,&$/,1)250$7,216 


67$57,1*$1'0$,17(1$1&(,16758&7,216






































 




 





































 




 







9,6$ 9(5,),(3$5 9,6$
6LJQDWXUH &KHFNHGE\ 6LJQDWXUH


1
 (G3DJH



 *(1(5$/


 





 

 !"#

$%&'(&


 )*+,")!
+)!
!!)-
%$&''.&

 



"
%/$

0
"
.//'123



$SSOLFDWLRQV








45
4

 6

7


6
8


2
945
45
4
 
 4
5

5


6
:
6
62
9;
8
4

 
8

4
8
 



4



6  




7HFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV



0D[LPXPRSHUDWLQJSUHVVXUH


2

 4
"
<=7
3.

:=/0./ >2
1 ;



<=

:=/0./ >
2
<
 ;

2

 4
"
3.7
3.

:=/

./
>
2
<
 ;

2

 4
"
<=5

4

?
9
3.

:=/ >
2
1
 ;



<=

:=/ >
2
<
 ;

2
@

 
73/





7HPSHUDWXUHUDQJH


#
 
A
+B4



:

C)D&D*#E


  ;
7


2
3=F

G
3</F

? 

44 

:?
+H4



;
7


2
3=F

G
$/F

@


7
4

"#






: 
;
7

G
1/F

@
7
G
1/F
@

E
:D*#
7
4


 

8
C)D
7
4

,
;




6RXQGOHYHO


A


>5

5
94
5

6
7



('

:;

=/
>


((

:;

./
>





 6$)(7<




*

 
6

 4

4

6






4

6




4




 




6\PEROVXVHGLQWKHLQVWUXFWLRQ

6HFXULW\LQVWUXFWLRQQRQUHVSHFWFDQLQGXFHLQMXU\





(OHFWULFDOVHFXULW\QRQUHVSHFWFDQLQGXFHLQMXU\




I)!+"
J



#6
 
7

 




4 









 75$163257+$1'/,1*$1'6725$*(






D
4

5
9





4
4

 
!
6




5
9















I)!+"
J



1
 (G3DJH




!






 

5




6








6
 

:65
 
;




 'XHWRKLJKSRVLWLRQRIFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\DQGVPDOOJURXQGVXUIDFHRIWKLVW\SHRI
SXPSVEHZDUHRIXQVWDELOLW\GXULQJKDQGOLQJWRDYRLGDQ\IDOOLQJGRZQDQGWDNH
 QHFHVVDU\PHDQVWRDYRLGLQMXULHVRUGDPDJLQJ









6






46


4


6







 352'8&76$1'$&&(6625,(6




 'HVFULSWLRQVHHILJXUHVDQG




3
2
#2


<
2




'
2

 4


1
2
"2


=
2
?4

4
4

.
2
A24
4

(
2



%
2
#

$
2
#4
9

3/
2
)

6


33
2


 

3<
2
4
9

3'
2
K
9


7
@




7


 




 7KHSXPS



x
?
 4

:<

<1
4 ;

245








@





x
#
4





x
K4
7

2



 4
"
3.
7




24

 



2
5
4 9

 5


2



 4
"
<=
7



4 9



2
4
: 

;5

2


 
4

?
9
7



9

: 

;




 7KHPRWRU



4



>
4








2
9
6

4

6
4 




@
7
!
==


! 

7
K





)RUPRWRUYDULDWRUILWWHGRQ08/7,9(RU09,(SXPSVVHHVSHFLILFHOHFWURQLF
OHDIOHW


+]
S{OHVS{OHV
<$//
3(=/
'=//

<</&'%/
?
L&
<=1&11/
?

'%/
?
'
L&
11/
?
'

0RWHXUDYHFWHQVLRQVWDQGDUGWROpUDQFHVXUWHQVLRQUpVHDXr rHQ+] HQ+]
E#
4

7


9
M
3/
N

=/
>
0
M
.
N

./
>





1
 (G3DJH



))")!+"
J


"

O4
@


&
0D[LPXQQXPEHURIVWDUWVSHUKRXU




          

AGLUHFW 3//
(=
./
=/
1/
'/
'/
<=
</
</
3=


&4
8&'
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
'/
'/
<=

6WDUGHOWD8'



 $FFHVVRULHVDVRSWLRQ



62
9
8
 4

8


4 
9
8
9




8


@
8
"
<=
2
24
: ;


: 
;
8



24
"
3.



2


 
8
2

8
2


8


8
624

9
8
@

6
?
6

((
8


P
: 
;
Q






 ,167$//$7,21


)

 
7


)LJSXPSLQVXFWLRQ

)LJSXPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH

4
9
:$;



6
:3/;

624


6 




 ,QVWDOODWLRQ


! 





 6

5

4 
 


 

 



4




K
6






:4
9;



@
:3<;






! 





9
:
 
3/

4;
:3';

@




: 

4
';


K 

 4




9
:9


;


6

 


  


 





44


 5
 



@


7
 



 6














 




6









$OWLWXGH 3HUWHGHKDXWHXU 7HPSpUDWXUH 3HUWHGHKDXWHXU
$OWLWXGH /RVVRIKHDG 7HPSHUDWXUH /RVVRIKHDG

/


/
 
</F
/5</
 


=//


/5./
 
'/F
/51/
 


3///


353=
 
1/F
/5(/
 


3=//


35(/
 
=/F
35</
 


<///


<5</
 
./F
35$/
 


<=//


<5.=
 
(/F
'53/
 


'///


'5</
 
%/F
15(/
 



$/F
(53/
 



3//F
3/5'/
 





I)!+"
J



$ERYH&SODQWRLQVWDOOWKHSXPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH






 +\GUDXOLFFRQQHFWLRQV




2



4

 4
7





6





24







2



4

 47









24

:24 5
2

;
!

4

5
6

4




1
 (G3DJH





:
;



2



 
4
7

95


 




@


 

:9





  ;



2
)




 








4



2
)

 















2


4









 
 



: 5
 5
 ;
&RQQHFWLRQVKDVWRFRUUHFWO\VHDOHG1RDLUHQWUDQFHLV
DOORZHGRQWKHVXFWLRQSLSHZKLFKLVVKRZLQJDPRXQWLQJGHFOLYLW\6HH
ILJXUH



2
I 











4


 







2
3XPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH
7


2




 4







 




"
7
)




4





5


 4

62

9






 (OHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQV



7KHHOHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQVDQGWKHLQVSHFWLRQVKDYHWREHGRQHE\D
TXDOLILHGHOHFWULFLDQDQGFRPSO\ZLWKWKHDSSOLFDEOHORFDOVWDQGDUGV
 


)RUWKHHOHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQVDQGVWDUWLQJRIWKHPRWRUYDULDWRUILWWHGRQ
0XOWL9(RU09,(SXPSVVHHVSHFLILFHOHFWURQLFOHDIOHW



)

 
:65
45

;










7
9






6
 



 


6

29

















 
 4


:6
;




6



6XSSO\QHWZRUN



 8VHDQHOHFWULFDOFDEOHFRQIRUPLQJZLWKWKH1DWLRQDO(OHFWULF6XSSO\&RPSDQ\
 7KUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUVSKDVHVHDUWK


)
 



@


4



6
4





:
 65


4
4 ;

4





 
 


5HILWWKHDWWDFKPHQWVFUHZVRIWKHPRWRUDQGWKHFRXSOLQJJXDUGV

!
 65


4



@5



4
4
@







6

4
 





@
:

4
1;

A

4







$FRQQHFWLRQHUURUZRXOGGDPDJHWKHPRWRU7KHSRZHUFDEOHPXVWQHYHU
WRXFKWKHSLSHRUWKHSXPSPDNHVXUHWKDWLWLVVKHOWHUHGIURPDQ\

KXPLGLW\



)


 








6

6WULFWO\
IROORZWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVJLYHQE\WKHGDWDVKHHWRIWKHFRQYHUWHU
VPDQXIDFWXUHU



)

 

4
4
9




4

3///?

:31;

I&

:?4&)
;
4

<=//
?&R 
!




4
4



4

 5
 9

4




 








!

6




:
8
;








!
 








4
5



 6

  
  '2127)25*(772&211(&772($57+

 67$57,1*83




1
 (G3DJH

   3ULRUFOHDQLQJ




  
6
 








6
!


6

 

!



64
 





 4






6

 



 )LOOLQJGHJDVVLQJ







I)!+"



1HYHURSHUDWHWKHSXPSGU\HYHQEULHIO\


3XPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH
: 
4
<;


2
 

 4

:';


2
+

4
4
:=;5




:<;

6









 

4
4
6







@







,QKRWZDWHUDVWUHDPRIZDWHUPD\HVFDSHIURPWKHYHQWLQJSRUW7DNHDOO
UHTXLUHGSUHFDXWLRQVDVUHJDUGVSHUVRQVDQGPRWRU







3XPSLQVXFWLRQ7
)
 
 
7



VW


 FDVH
: 
4
=3;


2
 

 4

:';5




:<;


2
*

4
4
:=;



2
I 


24
4
:.;




 4
1

=
 



2





4
4


6










2







@5
4





2
#

4
4



24
4
9





QG


 FDVH
: 
4
=<;



K4



 
6
4






5







S
T
9



I)!+"
J
)
4



 



 
=/





4




2
 

 4

:';5




:<;


2
+

9


4
4



2
I 
1

=


24
4
:.;



2
K






6






4
4
:=;



2
 

9
:




;5




 




:=;


4

24
4
:.;





'U\UXQQLQJSURWHFWLRQ



)
 




6
5







 











 &KHFNWKHPRWRUVHQVHRIURWDWLRQ




*

4
4 



)

4
6


9





6

94



)

4

4
4 







) *2 #
+)+*



#



6
6
 4

29

9








6


















!

6
 



 





9






 




#!",
 #

+)+*



)
 



P 

 4








9



1
 (G3DJH






 6WDUWLQJXS



'HSHQGLQJRQFRQYH\HGIOXLGDQGUXQQLQJRISXPSVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHFDQ
H[FHHG&7DNHQHFHVVDU\PHDQVWRDYRLGLQMXULHV









I)!+" 7KHSXPSPXVWQRWRSHUDWHDW]HURIORZFORVHGGLVFKDUJHYDOYHIRUPRUH
WKDQPLQXWHVZLWKFROGZDWHU7&DQGPRUHWKDQPLQXWHVDERYH
&


D


 





3/
N















9









C

 4

 



#





+
4
4



!


9

</H5
FORVHWKHSOXJ




5


</H








#
4





!
 6
:6



4
@
=
;

 
 



!

9

4
4
:





 ;5
6



 4


)








9
 
6

 4


5

 65


4



!
 

5


4

4




4



)


45
 

 4



4
45





</H5



4



4
4
A


4







+

 4






 
94




9






@














 0$,17(1$1&(

%HIRUHDQ\RSHUDWLRQVZLWFKRIIWKHSXPSV

 )RU08/7,9(RU09,(SXPSVILWWHGZLWKPRWRUYDULDWRUVHHWKHVSHFLILF

OHDIOHW








"







C





6




!
 

4
45




 9

 5


 








)
4
4

4










6





!



4 








4
4


4

4
4 
:6
6
A'<3*
9

%3$3


@;


6


 4









0RWRUVZLWKRXWOXEULFDWLQJGHYLFHV



4









6








0RWRUVZLWKOXEULFDWLQJGHYLFHV
#
 



!
 45

6
=
///



4 
  


4




0HFKDQLFDOVHDOV



)





6



!
 


6






 23(5$7,1*'()$8/76








6

#D!)
+KK



)RU08/7,9(RU09,(SXPSVILWWHGZLWKPRWRUYDULDWRUVHHWKHVSHFLILFOHDIOHW








1
 (G3DJH



'()$8/76&$86(6 5(0(',(6


3XPSWXUQVEXWQRGHOLYHU\



;
)



;
A 






 
6

 



;
#

;





 


;




;
9
4









9

4



;
K




4
9



4





;









;
#
 

;
)
4








:9

"#




5

 

 



 ;


 



;
9

4








 2 




 





;
)
6
4











1
 (G3DJH




7KHSXPSYLEUDWHV


;
 


;
9

4
6





 





;
A 







;
9



6


94

;

 4




;
9







;
A










;







7KHPRWRURYHUKHDWV


;
?4


;
9
4




5




r
3/
N

=/
>



r
.
N

./
>



4


;
A 














;

 
6




;


;
)




4


@



G
1/F 



;



6






4
1

G1/F





;
4





@



1
 (G3DJH





7KHSXPSGHOLYHUVLQVXIILFLHQWSUHVVXUH



;
)




;
A 













: ;



;
*



;
)





;
+

4














;


4


;

* 

 


6
44


 







@


;
9




4




;
)






4
6
:2 ;
9

4








 2 


 
;

 





;
)
24

4


6

4



;
)
6
4












7KHFLUFXLWEUHDNHUGHYLFHLVRQ



;
)
4


;
9












4


6









:
;



;
9


 2 











;
9


4




 6

;
)
4









;

 





;
)

6

;
*



29






;

 


;
*




1
 (G3DJH





7KHIORZLVLUUHJXODU



;
)


;
#6
4

 





: ;



 


 


;
)


 















;
)


















;
)



;
*







6
 



 


 


,IWKHOLTXLGLVWR[LFFRUURVLYHRUGDQJHURXVIRUKXPDQEHLQJ6$/0621
PXVWEHLQIRUPHGRUWKHTXDOLILHGSHUVRQLQFKDUJHRIWKHUHSDLULQJ,QWKLV

FDVHFOHDQWKHSXPSWRHQVXUHDFRPSOHWHVDIHW\WRWKHUHSDLULQJPDQ











 0$,17(1$1&(6(59,&,1*






@
6
 


6:,7&+2))







$3
2
A  6



#



4
  6
8
 4
F
1/=3<$<







$<
2
* 6







#



4
  6
8
 4
F
1/=3<$<




!



# 

7

)
4


 


 6

 45








#



4
  6
8
 4
F
1/=3<$<















1
 (G3DJH


  















7$57,1*$1'
0$,17(1$1&(,16758&7,21
)25
08/7,909,






1



(G3DJH










08/7,909,
 

6(5,(
6(5,$/









&217(18'(%$6(
7(&+1,&$/,1)250$7,21
 
 
127,&('(0,6((1 67$57,1*$1'0$,17(1$1&(
6(59,&((7'( ,16758&7,216
0$,17(1$1&(








































 

















 








 









 





























('7 '$7( 1$& (7$%/,3$5




$&1 (67$%/,6+('%< &+(&.('%<



1



(G3DJH



 *(1(5$/,7(6
 *(1(5$/
 
 !
"#$%&' (!
)%!'*+%!
)#+!
(#
,&%! +$
60', " +$
) !.&'; )
'+
$8'!
"#+0#(

+-$'.
!-+$
.-+/-&" !
#01
)'!,-!'$'-+!
) !
.-",(' !
<'$8
,&-2'!'-+!
-/
3
3

)'& .$'2 !
3
3
4
4
$
)'& .$'2
4
4
#+)

3
=
>3

5
3
4
4
4
4
#+)
#(!-
<'$8
0&-, #+

#'+!'
607#01
)'!,-!'$'-+!
) !
+-&" !

:

0&-,% ++ !
8#&"-+'!% !



9



:



$SSOLFDWLRQV

-", !
) !$'+% !
#0
,-",#*
)
('60') !

.(#'&!
)#+!
( !
! .$ 0&!
)
(78#;'$#$?
)

(7#*&'.0($0&
)
(7'+)0!$&' 

@#))0.$'-+
)7 #0?
)'!$&';0$'-+
)7 #0
:

('" +$#$'-+
)
.8A$ #0
)7 #0
:
&&-!#* ?

'&&'*#$'-+
:
#2#*
8#0$
,& !!'-+
:
&-$ .$'-+

'+. +)'
:
('" +$#$'-+
)
.8#0)'B& !
@#2 .

C'$
;D:,#!!
-;('*#$-'& E
:
 ( 2#*
)

.-+) +!#$!
:
('"#$'!#$'-+
:
'&.0'$!

'+)0!$&' (!E
$
+
'+.-&,-&#$'-+
)#+!
$-0!
( !

!D!$B" !
"-)0(#'& !



&DUDFWpULVWLTXHVWHFKQLTXHV



3UHVVLRQPD[LGHVHUYLFH


-&,!

H

;#&
@
$

I
:


,J( !E


-&,!

 H

;#&
@
$

I
:

$


,J( !E


& !!'-+
"#1'
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
H
;#&



3ODJHGHWHPSpUDWXUH

x
:L
K
ML
,-0&
2 &!'-+!
N-'+$!
$

!$#+)#&)!


9



$SSOLFDWLRQV

0",!
#'" )
#$
.( #&
('60')!
'+
;0'()'+*?

#*&'.0($0&
#+)
'+)0!$&D
#& #!
F

@<#$ &
!0,,(D
G
<#$ &
$-< &
:
!,&'+C('+*?

'&&'*#$'-+?
8'*8
,& !!0&
<#!8'+*
?
/'&

,&-$ .$'-+?
;-'( &
!0,,(D
@<'$8
"#+)#$-&D
;D:
,#!!
C'$E
G
('/$'+*
-/
.-+) +!#$ !
G
#'&

.-+)'$'-+'+*
G
'+)0!$&'#(
.'&.0'$!E
#+)

'+$ *&#$'-+
'+
#((
"-)0(#&
!D!$ "!



7HFKQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

0D[LPXPRSHUDWLQJSUHVVXUH


0",
.#!'+*


H

;#&
@
#+)


I
G

,-( !E


0",
.#!'+*


 H

;#&
@
#+)


I
:

#+)

,-( !E


#1'"0"
!0.$'-+
,& !!0&
H
;#&



7HPSHUDWXUHUDQJH

x
:L
$-
ML
/-&
!$#+)#&)
2 &!'-+!

*#&+'$0& !
"%.#+'60 !


R&'+*!
#+)
" .8#+'.#(
! #(

@8-"-(-*0% !
OP4P
QE

@OP4P
Q
#,,&-2 )
2 &!'-+!E


x

:L
$-
ML
/-&
#**& !!'2
<#$ &

x
:L
K
ML
,-0&
2 &!'-+!
N-'+$!
$
2 &!'-+!
@'$-+
7&'+*!
#+)
" .8#+'.#(

*#&+'$0& !
"%.#+'60 !
'$-+
! #(E




#0$ 0&
)7#!,'&#$'-+
"#1'
H
!0'2#+$


)
#1'"0"
!0.$'-+
8 #)
H
#..-&)'+*
$-



(#
,-", 
-/
$8
,0",

 ",%&#$0&
#";'#+$
@,&-)0'$
!$#+)#&)E
H
";' +$
$ ", &#$0&
@!$#+)#&)
,&-)0.$E
H

M
L
"#1'
M
L
"#1'




Q
H

P

H
! (-+
&%*( " +$#$'-+
#+*(#'!

Q
H

P

H
#..-&)'+*
$-
&'$'!8
!$#+)#&)


OP
H
! (-+
&%*( " +$#$'-+
#(( "#+)


OP
H
#..-&)'+*
$-
 &"#+
!$#+)#&)



1LYHDXVRQRUH
6RXQGOHYHO

(
)%, +)
)
(#
$#'((
)
(#
,-",
?
)
(#

$
) , +)!
-+
,0",
!'I ?
&-$#$'-+
!, )?

2'$ !!
)
&-$#$'-+?
)0
,-'+$
)
&0++'+*
,-'+$
#+)
"-$-&
$D,
H
'$
.#+
& #.8


/-+.$'-++ " +$
$
)0
$D,
)
"-$ 0&
H
)#+!
)@E
#$

I
#+)

)@E
#$

I
. &$#'+!
.#!?
'(
, 0$
#$$ '+)&

)@E
+


I
$

)@E
+

I






 6(&85,7(
 6$)(7<






1



(G3DJH



#
,&%! +$
+-$'.
) 2&#
S$&
(0
#2 .

 #)
/'&!$
$8'!
'+!$&0.$'-+
.#& /0((D
; /-&

#$$ +$'-+
#2#+$
'+!$#((#$'-+
$
"'!
+
! &2'. 
'+!$#(('+*
#+)
!$#&$'+*
0,
#C
.#&
$-
,-'+$!

+
2 '(( &#
+
,#&$'.0(' &?
#0
& !, .$
) !

,-'+$!
.-+. &+#+$
(#
!%.0&'$%
)0
"#$%&' (
2'!
K

2'!
)
(70$'('!#$ 0&
'+$ &"%)'#'&
-0
/'+#(



6\PEROHVGHVFRQVLJQHVGXPDQXHO

&RQVLJQHGHVpFXULWpGRQWOH
QRQUHVSHFWSUpVHQWHXQ

GDQJHUSRXUODVpFXULWpGHV
SHUVRQQHV

&RQVLJQHVGHVpFXULWp
pOHFWULTXHGRQWOHQRQ
  
UHVSHFWSUpVHQWHXQGDQJHU
SRXUODVpFXULWpGHV
SHUVRQQHV
&RQVLJQHVGHVpFXULWpGRQW
ODQRQREVHUYDWLRQSHXW

$77(17,21
HQJHQGUHUXQGRPPDJH
SRXUOHPDWpULHOHWVRQ
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW







 75$1632570$187(17,21(7
672&.$*(





B!
&%. ,$'-+
)0
"#$%&' (?
2%&'/' &
!7'(
+7#
,#!

!0;'
)
)-""#* !
)0&#+$
!-+
$&#+!,-&$
+

.#!
)
)%/#0$
.-+!$#$%?
,& +)&
)#+!
( !

)%(#'!
,&%20!
$-0$ !
)'!,-!'$'-+!
+%. !!#'& !

#0,&B!
)0
$&#+!,-&$ 0&




6LOHPDWpULHOOLYUpGHYDLWrWUH
LQVWDOOpXOWpULHXUHPHQW
VWRFNH]OHGDQVXQHQGURLW

$77(17,21
VHFHWSURWpJH]OHFRQWUHOHV
FKRFVHWWRXWHVLQIOXHQFHV
H[WpULHXUHVKXPLGLWpJHO
& (#$ )
$-
!#/ $D
-/
$8
60'," +$
& *#&)'+*

'+$ &" )'#$
-&
/'+#(
0! &!



6\PEROVXVHGLQWKHPDQXDOV

6HFXULW\LQVWUXFWLRQQRQ
UHVSHFWFDQLQGXFHLQMXU\




(OHFWULFDOVHFXULW\QRQ
UHVSHFWFDQLQGXFHLQMXU\

6HFXULW\LQVWUXFWLRQQRQ
&$87,21
UHVSHFWFDQLQGXFHPDWHULDO
GDPDJHV







 75$163257+$1'/,1*$1'6725$*(




P8 +
& . '2'+*
$8
"#$ &'#(?
.8 .C
$8#$
$8 &

8#!
; +
+-
)#"#*
)0&'+*
$8
$&#+!,-&$
/

!-"
) / .$
8#!
; +
!$#$ )?
$#C
$8

& 60'& )
!$ ,!
<'$8
$8
.#&&' &
<'$8'+
$8

#((-< )
$'" 

,IWKHGHOLYHUHGPDWHULDOLVWR
EHLQVWDOOHGODWHURQVWRUHLW
LQDGU\SODFHDQGSURWHFWLW
&$87,21

IURPLPSDFWVDQGDQ\
RXWVLGHLQIOXHQFHVKXPLGLW\
IURVW

 (QUDLVRQGHODSRVLWLRQ
'XHWRKLJKSRVLWLRQRI
KDXWHGXFHQWUHGHJUDYLWpHW FHQWUHRIJUDYLW\DQGVPDOO

GHODIDLEOHVXUIDFHDXVROGH  JURXQGVXUIDFHRIWKLVW\SH
FHVSRPSHVSUHQGUHOHV RISXPSVEHZDUHRI
SUpFDXWLRQVQpFHVVDLUHVORUV XQVWDELOLW\GXULQJKDQGOLQJ
GHODPDQXWHQWLRQSRXU WRDYRLGDQ\IDOOLQJGRZQ
pYLWHUWRXWEDVFXOHPHQW DQGWDNHQHFHVVDU\PHDQVWR
SRXYDQWSUpVHQWHUXQULVTXH DYRLGLQMXULHVRUGDPDJLQJ
SRXUODVpFXULWpGHV
SHUVRQQHV





#+',0( &
(#
,-",
#2 .
,&%.#0$'-+!
,-0&

#+)(
$8
,0",
.#& /0((D
!-
#!
+-$
$-
#($ &

& !, .$ &
(#
*%-"%$&'
$
(7#('*+ " +$
)
$8
* -" $&D
#+)
$8
#('*+" +$
-/
$8

(7 +! ";(
8D)&#0('60 
8D)&#0('.
0+'$





-0&
0+
'+!$#((#$'-+
,(0!
!T&
$
,(0!
/#.'( ?

-&
#+
#!' &
#+)
!#/ &
'+!$#((#$'-+?
#

0+
-0$'(
)
( 2#*
@&%/%& +.

E
!$
) )'.#$ )
8#+)('+*
$--(
'!
#2#'(#;(
@#&$'.(

)'!,-+';(
,-0&
( !
"-)B( !
0($':
?
+0"; &

E
/-&
;'** !$
,0",!




1



(G3DJH


0($': ?
0($':
$
0($':
@
?
?

#+)
E

-+$#.$ &
2-$&
& 2 +) 0&
,-0&
,(0!
)
( #!
.-+$#.$
D-0&
& ! (( &
/-&
"-&

& +! '*+ " +$!
'+/-&"#$'-+

'.8' &

8#+)('+*U$--(N,*







 352'8,76(7$&&(662,5(6
 352'8&76$1'$&&(6625,(6




 'HVFULSWLIYRLUILJHW
 'HVFULSWLRQVHHILJXUHVDQG





:
(#, $
)
,' )
)
.&%,'+


:
$&#'+ &:/--$
2#(2


:
#++
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
,-",

:
0",
!0.$'-+
2#(2



:
#++
#0
& /-0( " +$


:
0",
)'!.8#&*
2#(2

,-",

:
-+:& $0&+
2#(2


:
(#, $
#+$':& $-0&

:
'&:;( )
#+)
/'(('+*
,(0*


:
-0.8-+
& ",('!!#*
$

:
&#'+:,&'"'+*
,(0*

,0&*
)7#'&

:
',
!0,,-&$!


:
-0.8-+
2')#+*
:
#"-&V#*

:
$&#'+ &


:
0,,-&$!
)
$0D#0$ &'
-0

:
$-&#*
$#+C

.-((' &!

:
-<+
<#$ &
!0,,(D


:
&%,'+

:
-$-&
,&-$ .$'-+
& (#D


:
A.8
)
!$-.C#*

:
'/$'+*
8--C


:
%! #0
)7 #0
)
2'((


:
-0+)#$'-+
;(-.C


:
'!.-+$#.$ 0&
)
,&-$ .$'-+

:
-.C

"-$ 0&

H
#1'"0"
!0.$'-+
8 #)


:
&-.8 $
)
( 2#*

H
'+'"0"
)'!.8#&*
8 #)



:
#!!'/



:
-;'+ $


H

#0$ 0&
)7#!,'&#$'-+
"#1'


H

#0$ 0&
)
.8#&*
"'+'




 /DSRPSH

 7KHSXPS


x
-",
2 &$'.#(
"0($'. ((0(#'&

x
0($'!$#*
2 &$'.#(
,0",
@
$-






@
K

%$#* !E
+-+
#0$-: !$#* !E
+-$
! (/:,&'"'+*?
,-&$!
'+


#"-&V#+$ ?
#2 .
-&'/'. !
+
('+
-+
$8
!#"
#1'!
'+
;-$$-"


('*+
!0&
(
"S"
#1
+
,#&$'
,#&$


;#!! 
x
8#/$
! #('+*
;D
!$#+)#&)'I )





x
$#+.8%'$%
#0
,#!!#*
)
" .8#+'.#(
! #(
#&$&')*
!D!$ "


(7#&;&
,#&
*#&+'$0&
"%.#+'60
/-&
#+
#!' &
"#'+$ +#+.
-+


+-&"#('!% 
D!$B"
K

?
?

#+)


.#&$-0.8
/#.'('$#+$
(#




"#'+$ +#+.
!0&
0($':
?
x
= ,#. &W
/ #$0&
$-
#2-')
;'*
!'I



@E
0($': ?
0($':
$
0($': "-$-&
)'!#!! ";('+*
@*& #$ &
$8#+



CPE
-+

?
?




1



(G3DJH


x
-+.$'-+
X
!,#. &
Y
,-0&
%2'$ &

#+)


(#
)%,-!
) !
"-$ 0&!
)
,(0!
x
-0+)
/(#+* !
H
,0",
!0,,(' )

)
CP
!0&
0($':
?
0($': <'$8
*#!C $!
#+)
;-($!
<'$8-0$

 ?
0($':
$
0($':

.-0+$ &/(#+* !
@#.. !!-&' !
'+

x
&') !
&-+) !
H
,-",
/-0&+'
-,$'-+E

#2 .
N-'+$!
$
;-0(-+!
!#+!

.-+$& :;&') !
@#.. !!-'& !
+

-,$'-+E


 /HPRWHXU

 7KHPRWRU


-$ 0&
/ &"%
K
;&')
$
;-0$
)7#&;&

#( )
"-$-&
<'$8
!$#+)#&)'I )
/(#+*

+-&"#('!%!
,-0&
/-+.$'-++ " +$
#+)
!8#/$
+)
/-&
2 &$'.#(
-, &#$'-+

2 &$'.#(





'#'!-+
"-$ 0&:,-",
#!!0&%
,#&

-$-&:,0",
('+C )
;D
#
.-0,('+*
<'$8

0+
#..-0,( " +$
#2 .
,&-$ .$ 0&!
!#/ $D
*0#&)!


)
!%.0&'$%
&-$ .$'-+
'+) 1
H



+)'.
)
,&-$ .$'-+
H


+!0(#$'-+
.(#!!
H


(#!!
)7'!-(#$'-+
H








3RXUOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHV
)RUIUHTXHQF\FRQYHUWHUILWWHG
GXPRWRYDULDWHXU RQ09,(SXPSVVHHVSHFLILF


pTXLSDQWQRVSRPSHV HOHFWURQLFOHDIOHW
0XOWL9(YRLUODQRWLFH
VSpFLILTXH

)UpTXHQFH)UHTXHQF\ +] +]
 S{OHVS{OHV S{OHVS{OHV
'$ !! 4
$&4"+

Z
Z
Z
Z


6SHHG 5SP
&'
d

CP


4

4


K4$-
4


-;'+#* 4
SKDVHV
:LQGLQJQ
&'
[

CP



'



'
K4$-


'

SKDVHV

7HQVLRQVWDQGDUGWROpUDQFHr rHQ+]HWHQ+]
Q

$#+)#&)
2-($#*
H
$-( &#+.
\

]
'+

I
#+)
\

]
'+

I


1RPEUHVGHGpPDUUDJHV 0D[LPXQQXPEHURIVWDUWV

$77(17,21
&$87,21

PD[LSDUKHXUH SHUKRXU



3N:               
'LUHFWGLUHFW 
















(WRLOHWULDQJOH8
8'
'
4
4
4
4














6WDUGHOWD8'




 $FFHVVRLUHVRSWLRQQHOV
 $FFHVVRULHVDVRSWLRQ




O'$
;D:,#!!
:
2#++ !
)7'!-( " +$
:

D:,#!!
C'$
G
'!-(#$'+*
2#(2 !
G

&%! &2-'&
K
2 !!'
-0
*#(2#+'!%
:
;(#)) &
-&
*#(2#+'! )
$#+C
G
$#+C
/-&

&%! &2-'&
#+$'
;%(' &
:
.-//&
)
#+$'8#"" &
;(-<
// .$
G
.-+$&-(
;-1

.-""#+)
:
)'!.-+$#.$ 0&
)
G
"-$-&
,&-$ .$'-+
& (#D
G
< ():-+
-&

,&-$ .$'-+
"-$ 0&
:
.-+$&
;&')
K
!.& <:-+
.-0+$ &/(#+*
@!$ (
-&

!-0) &
-0
K
2'!! &
@.' &
-0
+-1E
:
!$#'+( !!
!$ (E
G
+-+:& $0&+
2#(2 !
G

.(#, $!
#+$':& $-0&
:
.(#, $
)
,' )
)
!$&#'+ &:/--$
2#(2
G
2';&#$'-+( !!

.&%,'+
:
"#+.8-+!
#+$':2';&#$-'& !
:
!( 2 !
G
)&D:&0++'+*
,&-$ .$'-+
C'$

C'$
,&-$ .$'-+
"#+60
)7 #0





1



(G3DJH








 ,167$//$7,21
 ,167$//$7,21




 01
.#!
$D,
H

<-
!$#+)#&)
.#! !
H


)LJSRPSHHQDVSLUDWLRQ
)LJSXPSLQVXFWLRQ

)LJSRPSHHQFKDUJH
!0&
;A.8
)

)LJSXPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH
-+
!$-&#*

!$-.C#*
@& ,E
-0
!0&
&%! #0
$#+C
@!
E
-&
$-<+
<#$ &
!0,,(D

)7 #0
)
2'((
@& ,E
#2 .
!D!$B"
@!
E
<'$8
)&D:&0++'+*
,&-$ .$'-+

)
,&-$ .$'-+
"#+60
)7 #0
!D!$ "





 0RQWDJH
 ,QVWDOODWLRQ
 

+!$#(( &
(#
,-",
)#+!
0+
+)&-'$

+!$#((
$8
,0",
'+
#
,(#.
#!D
$-

/#.'( " +$
#.. !!';( ?
,&-$%*%
)0
* (
& #.8?
,&-$ .$ )
#*#'+!$
/&-!$
#+)
#!

$
#0!!'
,&B!
60
,-!!';(
)0
(' 0
)
.(-!
#!
,-!!';(
/&-"
$8
)&#<'+*

,0'!#* 
 ,-'+$


-0&
( !
,-", !
)-+$
(#
"#!!
!$

-&
8 #2D
,0",!
,&-2')
#
,-'+$
-/

'",-&$#+$ ?
,&%2-'&
0+
,-'+$
)7#$$#.8
#$$#.8" +$
@('/$'+*
8--CE
'+
$8
,0",

@.&-.8 $
)
( 2#* E
)#+!
(7#1
)
(#
#1'!
@!
E
$-
/#.'('$#$
& "-2#(
,-",
@& ,
E
,-0&
, &" $$&
0+

)%"-+$#*
#'!%

-+$#*
!0&
"#!!'/
+
;%$-+
@
."

+!$#((
$8
,0",
-+
#
.-+.& $
;(-.C

)
8#0$ 0&
"'+'E
@& ,

E
#2 .
/'1#$'-+
@#$
( #!$

."
8'*8E
@!

E
#+)
/'1

,#&
;-0(-+!
)
!. (( " +$
@,(#+
)
<'$8
#+.8-&
;-($!
@'+!$#((#$'-+
,(#+

,-!
2-'&
/'*

E /'*0&

E

&%2-'&
!-0!
(
"#!!'/
)
;%$-+
0+

-& !
#+
'!-(#$'+*
"#$ &'#(
0+) &

"#$%&'#0
'!-(#+$
@('B*
-0
.#-0$.8-0.
$8
.-+.& $
;(-.C
@.-&C
-&
& '+/-&. )

#&"%E
,-0&
%2'$ &
(#
$&#+!"'!!'-+
) !
&0;; &E
$-
#2-')
#+D
+-'!
#+)

;&0'$!
$
) !
2';&#$'-+!
)#+!
2';&#$'-+
$&#+!"'!!'-+
'+$-
$8

(7'+!$#((#$'-+
'+!$#((#$'-+


2#+$
(
! &&#*
)%/'+'$'/
) !
;-0(-+!

 /-&
/'+#(
$'*8$ +'+*
-/
#+.8-&
;-($!?

)
!. (( " +$?
!7#!!0& &
60
(7#1
)
+!0&
$8#$
$8
,0",
#1'!
'!
2 &$'.#(
H

(#
,-",
!$
;' +
2 &$'.#(
H
0$'('! &
) !
0!
!8'"!
'/
+ . !!#&D

.#( !
!'
+%. !!#'& !


 +'&
.-",$
60
(7#($'$0)
)0

O ,
'+
"'+)
$8#$
$8
#($'$0)

(' 0
)7'+!$#((#$'-+
$
(#
-/
$8
'+!$#((#$'-+
,(#.
#+)

$ ",%&#$0&
)
(7 #0
,-",%
<#$ &
$ ", &#$0&
"#D

&%)0'! +$
( !
,-!!';'('$%!
& )0.
$8
!0.$'-+
8 #)
-/

)7#!,'&#$'-+
)
(#
,-",
$8
,0",




$OWLWXGH 3HUWHGHKDXWHXU 7HPSpUDWXUH 3HUWHGHKDXWHXU
$OWLWXGH /RVVRIKHDG 7HPSHUDWXUH /RVVRIKHDG


"


"
L
?
"



"

? 
"

L
?
"



"

?
"
L
?
"



"

?
"
L
?
"



"

?
"
L
?
"



"

? 
"
L

?
"





"


?
"
L
?
"



L
?
"



L
?

"





$XGHOjGH&SUpYRLU

$ERYH&SODQWRLQVWDOO
XQHLQVWDOODWLRQSRPSHHQ
WKHSXPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH

FKDUJH






 5DFFRUGHPHQWVK\GUDXOLTXHV
 +\GUDXOLFFRQQHFWLRQV




:
#&
$0;
K
!-0) &
-0
K
2'!! &
)#+!

:
D
< ():-+
-&
!.& <:-+
,',
'+
$8

( !
.-+$& ;&') !
@.-+$&
;&') !?
.-0+$ &/(#+* !
@.-0+$ &/(#+* !




1



(G3DJH


)'!,-+';( !
+
#.. !!-'& !E #2#'(#;(
#!
#.. !!-&' !E

:

)'#"B$&
)
(#
$0D#0$ &'
+
)-'$

:
8
)'#" $ &
-/
$8
,',
"0!$
+ 2 &

N#"#'!
S$&
'+/%&' 0&
K
. (0'
)
(#
;
!"#(( &
$8#+
$8
-+
-/
$8

.-+$& :;&') 
.-0+$ &/(#+* 


:
+
/(B.8
!0&
(
.-&,!
)
,-",

:
+
#&&-<
-+
$8
,0",
.#!'+*
!8-<!

'+)'60
(
! +!
)
.'&.0(#$'-+
)0
$8
)'& .$'-+
-/
$8
/(0')
/(-<

/(0') 


:
'"'$ &
(#
(-+*0 0&
)
(#
$0D#0$ &'

:
'"'$
$8
( +*$8
-/
$8
!0.$'-+
,',

)7#!,'&#$'-+
$
%2'$ &
#0
"#1'"0"
( !
#+)
#2-')
#((
/ #$0& !
$8#$
.#0!

.#0! !
)
, &$ !
)
.8#&*
@.-0) !?
(-!! !
-/
8 #)
@; +)!?
2#(2 !?

2#++ !?
&%$&%.'!! " +$!E
%LHQ $#, &!E
&RQQHFWLRQVKDVWR
pWDQFKHUOHVUDFFRUGHPHQWVDYHF FRUUHFWO\VHDOHG1RDLUHQWUDQFH
GHVSURGXLWVDGDSWpVDXFXQH LVDOORZHGRQWKHVXFWLRQSLSH
SULVHG
DLUQHGRLWrWUHWROpUpHVXU ZKLFKLVVKRZLQJDPRXQWLQJ
FHWWHWX\DXWHULHTXLVHUDHQSHQWH
PRQWDQWHG
DXPRLQV9RLU
ILJXUH


:
$'('! &
) !
!0,,-&$!
-0
.-((' &!
,-0&

%2'$ &
60
(
,-')!
) !
$0D#0$ &' !
+

!-'$
!0,,-&$%
,#&
(#
,-", 





:
3RPSHHQFKDUJH
H
&#..-&) &
0+

.(#, $
#+$':& $-0&
#0
& /-0( " +$
)

(#
,-",
,-0&
(#
,&-$%* &
.-+$&
( !

&'!60 !
)
.-0,
)
;%(' &


-$#
H
-0&
(
,-",#*
)7 #0
/-&$ " +$

#%&%
-0
)7 #0
.8#0) ?
+-0!

& .-""#+)-+!
(#
"'!
+
,(#.
)70+

C'$
;D:,#!!
@2-'&
/'*0&
E





 5DFFRUGHPHQWVpOHFWULTXHV


/HVUDFFRUGHPHQWV
pOHFWULTXHVHWOHVFRQWU{OHV
  GRLYHQWrWUHHIIHFWXpVSDU
XQpOHFWULFLHQDJUppHW
FRQIRUPpPHQWDX[QRUPHV
ORFDOHVHQYLJXHXU

3RXUOHVUDFFRUGHPHQWVHW
ODPLVHHQURXWHGXPRWR
 
YDULDWHXUpTXLSDQWQRV
SRPSHV0XOWL9(YRLUOD
QRWLFHVSpFLILTXH

 !
.#&#.$%&'!$'60 !
%( .$&'60 !

@/&%60 +. ?
$ +!'-+?
'+$ +!'$%

+-"'+#( E
)0
"-$ 0&
!-+$
'+)'60% !

!0&
!#
,(#60
!'*+#(%$'60
H
2%&'/' &
607'(

!$
#)#,$%
#0
&%! #0
!0&
( 60 (
'(
2#

S$&
0$'('!%

#
,&-$ .$'-+
%( .$&'60
) !
"-$ 0&!

!$
-;('*#$-'&
$
)-'$
S$&
#!!0&%
,#&

0+
)'!N-+.$ 0&
&%*(%
K
(7'+$ +!'$%

/'*0&#+$
!0&
(#
,(#60
)0
"-$ 0&

&%2-'&
0+
! .$'-++ 0&
K
/0!';( !
@$D,

#E
,-0&
,&-$%* &
(
&%! #0




5pVHDXG
DOLPHQWDWLRQ

6XSSO\QHWZRUN


 8WLOLVHUXQFkEOHpOHFWULTXH
FRQIRUPHDX[QRUPHV(')
 7ULSKDVpFRQGXFWHXUV
GHFOLYLW\6HHILJXUH


:
!
!0,,-&$!
-&
.-((#&!
!-
$8#$
$8

,0",
)- !
+-$
; #&
$8
< '*8$
-/
$8

,', !




:
3XPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH
H
.-++ .$
$8

+-+:& $0&+
2#(2
$-
$8
,0",

)'!.8#&*
$-
,&-$ .$
'$
/&-"
8#"" &

;(-<
// .$!



-$
H
-
,0",
<#$ &
<'$8
#
(#&*
.-+$ +$
-/

#'&
-&
8-$
<#$ &?
<
& .-"" +)

'+!$#(('+*
$8
;D:,#!!
C'$
@!
/'*0&

E





 (OHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQV


7KHHOHFWULFDOFRQQHFWLRQV
DQGWKHLQVSHFWLRQVKDYH
  WREHGRQHE\DTXDOLILHG
HOHFWULFLDQDQGFRPSO\ZLWK
WKHDSSOLFDEOHORFDO
VWDQGDUGV

)RUWKHHOHFWULFDO
FRQQHFWLRQVDQGVWDUWLQJRI
WKHIUHTXHQF\FRQYHUWHU
ILWWHGRQ09,(SXPSVVHH
VSHFLILFOHDIOHW

8
( .$&'.#(
.8#&#.$ &'!$'.!

@/& 60 +.D?
2-($#* ?
+-"'+#(
.0&& +$E
-/

$8
"-$-&
#&
" +$'-++ )
-+
$8
+#"

,(#$
H
.8 .C
'/
'$
.-",(' !
<'$8
$8

"#'+!
!0,,(D
0! )

8
"-$-&!
"0!$
;
,&-$ .$ )
;D
#

.'&.0'$:;& #C &
! $
$-
$8
.0&& +$

" +$'-++ )
-+
$8
+#"
,(#$
-/
$8

"-$-&

&-2')
#
/0!
)'!.-++ .$'+*
!<'$.8


@$D,
#E
$-
,&-$ .$
$8
"#'+
!0,,(D




 8VHDQHOHFWULFDOFDEOH
FRQIRUPLQJZLWKWKH1DWLRQDO
(OHFWULF6XSSO\&RPSDQ\
SKDVHVWHUUH  7KUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUV
SKDVHVHDUWK



1



(G3DJH



(
!$
,-!!';(
)
"-)'/' &
,#&

8
,-!'$'-+
-/
$8
$ &"'+#(
;-1
.#+
;

(7-&' +$#$'-+
)0
"-$ 0&
(#
,-!'$'-+
)
(#
.8#+* )
#
60#&$ &
$0&+
;D
& "-2'+*

;-^$
K
;-&+ !
,#&
60#&$
)
$-0&
H
$8
"-$-&
#$$#.8" +$
!.& <!
@'/

& $'& &
( !
2'!
)
/'1#$'-+
"-$ 0&
@!'
+ . !!#&D?
& "-2
$8
.-0,('+*

; !-'+
& $'& &
( !
,&-$ .$ 0&!
*0#&)!E
#+)
$0&+'+*
$8
"-$-&
$-
$8

)7#..-0,( " +$!E
$
&%-&' +$ &
(
) !'& )
,-!'$'-+
"-$ 0&
K
(#
,-!'$'-+
!-08#'$% 

5HPHWWUHOHVYLVGHIL[DWLRQ
5HILWWKHDWWDFKPHQW
PRWHXUHWOHVSURWHFWHXUV VFUHZVRIWKHPRWRUDQG
 G
DFFRXSOHPHQW WKHFRXSOLQJJXDUGV


'
+%. !!#'& ?
)%.-0, &
(7-, &.0(
!0&

/
+ . !!#&D?
.0$
#+
-, +'+*
'+
$8

(#
;-^$
K
;-&+ !?
"-+$ &
(
,& !! : $ &"'+#(
;-1?
/'$
$8
.#;(
*(#+)
!$0//'+*

%$-0,
$
&#..-&) &
(
"-$ 0&
;-1
#+)
.-++ .$
$8
"-$-&
#!
!8-<+

.-+/-&"%" +$
#0
!.8%"#
/'*0&#+$
;D
$8
)'#*&#"
'+!')
$8
.-2 &
-/
$8

)#+!
(
.-02 &.(
)
(#
;-^$
K
;-&+ !
$ &"'+#(
;-1
@-&
!
/'*0&
E

@-0
2-'&
/'*
E


8QHHUUHXUGHEUDQFKHPHQW
$FRQQHFWLRQHUURUZRXOG
pOHFWULTXHHQGRPPDJHUDLW GDPDJHWKHPRWRU7KH


OHPRWHXU/HFkEOH 
SRZHUFDEOHPXVWQHYHU
pOHFWULTXHQHGHYUDMDPDLV WRXFKWKHSLSHRUWKH
rWUHHQFRQWDFWQLDYHFOD SXPSPDNHVXUHWKDWLWLV
WX\DXWHULHQLDYHFOD VKHOWHUHGIURPDQ\
SRPSHHWrWUHjO
DEULGH KXPLGLW\

WRXWHKXPLGLWp


 !
"-$ 0&!
%( .$&'60 !
%60',#+$
( !

8
( .$&'.
"-$-&!
0! )
-+
$8
,0",!

,-", !
, 02 +$
S$&
&#..-&)%!
K
0+
.#+
;
.-++ .$ )
$-
#
/& 60 +.D

.-+2 &$'!! 0&
)
/&%60 +. 6H .-+2 &$ &
6WULFWO\IROORZWKH
FRQIRUPHUVFUXSXOHXVHPHQWjOD LQVWUXFWLRQVJLYHQE\WKHGDWDVKHHW
QRWLFHGXIDEULFDQWGX RIWKHFRQYHUWHU
VPDQXIDFWXUHU

FRQYHUWLVVHXU


 (0':.'
+
) 2&#
,#!
*%+%& &
#01

8
.-+2 &$ &
"0!$
+-$
* + &#$


;-&+ !
)0
"-$ 0&
) !
,'.!
)
$ +!'-+
2-($#*
, #C!
#$
$8
"-$-&
$ &"'+#(!



@E
!0,%&' 0&
K

$
) !
)4)$
8'*8 &
$8#+

#+)
)4)$


@2#&'#$'-+
 +!'-+4 ",!E
!0,%&' 0&
@-($#* 4'"
2#&'#$'-+E
8'*8 &
$8#+

K

4P!

4_!
/
$8
2#(0
-/
$8
2-($#*


'
(
!'*+#(
)
$ +!'-+
,&%! +$
) !
!'*+#(
#&
8'*8 &
$8#+
$8-! ?
&'!C
-/

2#( 0&!
!0,%&' 0& !
K
. (( !
,&%.'$% !?
)#"#*
$8
"-$-&
#&
$-
/-& .#!$

) !
&'!60 !
)
)%*&#)#$'-+
)0


;-;'+#*
"-$ 0&
!-+$
K
.&#'+)& 
+
$8
.-+$&#&D
,&-2')
#

/'($ &

#+!
(
.#!
.-+$&#'& ?
,&%2-'&
0+
/'($&
@'+)0.$#+.
G
.#,#.'$-&E
; $< +
$8


@'+)0.$#+.
:
.-+) +!#$ 0&E
+$&
.-+2 &$ &
#+)
$8
"-$-&

(
.-+2 &$'!! 0&
$
(
"-$ 0&
$
"0!$
;
.-++ .$ )
$-
$8
"-$-&
<'$8

(
) 2&#
S$&
.-++ .$%
#0
"-$ 0&
#2 .
#
"'+'"0"
( +*$8
.#;( ?
#&"-0& )
'/


0+
.#;(
)
(-+*0 0&
"'+'"#( ?
;('+)%
+ . !!#&D

!'
+%. !!#'& 





1(3$628%/,(5'(

5$&&25'(5/$0,6($ '2127)25*(772

&211(&772($57+

/$7(55(








 0,6((15287(
 67$57,1*83



  5LQoDJHSUpOLPLQDLUH   3ULRUFOHDQLQJ

 




1



(G3DJH


 -!
,-", !
, 02 +$
S$&
 +
8D)&#0('.
$ !$
'!
.#&&' )
-0$

$ !$% !
8D)&#0('60 " +$
+
/-&
#.8
,0",
'+
-0&
/#.$-&D
/

 0!'+ 

7'(
!0;!'!$
)
(7 #0
!-"
<#$ &
!$#D!
'+!')
$8 "

)#+!
. (( !:.'?
'(
!$
$
'!
& .-"" +) )
/-&
8D*' +

& .-""#+)%
,-0&
) !
&#'!-+!
& #!-+!
$-
.( #+
$8
,0",

)78D*'B+
)7 // .$0 &
0+
; /-&
0!'+*
'$
<'$8

,-$#;(

&'+V#*
)
(#
,-",
#2#+$
<#$ &
!0,,(D
$-0$
0$'('!#$'-+
!0&
&%! #0

)7 #0
,-$#;( 




 5HPSOLVVDJHGpJD]DJH

 )LOOLQJGHJDVVLQJ

1(-$0$,6)$,5(72851(5
1(9(523(5$7(7+(

$77(17,21
/$3203($6(&0(0(81 &$87,21

3803'5<(9(1%5,()/<
&2857,167$17




3RPSHHQFKDUJH
@2-'&
/'*
E
H
3XPSXQGHUSUHVVXUH
@!
/'*
E
H

:
 &" &
(#
2#++
#0
& /-0( " +$
@& ,

:
(-!
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2
@!

E

E

:
02&'&
(
,0&* 0&
@& ,
E?
-02&'&
(#

2#++
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
@& ,
E
$
,&-.%) &

#0
& ",('!!#*
.-",( $
)
(#
,-", 






& / &" &
(
,0&* 0&
607#,&B!
!-&$'

)7 #0
$
$-$#(
%2#.0#$'-+
)
(7#'&

(QHDXFKDXGHXQMHWG
HDX ,QKRWZDWHUDVWUHDPRI
SHXWV
pFKDSSHUGHO
RULILFH ZDWHUPD\HVFDSHIURPWKH
GHSXUJH3UHQGUHWRXWHVOHV

$77(17,21

SUpFDXWLRQVQpFHVVDLUHVYLV
jYLVGHVSHUVRQQHVHWGX
PRWHXU



3RPSHHQDVSLUDWLRQH
) 01
,-!!';'($%!

,-0&
(
& ",('!!#*
)
(#
,-",
H


HU

 FDV
@2-'&
/'*
E

:
 &" &
(#
2#++
#0
& /-0( " +$
@& ,

E?

E?
-02&'&
(#
2#++
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
@& ,
E

:
 $'& &
(
;-0.8-+:,0&* 0&
@& ,
E


:
%2'!! &
)


$-0&!
(
;-0.8-+

:
+!.& <
$8
;-$$-"
)&#'+:,&'"'+*
,(0*

'+/%&' 0&
)
2')#+* :#"-&V#*
@& ,
E

!'$0%
!0&
(
.-&,!
)
,-", 


:

(7#')
)70+
+$-++-'&?
+*#*%
)#+!

(7-&'/'.
)0
,0&* 0&?
& ",('&

.-",(B$ " +$
(#
,-",
$
(#

$0D#0$ &'
)7#!,'&#$'-+


:
,&B!
!-&$'
)7 #0
$
%2#.0#$'-+
$-$#(

)
(7#'&?
(
& ",('!!#*
!$
$ &"'+%


:
 2'!! &
(
;-0.8-+:,0&* 0&
$
(

.& <
$8
;( ):,(0*
#+)
$8
;-$$-"

;-0.8-+
'+/%&' 0&
)
2')#+*

#"-&V#* 




qPH

 FDV
@2-'&
/'*
E



& ",('!!#*
, 0$
S$&
/#.'('$%
+

'+!$#((#+$
!0&
(#
.-+)0'$
)7#!,'&#$'-+
)

(#
,-",
0+
$0D#0
2 &$'.#(
"0+'
)70+

&-;'+ $
)
/ &" $0&
@& ,
E
`
a3
$

)70+
+$-++-'&



:
, +
$8
;( )
) 2'.
@!
E?
#+)
$8

!0.$'-+
2#(2
@!
E
#+)
.-",( $ (D
/'((

$8
,0",




(-!
$8
;( )
) 2'.
-+(D
#/$ &
<#$ &

/(-<!
-0$
#+)
.-",( $
# &#$'-+

YHQWLQJSRUW7DNHDOO
&$87,21

UHTXLUHGSUHFDXWLRQV
UHJDUGLQJSHUVRQVDQG
PRWRU



3XPSLQVXFWLRQH
<-
,-!!';(
.#! !

/-&
/'(('+*
-/
$8
,0",


VW

 FDVH
@!
/'*
E

:
(-!
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2
@!

-, +
$8
!0.$'-+
2#(2
@!
E

:
 "-2
$8
;( )
,(0*
@!
E

@!
E
(-.#$ )
-+
$8
,0",
.#!'+*

$8&
$0&+!


:
0$
#
/0++ (
'+$-
$8
;( )
,-&$
#+)

.-",( $ (D
/'((
$8
,0",
#+)
$8

!0.$'-+
,', 


:
/$ &
<#$ &
/(-<!
-0$
#+)
$-$#(
#'&

2#.0#$'-+?
/'(('+*
'!
.-",( $ 


:

)&#'+:,&'"'+*
,(0*
;#.C
'+



QG

 FDVH
@!
/'*
E


'(('+*
.#+
;
"#)
#!' &
;D
/'$$'+*
-+

$8
!0.$'-+
,',
-/
$8
,0",?
#
2 &$'.#(

,',
@!
E
/'$$ )
<'$8
#
`
a3
!$-,.-.C

#+)
#
/0++ (



1



(G3DJH


/DORQJXHXUGXWX\DXGRLW 7KHOHQJWKRIWKHSLSHPXVW

$77(17,21
GpSDVVHUOHQLYHDXGX &$87,21
EHDWOHDVWPPWDOOHUWKDQ
SXUJHXUG
DXPRLQVPP WKHYHQWLQJOHYHO


:
 &" &
(#
2#++
#0
& /-0( " +$
@& ,

:
(-!
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2
@!

E?


E?
-02&'&
(#
2#++
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
@& ,
-, +
$8
!0.$'-+
2#(2
@!
E
E

:
02&'&
(
&-;'+ $
@& ,
E
$
(
,0&* 0&

@& ,
E


:
%2'!! &
)


$-0&!
(
;-0.8-+

:
+!.& <


$0&+!
$8
)&#'+:,&'"'+*
,(0*

)7#"-&V#* :2')#+*
@& ,
E


:
&-.%) &
#0
& ",('!!#*
.-",( $
)
(#

,-",
$
)
(#
.-+)0'$
)7#!,'&#$'-+?

N0!607K
%.-0( " +$
)7 #0
,#&
(

,0&* 0&
@& ,
E


:
 &" &
(
&-;'+ $
@& ,
E?
& $'& &
(

$0D#0
$
/ &" &
(
,0&* 0&
@& ,
E
$

& 2'!! &
(
;-0.8-+

)7#"-&V#* 42')#+*
@& ,
E


3URWHFWLRQPDQTXHG
HDX

'U\UXQQLQJSURWHFWLRQ


-0&
%2'$ &
( !
)%!#"-&V#* !

#..') +$ (!
)
(#
,-", ?
+-0!

& .-""#+)-+!
!#
,&-$ .$'-+
,#&
0+

,& !!-!$#$
-0
0+
'+$ &&0,$ 0&
K
/(-$$ 0&




 &RQWU{OHGXVHQVGHURWDWLRQGX
PRWHXU



 $'& &
( !
,&-$ .$ 0&!
)7#..-0,( " +$


#'&
$-0&+ &
(7#..-0,( " +$
K
(#
"#'+?

,-0&
!7#!!0& &
60
(#
,-",
$-0&+

(';& " +$
!#+!
,-'+$
)0&


 ,(#. &
+!0'$
( !
,&-$ .$ 0&!

)7#..-0,( " +$


 $$&
(
"-$ 0&
!-0!
$ +!'-+?
,#&
0+

<'$.8
-+
$8
"-$-&
;D
;&' /(D
,& !!'+*

;&B2
'",0(!'-+
!0&
(
)'!.-+$#.$ 0&
$

2%&'/' &
60
. (0':.'
$-0&+
;' +
)#+!
(

! +!
'+)'60%
,#&
(#
/(B.8
!'$0%
!0&
(#

(#+$ &+
,-",
@$S$
)
,-", E


#+!
(
.#!
.-+$&#'&
.&-'! &
) 01
/'(!
)

,8#!
#0
;-&+' &
"-$ 0&?
-0
!0&
(

)'!.-+$#.$ 0&





 'pPDUUDJH


 6XLYDQWODWHPSpUDWXUHGX
IOXLGHYpKLFXOpHWOHVF\FOHV
GHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHOD

SRPSHODWHPSpUDWXUHGHV

:
, +
$8
!$-,.-.C
@!
E
#+)
$8

;( )
) 2'.
@!
E

@!
E


:
'((
$8
,0",
#+)
$8
!0.$'-+
,',

.-",( $ (D
0+$'(
<#$ &
/(-<!
-0$
-/
$8

;( )
) 2'.
@!
E


:
(-!
$8
!$-,.-.C?
& "-2
$8
,',

#+)
.(-!
$8
;( )
) 2'.
@!
E
#+)

!.& <
#*#'+
$8
)&#'+:,&'"'+*
,(0*

@!
E




-
#2-')
#+D
#..') +$#(
(-!!
-/
,&'"'+*

-/
$8
,0",?
<
& .-"" +)
$-
,&-$ .$
'$

<'$8
#
,& !!0&
!<'$.8
-&
#
/(-#$
!<'$.8



 &KHFNWKHPRWRUVHQVHRIURWDWLRQ



 "-2
$8
.-0,('+*
*0#&)!


0&+
$8
.-0,('+*
;D
8#+)
$-
"#C
!0&

$8#$
$8
,0",
$0&+!
/& (D
<'$8-0$

!$'.C'+*


8 +
! $
#*#'+
$8
.-0,('+*
*0#&)!



$8
.'&.0'$:;& #C &
#+)
.8 .C
$8#$
'$
$0&+!

'+
$8
)'& .$'-+
'+)'.#$ )
;D
$8
#&&-<

(-.#$ )
-+
$8
,0",
(#+$ &+
@8 #)
-/
$8

,0",E


+
$8
.-+$&#&D
.#!
.&-!!
$8
$<-
,8#!

<'& !
-+
$8
"-$-&
$ &"'+#(
;(-.C
-&
-+

$8
"-$-&
,&-$ .$'-+
& (#D




 6WDUWLQJXS


'HSHQGLQJRQFRQYH\HG
IOXLGDQGUXQQLQJRISXPS
VXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHFDQ




H[FHHG&7DNH
VXUIDFHVSRPSHPRWHXU QHFHVVDU\PHDQVWRDYRLG


SHXWGpSDVVHU&PHWWUH LQMXULHV
HQSODFHGHVSURWHFWLRQVYLV 
jYLVGHVSHUVRQQHVVL

QpFHVVDLUH




1



(G3DJH


/DSRPSHQHGRLWSDV 7KHSXPSPXVWQRWRSHUDWH
IRQFWLRQQHUjGpELWQXO DW]HURIORZFORVHG
YDQQHDXUHIRXOHPHQW GLVFKDUJHYDOYHIRUPRUH
IHUPpHSOXVGHPLQXWHV WKDQPLQXWHVZLWKFROG

$77(17,21
HQHDXIURLGH7&&HW &$87,21
ZDWHU7&&DQGPRUH
SOXVGHPQDXGHOjGH WKDQPLQXWHVDERYH&
&UHVSHFWLYHPHQWHW UHVSHFWLYHO\DQG
PLQXWHVVLODSXLVVDQFH PLQXWHVIRUPRWRUSRZHU
PRWHXUGpSDVVHN:


-0!
& .-""#+)-+!
)7#!!0& &
0+
)%;'$

"'+'"0"
%*#(
K

]
+2'&-+
)0
)%;'$

+-"'+#(
)
(#
,-",
#/'+
)7%2'$ &
(#

/-&"#$'-+
)70+
,-.8
*#I 0!
+
,#&$'

8#0$
)
(#
,-", 


#'+$ +'&
/ &"%
(#
2#++
#0

& /-0( " +$


%"#&& &

(#
,-", 

$#&$
$8
,0",

JUHDWHUWKDQN:


P
& .-"" +)
$-
+!0&
#
"'+'"0"

/(-<
-/
#;-0$

]
-/
$8
+-"'+#(
/(-<
-/

$8
,0",
$-
#2-')
$8
/-&"#$'-+
-/
#

2#,-0&
(-.C
#$
$8
$-,
-/
$8
,0",


O ,
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2
.(-! )




02&'&
(
,0&* 0&
,-0&
%2#.0 &
(7#'&
+

(7#;! +.
)70+
N $
)7 #0
/&#+.
)#+!
( !

!?
UHIHUPHUOHSXUJHXU
$
#&&%$ &
(#

,-",
,0'!
#$$ +)&
!
+2'&-+
,-0&

(#'!! &
(7#'&
)%.#+$ &


 )%"#&& &
(#
,-", 

$#&$
#*#'+
$8
,0",



'
+%. !!#'&
@!0&$-0$
!'
(#
8#0$ 0&

/
+ . !!#&D
@,#&$'.0(#&(D
'/
$8
!0.$'-+

)7#!,'&#$'-+
)%,#!!
"E?

& +-02 ( &

. !
-,%&#$'-+!



'
0+
N $
)7 #0
/&#+.
#,,#&#'$
#0
,0&* 0&

/
<#$ &
( #C!
#$
)&#'+'+*
,(0*
@'$
" #+!

@!'*+
60
(#
,-",
)%('2&
!#

,& !!'-+E?
-02&'&
( +$ " +$
(#
2#++
#0

& /-0( " +$
#
,-",
)-'$
S$&

#"-&.% 



-+$&J( &
(#
!$#;'('$%
)
(#
,& !!'-+
#0

& /-0( " +$
K
(7#')
)70+
"#+-"B$&
b

+
.#!
)7'+!$#;'('$%
,#&/#'&
(#
,0&*
)7#'&


+
.#!
)7%.8 .?
& /#'&
(
& ",('!!#*
$

& .-"" +. &
(7-,%&#$'-+


-0&
,#&/#'&
(#
,0&*
)7#'&?
/ &" &
(#

2#++
#0
& /-0( " +$
$
(
,0&* 0&?
,0'!

#&&%$ &
(#
,-",
!?
& " $$&
+
&-0$

(#
,-",
$
-02&'&
(
,0&* 0&


& +-02 ( &
$#+$
607'(
!-&$
)
(7#'&


, +
2 +$'+*
,(0*
$-
2 +$
#'&
/
+-
<#$ &

( #C!
<'$8'+
!?
FORVHWKHSOXJ
#+)

!$-,
$8
,0",?
$8 +
<#'$
!
$-
#((-<
#'&

$-
! $$( 



8 '*8$
1. )!

"E
& , #$
$8 !

-, &#$'-+!

$8
,0",
) ('2 &!
'$!
,& !!0& E?
!(-<(D

-, +
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2 

8
,0",
8#!
$-
;
,&'" )


8 .C
,& !!0&
!$#;'('$D
#$
)'!.8#&*

<'$8
#
"#+-" $ &?
'/
'+!$#;'('$D?
, &/ .$

#'&
)&#'+'+*


+
.#!
-/
/#'(0& ?
)-
$8
/'(('+*
'+
#*#'+

#+)
!$#&$
$8
-, &#$'-+
#*#'+


-
, &/ .$
#'&
)&#'+'+*?
.(-!
$8

)'!.8#&*
2#(2
#+)
$8
)&#'+'+*
,(0*?

$8 +
!$-,
$8
,0",
!?
!$#&$
$8
,0",

#*#'+
#+)
-, +
$8
)&#'+'+*
,(0*
-
'$

#!
(-+*
#!
#'&
.-" !
-0$


02&'&
(#
2#++
#0
& /-0( " +$
,-0&

, +
$8
)'!.8#&*
2#(2
'+
-&) &
$-

#2-'&
(
,-'+$
)
/-+.$'-++ " +$
8#2
$8
<'!8 )
<-&C'+*
,-'+$

!-08#'$%


%&'/' &
60
(7'+$ +!'$%
#;!-&;%
!$

8 .C
$8#$
$8
.0&& +$
'+,0$
)- !
+-$

'+/%&' 0&
-0
%*#(
K
. ((
'+)'60%
!0&
1. )
$8
2#(0
'+)'.#$ )
-+
$8
"-$-&

(#
,(#60
"-$ 0&
)#$#
,(#$ 









 (175(7,(1
 0$,17(1$1&(
 

$YDQWWRXWHLQWHUYHQWLRQ %HIRUHDQ\RSHUDWLRQVZLWFK
 PHWWUHKRUVWHQVLRQODRX

RIIWKHSXPSV

OHVSRPSHV


3RXUQRVSRPSHV0XOWL9( )RU09,(SXPSVHTXLSSHG
pTXLSpHVGHPRWRYDULDWHXU ZLWKIUHTXHQF\FRQYHUWHUVHH
YRLUODQRWLFHVSpFLILTXH

WKHVSHFLILFOHDIOHW


0.0+
+$& $' +
,#&$'.0(' &
+
.-0&!
)

-
!, .'#(
"#'+$ +#+.
'+
-, &#$'-+

/-+.$'-++ " +$


#'+$ +'&
(#
,-",
$
(
"-$ 0&
+
,#&/#'$

O ,
$8
,0",
#+)
$8
"-$-&
, &/ .$(D
.( #+

%$#$
)
,&-,& $%




1



(G3DJH



+
.#!
)7#&&S$
,&-(-+*%?
!7'(
+7D
#
,#!
&'!60

+
.#!
-/
,&-(-+* )
!$-,,'+*?
'/
$8 &
'!
+-

)
* (?
'(
!$
)%.-+! '((%
)
2')#+* &
(#
&'!C
-/
/&-!$?
'$
'!
; !$
+-$
$-
)&#'+
$8
,0",

,-", 


-0&
( !
,-", !
%60',% !
)70+
*&#'!! 0&

!-0!
(
;-'$' &
)
&-0( " +$
@$#;( #0
.':
) !!-0!E?
2-'&
( !
'+!$&0.$'-+!
)
& *&#'!!#*

/'*0&#+$
!0&
(7%$'60 $$
.-((%
!0&
. (0':.'
H




+
,0",!
60',, )
<'$8
*& #! &
0+) &

; #&'+*
;-1
@$#;(
; (-<E?
!
& *& #!'+*

'+!$&0.$'-+!
<&'$$ +
-+
!$'.C &
,0$
-+
'$H

'.8' &
*& #!'+*UcN,*

0&
( !
#0$& !
$D, !?
(
&-0( " +$
!0,,-&$#+$

+
-$8 &
"-) (!?
$8
; #&'+*
8-()'+*
$8

(7#..-0,( " +$
!$
*&#'!!%
,-0&
!#
)0&%
)
.-0,('+*
'!
(0;&'.#$ )
/-&
'$!
$-$#(
('/ $'" 

2' 
/
$8
"-$-&
#!! ";('+*
'!
)-+
-+(D
;D
/'$$'+*

'
(
"-$ 0&
!
"-+$
,#&
!'",(
'+$-
$8
; #&'+*
@+-
!.& <
/-&
$'*8$ +'+*
-/

";-'$ " +$
)#+!
(R#..-0,( " +$
@,#!
)
$8
.-0,('+*
-+
$8
"-$-&
!8#/$E?
'$
'!

2'!
)
! &&#* E?
'(
!$
/-&$ " +$
& .-""#+)%
& .-"" +) )
$-
*& #!
$8
!8#/$
+)
#!
< ((

)
*&#'!! &
!-+
;-0$
)7#&;&
#'+!'
60
#!
$8
.-0,('+*
;-&'+*
<'$8
#
8'*8
#)8 &'+*

(7#(%!#*
)
(7#..-0,( " +$
#2 .
0+
*&#'!!
*& #!
@$D,
$D,


-('C-$
-&


K
/-&$
#)8%& +.
@$D,


-('C-$
-0
-.$'$
/-&
1#",( E
$-
/#.'('$#$
#+D
/0&$8 &


-.$'$
,#&
1 ",( E
K
.8#60
"-+$#*
)'#!! ";('+*

-0
& "-+$#*
)0
"-$ 0&

#/'+
)
/#.'('$ &
) !


)%"-+$#* !
0($%&' 0&!







-0&
( !
,-", !
%60',% !
)R0+
$#",-+

-&
,0",!
60',, )
<'$8
.-0,('+*
;0!8?

)R#..-0,( " +$?
!R#!!0& &
)0
;-+
%$#$
#2#+$
.8 .C
'$
; /-&
& #!! ";('+*

$-0$
& "-+$#* 





1



(G3DJH

'.8' &
.-0,('+*N,*

@E
0RWHXUVVDQVJUDLVVHXUV
0RWRUVZLWKRXWOXEULFDWLQJGHYLFHV
@E
 !
&-0( " +$!
) !
"-$ 0&!
!$#+)#&)!
!-+$

-$-&
; #&'+*!
#&
(0;&'.#$ )
/-&
$8 '&
('/ $'"

*&#'!!%!
,-0&
( 0&
)0&%
)
2'
$
+
#+)
)-
+-$
& 60'&
#+D
(0;&'.#$'-+

+%. !!'$ +$
)-+.
,#!
)
*&#'!!#* 







*DUQLWXUHVPpFDQLTXHV

0HFKDQLFDOVHDOV


#
*#&+'$0&
"%.#+'60
+
+%. !!'$
#0.0+

8
" .8#+'.#(
! #(
)- !
+-$
& 60'&
#+D

+$& $' +
+
.-0&!
)
/-+.$'-++ " +$
 "#'+$ +#+.
'+
-, &#$'-+


(OOHQHGRLWMDPDLV

$77(17,21
&$87,21
,WPXVWQHYHURSHUDWHGU\

IRQFWLRQQHUjVHF


 !
0($':
?
0($': ?
0($':
$


?
?

#+)

#&

0($':
!-+$
%60',% !
)R0+
!D!$B"
60',, )
<'$8
#
.#&$&')*
!D!$ "
'+
-&) &
$-

.#&$-0.8
, &" $$#+$
(
& ",(#. " +$
)
(#
#!
!$#+)#&)
" .8#+'.#(
! #(
& ,(#. " +$

*#&+'$0&
!#+!
)%"-+$#*
)
(#
,#&$'
<'$8-0$
)'!#!! ";('+*
$8
8D)&#0('.
,#&$!

8D)&#0('60

'.8' &
.#&$-0.8 N,*

#
/-+.$'-+
=!,#. &W
, &" $
!-+

= ,#. &W
/ #$0&
#((-<!
+-$
$-
)'!#!! ";(


& ",(#. " +$
!#+!
) ,-!
)0
"-$ 0&
,-0&
"-$-&
-+

?
?

#+)

@E

( !
,0'!!#+. !
!0,%&' 0& !
K
CP
!0&
( !

@/-&
,-< &
*& #$ &
$8#+
CPE
<8 +

0($':
?
0($': ?
0($':
$
0($': & "-2'+*
" .8#+'.#(
! #(
.#&$&')* 








 ,1&,'(176'()21&7,211(0(17

 23(5$7,1*'()$8/76






2#+$
$-0$
'+$ &2 +$'-+?

 /-&
#+D
-, &#$'-+

" $$&

 
P

$8



(#
,-", 
 ,0",

3RXUQRVSRPSHV )RURU09,(SXPSV
0XOWL9(pTXLSpHVGH HTXLSSHGZLWK
PRWRYDULDWHXUYRLUOD IUHTXHQF\
QRWLFHVSpFLILTXH
FRQYHUWHUVHHWKH
VSHFLILFOHDIOHW




1



(G3DJH








 

,1&,'(176&$86(6 5(3$5$7,21
'()$8/76&$86(6 5(0(',(6



/DSRPSHWRXUQHPDLVQHGpELWHSDV

3XPSWXUQVEXWQRGHOLYHU\


#E
 !
-&*#+ !
'+$ &+ !
#E
#'&
)%"-+$ &
(#

#E
8
'+$ &+#(
,#&$!
#&
#E
'!"#+$(
$8
,0",

!-+$
-;!$&0%!
,#&
,-",
$
(#
+ $$-D &
-;!$&0.$ )
;D
/-& '*+
#+)
.( #+
'$

) !
.-&,!
%$&#+* &!
"#$$ &!




;E
0D#0$ &'
;E
 $$-D &
$-0$
(#

;E
0.$'-+
,',
;E
( #+
#((
$8
,', !

)7#!,'&#$'-+
-;!$&0% 
$0D#0$ &' 
-;!$&0.$ )







.E
+$&% !
)7#'&
,#&
(#
.E
-+$&J( &
(7%$#+.8%'$%

.E
'&
'+
!0.$'-+
,', !
.E
8 .C
$'*8$+ !!
-/

$0D#0$ &'
)
$-0$
(#
.-+)0'$


$8
<8-(
,',
0,
$-

)7#!,'&#$'-+

N0!607K
(#
,-",
$
$8
,0",
#+)
"#C


%$#+.8 &
'$
$'*8$








)E
#
,-",
!$
)E
%#"-&. &
,#&

)E
0",
'!
+-
"-&
)E
'((
$8
,0",
$-

)%!#"-&.%
-0
+-+
& ",('!!#*
,-", 
,&'" )
,&'"
#*#'+
8 .C

#"-&.% 
%&'/' &
(7%$#+.8%'$%
/--$
2#(2
'!
$'*8$

)0
.(#, $
)
,' )




E
#
,& !!'-+
K
E
&-,
)
, &$ !
)

E
0.$'-+
,& !!0&
'!
E
--
8'*8
(-!!
-/
8 #)

(7#!,'&#$'-+
!$
$&-,
.8#&*
K
(7#!,'&#$'-+
$--
(-<?
'$
.#0! !
-+
!0.$'-+
-&
!0.$'-+

/#';( ?
((
!$
-0
(#
8#0$ 0&
.#2'$#$'-+
+-'! 
8 #)
@.8 .C
$8

*%+%&#( " +$
)7#!,'&#$'-+
!$
$&-,

 
-/
$8
,0",

#..-",#*+%
)
%( 2%
@.-+$&J( &
(

'+!$#(( )
#+)
-/
$8

;&0'$
)
.#2'$#$'-+
 
)
(#
,-",

'+!$#((#$'-+E


'+!$#((%
$
)




(7'+!$#((#$'-+E





/E

"-$ 0&
!$
/E
-+$&J( &
(#
$ +!'-+

/E
8
!0,,(D
2-($#*
-/
/E
8 .C
$8
2-($#*
-+

#('" +$%
K
0+
#01
;-&+ !
)0
$8
"-$-&
'!
$--
(-<

$8
$ &"'+#(!
-/
$8

$ +!'-+
'+!0//'!#+$
"-$ 0&
$
(#
;-++
"-$-&
#+)
$8
.&-!!:
! .$'-+
) !
! .$'-+
-/
$8

.-+)0.$ 0&!
.-+)0.$-&!







/DSRPSHYLEUH


7KHSXPSYLEUDWHV


#E
#(
! &&%
!0&
!-+
#E
%&'/' &
$
2'!! &

#E
--!
-+
'$!
#E
8 .C
#+)
$'*8$ +

!-.( 
.-",(B$ " +$
( !
/-0+)#$'-+
.-",( $ (D
$8
+0$!


%.&-0!
) !
;-0(-+!

-/
$8
!$0)
;-($!


)
!. (( " +$








;E
-&,!
%$&#+* &!
;E
#'&
)%"-+$ &
(#
;E
-& '*+
"#$$ &!
;E
'!"#+$(
$8
,0",

-;!$&0#+$
(#
,-", 
,-",
$
(#
+ $$-D &
-;!$&0.$'+*
$8
#+)
.( #+
'$



,0",


.E
-$#$'-+
)0&
)
(#
.E
%&'/' &
60
(#
,-",

.E
8 .C
$8
,0",

,-", 
$-0&+
(';& " +$
.E
'//'.0($
&-$#$'-+
-/
$0&+!
/& (D
<'$8-0$


!#+!
-,,-! &
)
$8
,0",
#;+-&"#(
!$'.C'+*


&%!'!$#+.
#+-&"#( 








)E
#02#'!
)E
%&'/' &
( !

)E
8 .C
$8

;&#+.8 " +$
.-++ 1'-+!
#0
)E
#)
( .$&'.#(
.-++ .$'-+!
$-
$8

%( .$&'60
"-$ 0&
)
(#
,-", 
.-++ .$'-+
,0",
"-$-&






1



(G3DJH





/HPRWHXUFKDXIIHDQRUPDOHPHQW

7KHPRWRURYHUKHDWV


#E
 +!'-+
'+!0//'!#+$ 
#E
%&'/' &
(#
$ +!'-+
#01

#E
-($#*
$--
(-<
#E
8 .C
2-($#*
-+


;-&+ !
)0
"-$ 0&?

$ &"'+#(!
-/
$8


. $$
$ +!'-+
)-'$
!

"-$-&?
'$
!8-0()
;


!'$0 &
K
r

]
+

<'$8'+
r

]
'+



I
-0
r

]
+


I
-&
r

]
'+



I
)
(#
$ +!'-+


I
-/
$8
&#$ )


+-"'+#( 

2-($#* 







;E
-",
-;!$&0%
,#&
;E
#'&
)%"-+$ &
(#

;E
0",
-;!$&0.$ )
;D
;E
'!"#+$(
$8
,0",

) !
.-&,!
%$&#+* &!
,-",
$
+ $$-D &
/-& '*+
"#$$ &!
#+)
.( #+
'$







.E
 ",%&#$0&
.E

"-$ 0&
!$
,&%20

.E
";' +$
$ ", &#$0&
.E
8
"-$-&
'!
#'" )

#";'#+$
!0,%&' 0&
,-0&
/-+.$'-++ &
K
#;-2
M
L
#$
-, &#$'+*
#$
#

K
M
L
0+
$ ",%&#$0&

"#1'"0"
#";' +$


#";'#+$
"#1'
)
M

$ ", &#$0&
-/


L

M
L








)E
&& 0&
)
.-0,(#*
)E

.-+/-&" &
K
(#

)E
-0,('+*
/#'(0&
'+
)E

'+
.-+/-&"'$D
<'$8

)#+!
(#
;-^$
K
,(#60
"-$ 0&
$
K
(#
$8
$ &"'+#(
;-1
$8
"-$-&
,(#$
#+)

;-&+ !
/'*0&

!
/'*0&





/DSRPSHQHGRQQHSDVXQHSUHVVLRQ
7KHSXPSGHOLYHUVLQVXIILFLHQWSUHVVXUH

VXIILVDQWH


#E

"-$ 0&
+
$-0&+
#E
#'&
)%"-+$ &
(#

#E
8
"-$-&
/#'(!
$-
&0+
#E
'!"#+$(
$8
,0",

,#!
K
!#
2'$ !!
,-",
$
& "%)' &
K
#$
'$!
+-&"#(
!, )
#+)
!-(2
$8
) / .$

+-&"#(
@.-&,!
(7#+-"#(' 
@/-& '*+
"#$$ &!E


%$&#+* &!E




;E

"-$ 0&
!$
;E

& ",(#. &

;E
8
"-$-&
'!
;E
 ,(#.
$8
"-$-&

)%/ .$0 01
) / .$'2 









.E
#02#'!
& ",('!!#*
.E
02&'&
(
,0&* 0&
)

.E
#)
/'(('+*
-/
$8
.E
, +
$8
;( )'+*

)
(#
,-", 
(#
,-",
$
,0&* &
,0",
) 2'.
#+)
)&#'+
0+$'(


N0!607K
.-",(B$

$8 &
#&
+-
"-&
#'&


)'!,#&'$'-+
) !
;0(( !

;0;;( !


)7#'&








)E

"-$ 0&
$-0&+
K
)E
+2 &! &
(
! +!
)

)E
8
"-$-&
$0&+!
'+
)E
 2 &!
$8
! +!
-/

(7 +2 &!
&-$#$'-+
+
.&-'!#+$
$8
<&-+*
<#D
&-$#$'-+
;D


) 01
/'(!
)
,8#!
#0

'+$ &.8#+*'+*
$8
$<-


;-&+' &
)0
"-$ 0&

,8#!
<'& !
-+
$8


"-$-&
$ &"'+#(
;-1




E

;-0.8-+
)
E

.-+$&J( &
$
(

E
8
)&#'+:,&'"'+*
E
8 .C
'$
#+)
!.& <
'$

2')#+* :#"-&V#*
& 2'!! &
,(0*
'!
+-$
.-&& .$(D
#*#'+

+7 !$
,#!
2'!!%
K

$'*8$ + )


/-+)







/E

"-$ 0&
!$
/E
-+$&J( &
(#
$ +!'-+

/E
8
!0,,(D
2-($#*
-/
/E
8 .C
$8
2-($#*
-+

#('" +$%
K
0+
#01
;-&+ !
)0
$8
"-$-&
'!
$--
(-<
$8
$ &"'+#(!
-/
$8

$ +!'-+
'+!0//'!#+$ 
"-$ 0&
$
(#
;-++

"-$-&
#+)
$8
.&-!!:

! .$'-+
) !
! .$'-+
-/
$8

.-+)0.$ 0&!
#'+!'
.-+)0.$-&!

60
(
.-0,(#* 






1



(G3DJH





/HGLVMRQFWHXUVHGpFOHQFKH

7KHFLUFXLWEUHDNHUGHYLFHLVRQ


#E

&%*(#*
)0
& (#'!
#E
-+$&J( &
(7'+$ +!'$%
K

#E
8
! $$'+*
-/
$8
#E
8 .C
$8
.0&& +$

$8 &"'60
!$
(7#')
)70+
$8 &"#(
& (#D
'!
+-$
<'$8
#+
#"" $ &
-&

'+.-&& .$
@2#( 0&
$&-,
#",B& "B$&
-0
#) 60#$
@$--
(-<E
! $
$8
2#(0
-/
$8

/#';( E
#//'.8 &
(#
2#( 0&
)

.0&& +$
&#$'+*
-+
$8


(7'+$ +!'$%
'+!.&'$
!0&

"-$-&
)#$#
,(#$ 


(#
,(#60
"-$ 0&







;E
#
$ +!'-+
!$
$&-,
;E
%&'/' &
(#
;-++

;E
8
2-($#*
'!
$--
;E
8 .C
$8
#) 60#$

/#';( 
! .$'-+
) !
(-<
.&-!!:! .$'-+
-/
$8


.-+)0.$ 0&!
)0
.A;(

.-+)0.$-&!
-/
$8


%( .$&'60 

( .$&'.#(
.#;( 










.E
+
,8#!
!$
.E

2%&'/' &
$
.8#+* &

.E

,8#!
'!
.0$
.E
8 .C
'$
#+)
.8#+*

.-0,% 
(
.A;(
%( .$&'60
!'
$8
( .$&'.#(
.#;(
'/

+%. !!#'& 
+ . !!#&D




)E

& (#'!
$8 &"'60
)E

& ",(#. &

)E
8
$8 &"#(
& (#D
-/
)E
 ,(#.
'$

)0
)'!N-+.$ 0&
!$
$8
.'&.0'$:;& #C &
'!

)%/ .$0 01
) / .$'2 




/E
+
/0!';(
#
!#0$%
E

& ",(#. &

E

/0!
'!
-//
E
 ,(#.
'$




/HGpELWQ
HVWSDVUpJXOLHU

7KHIORZLVLUUHJXODU


#E
#
8#0$ 0&
#E
 2-'&
( !
.-+)'$'-+!

#E
8
!0.$'-+
8 #)
#E
$0)D
#*#'+
$8

)7#!,'&#$'-+
@E
)7'+!$#((#$'-+
$
( !
@E
'!
+-$
#) 60#$ 
'+!$#((#$'-+
.-+)'$'-+!

+7 !$
,#!
& !, .$% 
& .-""#+)#$'-+!

#+)
$8


)%.&'$ !
)#+!
.

& .-"" +)#$'-+!


"#+0 (
) !.&'; )
'+
$8'!

'+!$&0.$'-+




;E
#
$0D#0$ &'
;E
#
$0D#0$ &'

;E
8
!0.$'-+
,',
8#!
;E
8
!0.$'-+
,',

)7#!,'&#$'-+
!$
)70+
)7#!,'&#$'-+
)-'$
S$&
#
(-< &
)'#" $ &
$8#+
"0!$
8#2
$8
!#"

)'#"B$&
'+/%&' 0&
K
)
"S"
)'#"B$&
$8
-+
-/
$8
,0",
)'#" $ &
#!
$8

. (0'
)
(#
,-", 
60
(7-&'/'.

!0.$'-+
,0",
,-&$


)7#!,'&#$'-+
,-", 









.E
#
.&%,'+
$
(#
.E
%"-+$ &
$

.E
8
!$&#'+ &
#+)
$8
.E
 "-2
#+)
.( #+

$0D#0$ &'
+ $$-D &
!0.$'-+
,',
#&

)7#!,'&#$'-+
!-+$
,#&$'#((D
-;!$&0.$ )

,#&$' (( " +$

-;!$&0% !




6LOHOLTXLGHHVWWR[LTXHFRUURVLI
,IWKHOLTXLGLVWR[LFFRUURVLYHRU
RXGDQJHUHX[SRXUO
KRPPHHQ GDQJHURXVIRUKXPDQEHLQJ

LQIRUPHULPSpUDWLYHPHQW
:,/2PXVWEHLQIRUPHGRUWKH
6$/0621RXOHUpSDUDWHXU TXDOLILHGSHUVRQLQFKDUJHRIWKH
DJUpp'DQVFHFDVQHWWR\HUOD UHSDLULQJ,QWKLVFDVHFOHDQWKH
SRPSHGHPDQLqUHjDVVXUHUXQH SXPSWRHQVXUHDFRPSOHWH
WRWDOHVpFXULWpDXUpSDUDWHXU VDIHW\IRUWKHUHSDLULQJPDQ





 0$,17(1$1&((175(7,(1

 0$,17(1$1&(6(59,&,1*







$$ +$'-+
K
+
,#!
"%(#+* &
,(0!' 0&!
,'B. !
#D
#$$ +$'-+
+-$
$-
"'1
,#&$!

 $$&
+2567(16,21
(#
,-", 
6:,7&+2))
$8
,0",







1



(G3DJH



-0&
$-0$
'+$ &2 +$'-+
!0&
(#
,-", ?
!

 /-&
#+D
-, &#$'-+
-+
$8
,0",?
,( #!

& ,-&$ &
#01
+-$'. !
)
"-+$#*
4
)%"-+$#*
& / &
$-
$ .8+'.#(
( #/( $!H

H

:
+L


/-&

 4
4

:
+L
 
,-0&
( !
0($':
4
4 

:
+L

/-&

4

:
+L

,-0&
0($':
4

'.8' &
'.8' &

U!#("!-+N,*
U2' &* N,*







'*


'.8' &
'*UN,*




1



(G3DJH



'*


'.8' &
'*UN,*

'*

'.8' &
'*U
N,*

7\SH +] +] 1 31 / 3 ; < (
 SROHV PP PP PP PP PP
0($':
















































0($':































 
 






















0($':









 
 















 
 













 
 





0($':











 
















 




0($':












 



















 












1



(G3DJH




'*


'.8' &
'*UN,*

'*


'.8' &
'*UN,*

  















:,/2380302725
(/(&75,&$/&211(&7,216




:,/2380302725(/(&75,&$/&211(&7,216
%(/2:.:
x $OZD\VXVH'2/6WDUWHURIVDPHSRZHUUDWLQJDV
RIPRWRU
x %HIRUHFRQQHFWLQJWKHVXSSO\FDEOHWRPRWRUFKHFN
LQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHZLWK9ROWVPHJJHU
%HWZHHQ3KDVH %RG\RIWKHPRWRU
x )RUSKDVH9+]6XSSO\PRWRUWHUPLQDO
FRQQHFWLRQVVKDOOEHDOZD\VVWDUFRQQHFWHG/LQN
VKDOOEHFRQQHFWHGEHWZHHQ89 :6XSSO\
ZLUHVVKDOOEHFRQQHFWHGWR89 :
x 6HWRYHUORDGUHOD\LQ'2/VWDUWHUDWIXOOORDGFXUUHQW
RIPRWRUJLYHQRQQDPHSODWHRIPRWRU
x 'HFRXSOHWKHSXPS WDNHQRORDGWULDORIPRWRUWR
FKHFNGLUHFWLRQRIURWDWLRQ,IWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
URWDWLRQLVQRWDVPDUNHGRQ3XPSFKDQJHWKH

GLUHFWLRQE\LQWHUFKDQJLQJWKHWZRSKDVHZLUHVRI
FDEOHDWPRWRUHQG
; 
x ,IWKHGLUHFWLRQRIURWDWLRQLVFRUUHFWVWRSWKHPRWRU 
FRXSOHWKHSXPS WDNHORDGWULDORISXPS
x $OZD\VXVHLQGHSHQGHQWVWDUWHUV DPPHWHUVIRU
HDFKSXPS


$%29(.:02725

x 6HOHFWWKHVWDUWHU'2/RU6WDU'HOWDDVSHU
RSHUDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQW
x ,QFDVHWKHVWDUWHULV'2/)RU7KUHHSKDVH
9+]6XSSO\DOZD\VFRQQHFWPRWRU
WHUPLQDOFRQQHFWLRQVLQGHOWD/LQNVKDOOEH
FRQQHFWHGDVSHUGUDZLQJQR
x ,IWKHVWDUWHULVRI6WDUGHOWDW\SHUHPRYHDOOWKH
WKUHHOLQNVLQPRWRUWHUPLQDOER[ FRQQHFWDOOWKH
VL[ZLUHVLQVWDUGHOWDVWDUWHU
x %HIRUHFRQQHFWLQJWKHVXSSO\FDEOHWRPRWRUFKHFN

LQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHZLWK9ROWV 
PHJJHU%HWZHHQ3KDVH %RG\RIWKHPRWRU
'2/67$5'(/7$
x 6HWRYHUORDGUHOD\LQVWDUWHUDWIXOOORDGFXUUHQWRI
PRWRUJLYHQRQQDPHSODWHRIPRWRU
x 'HFRXSOHWKHSXPS WDNHQRORDGWULDORIPRWRUWR
FKHFNGLUHFWLRQRIURWDWLRQ,IWKHGLUHFWLRQRI
URWDWLRQLVQRWDVPDUNHGRQ3XPS
x ,QFDVHRI'2/VWDUWHU&KDQJHWKHGLUHFWLRQE\
LQWHUFKDQJLQJWKHWZRSKDVHZLUHVRIFDEOHDWPRWRU
HQG$QGLQFDVHRIVWDUGHOWDVWDUWHUFKDQJHWKH
GLUHFWLRQRIPRWRUE\LQWHUFKDQJLQJWZRSKDVHZLUHV
DWLQFRPLQJFDEOHRIVWDUGHOWDVWDUWHU
x ,IWKHGLUHFWLRQRIURWDWLRQLVFRUUHFWVWRSWKHPRWRU
FRXSOHWKHSXPS WDNHORDGWULDORISXPS
$OZD\VXVHLQGHSHQGHQWVWDUWHUV DPPHWHUVIRUHDFK
SXPS




  















23(5$7,21*8,'(/,1(6)25
7+(0$,138036

 Dd,ZW>ddWhDW^>d
K'dDW

D
WWsW
W
tt>t>
W
Zs

&W
W
^^^^Z
^/^
^^t
s

EZs

EZs
dWD

^
sE
W^W
EZs
/D^

  















35(&200,66,21,1*&+(&.6
)2538036(76

 

35(&200,66,21,1*&+(&.6)2538036(76

3XPS6U1R       3XPS7\SH






65 ,167580(17 $&&(37$%/(
$&7,9,7,(6 5(0$5.6
12 86(' /,0,7
 &KHFNDQ\SLSHVWUHVVRQSXPS   
)OXVKLQJRISLSHOLQHVDQGHQVXUHQR   

OHDNDJHV
$YDLODELOLW\RIVXIILFLHQWOLTXLGLQVXPS   
 VXFWLRQDVSHUVSHFLILFDWLRQV

,QVWDOODWLRQRIDOOLQVWUXPHQWV   
$VXFWLRQDQGGHOLYHU\SUHVVXUHJDXJHV

 %SUHVVXUHVZLWFKHV
&WHPSHUDWXUHJDXJHV
'DQ\RWKHUDVVXSSOLHGVSHFLILHG

2SHUDWLRQRIVXFWLRQGHOLYHU\DQGLQOLQH   

YDOYHV
3URSHUVXSSRUWVIRUSLSLQJDQGRWKHU   

DOOLHGHTXLSPHQWV
)UHHURWDWLRQRISXPSDQGGULYHVKDIWV   


&KHFNLQJRILQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH   


3URSHUFDEOHWHUPLQDWLRQFOLHQWVVFRSH   


0RWRUSURWHFWLRQUHOD\VHWWLQJVFKHFN   

ZLWKFOLHQW
&KHFNDOOLQWHUORFNVDVVSHFLILHG   

SURYLGHG
&RXSOLQJRISXPSDQGGULYHDQGIUHH   

URWDWLRQRIVKDIWVLQFRXSOHGFRQGLWLRQ
6XFWLRQYDOYHLVIXOO\RSHQHG   


3XPSLVIXOO\SULPHGDQGDOODLULVYHQWHG   
 GHOLYHU\YDOYHLVFORVHGLIUHTXLUHG

(PHUJHQF\VKXWGRZQLVSRVVLEOH   


  















)8/7),1',1*&+ 

 )$8/7),1',1*&+$57


6\PSWRP
3RVVLEOHFDXVHRIWURXEOHDQGUHPHGLHV
HDFKQXPEHULVGHILQHGLQWKHOLVWEHORZ

3XPSGRHVQRWGHOLYHUZDWHU 
,QVXIILFLHQWFDSDFLW\GHOLYHUHG 
,QVXIILFLHQWSUHVVXUHGHYHORSHG 
3XPSORVHVSULPHDIWHUVWDUWLQJ 
3XPSUHTXLUHVH[FHVVLYHSRZHU 
3XPSYLEUDWHVRULWLVQRLV\ 
%HDULQJVKDYHVKRUWOLIH 
3XPSRYHUKHDWVDQGVHL]HV 
 
6XFWLRQWURXEOHV 5HPHGLHV

 3XPSQRWSULPHG (QVXUHWKDWFDVLQJIXOO\ILOOHGDQGZDWHUFRPHV
RXWIURPDLUFRFN
 3XPSRUVXFWLRQSLSHQRWFRPSOHWHO\ &KHFNOHDNLQJIRRWYDOYHLQFDVHRIQHJDWLYHVXFWLRQ
ILOOHGZLWKOLTXLG
 6XFWLRQOLIWWRRKLJK  5HGXFHE\ORZHULQJSXPSHOHYDWLRQRULQFUHDVHZDWHUOHYHO
 
 ,QVXIILFLHQWPDUJLQEHWZHHQSUHVVXUH &KHFNWKDW136+DYDLODEOHLVDWOHDVWPHWHUVXFWLRQPRUH
DQGYDSRXUSUHVVXUH WKDQ136+UHTXLUHG
 ([FHVVLYHDPRXQWRIDLURULQOLTXLG &KHFNWKHUHDVRQVDQGHOLPLQDWH*DVHQWUDSSHGJDVLQOLTXLG
$LUPD\EHSDVVLQJWKURXJKVXFWLRQMRLQWV
 $LUSRFNHWLQVXFWLRQOLQH (QVXUHSLSHIXOO\ILOOHGQRFRQFHQWULFEHQGIRU
1HJDWLYHVXFWLRQ
 $LUOHDNVLQWRVXFWLRQOLQH 7LJKWHQSLSHMRLQWVZLWKVROXWLRQ
  
 )RRWYDOYHWRRVPDOORUOHDNLQJ 5HSODFH$WWHQG
)RRWYDOYHSDUWLDOO\FORJJHG &OHDQ
,QOHWRIVXFWLRQSLSHQRWVXIILFLHQWO\ (QVXUHDGHTXDWHVXEPHUJHQFHWKDWIRRWYDOYHLVQRW
VXEPHUJHG H[SRVHG
: DWHUVHDOSLSHFORJJHG &OHDQRUFKDQJH
 
6SHHGWRRORZ &KHFNPRWRU530VXSSO\IUHTXHQF\0RWRUQDPHSODWHVSHHG
VKRXOGEHDVVSHFLILHGRQSXPSQDPHSODWH
6SHHGWRRKLJK &KHFNPRWRU530VXSSO\IUHTXHQF\
'LUHFWLRQRIURWDWLQJZURQJ &KHFNFRUUHFWGLUHFWLRQRIURWDWLRQIRUPRWRUEHIRUHFRXSOLQJWR
PRWRU
7RWDOKHDGRIV\VWHPKLJKHU &KHFNWKHFDXVHVDQGUHIHUWR0 30HDVXUHZLWKSUHVVXUH
WKDQGHVLJQKHDGRISXPS JDXJH


7RWDOKHDGRIV\VWHPORZHU &KHFNWKHFDXVHVDQGUHIHUWR0 30HDVXUHZLWKSUHVVXUH
WKDQSXPSGHVLJQKHDG JDXJH
6SHFLILFJUDYLW\RIOLTXLG 5HIHUWR0 3
GLIIHUHQWIURPGHVLJQ
9LVFRVLW\RIOLTXLGGLIIHUHQWIURP 5HIHUWR0 3
GHVLJQ
2SHUDWLRQDWYHU\ORZFDSDFLW\ &KHFNWKHFDXVHVDQGUHIHUWR0 32SHUDWH
SXPSDWUDWHGGXW\
3DUDOOHORSHUDWLRQRISXPSVXQVXLWDEOHIRU 5HIHUWR0 3ZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFXUYHVRISXPS
VXFKRSHUDWLRQ
 
 
 
 
 
  
0HFKDQLFDOWURXEOHV 5HPHGLHV
 
)RUHLJQPDWWHULQLPSHOOHU 2SHQDQGFOHDQ
)RXQGDWLRQVQRWULJLG &KHFNYLEUDWLRQRQ%DVHIUDPHFKHFNKROORZQHVV
6KDIWEHQW 'LVPDQWOHDQGFKHFN5HSODFHVKDIW
5RWDWLQJSDUWUXEELQJRQ ,QFRUUHFWDVVHPEO\FRUUHFWDVVHPEO\
VWDWLRQDU\SDUW
%HDULQJZRUQ 6KDIWUXQRXWUHSODFHLIUHTXLUHG

 
,PSHOOHUGDPDJHG 5HSODFH
&DVLQJJDVNHWGHIHFWLYH 5HSODFH
SHUPLWWLQJLQWHUQDOOHDNDJH
6KDIWRUVKDIWEXVKHVZRUQ 5HSODFH
RUVFRUHGDWSDFNLQJ
([FHVVLYHWKUXVWFDXVHGE\ PHFKDQLFDO &KHFNSXPSRSHUDWLRQDQGDVVHPEO\
IDLOXUHLQVLGHSXPSRUE\IDLOXUHRI
K\GUDXOLFEDODQFLQJGHYLFH
'LUWLQEHDULQJV    ,QYHVWLJDWHWKHFDXVHDQGFOHDQEHDULQJ
5XVWLQJRIEHDULQJVIURPZDWHULQKRXVLQJ $UUHVWZDWHULQJUHVV
([FHVVLYHFRROLQJRIZDWHUFRROHG 5HGXFHFRROLQJZDWHUIORZ
EHDULQJUHVXOWLQJLQFRQGHQVDWLRQRI
DWPRVSKHULFPRLVWXUHLQEHDULQJKRXVLQJ





  















09,&20321(173+2726

 09,&20321(1763+272
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12

 0$&+,1,1*%$6(


3803&$6,1*


38036+$)7


/,1(578%(

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


25,1*)25/,1(578%(


),//,1*3/8*


25,1*)25),//,1*3/8*


25,1*'5$,1 35,0,1*3/8*

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


25,1*'5$,1 35,0,1*3/8*


'5$,1 35,0,1*3/8*


67$7,21$5<5,1*+2/'(5


67$*(&$6,1*:25*9

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


7,(%2/7


187%2/7


6723586+


7+58675,1*,03(//(5

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


&(17(5,1*(1'67$*(:,7+5*9


,03(//(563$&(5


,03(//(5


67$*(&$6,1*:,7+5*9

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


6+$)76/((9(63$&(5


6+$)76/((9(

 67$*(&$6,1*:,7+5*9 
,17(50(',$7%($5,1*


6+$)7(1':$6+(5

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


/2&.:$6+(50



,1)(5,256&5(:

3OHDVHWLJKWZLWK/.H\PP

 

 0(&+$1,&$/6($/


0$&+,1,1*/$17(51

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


/2&.:$6+(5


25,1*)25%$//%($5,1*


0$&+,1,1*&283/,1*


&,5&/,3)25%$//%($5,1*

3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12

 )/$7:$6+(5



683(5,256&5(:



/2&.:$6+(5

&283/,1*6&5(:


3$*(2)
6512 3+272 &20321(176'(6&5,37,215()12


02725),;,1*6&5(:

 7+5((3+$6(02725

 &283/,1**8$5'

 &/,3)25&283/,1**8$5'

3$*(2)
  















:7(5/(9(/
&21752//(5
0$/+275$0$.( 
 Installation, Operating and Maintenance of Air Break
Vertical Controls for Industrial Steam Boilers
1 9
1. Top Cover
10
2 11
2. Switch Box
3. Lower Cover
3
12 4. Top Flange
4 5. Float Chamber
13
6. Steam Side Flange
14 7. Water Side Flange
6
8. Reducer
5 9. S. S. Pipe
10. Magnet Of Float Rod
15 11. Air Break Switch
7 12. Spacer Pipe
13. Stopper Nut
14. Float Rod
8 15. S. S. Float

Introduction
Magnetically - operated controls of the vertical type in float chambers for external mounting on steam boilers and
pressure vessels, are designed to meet all requirements for automatic on/off control of boiler feed pump, burner cut-out
or lock-out high and / or low level alarm or a combination of these.
Operation
A primary permanent magnet attached to the float rod slides vertically inside a non-magnetic stainless steel centre tube
and transmits the movement of the float to a secondary magnet in each switch unit, which are operated with a snap
action.
Switch Units
Electrical Characteristics
Single-pole double-throw operation capable of carrying the following currents :
AC (25 to 60 c.p.s.) Power Factor 1 to 0.4
4 A at 110 V 2 A at 250 V 1 A at 440 V
DC Inductive Loads Time Constant L/R = 40 milisec. max.
0.25 A at 250 V 0.17 A at 110 V 0.17 A at 250 V

A four-way terminal block labelled A-A and B-B is provided for each switch unit. The A-A circuit makes on a rise of
water level and the B-B circuit makes on a fall of water level.
Switch mechanisms are interchangeable and may be fitted with any float chamber provided the control range does
not exceed the maximum for which the float chamber is designed.
Each switch unit has a nominal differential of 25 mm (1") If a differential greater than 25 mm is required for pump
control, two switch units must be used and a holding circuit arranged for the starter control circuit. Wider differential
may obtained by increasing the separation between the switches.
Adjustments
Any required adjustment to the operating level(s) of controls is made entirely within the switch head.
The switch units allow variable adjustment between the circlip stops on the support rods and are secured in position
by clamp screws.
To avoid two switches operating together, their centres must be at least 8 mm (5/16") apart.

Control Range
Switch should always remain between circlips. Control range is 6" (150 mm).
Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
Switches can be moved up & down and water level controlled in the boiler as desired.Adjustments

Any required adjustment to the operating level(s) of controls is made entirely within the switch head.

INSTALLATION
1. A horizontal raised band is provided externally on the float chambers
of all Air Break Vertical Controls. This raised band indicates the lowest
level at which the control can operate and the range of the control is
measured upwards from this band.

A A
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AIR BREAK VERTICAL CONTROLS
OPERATE WITHIN THE VISUAL LIMITS OF THE GAUGE GLASS AT
ALL TIMES. B B

Control
2. The steam and water connections between the boiler and the float Range
chamber of the control must be independent of any other boiler mounting,
relatively short and free from sharp bends or packets. A A

If Boiler connecting Pads and valves have any obstruction , then the
B B
differential pressure is created which can effect the up and down
movements of float assembly, hence the working of Mobray.

It is Important that the controls should be mounted vertically, close to the

Boiler guage glasses and with the water leg as short as possible.

This will minimise any differences in water level between the guage glass and the control float chamber.

3. Steam and water stop valves must be provided so that the chamber can be isolated from the boiler for inspection
purposes. All mounting arrangements should include a blow-down valve provided at the lowest point in the water
connection.
Float and Float Rod Assembly
S
N 11 11. Magnet of Float Rod 13. Stopper Nut 15. S. S. Float

12. Spacer Pipe 14. Float Rod

14
L (See the table 1)
4 MM
12 Type Of Mobray Standard Length of Float
rod (L)
1. CC 216 mm side & side 310 mm
13 2. CC 295 mm side & side 395 mm
63mm 2. CC 300 mm side & side 400 mm
152mm

70.5mm 3. CC 370 mm side & bottom 365 mm

15 3. CC 400 mm side & side 500 mm
4. CC 450 mm side & side 550 mm

Note : Length of the Float Rod as well as weight of the Float and Rod assembly is set as such , when the pump
on/off Switch is fixed in the centre of the Control Box then Pump should starts from 1/2 ( 12.5 mm ) below the
centre of guage glass and stops 1/2 above the centre of guage glass.

If in case, the Pump On is desired from 60-65 % of Guage Glass , then the length of the Float Rod should be
shortened, accordingly.

Float Dimension :- (I) Outer Dia - 63 mm, (ii) Outer Dia of Welding Part - 70.5 mm
(iii) Length - 152 mm, (iv) Cap Internal Threading - 6 mm

Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
 SIDE AND SIDE ENTRY CHAMBER ON STEAM DRUM

1. Pump should start from 1/2 ( 12.5 mm ) below the centre of

guage glass and stops 1/2 above the centre of guage glass
Each switch unit has a nominal differential of 25 mm (1") If a
differential greater than 25 mm is required for pump control,
High Level Alarm

two switch units must be used and a holding circuit arranged Pump Off N W L
Pump On

for the starter control circuit. Wider differential may obtained Low Level Alarm

by increasing the separation between the switches.

To avoid two switches operating together , their centres must be
at least 8 mm (5/16) apart.

2 Low Level Alarm switch should be set 1.1/2 ( 28 mm ) below the Pump on/off switch.

3. High Level Alarm switch ( If provided ) should be set 1.1/2 ( 28 mm ) above the Pump on/off switch.

Electrical Wiring diagram

N/V Coil N R B Y
Auxiliary
Contacts
On Starter
2 A Fuse

B
Pump
B
Motor
A A
Starter OFF ON
B B
Auto Pump On/Off
( 1 Differential )
Pump
Start/Stop
Switch
A

Pump Motor A Relay

B
R1
B
Pump
Diagram Shows Starter Fitted With 250 V Coil Stop A A

Switch B B

B
Pump
N R B Y Start A A Live Supply From
N/V Coil Auxiliary B B 2 A Fuse
Contacts
Switch Pump Starter
To Pump
On Starter Motor Starter
2 A Fuse

A
Two Switch Pump Control Circuit Using
A
Holding Relay For Starters Without Auxiliary Contacts
B
Pump
B
Motor
A A
Starter OFF ON
B B
Auto Pump On/Off
( 1 Differential )
A

B
Pump Motor
B

A A
B B

Two Switch Pump Control Circuit Using

Auxiliary Contacts On Starter

Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
 Applications
One Switch Operation
N/V Coil N R B Y
Auxiliary
Contacts
On Starter
2 A Fuse

B
Pump
B
Motor
A A
Starter OFF ON
B B
Auto Pump On/Off
( 1 Differential )
Pump
Start/Stop
Switch

Pump Motor

Two Switch Operation

N/V Coil N R B Y
Auxiliary
Contacts
On Starter
2 A Fuse

Upper Switch
A

A
Solenoid
B
Pump 2A Fuse Valve
A

{
B
Motor X P Low In Oil
A A
Starter OFF ON A Level Fired
B B N Trip Boilers
B
Auto Pump On/Off P
( 1 Differential ) B 2A Fuse
Pump Low Level
Start/Stop Alarm
Switch A A N
B B Hooter
Pump Motor
Lower Switch

Three Switch Operation- I

A
P High
A Hooter
Level
B 2A Fuse Alarm N R B Y
N N/V Coil Auxiliary
Contacts
B On Starter
2 A Fuse

A A A
B B A

B
Pump
B
Motor
A A
Starter OFF ON
Upper Switch B B

Auto Pump On/Off

Solenoid Pump ( 1 Differential )
2A Fuse Valve Start/Stop
A

{
X P Low In Oil Switch
A Level Fired
N Trip Boilers Pump Motor
B
2A Fuse
P
B
Low Level Middle Switch
Alarm
A A N
B B Hooter

Lower Switch

Please note, in certain wiring portion it is mentioned P ( Phase ) and N ( Neutral ) for the circuit
operating at 220 V ac , incase it is working on 440 Vac P and N can be replaced by R B , R Y. , B Y .

Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
 Applications
Three Switch Operation - II
N/V Coil N R B Y
Auxiliary
Contacts
On Starter
2 A Fuse

B
Upper Switch

Pump
B
Motor
Starter
A A OFF ON Auto Pump On / Off
B B
(1"-4" Differential)
Solenoid
2A Fuse Valve
A A
A

B
Pump Motor A

B
X P
N
Low
Level
Trip
{ In Oil
Fired
Boilers

A A
2A Fuse
P
B B
B
Low Level
Alarm
A A N
B B Hooter
Middle Switch

Lower Switch

Four Switch Operation

A
P High N/V Coil N R B Y
A Hooter Auxiliary
Contacts
Level On Starter
2 A Fuse
B 2A Fuse Alarm
N A

B A

B
Pump
B
A A Motor
Starter
B B
A A OFF ON Auto Pump On / Off
B B
(1"-4" Differential)

Upper Switch A

B
Pump Motor
B

A A
B B

Middle Switch

Solenoid
2A Fuse Valve
A

B
X P
N
Low
Level
Trip
{ In Oil
Fired
Boilers

2A Fuse
P
B
Low Level
Alarm
A A N
B B Hooter

Lower Switch

Please note, in certain wiring portion it is mentioned P ( Phase ) and N ( Neutral ) for the circuit
operating at 220 V ac , incase it is working on 440 Vac P and N can be replaced by R B , R Y. , B Y .

Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
 SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
It is Important that the controls should be mounted vertically, close to the Boiler gauge glasses and with the water
leg as short as possible.

Switches must not be used for the direct starting of motors. Contacts should be wired in series with the operating
coils of relays, contactor starters or solenoid valves, and fused separately.

The temperature of the switch head may at times approach the temperature of the boiler and suitable heat resisting
cables should therefore be used.

Switches must be positioned with centres not less than 8 mm (5/16") apart to avoid simultaneous operation.
Switches should always remains between circlips.

The A-A circuit makes on a rise of water level and the B-B circuit makes on a fall of water level.

A horizontal raised band indicates the lowest level at which the control can operate and the range
of the control is measured upward from the band.

IT IS IMPORTANT THAT AIR BREAK VERTICAL CONTROLS OPERATE WITHIN THE VISUAL
LIMITS OF THE GAUGE GLASS AT ALL TIMES.

Steam and water stop valves must be provided so that the chamber can be isolated from the boiler for
inspection purposes. All mounting arrangements should include a blow-down valve provided at the
lowest point in the water connection.

Important: Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice in 8 hour shift.

Advantage of Blow Down

By blow-downing first, comes the hot water followed by steam, this way float and rod assembly would come down, thereby
tripping the lower switch stopping the firing and sounding the alarm. And as the blow-down valve is closed the lower part of
float chamber got waterlogged and there by pushing the float and rod assembly upward by buoyancy force which results in
toggle of lower switch, stopping the low level alarm and commencing the firing.

By blow-downing the mobray firstly all the switches got tested automatically and secondly it cleans the float chamber from
sediments in the boiler water, thereby ensuring the smooth movement of float and rod assembly.

Boiler must be operated by Competent Certified Boiler Attendant at all times.

Any change in operating level from the set position may be indicative either of blocked connections
to the float chamber, a waterlogged float or a loose switch unit and should be investigated immediately.

It is advisable to periodically check the electrical wiring, positions of switches and external valves of air break vertical control,
condition and any deposits on float and float rod with magnet.

Warning:- Any unauthorised interference or modification to the mechanisms of these machines can be detrimental to their
correct operation.
Trouble Shooting
1. Mobray not maintaining level.
Move the pump control switch up and down to achieve the required level.
2. Pump is running and filling water in the boiler , but not stopping.
A. Check the SS Float
i If puncture, replace the same with a new one.
ii Strucking in the float chamber
Isolate the Mobray open the top flange, clean the chamber and fit it again.
B. Check the Float Rod
If bend either make it straight or replace the same
C. Check the Top flange SS Pipe , it should be perpendicular with the flange.
If tilting on one side, either get it set on lathe machine or send it to our works.
D. Check the Spacer Pipe.
If missing
Put it in the float rod above the brass Stopper Nut.
E. Check the water side valve , If closed , open it.
Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
3. Pump is not filling water in the boiler.
A. Check electrical connections of mobray and pump motor
B. Check the pump control Air Break Switch.
If faulty replace the same with a new one.
C. Check the pump Motor.
D. Check the water and steam connecting valves.
If closed , open it.
E. Check the water in the feeding Tank.
4. Mobray maintaining level out side the visible range of gauge glass
A. Check the Padding of Mobray , it should coincide with the Padding of gauge Glass.
i. If maintaining level outside the upper limit of Gauge Glass
Shorten the length of float rod, accordingly.
ii. If maintaining level outside the lower limit of Gauge Glass
Increase the length of float rod, accordingly.
B. Check the obstruction in the water and steam side mounting of the boiler connecting mobray.
5. Float rod is climbing upward , but not coming down.
A. Check the Steam connecting valve
If closed, open it.
6. Low Level Alarm not working.
A. Check the alarm unit ( Hooter ) and its electrical wiring.
B. Check the Lower Air Break Switch BB point and its continuity by Multimeter.
If the continuity shows its open , replace the same with a new switch.
If
SS Float Puncture -i Pump is running & filling water in the boiler, but not stopping.
ii Low Level Alarm would sound.
Float Rod having Bend - Float with Rod assembly cannot move up and down.
Mobray is not fitted Vertical - Float with Rod assembly cannot move up and down.
Top SS Tube has a Bend - Float with Rod assembly cannot move up and down.
Steam side connecting Padding/Valve has an obstruction - Pump will not start even after water level in the
Guage glass goes down because of partial vaccum in the float chamber.
Water side connecting Padding/Valve has an obstruction - Pump is running but not stopping even after water
level in the Guage glass goes up because float chamber does not have sufficient water.
Float Rod Magnet Polarity is Reverse - all operation related to switches get reversed.
Float Rod Magnet Strength goes down - Air Break Switch will not actuate on passing of primary Magnet of Float Rod.
Mobray fitted with shorter length of Float rod than standard length-
Mobray will maintain the water level and low level alarm out side the upper range of guage glass.
Mobray fitted with larger length of Float rod than standard length-
Mobray will maintain the water level and low level alarm out side the lower range of guage glass.
To test pump control switch
Under normal operating conditions:
(A) Allow the water level to rise until the Pump Cut-out level is reached.
At this point the pump should stop.
(B) Allow the water level to fall until the Pump Cut-in level is reached.
At this point the pump should start.

To test low water alarm and cut-out switch.

Shut off the feed water to the boiler, either by closing down the feed pump or in certain cases closing the feed valve.

WITH A COMPETENT ATTENDANTS STANDING BY, allow the water level to fall by evaporation until the low alarm
level is reached. At this point the machine should operate the low alarm and the firing apparatus should cease to
operate. With the feed pump under hand control, restore the feed water to the boiler. Upon a short rise in water level
the low alarm should re-set and the firing apparatus should commence to operate. Restore normal feed water control
to the boiler. Any change in operating level from these set position may be indicative either of blocked connections to
the float chamber, a waterlogged float or a loose switch until and should be investigated immediately.
Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
 S

SPARES N

Top Control Box Air Break Switch Float Rod Assembly

TYPICAL MOUNTING ARRANGEMENTS OF

AIR BREAK VERTICAL CONTROLS ON VARIOUS TYPES OF BOILER

N W L N W L

SIDE AND BOTTOM ENTRY

SIDE AND SIDE ENTRY
CHAMBER WITH SEQUENCING
BLOW - DOWN VALVE CONTINENTAL CHAMBER

N W L

SIDE AND BOTTOM ENTRY

CHAMBER WITH SEQUENCING SIDE AND SIDE ENTRY
BLOW - DOWN VALVE ON
CHAMBER ON STEAM DRUM
VERTICAL BOILER
OF WATER TUBE BOILER

Malhotra Bros & Co.

Works : B-21, DSIDC Engg. Complex
Mangolpuri Indl. Area, Phase-I
New Delhi - 110083
Ph. : Office : 42133632, 25461405 Works : 27914009
Tel. / Fax : 42133632 Mobile : 098100 52558
E-mail : mobray@vsnl.com, mobrays@gmail.com
Important : Blow- Down the Air Break Vertical Control Twice daily.
  















%/2:'2:19$/9(
/(9&210$.( 
 0$18$/
)25

,167$//$7,2123(5$7,21 0$,17(1$1&(
2)
3$5$//(/6/,'(%/2:'2:19$/9(




$OO,QGXVWULHVXVHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIYDOYHVIRUFRQWUROOLQJIORZRIIOXLGVWKURXJKWKHSLSHOLQH
'LIIHUHQWW\SHVRIYDOYHVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUGLIIHUHQWDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGHQGXVH6HOHFWLRQRIYDOYHV
VKRXOGEHGRQHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDFWXDOVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQLHW\SHRIPHGLXPRSHUDWLQJ
SUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHHWF9DOYHVDOWKRXJKFRQVLGHUHGKDUGZDUHLWHPVDUHH[WUHPHO\
LPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHPDOIXQFWLRQLQJRIYDOYHVPD\FDXVHVHULRXVGLVUXSWLRQRISURGXFWLRQDQGHYHQ
UHVXOWLQFRVWO\VKXWGRZQ+HQFHLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRSURSHUO\LQVWDOORSHUDWHDQGPDLQWDLQ
YDOYHVWRHQVXUHORQJWURXEOHIUHHVHUYLFH

 
 

9DOYHVDUHJHQHUDOO\SURWHFWHGIURPGDPDJHGXULQJGLVSDWFKIURP)DFWRU\7KLVSURWHFWLRQVKRXOG
EHOHIWLQSODFHXQWLOWKHYDOYHLVWREHLQVWDOOHG,IWKHYDOYHVDUHOHIWH[SRVHGVDQGDQGRWKHU
JUDYLW\PDWHULDOVPD\JHWLQWRWKHZRUNLQJSDUWV8QOHVVDOOVXFKIRUHLJQPDWHULDOLVWKRURXJKO\
FOHDQHGRXWLWPD\FDXVHWURXEOHZKHQWKHYDOYHKDVEHHQSODFHVLQVHUYLFH

9DOYHVVKRXOGEHVWRUHGZKHUHWKH\DUHSURWHFWHGIURPFRUURVLYHIXPHVDQGLQVXFKDPDQQHU
WKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWIDOORUZKHUHRWKHUKHDY\PDWHULDOZLOOQRWIDOORQWRWKHYDOYHV

3ULRUWRLQVWDOODWLRQLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRKDYHDOOYDOYHVHLWKHUEORZQRXWZLWKFOHDQHGFRPSUHVVHGDLU
RUIOXVKHGRXWZLWKZDWHUWRUHPRYHDOOGLUWDQGJULW3LSLQJVKRXOGEHFOHDQHGRXWLQWKHVDPH
PDQQHURUVZDEEHGRXWWRUHPRYHGLUWRUPHWDOFKLSVOHIWIURPWKUHDGLQJRSHUDWLRQVRUZHOGLQJRQ
WKHSLSH$OOMRLQWEROWVDUHWREHWLJKWHQHGEHIRUHLQVWDOODWLRQ

 

:KHQLQVWDOOLQJYDOYHVPDNHVXUHWKDWDOOSLSHVWDLQVDUHNHSWRIIWKHYDOYHV7KHYDOYHVVKRXOG
QRWFDUU\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHOLQH'LVWRUWLRQIURPWKLVFDXVHUHVXOWVLQHIILFLHQWRSHUDWLRQMDPPLQJ
DQGQHFHVVLW\RIHDUO\PDLQWHQDQFH,WZLOOEHGLIILFXOWWRWLJKWHQWKHHQGIODQJHVRIWKHYDOYHV
3LSLQJVKRXOGEHVXSSRUWHGE\KDQJHUVSODFHGRQHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHYDOYHVWRWDNHXSWKHZHLJKW
/DUJHKHDY\YDOYHVVKRXOGEHVXSSRUWHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\RIWKHSLSLQJV\VWHPVRDVQRWWRLQGXFH
VWUHVVLQWRWKHSLSLQJV\VWHP)ODQJHEROWVRIWKHHQGIODQJHVDUHWREHWLJKWHQHGE\SXOOLQJGRZQ
WKHQXWVGLDPHWULFDOO\RSSRVLWHWRHDFKRWKHU$OOEROWVVKRXOGEHSXOOHGGRZQJUDGXDOO\WRXQLIRUP
WLJKWQHVV0DNHDOOEROWVILQJHUWLJKWILUVWDQGWKHQWDNHRUWXUQVZLWKDZUHQFK

$SSO\WKHVDPHQXPEHURIWXUQVRQHDFKEROWIROORZLQJWKHRUGHU5HSHDWWKHSURFHGXUHDVPDQ\
WLPHVDVUHTXLUHGXQWLOWKHMRLQWLVWLJKW8QLIRUPVWUHVVDFURVVWKHHQWLUHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKH
IODQJHHOLPLQDWHVDOHDN\JDVNHW



9DOYHVVKRXOGRQO\EHXVHGLQVHUYLFHVZKHUHWKH\FDQDOZD\VEHHLWKHUIXOO\RSHQHGRUIXOO\
FORVHG7KHERWWRPRIWKH3DUDOOHO'LVFVDQG6HDWZLOOHURGHYHU\UDSLGO\LI'LVFVDUHOHIWLQ
LQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH'LVFVZLOOWHQGWRFKDWWHUDQGFDXVHQRLVHLQWKHOLQH


 

9DOYHVVKRXOGEHRSHQHGVORZO\WRSUHYHQWVKRFNLQWKHOLQH&ORVLQJWKHYDOYHVORZO\ZLOOKHOSWR
IOXVKWUDSSHGVHGLPHQWDQGGLUWLIDQ\:KHQWKHYDOYHKDVEHHQIXOO\RSHQHGURWDWHWKHVSLQGOH
E\RSHUDWLQJZUHQFKRU.H\RQHWXUQWRZDUGVWKHFORVHGSRVLWLRQVRDVQRWWROHDYHWKHVSLQGOH
MDPPHGLQWKHRSHQSRVLWLRQ



3HULRGLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQVKRXOGEHPDGHIRUSRVVLEOHOHDNDJHIURPWKHFRYHU-RLQWDQG*ODQGDIWHU
WKHYDOYHKDVEHHQLQVHUYLFHIRUDVKRUWWLPHIROORZXSJODQGQXWVLIQHFHVVDU\

 3DFNLQJOHDNVVKRXOGEHFRUUHFWHGLPPHGLDWHO\E\WLJKWHQLQJWKHJODQG
ZKLFKFRPSUHVVWKHSDFNLQJ,IOHIWXQDWWHQGHGORQJHQRXJKFRUURVLYHIOXLGVZLOOUXLQWKHVWHP,Q
DGGLWLRQDOHDNLQJVSLQGOHFDQOHDGWKHYDOYHWRFKDWWHULQZKLFKWKHYLEUDWLRQZLOOGDPDJHWKH
ZRUNLQJSDUWVRIWKHYDOYH,ILWLVDSSDUHQWWKDW*ODQGKDVEHHQFRPSUHVVHGWKHSDFNLQJWRLWV
OLPLWUHSODFHPHQWZLWKQHZSDFNLQJLVQHFHVVDU\

%HIRUHUHSODFLQJJODQGPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHUHLVQRVWHDPSUHVVXUHLQWKHV\VWHP7KHUHSDFNLQJ
LVGRQHDVIROORZV
D 5HOHDVHJODQGQXWVDQGOLIWJODQGFOHDURIVWXIILQJER[5HPRYHROGSDFNLQJHVSHFLDOO\
IURPWKHVLGHVRIWKHVWXIILQJER[DQGVSLQGOH
E 5HSDFNZLWKIUHVKJODQGSDFNLQJ6HHWKDWHDFKFRLORISDFNLQJLVSDFNHGGRZQEHIRUH
LQVHUWLQJWKHQH[WFRLO
F 5HSODFHJODQGDQGJODQGQXWVPDNHFHUWDLQWKDWWKHJODQGLVFRUUHFWO\SRVLWLRQHGZLWK
OHWWHULQJRQWKHORFNJXDUG
G 7LJKWHQWKHJODQGQXWDOWHUQDWLYHO\DQGHYHQO\DQGIROORZXSSHULRGLFDOO\DVRFFDVLRQ
GHPDQGV

/XEULFDWLRQRIWKHYDOYHVLVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWDQGVKRXOGEHGRQHRQDQHVWDEOLVKHGVFKHGXOH
9DOYHVZKLFKDUHRSHQHGDQGFORVHGIUHTXHQWO\VKRXOGEHOXEULFDWHGDWOHDVWRQFHLQDPRQWK
7KUHDGVRIVSLQGOHUDFNDQGSLQLRQDUHOXEULFDWHGE\RSHQLQJWKHFRYHU7KHWKUHDGVOHIWGU\DQG
XQSURWHFWHGZLOOEHFRPHZRUQE\JULWDQGRWKHUDEUDVLYHVWKUHDWHQLQJVWHPIDLOXUH


 ! "#$"$""%&'


D 5HOHDVHFRYHUEROWVDQGOHIWRIIFRYHUFRPSOHWHZLWKWRSJHDU&OHDQ'LVFDQG6HDWIDFHV
E\UXEELQJWKHVXUIDFHVZLWKILQHFDUERUDQGXPSDSHUJUDGH&6OLJKWO\SLWWHGRU
VFRUHGVXUIDFHVPD\EHUHFRQGLWLRQHGE\ODSSLQJEDGO\GDPDJHGVXUIDFHVVKRXOGEH
UHSODFHGE\JULQGLQJRUYHU\ILQHPDFKLQLQJIROORZHGE\ODSSLQJRUE\UHSODFLQJWKHSDUWV

E :KHQLWLVUHTXLUHGWRUHPRYHWKHVSLQGOHUDFNSLQLRQUHOHDVHWKHJODQGDQGEDFNFRYHU
QXWVDQGUHPRYHWKHJODQGDQGEDFNFRYHU7KH3LQLRQ6SLQGOHFDQQRZEHZLWKGUDZQ
WKURXJKWKHEDFNFRYHUSRUWDQGSLQLRQUDFNWKURXJKWKHEDVVRIWKHFRYHU

F :KHQUHVHDWLQJWKHYDOYHEHVXUHWRPDUNWKHGLVFVVRWKDWWKHGLVFLVLQVHUWHGLQWKH
YDOYHERG\WKHVDPHZD\LWZDVUHPRYHG2WKHUZLVHOLJKWFORVXUHPD\QRWEHREWDLQHG

7KHUHIDFLQJRIVHDWVFDQEHGRQHE\ODSSLQJWKHVHDWVLQWKHERG\ZLWKWKHKHOSRI/DSSLQJ7RRO
7KRURXJKO\FOHDQWKHVHDWVDQGODSIDFHVZLWKFRDUVHFRPSRXQGHJ3RZGHU$ORNLWHJULWE\
DSSO\LQJDWKLQOD\HURIWKHVDPHDQGUXEELQJWKHVHDWIDFHVJHQWO\ZLWKWKH/DSSLQJ7RRO7KH
7RROLVWREHRSHUDWHGVORZO\ZLWKUHFLSURFDWLQJPRWLRQWKURXJKDVPDOODQJOHH[HUWLQJRQO\OLJKW
SUHVVXUHRQWKHKDQGOHRFFDVLRQDOO\FKDQJLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH7RRO&RQWLQXHODSSLQJXQWLOD
JRRGMRLQWIDFHLVREWDLQHG,IWKHIDFHVFDQQRWEHUHVWRUHGE\ODSSLQJPRXQWFRPSOHWHERG\LQD
ODWKHDQGFKHFNZLWKDGLDOLQGLFDWRUWRVHHWKDWWKHVHDWLVUXQQLQJSHUIHFWO\WUXH*ULQGRIIMXVW
VXIILFLHQWPHWDOWRREWDLQVPRRWKFOHDQIDFH)LQDOO\ODSDVVWDWHGDERYH

 

,I'LVFIDFHVDUHVOLJKWO\SLWWHGRUVFRUHGWDNHRXWWKHGLVFVDQGUHQHZE\ODSSLQJRQDIODWODSSLQJ
EORFNLQWKHIROORZLQJPDQQHUDIWHUPDNLQJVXUHWKDWWKHMRLQWIDFHDQGVXUIDFHRIWKHODSSLQJ
EORFNDUHSHUIHFWO\FOHDQ
D )LUVWO\ODSZLWKFRDUVHFRPSRXQGHJ3RZGHU$ORNLWHJULWE\DSSO\LQJDWKLQOD\HU
RIWKHVDPHWRWKHMRLQWIDFHDQGUXEELQJWKH'LVFJHQWO\RYHUWKHODSSLQJEORFN
E )LQLVKODSSLQJZLWKDILQHFRPSRXQGKDYLQJDJUDLQRIDERXWHJ3RZGHU
&DUERUXQGXPJULW)RU3DVWH&DUERUXQGXP)LQH
F )LQDOO\SROLVKZLWKDPL[WXUHRISDUDIILQDQGRLOWRUHPRYHVXUSOXVFRPSRXQG

,IMRLQWIDFHRI'LVFLVEDGO\FXWRUVFRUHGPRXQWWKH'LVFLQDODWKHXVLQJFRSSHURUDQ\RWKHU
VKDIWPDWHULDOEHWZHHQFKXFNMDZVDQG'LVF&KHFNZLWKD'LDOLQGLFDWRUWRVHHWKHIDFHLVUXQQLQJ
WUXHDQGJULWRIIRUILQHPDFKLQHMXVWVXIILFLHQWPHWDOWRREWDLQVPRRWKFOHDQIDFH)LQDOO\ODSDV
GHVFULEHGDERYH

' (")*$"$ (""%&'
D &OHDQDOOSDUWVWKRURXJKO\EHIRUHUHSODFLQJLQWKH%RG\HVSHFLDOO\MRLQWIDFHVVFUHZ
WKUHDGVDQGZRUNLQJVXUIDFHV

E 7KH'LVFVVKRXOGEHPRYHGIUHHO\WRJHWKHUDQGVPDOOSRUWKROHLQHDFK'LVF
6KRXOGEHFOHDURIREVWUXFWLRQ
F 1RZFRYHUMRLQWJDVNHWVVKRXOGEHILWWHGRIDVLPLODUPDWHULDODQGTXDOLW\RIWKH
ROGRQHXQOHVVDOWHUQDWLYHPDWHULDOLVJLYHQ
G 0DNHFHUWDLQWKDWSLQLRQDQGUDFNVSLQGOHVHQJDJHFRUUHFWO\SLQLRQVKRXOGEH
UHSODFHGVRWKDWVWRSSRVLWLRQLVUHDFKHGZKHQUDFNLVLQWKHIXOO\FORVHGFRQGLWLRQ
H 7LJKWHQFRYHUEROWVHYHQO\LHDIWHUOLJKWHQLQJILUVWEROWVIROORZXSZLWKEROW
GLDPHWULFDOO\RSSRVLWH5HSHDWZLWKSDLURIEROW

%HIRUHUHSODFLQJWKHYDOYHLQOLQHLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRWHVWGLVFDQGVHDWIDFHVIRUWLJKWQHVVE\
K\GUDXOLFWHVWLQJE\JUDYLW\PHWKRGRUZLWKWKHKHOSRIWHVWSXPS:KHQWHVWLQJE\JUDYLW\SUHVV
WKH7RS'LVFGRZQZDUGVWRDOORZZDWHUWRSDVVLQWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKHERG\%\K\GUDXOLFWHVWLQJ
OHDNDJHWKURXJK'LVFDQG6HDWIDFHVLVFKHFNHG



$+"$$
  
5$-.$0$/WK)ORRU&DPDF6WUHHW.RONDWD

3KRQHV
)D[
HPDLOOHYFRQK#YVQOQHW

  















5/;/(9(/
*$8*(
&+(0752/0$.(

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

IIN
NSST
TRRU
UCCT
TIIO
ONNSS &
&MMA
AIIN
NTTA
AIIN
NAAN
NCCE
EMMA
ANNU
UAAL
L

IM/RLG-1/2003 REV. 00

CHEMTROLS SAMIL (INDIA) PVT. LTD.

Amar Hill, Saki Vihar Road,
Powai, Mumbai 400 072
Tel : 91 22 2857 9993, 2857 9994
Fax : 91 22 2857 9995
E-mail : chesam@vol.net.in
Website : www.chemtrolssamil.com

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

INTRODUCTION: Chemtrols Samil reflex level gauges are widely used in

chemical, hydrocarbon and power generating plant, i.e. wherever visual inspection of
fluid is necessary. These gauges are simple, constructed to give you direct, clear
indication of liquid level. These gauges gives reliable and inexpensive indication of fluid
in tank or vessel. Auto shut off valves provided at the process connections added safety in
service. Fig.1 shows the typical assembly of reflex level gauge.
Reflex level gauge is designed to produce dark area for liquid and light area for
vapour space. The reflex type design is chosen for liquid, which is colourless, clean and
non-viscous.

FIG. 1 TYPICAL ASSEMBLY OF REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

OPERATION

OPERATING PRINCIPLE: Reflex level gauge employ the principle of refractive

indices of the liquid and vapour. The glass which is clamped in level gauge have
prisamatic right angle grooves on the side facing of liquid or vapour as shown in fig. 2.
Light rays entering from outside the gauge are either absorbed or reflected depending
upon whether they enter the liquid or vapour space. If rays of light enters through the
grooves and then the liquid space, the rays get absorbed into the water as shown in
fig.2(a), therefore liquid space appears as dark space and when it enters the vapour space,
the rays get deflected as shown in fig. 2(b), and thus vapour space appears as silvery
white.

FIG. 2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION: Chemtrols reflex level gauges are made in four different

connections. Normally side/side, side/bottom, top/bottom and top/side to fit on the vessel
or tank for variety of applications and installation needs. The connection between gauge
and the vessel shall be threaded, socket welded or flanged. The major parts of the gauge
are as follows - Figure No.3

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

Chamber

Cover plates

Toughened borosilicate reflex glass

Precisely cut gasket and cushion

Two auto-shut off ball check valve of straight or offset pattern, with corrosion
resistant ball checks, for automatic closure in the event of glass breakage.

Union or nipple connection between gauges to valve

Studs or U bolts, nuts and washers.

OPTIONS AND ACCESSORIES:

Drain or vent valve, nipple or flange

Anti frost extension for low temperature application.

Internal heating arrangement

External Heating arrangement

APPLICATION:

For colorless, clean and non-viscous liquids.

Pressure up to 220 Kg/cm2 and temperature up to 400 C

For saturated steam application up to a pressure of 35 Kg/cm2

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

STORAGE & HANDLING

After inspection and despatch, storage and handling plays vital role in the
operation of the level gauge.
While unpacking, check the units for any damage during shipment. Re port any
concealed damage to carrier within 24 hrs. Check the contents of packing list and
purchase order, note the serial number for future reference when ordering spare parts.

For proper functioning and long life of level gauges, the following guidelines
for storing level gauges should be adopted.

Units must be handled with utmost care, so that no damage is caused to the fragile
glass, chamber and process connections.

Units should be stored where they will be protected from the elements and
corrosive fumes and should be in a secure manner where they can neither fall nor
be struck by any other objects.

The packing cases of level gauge must not be kept or stored in upright position to
avoid damage of glasses that can happen due to the accidental falling of the
packing cases.

The packing cases must be protected from direct sunlight and water.

While storing the packing cases, ensure that no heavy items are placed over it,
which may bend the chamber and damage the glass.

Individual pieces should be kept properly or stored in a manner to avoid damage

while awaiting for installation.

Never lift the gauges holding at valve or valve joints. This may lead to bending of
the valve stem or may damage the internal parts, which further may cause
malfunctioning of the gauge.

Keep spare glasses in their boxes until needed for use and should be stored in a
secure manner to avoid bumping or sliding of polished surfaces across any other
object.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

INSTALLATION

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: After unpacking, the units shall be checked to ensure

that they contain no foreign matter and that the end connections, i.e. flanged, screwed or
plain end nipples are clean, undamaged and in line with the requirement.

The following instructions should be carefully studied before attempting to

install or operate the unit. This will also help in the event of servicing becomes
necessary.

Avoid imposing piping strain on the gauge chamber, connect and mount the
gauge so that it does not support the piping.

Examine the glass carefully for any indication of scratches or cloudiness. If any
type of surface flaw is apparent, the unit should not be installed until the glass has
been replaced.

For heavy units prepare proper supports to ensure that pipeline stresses will not be
transmitted to the level gauges. Misalignment between adjacent connection should
be corrected rather than forcing a fit-up. Large, heavy units should be
independently supported to avoid stressing the piping. Keep suitable safe distance
for viewing and maintenance as well as keeping the unit so that damage cannot be
inflicted by traffic.

Consideration should be given to location where the glass will not be subjected to
large temperature variation.

Auto shut off valves are recommended between gauge and vessel, which allow
maintenance of the gauge without dismantling the gauge from the vessel.

Be sure that shut off valves are mounted in exact alignment, a slight off center
position will strain glass and glass may get damaged.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

START UP

CAUTION : Reflex level gauge carry nameplate indicating process parameters. This
information is reviewed prior to installation and again prior to start up to ensure
proper operation of the unit.

CAUTION: Rapid opening of shut off valves can cause glass breakage, loss of
process.

Follow the guidelines prior to start-up,

Keep the auto shut off valves and drain plug closed.

Open the top auto shut off valve slowly to bring the vessel process parameter in
the gauge

Then open the bottom shut off valve slowly, to prevent the back seating of the ball
checks and wait till unit get fully warmed up and pressure is equalised before
opening valves fully.

CAUTION: While the valves are in operation, they must be in the fully open
position. A partially closed valve will prevent automatic ball checks from seating,
which could result physical injury and loss of process.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

MAINTENANCE

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE : Periodic inspection and routine maintenance are

necessary means to keep product in good working condition and increasing the service
life of the product. Therefore, a systematic programmed should be implemented when
unit is placed into service.

When decided to carry out servicing of the gauge, ensure availability of the glasses,
gaskets, U bolts, nuts or unions for replacement.

Periodic inspection of level gauges should be made to ensure that no leaks

through glass, gasket, no scratching and clouding of the glass.

Keep glasses clean using commercial glass cleaners. Cleaning should bedone
without removing glass. Never use abrasives, wire brush or metal scrappers etc.
that could scratch the glass.

To examine for scratches, shine a very bright concentrated light about 45.

If inner surface appears cloudy or roughened and will not respond to cleaning
procedure, this is evidence of chemical attack and glass needs replacement.

Vibration sometimes may cause studs, nuts of level gauge get loosen, check the
cover plate studs and nuts for tightness.

Once glass or gasket has been removed from its seating, regardless of the reason
for removal, discard it and substitute with new one. (Be sure that the replaced
glass is proper for service.)

Should leakage around the glass occur, check the window, if it is not broken drop
the system pressure to zero and torque the glass cover plate to the proper value. If
the leakage persists after the repressurising, dismantle the unit according to the
section (disassembly), and replace the gasket.

NOTE: As a matter of good practice, spare glasses, gaskets a nd studs should be

kept, at all times.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS

When it has been determined that service is required on the level gauges,
nameplate information should compared with actual service condition.

Confirm with the maintenance supervisor or engineer for availability of glass,

gasket, studs, nuts and washer for replacement.

A clean area should be available for placing the unit and its parts, if it is removed
from the tank or vessel

DISASSEMBLY: The gauge would start leaking after prolonged usage. This is
because the gasket, cushion get hardened due to long contact with high temperature fluid
and loose its compressibility or worn out and cause leakage through glass seating surface.

CAUTION: Drop the system pressure to zero, before attempting to any service on
the level gauge and the fluid has been drained. Be certain that pressure cannot put
back into the line, while service is in progress. Failure to do this may result in a
sudden release of pressure or glass breakage and loss of process.

If leakage through glass seating surface occurs, the following steps should be taken-

Unscrew the cover plate fasteners in a regular pattern to avoid uneven load or
stresses on the glass, which may cause cracking of the glass. Typical tightening
sequences are shown in fig.3 for proper torquing.

Level gauge glasses, gaskets and cushions can be disassembled or reassembled in

their installed position

Carefully remove the glass, gasket, cushion from their seating surface and keep
them on a clean surface.

Blow off the unit with air after assembly for dirt, residue and foreign particles.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

SERVICE INSTRUCTION FOR AUTO SHUT OFF VALVE

(UNION BONNET)

NOTE : When valves are first placed in service. Slight leakage through stem
packing gland may occur. This is the result of small additional set taken by the stem
packing, when valves reach system temperature. If such leakage does develop it can
be easily stopped by tightening the packing nut as required. If leak persists after
tightening, dismantle the valve and replace the packing as instructed below -

TO REPLACE STEM PACKING -

CAUTION : The valves should not be dismantled, while the unit is in operation.

Close the both top as well as bottom isolation valves and drain the fluid.

Unscrew the gland nut from sleeve.

Pull out the gland from the sleeve.

Remove the old stem packing from its seating.

Clean the packing seating surface for old fragments.

Insert the new packing and put the gland and engage the gland nut with the sleeve
and tighten enough to stop the leakage.

TO REPLACE SEAT, UNION GASKET AND BODY GASKET.

CAUTION : Prior to disassembly of the gauge, ensure that the gauge is relieved
from all internal pressure, temperature is ambient and the fluid has been drained.

Remove the gauge from the vessel and place on the clean surface.

Remove the valve from the gauge, if it is provided with threaded nipple.

Unscrew the handle nut and remove the handle.

Remove the gland nut, gland and gland packing from sleeve.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

Pull out the sleeve from the valve body.

Disengage the stem from the sleeve.

Remove the body gasket.

Unscrew and remove the union nut, union, gasket and ball.

Use angular punch and hammer the punch on the seat from bottom of the valve
body for removal of seat.

Clean the seat, packing and gasket-seating surface thoroughly.

Install new seat and ensure that the seat is properly seated.

Engage the stem threads with the sleeve threads properly and Slide the body
gasket on the sleeve.

Insert the sleeve into the valve body, taking care stem needle should not get
damaged.

Engage the body nut and tighten enough to prevent leakage.

Insert the new packing into the sleeve, install the gland and engage the gland nut.

Place the handle on the stem and tighten the nut.

Reinstall the ball, union and union nut with new union gasket.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

FIG. 4 TYPICAL ASSEMBLY OF UNION BONNET AUTO SHUT OFF BALL CHECK
VALVE

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

SERVICE INSTRUCTION FOR AUTO SHUT OFF VALVE

(BOLTED BONNET)

TO REPLACE STEM PACKING -

CAUTION: The valves should not be dismantled, while the unit is in operation.

Close the both top as well as bottom isolation valves and drain the fluid.

Remove the gland flange and gland from the bonnet.

Remove the old stem packing from its seating.

Clean the packing seating surface for old fragments.

Insert the new packing and reinstall the gland and gland flange by tightening the
eyebolt nut enough to stop the leakage.

TO REPLACE SEAT, UNION GASKET AND BODY GASKET.

CAUTION: Prior to disassembly of the gauge, ensure that the gauge is relieved from
all internal pressure, temperature is ambient and the fluid has been drained.

Remove the gauge from the vessel and place on the clean surface.

Remove the valve from the gauge, if it is provided with threaded nipple.

Unscrew the handle nut and remove thehandle.

Unscrew the gland flange nut, take out the gland flange, gland and packing from
its seating.

Remove the stem from the bonnet.

Remove the body gasket.

Unscrew and remove the union nut, union, gasket and ball.

Use angular punch to remove the seat.

Clean the seat, packing and gasket-seating surface thoroughly.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

Apply light coat of lubricant on the valve body threading.

Install new seat and ensure that the seat is properly seated.

Engage the stem thread with the bonnet yoke thread properly.

Place the bonnet on the valve body gasket, taking care stem needle should not
damage.

Tighten the valve bonnet studs and nut.

Place the handle on the stem and tighten the nut.

Reinstall ball, union and union nut with new gasket.

FIG.5 TYPICAL ASSEMBLY OF BOLTED BONNET AUTO SHUT OFF BALL

CHECK VALVE

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

INSPECTION:
After disassembly inspect the unit for any damage.The glass seating surface in the body
or in the covers should be carefully cleaned or checked to insure that there are no pieces
of old gasket material, chips, residue, dirt or other foreign material on the surface. Other
foreign particles left on the surface could cause high local stresses in the glass and might
cause failure.

Due to uneven bolt or stud torquing, excess pressure or foreign particles on the glass-
seating surface, glass may get crack. So it is important to determine the cause for the need
for replacement. Simply putting new glass will not alleviate the cause for replacement.
Check your operating condition against the parameters on the nameplate. If there be any
dought about applicability of the unit for the service intended, do not proceed without
verifying the unit with maintenance engineer.

REASSEMBLY:

Clean the glass-seating surface for any foreign particles or old gasket material
before reassembling the unit. The surfaces must be flat, smooth and completely
free of all fragments.

Always assemble level gauges using new glass and gasket.

Verify the glass and gaskets that were in the unit before reassembly.

Check the new glass to insure that there are no bumps, chips, scratches or other
imperfections, and to be certain that the gaskets are clean.

Use only gaskets, which are specified by the manufacturer or the supervising
engineer.

After insuring that all glass and gasket-seating surface in the body and covers are
clean, assemble the glass and gasket into their seats. Be certain that the gaskets
are centered and are completely within the recessed surface.

Care should be taken while placing the glass in he

t seat, so that the edge cannot be
chipped.

Place the cushion gasket and covers on flat glass, again be sure that the glass and
gasket are completely seated in the recess.

Bring the fasteners and cover plate to the fingure snug, and rotate in its seat,to be
certain that everything is seated properly. Ensure that glass should not come in

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

contact with any metal surface while in operation, temperature difference at points
of contacts will set up high stresses on the glass and may break the glass.

Then insert the fasteners through the holes and tighten in the regular pattern to
avoid uneven load on the glass. Typical tightening sequence shown in fig no. 5
Torque individual fasteners in small amounts, moving to the next fastener after
each increment of torque.

NOTE: After reassembly please carry out the hydrostatic testing.

REMEMBER: Place the glass in such a way that grooves should come in contact
with the fluid.

REMEMBER: Proper torque as shown in fig. 6 in the sequence is important.

Improper torque may result the glass breakage, gasket rupture and leakage through
the gauge.

FIG. 6 TYPICAL TIGHTENING SEQUENCE

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

 REFLEX LEVEL GAUGE

Dos and Donts

Dos
If the system subjected to heat during operation, the system should be taken to
ambient temperature and pressure after few hours of operation and fasteners
should be re-torque to the proper value.

Be sure that retainer is always on the unit, keeps the unit leak-proof. Should the
glass holder damage or misplaced order a replacement.

Whenever required to be cleaned, the unit may be dismantled from the vessel.

Keep glass clean using commercial glass cleaners such as soap or with soft cloths.

Always use the new gaskets.

Torque the gauge valve and cover plate fasteners after every few hours of
operation.

Donts
Do not operate the level gauges under defective or misaligned condition.

Do not attempt to tight any fasteners, while unit is in operation.

Do not open cover plate, unless youre sure that the process flow has been turned
off.

Do not attempt to clean glass, while unit is in operation.

Do not attempt to clean gasket seating surface using wire brush and metal
scrapper, which may cause failure of gasket and which may further cause leak
through gasket seating surface.

Do not use chipped or scratched glasses.

Do not make adjustments or replacements without reading instructions carefully.

IN THE SERVICE OF CHEMCIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

  











6(&7,21



&RQWDFW8V
  


 2)),&(6

'XULQJDQ\SUREOHPFRQGLWLRQLQFDVHRIERLOHUSOHDVHIHHOIUHHWRFRQWDFWIROORZLQJ

+HDG2IILFH.DVDUZDGL
3%0XPEDL3XQH5G
.DVDUZDGL3XQH
7HO
)D[
:HEVLWHZZZIRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
(PDLOFFPLGF#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP


0DQXIDFWXULQJ&KDNDQ
%3KDVH,,&KDNDQ,QGXVWULDO$UHD
6DZDUGDUL&KDNDQ
7DO.KHG'LVW3XQH
&+$.$1
7HO
7HO
:HEVLWHZZZIRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP

&RQWURO,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ*URXS
$0,'&
+
%ORFN3LPSUL
3XQH
7HO
)D[
$IWHU2IILFH+UV
:HEVLWHZZZIRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
(PDLOFFPLGF#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP

*DXJHV0DQXIDFWXULQJ8QLW
3ORW1R$DQG7
,'$1DFKDUDP
+\GHUDEDG
7HO

)D[
:HEVLWHZZZIRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
  


%5$1&+(6
 
$KPHGDEDG $OLEDJ
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
6KHWRRU%XQJORZV 5RZKRXVH1R%ZLQJ
2SS'ULYHLQ3HWURO3XPS %DIQD%DXJ&RPSO[%
$KPHGDEDG %HKLQG%LJ6SODVK+RWHO&KHQGKDUH
7HO $OLEDJ
'LUHFW 7HO2
)D[ )D[2
DKPHGDEDG#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP 7HO5
 DOLEDJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
 
%DQJDORUH &KDQGLJDUK
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
1R+%5/D\RXW 6&2
6WDJH%ORFN,, 7RS)ORRU
$0DLQ.DO\DQJDU3RVW 6HFWRU&
%DQJDORUH &KDQGLJDUK
/DQG0DUN1HDU+HQQXU'HSRW3HWURO%XQN 7HO
7HO )D[
)D[ FKDQGLJDUK#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
EDQJDORUH#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
 
&KHQQDL &RLPEDWRUH
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
)ODW1R,,,% 95*DUGHQV
&DOYH&KDWHDX&RPSOH[ 7KRWWLSDOD\DP3LULYX
3+5RDG.LOSDXN .DODSDWWL&RLPEDWRUH
&KHQQDL 3KRQH
7HO )D[1R
)D[ FRLPEDWRUH#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
FKHQQDL#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
 
'HOKL&RQWURO,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 'HOKL6WHDP(QJLQHHULQJ
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
$QXSDPD$UFDGHQG)ORRU ' VW)ORRU
2SS6DPDFKDU$SWV 2NKOD,QGO$UHD3KDVH
0D\XU9LKDU([WQ 1HZ'HOKL
3KDVH, 0RELOH
1HZ'HOKL 7(/([W
7HO )$;
)D[ GHOKLVHJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
GHOKLFLJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
  


 
+\GHUDEDG ,QGRUH
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
3ORW1R$DQG7 (*URXQG)ORRU
,'$1DFKDUDP 5DYL6KDQNDU6KXNOD1DJDU
+\GHUDEDG +,*&RORQ\,QGRUH
7HO 7HO
)D[
K\GFLJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
 
-DPVKHGSXU .RFKL6WHDP(QJ
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
5DMHQGUD1DJDU 0U--7KRPDV
-DPVKHGSXU ,,$1HUHYHHWWLO%OGJ
-KDUNKDQG 9D]KDNNDOD7KULNNDNNDUD32
7HO .RFKL
7HOHID[ 7HO
MDPVKHGSXU#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP &HOOXODU
FRFKLQ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
MWKRPDV#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
 
.RONDWD 0XPEDL
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
5LVKL7RZHU3UHPLVHV1R 0*5RDG)RUW
1HZ7RZQ.RONDWD 0XPEDL
:HVW%HQJDO 7HO
%HKLQG7DWD0HGLFDO&HQWUHDQGRSSRVLWH )D[
8QLWHFK%XLOGLQJ*DWH1R PXPEDLFLJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
7HO PXPEDLVHJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
)D[
NRONDWD#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP

1DJSXU 1DYL0XPEDL
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
$6+$QG)ORRU %XLOGLQJ1R
/HQGUD3DUN 6HFWRU
1HZ5DPGDVSHWK 0LOOHQLXP%XVLQHVV3DUN
1DJSXU 0DKDSH
7HO 1DYL0XPEDL
7HOH)D[ 7HO
QDJSXU#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP )D[
YDVKL#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
3XQH 6XUDW
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
3%0XPEDL3XQH5G %*URXQG)ORRU
.DVDUZDGL3XQH 1DYFKHWDQ6RFLHW\
7HO 2SS.UXVKLPDQJDO+DOO
)D[ 5LQJ5G
SXQH#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP 6XUDW
7HOHID[
VXUDW#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
  


 
9DGRGDUD 9LVDNKDSDWQDP
)RUEHV0DUVKDOO )RUEHV0DUVKDOO
6KUHHML.UXSD6RFLHW\ )ODWQR*URXQGIORRU0993UHVLGHQF\
*RWUL5G 9HQNRMLSDOHP+%&RORQ\3RVW
%+.DOSDYUXNVKD&RPSOH[ 9LVDNKDSDWDQDP
9DGRGDUD
7HO
)D[
EDURGDFLJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
EDURGDVHJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP
0RELOH
/DQGOLQH
)D[
YL]DJ#IRUEHVPDUVKDOOFRP