Maize Information Guide 2017

MIG 2017
MIELIE-INLIGTINGSGIDS
MAIZE INFORMATION GUIDE
Saamgestel deur die LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse
Compiled by the ARC-Grain Crops Institute
Hierdie publikasie word befonds deur die Mielietrust

This publication is funded by the Maize Trust
Curaterr
BAYTAN
MIG 2017
MIELIE-INLIGTINGSGIDS
MAIZE INFORMATION GUIDE
Compiled by the ARC-Grain Crops Institute
Hierdie publikasie word befonds deur die Mielietrust

This publication is funded by the Maize Trust
MIELIE-INLIGTINGSGIDS | MAIZE INFORMATION GUIDE | 2017
Mielie-Inligtingsgids Maize Information Guide
'n Instituut van die Landbounavorsingsraad
Compiled by ARC-Grain Crops Institute
An Institute of the Agricultural Research Council
Privaatsak / Private Bag X1251
Potchefstroom, 2520
Tel: (018) 299 6100
Faks / Fax: (018) 294 7146
Kopiereg / Copyright 2017
Landbounavorsingsraad / Agricultural Research Council
Gekordineer deur / Co-ordinated by
Sneha Mary James - Skakelbeampte: LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse /

- Public Relations Officer: ARC-Grain Crops Institute
Ontwerp en uitleg / Design and layout
Shereno Printers
(011) 894 4150
Gedruk deur / Printed by
Shereno Printers
(011) 894 4150
2 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

INHOUDSOPGAWE
Voorwoord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kultivarevaluering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Kultivarinligting vir u gebied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bemesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Grondbewerking en Bewaringsboerdery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Trekkrag toets op grondbewerkingsimplemente . . . . . . . . . 102
Onkruidbeheer in geen bewerking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Onkruiddoder skade aan mielies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chemiese onkruidbeheer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Onkruiddoderlys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Gewasbeskerming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Plaagdoder formulasies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Insekplae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Indringer insek spesies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Voordelige insek spesies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Plant parasitiese aalwurms op mielies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Weerstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Monsterneming vir plant parasitiese aalwurmanalises . . . . . . 201
Alles en meer oor Houtskoolvrot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Probleme met landboumiddels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Publikasies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Erkenning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Aantekeninge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 3

CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cultivar evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cultivar information for your area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fertilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Soil Cultivation and Conservation Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Testing of drawbar power for tillage implements . . . . . . . . . 105
Weed control in no-till . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Herbicide damage to maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chemical weed control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Herbicide list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Crop protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Pesticide forumations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Insect pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Invasive insect species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Beneficial insect species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Plant-parasitic nematodes on maize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Sampling for plant parasitic nematode analysis . . . . . . . . . 208
The Ins and outs of Charcoal rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Problems with agrochemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

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VOORWOORD
Suid-Afrika het een van die laagste Soos vinnige waarskuwingsmaatrels

renvalle die afgelope twee seisoene en verbeterde tegnologie meer in
sedert 1904 ondervind. Die aanvraag word om mielieproduksie
opeenvolgende seisoene van droogte en voedelsekerheid te verbeter, is
het gewys dat daar vining van n die LNR bly om produsent in te lig
mieliesurplus land na een van n tekort van n nuwe toepassing app wat
beweeg kan word. Die behoefte bestaan uit die nuutste versameling van
vir nuwe tegnologiee om landbou wetenskaplike getoetste databasisse
toestande soos droogte te bekamp op mielieproduksie, wat nou maklik
word weereens beklemtoon. afgelaai kan word vir vinnige en
opgedateerde inligting.
Soos landbouers na n goeie
oes uitgesien het, het die Met die landboulandskap wat
herfskommandowurm toegeslaan en soveel veranderinge ondergaan,
duisende landbouers in paniek gelaat. poog die Mielie-inligtingsgids
Met die toenemende getal landbouers om n geloofwaardige middel vir
wat skade in die mielieproduksieareas doeltreffende mielieproduksie te wees.
begin rapporteer het, is n span
van die LNR gemobiliseer om die
indringerspesie te bestudeer vir beter
beheer.
By Graangewasse, Potchefstroom het

die land die eerste herfskommadowurm
teling- fasiliteit opgerig waar n span Dr K Mashingaidze
navorsers die nuutste tegnologie gebruik
om n manier te vind vir die beheer van
die indringer pes.
Die LNR bly verbind om die beste

tegnologie aan die mielieprodusente
te verskaf en dit kan gesien word
deur ons voorsienining van die
jongste kultivarlyste gebaseer op die
mielieproduksieareas asook die toetsing
van onkruid- en pesdoders wat op die
mark beskikbaar is om die produsent te
help om die beste besluit vir die beste
uitkomste te gee.

PREFACE
South Africa experienced one of the As quick warning measures and

lowest rainfalls since 1904 in the past improved technologies are more at
two seasons. The successive season demand for improved maize production
of drought brings a realisation that we and food security, the ARC is pleased
can quickly move from a maize surplus to inform the maize producers of a
country to a deficit in two seasons. new and improved mobile app that
comprises of the latest collection of
The need for new technologies to scientifically proven databases on
combat harsh agricultural conditions maize production, which can be easily
such as drought is further enforced. downloaded for quick and updated
information on the go.
As farmers gleamed at the thought of
a good harvest year, the Fall Army As the agricultural landscape changes,
Worm (FAW) struck, leaving thousands so will the Maize Information Guide-
of maize farmers at a panic. With only to remain your trusted tool in your
an ever-increasing amount of farmers efforts of effective and efficient maize
reporting damage throughout the maize production.
production areas, a team within the
ARC was mobilised to study this invader
species for better control.
At Grain Crops, Potchefstroom, the

country sees the first ever -FAW state
of the art rearing facility where our
team of researchers are using the latest Dr K Mashingaidze
technology to find a way to control this
invader pest.
The ARC remains committed in

providing the best technologies to the
maize farmers and this can be seen
in our delivery of the latest cultivar lists
based on maize production region, as
well as the testing of herbicides and
pesticides available on the market to
assist the farmers in making the best
choice for best outcomes.

KULTIVAREVALUERING Kultivars verskil van mekaar in een

of meer van n verskeidenheid
eienskappe en elkeen het dus n
eiesoortige aanpasbaarheid en
DIE RESULTATE IS IN-
opbrengspotensiaal. Hierdie kultivar-
LIGTING VANAF 2013/14 verskeidenheid stel alternatiewes
TOT 2015/16 EN BEVAT beskikbaar wat goed benut kan word
en die volgende is belangrike riglyne
INLIGTING OOR ONDER- vir kultivarbeplanning wat oorweeg
SKEIDELIK 1, 2 EN 3 JAAR moet word:
Inligting rondom kultivars wat deur - Moet nooit n staatmaker-kultivar

binne een seisoen met n nuwe of
die produsent aangeplant word, is
onbekende kultivar vervang nie.
van kardinale belang. Dit benvloed
n groot deel van die produsent se - Kultivarverskeidenheid versprei
beplanning vir die seisoen. Betroubare risiko. Plant n reeks cultivars wat
en indien moontlik, onafhanklike verskil in groeiseisoenlengte en
inligting rakende kultivars moet aan eienskappe.
elke produsent beskikbaar wees.
- Kultivars moet aanpas by n
Die LNR - Instituut vir Graangewasse
spesifieke opbrengs-potensiaal,
(LNR-IGG), in samewerking met maar moet in staat wees om hor
landboubesighede en die saadbedryf, potensiaaltoestande te benut
poog om in hierdie belangrike en n aanvaarbare opbrengs
behoefte van die produsent te voldoen. by laer potensiaaltoestande
Die onus rus op die produsent om nuwe te lewer. Kultivars met n wye
of onbekende kultivars eers op sy plaas aanpassingsvermo kan hier n rol
te toets, voordat daar op groot skaal speel.
van beproefde kultivars afgesien word.
- Hersien Kultivarkeuse jaarliks.
KULTIVARINLIGTING KULTIVARBEPLANNING
Die boer moet aan die einde van elke
n Waardevolle hulpmiddel
seisoen n baie belangrike besluit neem by kultivarbeplanning is die
naamlik: Watter kultivars gaan die opbrengswaarskynlikheid, wat
volgende jaar geplant word? n Korrek n afleiding is van inligting wat
beplande kultivarkeuse kan beslis n deur die regressiegrafiek van n
belangrike bydrae lewer om risiko kultivar uitgebeeld word. Hierdie
te verminder en moet n belangrike opbrengswaarskynlikheid word verkry
onderdeel uitmaak van n produsent se van die onderste betroubaarheidsband
van die regressiegrafiek by n 90%
produksiebeplanning.
waarskynlikheidspeil. Dit beteken
dat die oessekerheidswaarde van n

kultivar by n sekere potensiaal die die D-waarde neig na nul, hoe meer
minimum opbrengs is wat daardie stabiel en voorspelbaar is die kultivar
kultivar in nege uit tien gevalle kan in terme van opbrengs, en hoe groter
behaal. By die berekening van die D-waarde is hoe meer sal opbrengs
opbrengswaarskynlikheid (opbrengste) tussen seisoene wissel.
word die opbrengsgeneigdheid,
Die opbrengswaarskynlikheid van n kultivar
gemiddelde opbrengs en stabiliteit in
is die kans om n bogemiddelde opbrengs by
ag geneem.
n bepaalde opbrengspotensiaal te behaal.
In die opbrengswaarskynlikheids- In onderstaande figuur word n voorbeeld
tabelle word die volgende gegee om meer duidelikheid te kry oor
inligting verskaf: Eerstens word die interpretasie. Die gebroke lyn is die
die opbrengswaarskynlikheid by gemiddeld van alle kultivars getoets en dui
verskillende potensiaaltoestande dus die 1:1 lyn aan. Die soliede lyn is die
aangetoon. Tweedens volg die regressie lyn van n spesifieke kultivar wat
gemiddelde opbrengs van die kultivar die verwagte gemiddelde opbrengs van die
vir die stel proewe wat gebruik is. Dan kultivar verteenwoordig. By 4 ton potensiaal
volg die helling van die regressielyn sal die kultivar slegs n 20% kans h om
waarvan die opbrengsgeneigdheid meer as die gemiddeld van alle kultivars te
afgelei kan word. Indien die helling behaal en by 7 ton potensiaal n 80% kans
groter as 1.0 is, dui dit op n hor om meer as die gemiddeld te lewer. Dit is dus
potensiaal kultivar; kleiner as 1.0 dui n kultivar wat aangepas is vir ho potensiaal
dit op n laer potensiaal kultivar, terwyl toestande en nie by lae potensiaal toestande.
n waarde naby of gelyk aan 1.0 dui Indien die opbrengswaarskynlikheid van n
op n wyd aangepasde kultivar met kultivar by n bepaalde opbrengspotensiaal
n regressielyn ewewydig aan die byvoorbeeld 60% is, dui dit op n ses uit tien
gemiddelde lyn. Laastens volg die kans om n bogemiddelde opbrengs te behaal
opbrengstabiliteit wat deur die D- en n vier uit tien kans om ondergemiddeld
waarde aangedui word. Hoe meer te presteer.

Opbrengswaarskynlikheid (%) van drie seisoene saamgevoeg.

Omgewingspotensiaal Andersins is die inligting van die nuwer
kultivars bekom uit die eenjarige en
4 Ton 5 Ton 6 Ton 7 Ton tweejarige data van die onderskeie
groter oostelike en westelike streke.
20 48 65 80
Om voldoende betroubare inligting te
Die prosedure wat gevolg word vir verskaf, is van die produksiegebiede
die maak van kultivaraanbevelings is saamgevoeg. Proewe wat in die
kortliks as volg: Eerstens moet vasgestel westelike produksiegebied gedoen is,
word vir watter opbrengspotensiaal is saamgevoeg (streek 1). Proewe in
aanbevelings gemaak word. Die die oostelike streke is opgedeel in drie
produsent moet homself vergewis produksiestreke: matige ooste (streek
van die potensiaal wat ter sprake 2), koue ooste (streek 3) en KwaZulu-
is. Die tweede stap is om die Natal streek (streek 4).
opbrengswaarskynlikheids-tabel
Inligting oor kultivars onder besproeiing
te raadpleeg by die vasgestelde
potensiaal. Selekteer by die gekose is in twee streke verdeel: Koel tot
potensiaal daardie kultivars met die matige streek en n warm streek wat in
hoogste opbrengswaarskynlikheid. afsonderlike tabelle aangebied word.
Die kultivars met die hoogste waardes
Hierdie inligtingstuk poog nie om die
behoort vir u die beste kans op n
enigste bron van inligting te wees nie.
stabiele, suksesvolle opbrengs te
Kultivarinligting is ook by koperasies
verseker. Indien verdere verfyning
in die keuse nodig is, kan die en die saadmaatskappye beskikbaar.
opbrengsgeneigdheid en -stabiliteit
gebruik word. Dieselfde prosedure kan VRYWARING
met potensiaalgebiede aan weerskante Die opsteller van die dokument en
van die gekose potensiaal gevolg word enige ander bron/instansie/persoon
vir n meer betroubare aanbeveling. verantwoordelik vir enige inligting
genoem in hierdie dokument is na
die beste wete van die opstellers
KULTIVARS korrek met druktyd. Die inligting
VOLGENS MIELIE is ontwikkel deur wetenskaplike
prosesse en word in goeder trou
PRODUKSIESTREKE aangebied. Enige persoon/instansie
wat hierdie inligting gebruik doen
Vir die doel van hierdie publikasie
dit op eie risiko en die opstellers of
is die kultivarproewe ingedeel in
enige ander party sal onder geen
streke volgens hitte eenhede, renval
omstandighede verantwoordelik
en produksie en verder verwerk tot
gehou kan word vir enige verliese
opbrengswaarskynlikheid. Waar
gelei deur enige persoon/instansie
voldoende inligting oor n betrokke
wat die inligting in hierdie dokument
kultivar beskikbaar is, is die inligting
gebruik nie.

utilized effectively. The following are

CULTIVAR EVALUATION important guidelines in cultivar planning
which can be considered:
THIS RESULTS ARE IN- - Never replace a reliable cultivar
FORMATION FROM with a new or unknown cultivar in a
single season.
2013/14 TO 2015/16
AND CONTAIN INFOR- - Cultivar variability divides the risk
factor. Use a series of cultivars,
MATION FOR 1, 2 AND 3 which differ in length of growing
YEARS, RESPECTIVELY season and other characteristics.
Information on cultivars planted by - Cultivars must be adapted to a

producers is of utmost importance. It specific yield potential but should
affects seasonal planning by producers be able to utilize increased potential
to a large extent. Reliable and if possible conditions and still deliver an
independent information regarding acceptable yield at reduced yield
cultivars should be available to every potential. Cultivars with a wide
producer. The ARC- Grain Crops adaptability can play a role under
Institute (ARC-GCI) in co-operation with these conditions.
agricultural businesses and the seed - Cultivar choice should be revised
industry attempt to satisfy the producers`
annually.
requirements. The responsibility is with
the producer to test new or unknown
cultivars first before dispensing with the
CULTIVAR PLANNING
known cultivars on a large scale. A valuable aid in cultivar planning is
the yield probability values, which are
CULTIVAR INFORMATION the deviations from the regression graph
of a cultivar. The yield reliability values
At the end of each season the farmer
are obtained from the lower reliability
has to decide which cultivars are to be
band of the regression graph at a 90%
planted during the following season. A
probability level. This means that the
correctly planned cultivar choice can
yield probability value of a particular
contribute greatly to reduce risk and
cultivar at a given potential is the
constitutes an important part of the
minimum yield, which can be obtained
producers production planning.
in nine out of ten seasons. In the
Cultivars differ in one or more of a calculation of yield probability values
number of characteristics. Each cultivar the yield tendency, average yield and
has a particular adaptability and stability are taken into consideration.
yield potential. Variability of cultivars
provides alternatives, which can be

In the yield probability tables the The yield probability of a cultivar is the chance
following information is presented: to get an above average yield at a particular
Firstly, the yield probability values yield potential. In the figure below, an
at different yield potential levels are example is presented in order to get a clearer
shown. Secondly, the average yield interpretation. The broken line is the average
of the cultivar for the set of trials used of all cultivars tested and therefore represents
is presented. Thereafter the slope of the 1:1 line. The solid line is the regression
the regression line indicates the yield line of a specific cultivar and represents its
expected mean yield. At 4 ton potential the
tendency. If the slope is greater than
cultivar will only have a 20% chance to obtain
1.0, it indicates a higher potential
a higher yield than the average of all cultivars
cultivar; smaller than 1.0 a lower
and an 80% chance to obtain more than the
potential cultivar, while a value near
average at 7 ton potential. This is therefore
or equal to 1.0 indicates a widely a cultivar that is adapted to high potential
adapted cultivar. Lastly, the yield conditions and not to low potential conditions.
stability is indicated by the D-values. For instance, if the yield probability of a
With D-values approaching zero, the cultivar, at a particular yield potential equals
cultivar can be expected to be more 60%, the chance to get a yield above the
stable and predictable in terms of mean of all cultivars is six out of ten with a
yield achievement, and the greater the four out of ten chance of obtaining a yield
D-values are, the more the yield would below the mean.
vary between seasons.

Yield probability (%) certain production regions have been

Environment potential combined in order to obtain more
reliable information. Trials conducted
4 Ton 5 Ton 6 Ton 7 Ton in the western areas (region 1) were
20 48 65 80 combined. Trials conducted in the
eastern areas were divided into three
production regions: temperate eastern
The procedure to be followed in the
(region 2), cold eastern (region 3) and
making of cultivar recommendations is
KwaZulu-Natal region (region 4).
briefly as follows: Determine for which
yield potential recommendations must Information of cultivars under irrigation
be made. This must be done by the was divided into two regions: Cold to
producer (farmer). The next step is to temperate region and hot region and is
consult the yield probability table at the represented in separate tables.
determined yield potential. Select at the
chosen yield potential for those cultivars Note that this brochure is not the
with the highest yield probability only source of information. Cultivar
values. The cultivars with the highest information is also available at co-
values should provide one with the best operatives and seed companies.
chance for a stable, successful yield.
The same procedures can be followed
with yield potentials on both sides of INDEMNITY
the chosen yield probability for a more The composer of this document and
reliable recommendation. any other source/institution/person
responsible for any information
CULTIVAR GROUPING contained in this document is
to the best knowledge of the
ACCORDING TO MAIZE composers correct at printing. The
PRODUCTION REGIONS information was developed using
sound scientific procedures and is
For the purpose of this publication the presented in good faith. Institutions
cultivar trials were divided into regions or people use this information at own
according to heat unit, precipitation risk and the composers or any other
and production for which yield reliability party will under no circumstances
values were calculated. Information be under any legal obligation
pertaining to three seasons was regarding any losses occurring by
combined where sufficient information using the information contained in
on a particular cultivar was available. this document.
Information on the newer cultivars
was obtained from data of the annual
and bi-annual reports of the greater
eastern and western regions. Data for

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Kultivarinligting vir u gebied

Cultivar information for your area
KULTIVARINDELING VOLGENS MIELIE PRODUDUKSIESTREKE

CULTIVAR GROUPING ACCORDING TO MAIZE PRODUCTION REGIONS
1. Westelike streek / Western region

2. Matige oostelike streek / Temperate eastern region
3. Koue oostelike streek / Cold eastern region
4. KwaZulu-Natal streek / region
5. Besproeiing / Irrigation
5.1 Koue tot matige streek / Cold to temperate region
5.2 Warm streek / region

GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE WESTELIKE STREEK (Streek 1)

YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE WESTERN REGION (Region 1)
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes)

55 proewe ((Aantal lokaliteite oor drie seisoene)
Cultivars of which information is available for three seasons (yield probability values)
55 trials (Sum of the Localities during three seasons)
Omgewingspotensiaal / Environment potential

Gem/ Hell/
CULTIVAR 3 Ton 5 Ton 7 Ton 9 Ton 11 Ton D
Mean# Slope
DKC80-40BRGEN 63.01 72.84 80.61 85.98 89.37 5.41 1.08 0.34
IMP51-22B 31.80 36.20 41.25 46.39 51.12 4.81 1.04 0.38
KKS8410BR 67.75 48.44 29.55 16.09 8.50 4.99 0.87 0.26
LS8518 43.04 42.91 43.03 43.33 43.77 4.94 1.00 0.37
LS8526 37.07 36.86 37.05 37.61 38.41 4.79 1.00 0.50
LS8536B 33.83 35.57 37.83 40.34 42.85 4.75 1.02 0.52
P2432R 64.66 57.58 50.00 42.86 36.86 5.16 0.94 0.38
PAN6P-110 72.09 69.09 65.38 61.31 57.28 5.34 0.97 0.38
PAN6Q-408CB 69.41 79.31 86.42 90.88 93.44 5.41 1.07 0.21
PAN6R-680R 62.69 59.64 56.23 52.78 49.63 5.26 0.96 0.87
Phb33H54BR 25.73 34.54 44.81 54.96 63.66 4.80 1.07 0.27
SC506 36.23 34.19 32.65 31.70 31.28 4.73 0.98 0.64
# Mean yield of the specific cultivar over all trials
# Gemmidelde opbrengs vir die spesifieke kultivar vir al die proewe
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheids-waardes) 35

proewe(Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)
Cultivars of which information is available for two seasons (yield probability values) 35 trials
(Sum of the Localities during two seasons)

CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
PAN5A-182 4.25*
* Waarskynliheid kan nie vir een kultivar bereken word nie

* Probability can not be calculated for one cultivar
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir een seisoen beskikbaar is (gemiddeldes) 18 proewe

(Aantal lokaliteite vir een seisoen)
Cultivars of which information is available for one season (mean values) 18 trials
(Sum of the Localities during one season)
CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC68-58BR 4.21
DKC71-44B 4.37
DKC74-26R 4.15
KKS8326B 3.35
PAN6R-880CBGT 4.15
SC402 3.60
SC512 3.64

WITMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE WESTELIKE STREEK (Streek 1)

WHITE MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE WESTERN REGION (Region 1)
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes) 55

proewe
(Aantal lokaliteite oor drie seisoene)
Cultivars of which information is available for three seasons (yield probability values) 55 trials
(Sum of the Localities during three seasons)


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
BG5285 80.43 54.12 26.57 18.50 15.88 4.97 0.54 0.90
BG5685R 26.05 10.59 10.41 14.07 17.06 3.62 0.78 0.89
BG5785BR 53.98 18.92 8.25 7.53 7.90 3.94 0.47 1.08
DKC77-77BR 30.55 79.51 95.33 96.81 96.98 5.49 1.81 1.21
DKC77-85BGEN 99.30 63.75 4.32 0.64 0.27 5.45 -0.37 1.01
DKC78-17B 74.54 67.49 52.75 44.73 41.01 5.46 0.75 1.87
DKC78-45BRGEN 31.00 66.82 86.25 89.57 90.25 5.33 1.95 3.20
DKC78-79BR 34.40 51.89 66.81 71.33 72.82 4.74 1.63 5.23
DKC78-87B 79.39 28.51 5.67 3.19 2.72 4.31 0.11 1.23
IMP52-11R 36.53 30.56 33.12 36.82 39.13 3.56 0.90 5.49
IMP53-49B 57.44 41.76 31.67 29.44 29.00 4.62 0.81 0.73
KKS4581BR 13.64 67.07 95.03 97.75 98.26 5.10 2.34 2.16
LS8533R 96.44 97.64 90.13 77.38 67.79 6.63 0.89 0.83
LS8539B 6.24 0.63 1.12 3.29 5.93 3.09 0.79 0.47
PAN6Q-245 23.23 80.56 97.35 98.55 98.72 5.78 2.36 2.31
PAN6Q-345CB 60.04 35.30 21.56 19.08 18.71 4.12 0.24 4.69

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes) 35

proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
LS8537 45.58 50.00 54.36 58.07 60.94 4.70 1.03 0.27
P2961WBR 41.30 51.78 61.93 70.03 75.72 4.70 1.06 0.19
PAN5R-791R 60.08 47.93 36.21 27.08 20.91 4.70 0.91 0.32


Gem/Mean
CULTIVAR
ww
KKS8403R 3.74
LS8541BR 3.59
P2842W 4.63
P2864WBR 4.62
PAN5A-291 4.51
PAN5R-795BR 4.59
SC419 3.48


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www.pannar.com | infoserve@pannar.co.za
Geregistreerde handelsmerke van PANNAR BPK, 2017 PANNAR BPK

TM 2017/WMAIZE/A/01

AGRONOMIESE EIENSKAPPE VAN MIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE WESTELIKE STREKE

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE WESTERN AREAS
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is

Cultivars of which information is available for three seasons
Cultivar Groeilengte % Omval % Spruite Koppe Graan Vog

Grow length Lodging Tillers Ears %Moisture
BG5285 M 6.51 19.25 1.67 15.7
BG5685R M 2.06 19.47 1.63 15.3
BG5785BR M 6.97 17.57 1.62 14.3
DKC77-77BR M 5.65 29.80 1.73 15.1
DKC77-85BGEN M 4.73 26.23 1.72 15.5
DKC78-17B M 4.07 25.66 1.70 16.0
DKC78-45BRGEN M 3.49 25.95 1.75 15.8
DKC78-79BR M 1.70 24.67 1.74 16.0
DKC78-87B M 7.35 23.06 1.79 15.8
DKC80-40BRGEN M 2.92 17.37 1.68 14.1
IMP51-22B M-K/S 2.79 30.38 1.45 13.6
IMP52-11R M 4.06 33.70 1.28 14.1
IMP53-49B M/L 4.66 41.41 1.51 16.5
KKS4581BR M 1.06 17.99 1.37 15.0
KKS8410BR M 6.75 13.09 1.32 14.9
LS8518 M 3.17 19.88 1.34 14.7
LS8526 M 5.17 23.40 1.53 14.7
LS8533R M 5.50 26.96 1.62 15.3
LS8536B M-K/S 5.53 15.53 1.42 13.7
LS8539B M 3.28 20.54 1.56 16.0
P2432R M 3.22 20.92 1.36 15.0
PAN6P-110 M 2.57 18.79 1.69 15.3
PAN6Q-245 M 1.29 25.82 1.68 15.7
PAN6Q-345CB M 6.21 31.87 1.77 14.7
PAN6Q-408CB M 5.80 18.50 1.53 15.9
PAN6R-680R M/L 1.38 22.23 1.64 16.7
Phb33H54BR M-K/S 6.64 20.33 1.38 13.4
SC506 M 2.74 14.23 1.32 14.9
M= Medium; L = Long/ Lang; S=Short; K= Kort;

WEMA: Climate
DROUGHTTEGO TM
AND Change-ready Maize for
DROUGHTTELATM HYBRIDS Food
FOR Security
FOOD SECURITY
Above: Fig 1. Heavy stalk borer infestation in smallholder

farmers crop in Xikukwani, Limpopo province.
Right: Fig 2. DroughtTELATM maize hybrid WE6208B

with Bt (MON89034) showing complete resistance to
stalk borer, in smallholder farmers field in Xikukwani,
Limpopo province.
Why Maize?
With over 70%
WHYof MAIZE?
the population in South Africa depending on maize as their staple food it only
makes sense that the research focusing on food security and sustainability is aimed at maize.
With over 70% of the population in South Africa depending on maize as their staple
South Africa is itgenerally
food only makes notsense
suitable for research
that the crop production.
focusing on Only about
food 13%
security and ofsustainability
the country is
arable dueistoaimed
low rainfall
at maize. and poor soils. Maize yields obtained by large-scale commercial
farmers and smallholder farmers for rain-fed crops are only about 5.0 t/ha and 1.0 t/ha,
respectively. ThisAfrica
South is mainly because,
is generally on the for
not suitable one hand,
crop large-scale
production. commercial
Only about 13% of farmers grow
the country
their rain-fed maizedue
is arable crops at very
to low lowand
rainfall plant populations
poor soils. Maize toyields
avoidobtained
moisturebystress. On the
large-scale other
com-
hand, smallholder farmersand
mercial farmers getsmallholder
very low yields because
farmers theycrops
for rain-fed applyare
very little
only fertiliser
about and
5.0 t/ha their
and
crops are often subjected
1.0 t/ha, to moisture
respectively. stressbecause,
This is mainly during periodic
on the one droughts. Only about
hand, large-scale 10% of the
commercial
maize crop in South Africa is grown under irrigation because of limited water resources. Climate
farmers grow their rain-fed maize crops at very low plant populations to avoid moisture
change is predicted to worsen the situation with more variable rainfall and above average
stress.
temperatures. On the other
Identifying ways hand, smallholder
to mitigate andfarmers
adapt get very lowchange
to climate yields because they apply to
are fundamental
very little fertiliser and their crops are often subjected to moisture stress
realising food security and improved livelihoods in South Africa and the rest of the continent. during periodic
droughts. Less than 20% of the maize crop in South Africa is grown under irrigation
because of limited water resources. Climate change is predicted to worsen the situation
with more variable rainfall and above average temperatures. Stalk borer is a permanent
problem and fall armyworm is a new problem in maize production. Identifying ways to
mitigate and adapt to climate change are fundamental to realising food security and
improved livelihoods in South Africa and the rest of the continent.

THE SOLUTION
To address these challenges the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) is participating
in a public-private partnership formed in 2008, called the Water Efficient Maize for
Africa (WEMA). WEMA products are low-cost drought tolerant conventional and
transgenic (GM) hybrids that give at least 25% yield advantage under moderate drought
conditions. To-date ARC has released and registered 12 drought tolerant conventional
hybrids, known as DroughtTEGOTM. Five drought tolerant GM hybrids, also known as
DroughtTELATM (WE6206B, WE6207B, WE6208B, WE6209B and WE6210B), with the
Bt (MON89034) gene for insect resistance have been submitted to DAFF for registration.
The Bt (MON89034) gene gives full protection to both stalk borer and fall armyworm.
Hybrid Number of days to Special Traits

Anthesis
WE3127 65 Drought tolerance, high yield potential
WE3128 72 Drought tolerance
WE4143 71 Drought tolerance and very high yield potential
WE4144 75 Drought tolerance
WE4145 65 Drought and low N tolerance, very high yield potential
WE4147 70 High yield potential
WE4307 73 Low nitrogen tolerance and high yield potential
Certified seed of some of these hybrids will be available from Jermart, Capstone, Quality
seed, SeedCo, Monsanto, Klein Karoo, etc. from 2017.
WEMA PARTNER INSTITUTIONS

The WEMA project is being conducted in Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania
and Uganda. The WEMA partnership is coordinated by AATF and is made up of:
African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF)
National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in:
Kenya - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO)
Mozambique - National Agricultural Institution of Mozambique (IIAM)
South Africa - Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
Tanzania - Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH)
Uganda - National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO)
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Monsanto
Funding Partners
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
Howard G. Buffett Foundation (HGBF)
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
For more information about WEMA please contact

Dr Kingstone Mashingaidze at Tel: (018) 299 6100
Email: MashingaidzeK@arc.agric.za or
Mary JamesLNR-Instituut
at Email: virJamesM@arc.agric.za
Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 23
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is

Cultivars of which information is available for two seasons

BG5285 M 8.26 19.43 1.47 17.50
BG5685R M 3.09 19.59 1.45 16.80
BG5785BR M 10.45 15.26 1.38 15.40
DKC77-77BR M 7.82 28.12 1.52 16.20
DKC77-85BGEN M 7.10 28.09 1.54 16.80
DKC78-17B M 5.70 25.10 1.52 17.00
DKC78-45BRGEN M 5.24 25.01 1.53 17.10
DKC78-79BR M 2.55 24.73 1.54 17.20
DKC78-87B M 10.75 22.61 1.59 16.90
DKC80-40BRGEN M 4.39 16.45 1.46 15.10
IMP51-22B M-K/S 4.18 30.12 1.24 14.50
IMP52-11R M 6.09 29.89 1.04 15.00
IMP53-49B M-L 6.99 38.06 1.24 18.20
KKS4581BR M 1.25 19.65 1.22 16.00
KKS8403B M 9.53 17.87 1.12 16.10
KKS8410BR M 10.13 13.29 1.15 16.20
LS8518 M 4.75 18.52 1.16 15.30
LS8526 M 4.74 27.42 1.34 16.20
LS8533R M 8.25 27.35 1.43 16.90
LS8536B M-K/S 6.87 14.18 1.22 14.70
LS8537 M 3.78 22.49 1.15 19.00
LS8539B M 4.57 20.84 1.40 17.70
P2432R M 4.48 21.93 1.19 16.40
P2961WBR M-L 1.34 26.30 1.23 18.20
PAN5A-182 M 3.98 15.79 1.52 15.80
PAN5R-791BR M 6.95 23.53 1.56 15.80
PAN6P-110 M 3.86 18.11 1.50 16.30
PAN6Q-245 M 1.28 26.27 1.48 17.30
PAN6Q-345CB M 7.49 29.36 1.54 16.00
PAN6Q-408CB M 8.70 18.84 1.31 17.10
PAN6R-680R M-L 2.08 22.23 1.41 18.20
Phb33H54BR M-K/S 9.57 19.22 1.20 14.30
SC506 M 2.97 13.65 1.16 15.70

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir een seisoen beskikbaar is

Cultivars of which information is available for one season

DKC68-58BR M-K/S 1.37 12.10 1.32 14.3
DKC71-44B M-K/S 0.00 10.01 1.10 13.3
DKC74-26R M 2.33 24.06 1.30 15.7
KKS8326B M-K/S 0.73 9.22 1.03 14.4
LS8541BR M 0.55 9.79 1.24 17.3
P2842W M 3.16 28.69 1.36 18.9
P2864WBR M 0.48 16.07 1.31 16.9
PAN5A-291 M-L 0.43 17.60 1.42 20.5
PAN5R-795BR M 1.95 17.54 1.33 16.7
PAN6R-880CBGT M 1.43 14.59 1.51 17.6
SC402 M 3.07 8.83 1.20 16.1
SC419 M 0.28 15.97 1.07 16.8
SC512 M 1.57 18.02 1.26 16.7
DAE TOT BLOM / DAYS TO FLOWERING

Kort(K)/ Meduim(M)/ Lank(L)/
Short(S) Medium (M) Long(L)
Koel/Cool areas 70-75 75-80 80-85
Warm areas 60-65 65-70 70-75
GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE GEMATIGDE OOSTELIKE STREKE (Streek 2)

YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE TEMPERATE EASTERN REGION (Region 2)

proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor drie seisoene)


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
DKC73-74BRGEN 81.79 74.75 64.28 51.60 39.57 8.71 0.84 0.92
DKC80-40BRGEN 79.31 77.35 73.92 69.03 63.32 9.01 0.94 0.72
KKS8410BR 72.03 60.42 45.80 31.61 21.09 8.28 0.82 0.85
LS8518 16.87 26.69 41.49 58.40 72.55 8.33 1.18 0.66
LS8526 4.47 3.67 3.54 4.11 5.57 7.68 1.01 0.16
LS8536B 37.34 36.37 35.88 36.07 36.84 8.15 1.00 0.61
P2432R 36.00 49.43 64.51 77.30 85.66 8.81 1.13 0.43
PAN6P-110 47.99 46.09 44.15 42.48 41.27 8.31 0.98 0.74
PAN6Q-408CB 57.93 71.78 83.43 90.77 94.49 9.29 1.15 0.61
PAN6R-680R 45.87 55.73 66.10 74.92 81.05 9.04 1.16 1.37
PAN6R-880CBGT 67.53 68.11 67.98 67.00 65.34 8.87 0.99 0.84
Phb33H52B 47.41 39.82 32.21 25.87 21.45 8.04 0.92 0.64
SC506 31.53 23.75 17.29 12.93 10.54 7.54 0.91 0.75


proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP52-12R 19.50 33.63 57.27 75.04 82.96 7.04 1.25 0.57
KKS8326B 44.60 24.11 10.41 6.22 5.53 6.35 0.80 0.46
P2137B 83.03 66.56 38.64 19.48 12.00 7.16 0.80 0.26
PAN5A-182 71.79 89.96 97.08 98.29 98.19 7.97 1.15 0.22



CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC68-56R 6.70
DKC68-58BR 6.42
DKC71-42 6.44
DKC71-44B 6.33
DKC74-26R 6.45
KKS8326B 5.53
KKS8408R 6.01
PAN4A-172 6.44
PAN6R-880CBGT 7.12
SC402 5.34
SC512 5.51

WITMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE GEMATIGDE OOSTELIKE STREEK (Streek 2)

WHITE MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE TEMPERATE EASTERN REGION (Region 2)

proewe


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
BG5285 30.67 43.86 59.84 74.41 84.33 9.03 1.14 0.44
DKC78-17B 32.91 40.70 50.36 60.34 68.77 8.89 1.14 1.14
DKC78-45BRGEN 66.63 56.88 45.07 33.50 24.45 8.52 0.84 1.04
DKC78-79BR 49.19 57.90 66.96 74.73 80.22 9.21 1.10 0.71
DKC78-87B 85.09 83.97 81.45 77.35 71.89 9.24 0.96 0.31
IMP52-11R 18.21 26.94 39.88 55.07 68.58 8.67 1.18 0.82
LS8533R 62.94 41.50 20.56 7.89 2.85 7.94 0.76 0.61
LS8539B 64.52 50.49 34.63 21.23 12.65 8.35 0.84 0.58
P2653WB 68.02 61.46 53.14 44.21 36.30 8.74 0.90 0.74
PAN4B-311B 25.41 37.36 53.03 68.61 80.20 8.94 1.19 0.80
PAN6Q-245 66.94 69.10 70.76 71.50 71.32 9.16 1.01 0.58
PAN6Q-345CB 42.91 50.00 58.00 65.61 71.63 9.06 1.11 1.12
PHB31M09 56.74 45.60 33.64 23.42 16.42 8.22 0.84 1.02


proewe
(Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP53-49B 84.37 80.39 72.18 61.38 51.63 7.27 0.95 0.12
KKS8301B 72.29 40.08 12.27 3.11 1.12 6.41 0.62 0.61
LS8537 20.80 30.55 45.52 60.08 69.88 6.45 1.37 3.05
PAN4A-111 60.60 58.46 55.11 51.54 48.69 7.11 0.97 0.43
PAN4R-511R 52.10 63.72 74.02 80.03 82.66 7.56 1.15 0.92
PAN5R-791BR 66.04 63.31 58.72 53.59 49.39 7.29 0.94 0.87



CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC76-61B 6.27
LS8541BR 5.93
P2369WB 6.73
PAN5A-291 6.18
SC419 5.58

GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE KOUE OOSTELIKE STREEK (Streek 3)

YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE COLD EASTERN REGION (Region 3)

proewe


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
DKC73-74BRGEN 62.06 62.56 62.75 62.58 62.10 8.34 1.00 0.66
DKC80-40BRGEN 63.15 59.50 55.30 50.87 46.65 8.16 0.95 0.77
KKS8410BR 69.60 58.47 45.68 33.42 23.57 7.98 0.85 0.81
LS8518 50.78 44.30 37.76 31.87 27.09 7.76 0.92 0.88
LS8526 36.17 36.24 36.70 37.52 38.63 7.62 1.01 1.25
LS8536B 53.50 42.03 30.82 21.55 14.97 7.47 0.84 1.10
P2432R 46.03 53.22 60.63 67.40 72.94 8.28 1.08 0.69
PAN6P-110 40.29 53.87 67.65 78.99 86.76 8.61 1.20 1.18
PAN6Q-408CB 51.79 66.30 79.00 87.89 93.09 8.94 1.20 1.06
PAN6R-680R 54.85 69.15 81.21 89.38 94.02 9.07 1.22 1.28
PAN6R-880CBGT 66.12 54.63 41.91 30.19 21.08 7.86 0.85 0.82
Phb33H52B 32.16 26.85 22.24 18.71 16.29 7.38 0.94 0.73
SC506 29.61 24.96 21.04 18.09 16.12 7.26 0.94 0.96


proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP52-12R 27.38 19.97 14.14 10.40 8.43 7.61 0.93 0.43
KKS8326B 56.66 43.49 29.98 19.29 12.53 7.68 0.79 1.28
P2137B 48.59 64.29 78.71 88.40 93.54 9.05 1.16 0.54
PAN5A-182 60.00 69.97 78.84 85.19 89.02 9.18 1.12 0.78



Cultivars of which information is available for one season (mean values)10 trials
CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC68-56R 7.49
DKC68-58BR 6.94
DKC71-42 6.55
DKC71-44B 7.08
DKC74-26R 7.29
KKS8326B 6.80
KKS8408R 6.78
PAN4A-172 7.86
PAN6R-880CBGT 7.07
SC402 6.18
SC512 6.01

WITMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE KOUE OOSTELIKE STREEK (Streek 3)

WHITE MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE COLD EASTERN REGION (Region 3)
Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes)

25 proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor drie seisoene)


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proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP53-49B 47.46 49.61 51.97 54.25 56.18 8.15 1.03 0.93
KKS8301B 29.84 14.26 5.33 1.83 0.71 6.94 0.82 0.44
LS8537 59.59 62.90 65.90 68.21 69.63 8.56 1.04 1.10
PAN4A-111 47.77 55.91 64.28 71.50 76.84 8.31 1.07 0.39
PAN4R-511R 55.06 56.45 57.69 58.60 59.11 8.27 1.01 0.47
PAN5R-791BR 57.11 61.59 65.83 69.30 71.69 8.34 1.03 0.29


CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC76-61B 7.28
LS8541BR 5.84
P2369WB 6.89
PAN5A-291 6.73
SC419 5.43


GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR KWAZULU NATAL STREEK (Streek 4)

YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR KWAZULU NATAL REGION ( Region 4)

proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
DKC73-74BRGEN 57.51 57.84 57.99 57.92 57.63 8.49 1.00 0.52
DKC80-40BRGEN 73.58 74.50 74.88 74.69 73.94 9.02 1.00 0.91
KKS8410BR 70.20 63.01 54.49 45.55 37.31 8.36 0.90 0.74
LS8518 37.21 47.53 58.74 69.15 77.46 8.54 1.09 0.38
LS8526 25.04 24.10 23.72 23.91 24.69 7.84 1.00 0.44
LS8536B 28.77 27.93 27.56 27.75 28.45 7.76 1.00 0.77
P2432R 40.30 46.17 52.60 58.95 64.60 8.40 1.10 1.41
PAN6P-110 64.17 61.59 58.48 55.07 51.63 8.40 0.98 0.20
PAN6Q-408CB 62.78 67.53 71.84 75.42 78.07 8.72 1.04 0.45
PAN6R-680R 38.23 48.75 60.06 70.41 78.57 8.52 1.09 0.37
PAN6R-880CBGT 53.37 42.49 31.70 22.61 15.95 7.96 0.89 0.57
Phb33H52B 48.76 49.57 50.44 51.31 52.10 8.30 1.01 0.77
SC506 51.51 44.50 37.39 30.92 25.68 7.98 0.91 0.93

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes)

15 proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)

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DKC73-76R
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DKC80-30R
DKC80-40BR GEN


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP52-12R 24.06 20.00 16.94 15.12 14.31 7.26 0.97 0.32
KKS8326B 42.59 49.40 56.73 63.55 69.05 7.88 1.06 0.37
P2137B 72.83 79.81 85.21 88.76 90.78 8.34 1.05 0.23
PAN5A-182 73.12 60.45 45.12 30.77 20.18 7.81 0.92 0.15

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir een seisoen beskikbaar is (gemiddeldes)

6 proewe (Aantal lokaliteite vir een seisoen)
CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC68-56R 4.69
DKC68-58BR 4.52
DKC71-42 5.26
DKC71-44B 5.23
DKC74-26R 5.28
KKS8326B 4.91
KKS8408R 4.76
PAN4A-172 3.76
PAN6R-880CBGT 5.38
SC402 4.12
SC512 3.89


WITMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR KWAZULU NATAL STREEK (Streek 4)

WHITE MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR KWAZULU NATAL REGION (Region 4)

proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
BG5285 34.71 39.11 44.12 49.35 54.40 7.97 1.04 0.35
DKC78-17B 67.60 64.63 61.10 57.21 53.28 8.27 0.96 0.62
DKC78-45BRGEN 63.57 56.97 49.69 42.42 35.83 8.01 0.88 1.57
DKC78-79BR 51.22 48.74 46.18 43.72 41.52 7.95 0.97 0.83
DKC78-87B 68.72 61.34 52.91 44.27 36.35 8.09 0.91 0.64
IMP52-11R 45.07 42.38 39.77 37.42 35.47 7.84 0.97 0.80
LS8533R 38.38 36.60 35.04 33.82 32.99 7.66 0.98 1.07
LS8539B 42.91 48.77 54.96 60.93 66.20 8.19 1.10 1.55
P2653WB 51.64 48.31 44.86 41.58 38.65 7.96 0.97 0.46
PAN4B-311B 62.14 72.70 81.57 87.99 92.13 8.58 1.08 0.29
PAN6Q-245 35.59 44.94 55.13 64.89 73.15 8.22 1.13 0.96
PAN6Q-345CB 57.88 62.75 67.40 71.43 74.68 8.55 1.07 1.25
PHB31M09 36.86 33.86 31.14 28.90 27.22 7.64 0.97 0.68

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes)

15 proewe (Aantal lokaliteite oor twee seisoene)
Cultivars of which information is available for two seasons (mean values) 15 trials


Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
IMP53-49B 61.88 51.63 40.78 31.07 23.53 7.26 0.90 0.48
KKS8301B 51.31 40.59 30.39 22.16 16.38 6.96 0.88 0.69
LS8537 36.40 39.83 43.82 47.99 51.91 7.18 1.04 0.53
PAN4A-111 45.24 49.01 52.99 56.75 60.00 7.40 1.04 0.58
PAN4R-511R 47.87 63.00 76.52 86.08 91.72 7.75 1.14 0.46
PAN5R-791BR 60.82 62.30 63.45 64.17 64.44 7.57 1.01 0.44


(Sum of the Localities in one season)
CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC76-61B 4.06
LS8541BR 4.41
P2369WB 4.30
PAN5A-291 5.02
SC419 3.97


AGRONOMIESE EIENSKAPPE VAN MIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE OOSTELIKE STREKE

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR THE EASTERN AREAS


BG5285 M 4.78 6.3 1.36 16.7
DKC73-74BRGEN M 2.84 4.32 1.04 16.7
DKC78-17B M 3.64 8.64 1.46 17.3
DKC78-45BRGEN M 3.15 8.42 1.53 17.3
DKC78-79BR M 5.28 6.55 1.48 16.6
DKC78-87B M 6.75 7.05 1.52 16.5
DKC80-40BRGEN M 5.71 5.71 1.5 16.3
IMP52-11R M 3.84 11.35 1.13 15.20
KKS8410BR M 4.21 4.44 1.15 16.00
LS8518 M 4.21 5.68 1.13 15.80
LS8526 M 6.57 5.44 1.32 15.00
LS8533R M 3.78 7.52 1.36 16.00
LS8536B M-S/K 6.35 5.48 1.24 14.30
LS8539B M 5.11 5.41 1.21 17.10
P2432R M 2.08 8.51 1.22 16.50
P2653WB M 4.20 12.58 1.16 17.40
PAN4B-311B M 4.65 9.74 1.15 15.90
PAN6P-110 M 3.87 7.16 1.45 17.80
PAN6Q-245 M 6.02 7.15 1.45 17.70
PAN6Q-345CB M 5.12 8.57 1.45 17.00
PAN6Q-408CB M 3.76 7.43 1.43 17.70
PAN6R-880CBGT M-L 3.87 8.30 1.54 18.80
PAN6R-680R M 2.24 8.96 1.35 16.90
Phb31M09 M-S/K 4.36 7.08 1.09 14.30
Phb33H52B M-S/K 2.23 7.31 1.22 13.70
SC506 M 4.25 5.51 1.13 17.20



BG5285 M 2.36 7.45 1.34 17.5
DKC73-74BRGEN M 1.36 4.54 1 17.5
DKC78-17B M 2.98 9.12 1.43 18.2
DKC78-45BRGEN M 2.28 8.92 1.55 18.4
DKC78-79BR M 4.29 7.29 1.46 17.6
DKC78-87B M 5.86 8.09 1.47 17.2
DKC80-40BRGEN M 3.13 5.69 1.43 17.1
IMP52-11R M 3.35 13.32 1.11 15.6
IMP52-12R M 3.19 10.94 1.03 15.4
IMP53-49B M-L 1.63 18.77 1.17 18.6
KKS8301B M 3.37 6.50 1.07 15.20
KKS8326B M 2.77 8.63 1.10 17.10
KKS8410BR M 3.41 4.84 1.10 17.00
LS8518 M 4.14 6.13 1.10 16.10
LS8526 M 3.17 6.67 1.19 16.20
LS8533R M 2.93 9.22 1.31 17.10
LS8536B M-S/K 4.27 6.61 1.19 14.50
LS8537 M 4.06 9.66 1.12 19.80
LS8539B M 2.34 5.69 1.22 18.00
P2137B M-S/K 3.04 11.46 1.23 14.70
P2432R M 1.19 9.69 1.13 17.40
P2653WB M 3.41 15.06 1.15 18.10
PAN4A-111 M 1.83 17.66 1.58 16.20
PAN4B-311B M 2.06 12.08 1.04 17.1
PAN4R-511R M 3.95 11.67 1.10 16.60
PAN5A-182 M 1.25 6.17 1.37 16.90
PAN5R-791BR M 1.98 7.19 1.46 18.80
PAN6P-110 M 2.87 8.26 1.39 18.60
PAN6Q-245 M 4.05 8.64 1.37 18.50
PAN6Q-345CB M 3.44 9.62 1.38 17.80
PAN6Q-408CB M 2.42 8.63 1.39 18.80
PAN6R-680R M-L 1.87 9.39 1.48 19.50
PAN6R-880CBGT M 0.83 10.70 1.26 17.60
Phb31M09 M-S/K 2.86 8.08 1.04 14.90
Phb33H52B M-S/K 1.13 8.20 1.15 14.00
SC506 M 3.65 5.89 1.07 17.80



Grow length Lodging Tillers Ears % Moisture
DKC68-56R M 0.42 5.12 1.20 16.2
DKC68-58BR M 1.27 6.67 1.20 16.7
DKC71-42 M-S/K 0.28 3.68 1.19 14.3
DKC71-44B M-S/K 1.22 2.93 1.22 13.9
DKC74-26R M 0.26 6.22 1.26 18.3
DKC76-61B M 1.12 7.93 1.17 19.7
KKS8408R M 0.29 5.89 1.16 17.2
LS8541BR M 1.06 5.94 1.38 19.4
P2369WB M 0.87 6.00 0.99 16.7
PAN4A-172 M 1.00 4.78 0.80 15.4
PAN5A-291 M 0.51 6.94 1.29 20.6
SC402 M 2.24 3.94 1.18 17.6
SC419 M 3.51 4.61 1.18 19.0
SC512 M 0.85 4.58 0.99 16.0
DAE TOT BLOM / DAYS TO FLOWERING

Kort(K)/ Meduim(M)/ Lank(L)/
Short(S) Medium (M) Long(L)
Koel/Cool areas 70-75 75-80 80-85
Warm areas 60-65 65-70 70-75

KORTGROEISEISOEN GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS / (Koel tot matige streek)

SHORT Grow length FOR YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS (Cool to temperate region)

proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
BG3292 59.38 64.68 69.35 73.01 75.62 13.14 1.09 1.76
BG3492B 59.07 61.89 64.32 66.17 67.41 13.09 1.05 2.12
BG3592R 54.02 64.15 73.14 79.96 84.60 13.09 1.15 1.29
BG3792BR 61.31 72.24 81.01 87.01 90.66 13.35 1.16 1.13
DKC61-90 40.83 46.14 51.74 57.02 61.49 12.54 1.08 1.23
DKC61-94BR 26.92 33.69 41.72 50.00 57.47 12.11 1.14 1.70
DKC62-80BRGEN 50.52 46.80 43.15 39.92 37.32 12.41 0.93 2.14
DKC64-78BRGEN 58.90 59.13 59.06 58.72 58.18 12.95 1.00 2.46
IMP50-10B 25.94 27.76 30.36 33.53 36.92 11.65 1.06 2.65
IMP50-10BR 21.31 26.22 32.51 39.59 46.56 11.70 1.14 2.32
IMP50-10R 26.88 29.35 32.60 36.39 40.26 11.87 1.06 1.73
KKS8216BR 41.68 40.70 40.02 39.67 39.62 12.34 0.99 1.00
KKS8326B 63.27 54.82 45.81 37.54 30.83 12.63 0.85 1.68
PAN3D-736BR 58.44 49.65 40.73 32.90 26.81 12.54 0.87 1.25
PAN3Q-240 45.73 46.29 46.98 47.74 48.49 12.41 1.01 1.34
PAN3Q-740BR 84.24 69.83 50.36 31.61 18.24 12.92 0.72 1.15
PAN6126 81.53 73.40 62.80 51.25 40.69 13.23 0.82 1.42
Phb32D96B 53.30 43.63 34.36 26.71 21.12 12.26 0.87 1.08


Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is(opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes) 16

proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
KKS8214R 42.40 42.28 42.40 42.73 43.19 11.86 1.00 0.55
LG3607Y 57.60 57.72 57.60 57.27 56.81 12.15 1.00 0.55


CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC64-54BR 11.03
DKC65-52BR 9.28
P1184BR 10.11
P1517W* 10.93
P1745R 11.01
PAN3P-502R 11.05
PHB32B07BR* 10.28

* Wit/White cultivars

KORTGROEISEISOEN GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS (Warm Streek)

SHORT Grow length FOR YELLOW MAIZE CULTIVARS (Hot region)

proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
BG3292 81.65 73.91 60.79 44.49 30.95 14.81 0.72 1.71
BG3492B 69.60 71.66 72.70 72.01 69.84 15.67 0.99 1.73
BG3592R 15.43 24.57 40.77 60.58 75.72 14.62 1.39 1.05
BG3792BR 32.37 42.41 55.89 68.95 77.83 15.32 1.43 3.12
DKC61-90 27.28 32.45 40.55 50.43 59.24 14.45 1.23 1.98
DKC61-94BR 58.50 55.83 52.09 47.94 44.39 14.68 0.92 1.18
DKC62-80BRGEN 59.81 57.35 53.76 49.59 45.89 14.84 0.90 2.31
DKC64-78BRGEN 23.24 31.55 44.47 59.28 70.93 14.60 1.38 1.89
IMP50-10B 72.02 64.60 53.64 41.44 31.72 14.66 0.83 1.12
IMP50-10BR 21.94 25.87 32.85 42.48 52.11 14.25 1.17 1.71
IMP50-10R 67.78 53.79 35.93 20.89 12.48 13.73 0.57 1.56
KKS8216BR 15.39 21.86 33.63 49.60 64.07 14.15 1.41 1.72
KKS8326B 70.80 63.74 53.44 41.99 32.82 14.62 0.73 2.33
PAN3D-736BR 46.50 46.96 47.73 48.76 49.77 14.58 1.02 2.35
PAN3Q-240 71.04 69.39 65.95 60.77 55.13 15.42 0.87 1.88
PAN3Q-740BR 52.68 54.57 56.53 58.02 58.75 14.97 1.04 2.01
PAN6126 69.76 60.72 48.09 35.11 25.70 14.37 0.68 1.99
Phb32D96B 65.99 58.12 47.46 36.60 28.59 14.37 0.71 2.08



proewe

Gem/ Hell/
Mean# Slope
KKS8214R 23.17 42.53 67.80 84.64 91.69 13.66 1.34 0.97
LG3607Y 76.61 57.11 31.83 15.13 8.16 13.09 0.66 0.97


Sum of the Localities during one season)
CULTIVAR Gem/Mean#
DKC64-54BR 12.88
DKC65-52BR 12.67
P1184BR 13.31
P1517W* 13.75
P1745R 14.04
PAN3P-502R 13.88
PHB32B07BR* 14.63

* Wit/White cultivars

AGRONOMIESE EIENSKAPPE VAN MIELIEKULTIVARS VIR KORTGROEISEISOEN

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE CULTIVARS FOR SHORT Grow length


BG3292 K/S 0.95 7.31 1.22 17.00
BG3492B K/S 1.29 9.88 1.20 17.60
BG3592R K/S 0.96 10.05 1.19 17.10
BG3792BR K/S 1.70 8.17 1.20 18.00
DKC61-90 K/S 2.04 7.78 1.21 15.90
DKC61-94BR K/S 0.48 10.15 1.17 15.70
DKC62-80BRGEN K/S 0.98 10.54 1.17 15.90
DKC64-78BRGEN K/S 0.85 11.14 1.17 16.80
IMP50-10B K/S 1.56 9.56 1.21 17.00
IMP50-10BR K/S 2.97 6.40 1.16 17.50
IMP50-10R K/S 2.70 8.32 1.20 17.20
KKS8216BR M-K/S 2.67 7.99 1.17 18.60
KKS8326B M-K/S 3.51 7.74 1.18 19.60
PAN3D-736BR K/S 1.94 9.35 1.18 16.70
PAN3Q-240 K/S 3.00 8.40 1.17 17.20
PAN3Q-740BR K/S 2.14 11.23 1.21 17.60
PAN6126 K/S 1.73 9.74 1.19 16.50
Phb32D96B M-K/S 1.50 8.76 1.21 18.30
M= Medium; S=Short; K= Kort



BG3292 K/S 0.98 5.65 1.08 18.10
BG3492B K/S 1.16 5.47 1.11 18.60
BG3592R K/S 0.65 6.02 1.11 18.20
BG3792BR K/S 1.66 3.27 1.10 19.40
DKC61-90 K/S 1.52 4.43 1.10 16.40
DKC61-94BR K/S 0.44 5.25 1.09 16.20
DKC62-80BRGEN K/S 0.08 5.67 1.09 16.50
DKC64-78BRGEN K/S 0.61 5.70 1.12 17.80
IMP50-10B K/S 1.60 6.70 1.10 17.60
IMP50-10BR K/S 1.59 1.56 1.11 18.40
IMP50-10R K/S 1.42 5.08 1.05 18.00
KKS8214R M-K/S 0.85 0.77 1.00 20.30
KKS8216BR M-K/S 1.66 6.72 1.18 19.80
KKS8326B M-K/S 0.94 1.04 1.13 20.50
LG3607Y K/S 0.95 1.92 1.00 18.10
PAN3D-736BR K/S 1.15 6.14 1.08 17.60
PAN3Q-240 K/S 1.89 4.05 1.06 18.20
PAN3Q-740BR K/S 1.86 7.13 1.15 18.80
PAN6126 K/S 1.41 5.12 1.13 17.40
Phb32D96B M-K/S 1.04 6.07 1.14 19.40
M= Medium; S=Short; K= Kort



DKC64-54BR K/S 1.01 0.36 1.15 15.70
DKC65-52BR K/S 0.67 0.78 1.25 15.70
P1184BR K/S 0.60 0.54 1.14 14.60
P1517W K/S 0.54 1.52 1.13 15.90
P1745R K/S 0.99 2.14 1.15 15.40
PAN3P-502R K/S 1.16 1.52 1.12 15.50
PHB32B07BR K/S 0.55 2.02 1.14 16.10
S=Short; K= Kort

BEMESTING
Bemesting is een van die grootste koste- gebandplaas word en normale bewer-
items vir graanprodusente. Dit is egter kings di kunsmis nie goed met die
ook die moeilikste inset om te hanteer grond meng nie. Dit is dus noodsaaklik
omdat n besluit oor die hoeveelheid om te verseker dat grondmonsters korrek
en tipe kunsmis wat gebruik moet geneem word. Die Bemestingshandlei-
word, deur baie faktore benvloed ding van die Misstofvereniging van Suid-
word. Dit is algemene gebruik om die Afrika (MVSA, 2007) bevat uitstekende
hoeveelheid kunsmis wat toegedien riglyne vir die neem van grondmonsters
word te koppel aan die verwagte en behoort deur elke produsent geraad-
opbrengs of opbrengsmikpunt. Daar pleeg te word. Hier word slegs enkele
is egter baie ander faktore wat die van die belangrikste punte beklemtoon:
reaksie van n gewas op bemesting 1. Waar meer as een grondtipe op n
benvloed. Dit sluit faktore soos die land voorkom, moet n monster vir
volgende in: kleipersentasie, tipe elke grondtipe ontleed word.
klei, organiese materiaal, vlakke van
plantvoedingstowwe in die grond voor 2. Een verteenwoordigende monster
bemesting, renval en -verspreiding, vir elke 50 ha behoort voldoende te
gronddiepte en suurversadiging. wees.
3. Elke monster moet uit minstens 20

GRONDMONSTERNEMINGSME- submonsters bestaan wat eweredig
TODES oor die grondeenheid geneem is.
Die hoofdoelstelling met n bemes- 4. Submonsters moet goed gemeng

tings-/bekalkingsprogram is om word voordat n verteenwoordigen-
enige vorm van grondchemiese de monster daaruit geneem word.
beperking op die mees ekonomies 5. Bogrondmonsters moet geneem word
doeltreffende wyse op te hef, dit van 0 - 150 mm diep en ondergrond-
wil s om wins bo insetkoste in die
monsters van 150 - 600 mm diep.
verband te maksimaliseer. Dit is
slegs moontlik indien die omvang 6. Dit is nie nodig om meer as vyf sub-
van alle grondchemiese beperkinge monsters per grondeenheid te neem
effektief deur grondmonsternemings en in die geval van ondergrondmon-
laboratoriumontledings vasgestel kan sters nie.
word.
7. Waar presisieboerdery toegepas
Grondontledings vorm die basis van word, word monsters geneem vol-
bemestingsaanbevelings. Plantvoeding- gens n voorafverkose ruitpatroon,
stowwe is gewoonlik nie eweredig in byvoorbeeld een monster per 5
die grond versprei nie omdat kunsmis ha, maar gewoonlik word een

monster per een of twee hektaar voe-dingstowwe en grondsuurheid

geneem. nie homogeen versprei is nie, soos
byvoorbeeld na oes en voor die eerste
Monsterneming van bestuursones
bewerking van die komende seisoen.
word ook toegepas en behels n
proses waarvolgens vooraf, oor Aangesien alle bemestingstowwe vir
n periode van tot drie jaar, punte mielieproduksie in die RSA met planttyd
gedentifiseer word waar mon- gebandplaas word en gewoonlik
sters geneem word. Daar word deur n N-kantbemesting opgevolg
gewoonlik gebruik gemaak van word en ook omdat bestellings vir
satelietbeelde, opbrengskaarte en bemestingstowwe en kalk lank voor
fisiese inspeksie om punte te iden- die eerste bewerking geplaas moet
tifiseer. word, is hier-die metode in die meeste
mielieproduserende gebiede van
8. Die betroubaarheid van grondont-
toepassing.
ledings hang grootliks af van hoe
verteenwoordigend die grondmon- Verteenwoordigende monsters van n
sters van die betrokke lande is. 300 mm wye baan oor die mielierye
word afsonderlik van tussenbaangrond-
monsters geneem en ontleed, soos hier-
METODE 1
onder skematies voorgestel vir n rywyd-
Hierdie metode word aanbeveel
te van 900 mm.
onder omstandighede waar residuele
voe-dingstowwe en grondsuurheid
relatief homogeen versprei is, soos
Baansubmonsters ()
byvoorbeeld by onbewerkte gronde of
waar residuele bande deur bewerkings Drie monsters word oor die baan
opgehef is. Bogrondmonsters (0 - 150 geneem op so n wyse dat die kuns-
mm) word eweredig teen 20 - 40 misband gemonster word. Die drie
submonsters per eenheid (<50 ha), monsters verteenwoordig n baan van
verkieslik met n grondboor met deursnee 300 mm.
van 75 mm of meer, geneem. Vir
ondergrondmonsters is vyf submonsters
van 150 - 600 mm diep voldoende. Tussenbaansubmonsters ()
Indien stikstofontledings gedoen word,
moet aparte maar enkele monsters van Een monster word presies in die middel
0 tot 600 mm diep ontleed word. van twee rye geneem (450 mm vanaf
die ry vir n rywydte van 900 mm). n
Tweede monster word presies tussen
METODE 2
die baanmonster () en die tussenbaan-
Hierdie metode word aanbeveel submonster () geneem (300 mm van
onder omstandighede waar residuele die plantry af vir n 900 mm rywydte).

Alle grondmonsters word met n Thomp- Die gevaar van Al-toksisiteit by mielies
son, Edelman of grondbore met soort- bestaan slegs indien die pH (KCl) <4.5
gelyke afmetings geneem. Die diep- of die pH (H2O) <5.5 is, maar dan is
te-inkremente is 0 - 150 mm en 150 - dit nog nie te s dat dit wel sal voorkom
600 mm. Die prosedure in die figuur nie. Al-toksisiteit word gekenmerk deur
word vyf keer per 50 ha eenheid her- kort, dik wortels sonder enige wortel-
haal. Die vyf monsters van die 0 150 hare. Die toksisiteit van Al word bepaal
mm diepte word goed gemeng en een deur die verhouding van Al plus H tot
monster daaruit geneem wat ontleed die som van kalium (K), kalsium (Ca),
word. Dieselfde prosedure geld vir die magnesium (Mg), en Al plus H. Hierdie
150 300 mm en 300 - 600 mm verhouding, uitgedruk as n persentasie,
dieptes. staan bekend as suurversadiging. Die
omvang van oesverliese word toene-
Monsters moet lugdroog gemaak word mend groter soos wat suurversadiging
of gevries word wanneer N-ontledings hor as 20% styg omdat die opname
verlang word indien dit nie binne 24 van voedingstowwe en water dan en
uur by die laboratorium besorg kan slegs dan beperk word. By 80% suur-
word nie. Monsters moet in alle gevalle versadiging word geen opbrengs ver-
nie in die son gelaat word nie. Die wag nie. Onder omstandighede waar
grondmonsters vir ontleding behoort elk beide Al- en Mn-toksisiteite voorgekom
n massa van 500 tot 1000 g te h. en die suurversadiging tot onder 20%
verlaag word, word die Mn-toksisiteit
ook voldoende geneutraliseer.
DIE OPHEFFING VAN GROND-
Wanneer bekalk word, word kalk-
SUURHEID behoefte bepaal ten einde n suur-
Mielieproduksie word slegs deur versadiging van 0 - 15% te bereik,
grondsuurheid beperk, indien toksiese sodat daar n mate van n buffer teen
vlakke van sekere elemente, soos alu- herversuring en Al-toksisiteit ingebou is.
minium (Al) en mangaan (Mn) in die n Groot buffer teen herversuring (bv.
grond teenwoordig is. Ho waterstof n suurversadiging van 0%) kan ge-
(H)-konsentrasies, dit wil s lae pH is regverdig word indien: a) die tempo
nie opsigself noodwendig beperkend van herversuring hoog is; b) grondsuur-
nie. Al-toksisiteit gaan met grond- heidsvariasie op n land hoog is; c)
suurheid gepaard terwyl Mn-toksisiteit meer gevoelige gewasse soos koring
selde daarmee geassosieer word. Bei- en drobone in n wisselboustelsel in-
de vorms van toksisiteit kan gelyktydig gesluit is, en d) daar eers weer na drie
voorkom. of meer jare bekalk gaan word. Die
koste daaraan verbonde om suurversa-
digingswaardes laer as 15% te bereik

moet egter deeglik in ag geneem word. lent (KKE) in soutsuur (HCl); (b) die KKE
Kalktoedienings, wat meer is as wat in hars (Rh-metode) waar swakker suur
nodig is, soos om die suurversadiging gebruik word; (c) deeltjiegrootteversprei-
na 0% te verlaag kan gewoonlik nie ding (graad van fynheid), en d) pH
geregverdig word nie. (KCl). Hierdie onderskeie waardes kan
egter nie direk en eensydig in verband
pH-gebaseerde kalkbehoefte bepa-
gebring word met die neutralisering
lingsmetodes, soos die pH (KCl)-tek-
van grondsuurheid onder veldtoestande
stuur- en SMP-buffermetode, kan slegs
nie, maar wel met behulp van wiskun-
potensile risikos verbonde aan grond-
dige modelle. Kalke met die hoogste
suurheid uitskakel. Volgens di metodes
KKE (HCl), KKE (Rh), met die grootste
bereken, kan die hoeveelheid kalk
persentasie fyn deeltjies en hoogste pH
benodig om die pH van n suur grond
behoort egter grondsuurheid die beste
tot byvoorbeeld pH (KCl)-waarde van 5
onder veldtoestande te neutraliseer.
te lig, nie ekonomies geregverdig word
nie. Gevolglik word die bepaling van Wet No. 36 van 1947 bepaal dat
kalkbehoeftes op pH-gebaseerde me- 100% van die partikels van standaard
todes nie aanbeveel nie. kalk <1700 m moet wees en 50%
<250 m. In die geval van mikro-
Dit is egter belangrik om vas te stel tot
fyn kalk, moet 95% van die partikels
op watter diepte in die grondprofiel ver-
<250 m wees en 80% <106 m.
suring voorkom en tot waar dit opgehef
Vir beide tipes kalk moet die kalsium-
moet word alvorens kalk- en gipspeile
karbonaat ekwivalent (KKE(HCl)) n mini-
bereken word.
mum van 70% wees.
KALKKWALITEIT
TIPE KALK
Kalkkwaliteitsparameters sluit die vol-
Indien die magnesiumstatus (Mg) van
gende in: (a) kalsiumkarbonaat ekwiva-
die grond laag is (<40 mg kg-1), of
relatief laag in vergelyking met die
kalsium (Ca) status is, word n dolomi-
tiese kalk bo n kalsitiese kalk aanbe-
veel, tensy die Mg-voedingsbehoeftes
deur misstofmengsels of Mg-verbindings
aangevul kan word.
KALKBEHOEFTE
Aangesien die kwaliteit van verskil-
Versuring en die gepaard- lende kalkbronne kan varieer, word
gaande aluminiumtoksisiteit bekalkingsaanbevelings deur LNR-IGG
begin dikwels in kolle. Plante op die verlangde suurversadigingveran-
groei swakker en het n ligte derings in die grond, drie kalkkwaliteits-
groen kleur. maatstawwe [5 deeltjiegroottes, KKE
(HCl), pH (KCl)] en die gesommeerde

katioonuitruilkapasiteit (KUK) van die van die kalk behoort egter bykomend
grond, gebaseer. in ag geneem te word. Aanbevelings
in Tabel 1 geld slegs vir die 0 150
Aanbevelings op grond van ver- mm grondlaag en indien bekalking ef-
skillende bronne se kalkkwaliteit vir fektief tot dieper grondlae uitgevoer wil
n reeks grondkatioonuitruilkapasiteite word, moet proporsionele aanpassings
word in Tabel 1 getoon. Die kalkprys, gemaak word.
vervoerkoste, inwerkkoste en voginhoud
Tabel 1. Kalkaanbevelings (ton ha-1) volgens verlangde

suurdersadigingsverandering ( SV), gesommeerde katioonuitruilkapasiteit
(KUK) van die grond en kwaliteit van sekere kalkbronne soos in 2002
Bhrmansdrif*
(Vereeniging)
(Pietersburg)
(Middelburg)
(Germiston)
(cmolc kg-1)
(Christiana
Immerpan
Mooiplaas
(Witbank)
(Pretoria)
Vaalbrug
Meyerton
(Zeerust)
(Zeerust)
(Orkney)
Calmasil
Marico
Britten
Sappi*
Hiqua
KUK
SV
(%)
10 1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
2 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9
3 0.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3
4 1.1 2.5 2.3 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.3 1.8
20 1 0.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.0
2 1.3 2.8 2.6 2.0 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.6 2.0
3 2.0 4.4 4.0 3.1 1.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 4.1 3.2
4 2.7 6.1 5.5 4.2 2.2 3.6 3.6 3.7 5.6 4.3
30 1 1.0 2.2 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.6
2 2.2 4.8 4.3 3.3 1.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 4.4 3.4
3 3.4 7.5 6.8 5.2 2.7 4.4 4.5 4.5 6.9 5.3
4 4.6 10.3 9.3 7.1 3.7 6.0 6.1 6.2 9.5 7.3
40 1 1.5 3.2 2.9 2.2 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.0 2.3
2 3.1 6.9 6.3 4.8 2.5 4.1 4.1 4.2 6.4 4.9
3 4.9 10.8 9.8 7.5 3.9 6.4 6.5 6.5 10.0 7.7
4 6.7 14.9 13.5 10.3 5.3 8.8 8.9 8.9 13.8 10.6
50 1 1.9 4.3 3.9 3.0 1.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 4.0 3.1
2 4.1 9.2 8.3 6.4 3.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 8.5 6.6
3 6.5 14.4 13.1 10.0 5.2 8.5 8.6 8.7 13.4 10.3
4 8.9 19.9 18.0 13.7 7.1 11.7 11.9 11.9 18.4 14.2
* Kalsitiese kalke, alle ander kalke is dolomitiese kalke

TOEDIENINGSPRAKTYK beheerde spoorverkeerpraktyke waar stik-

stof gebandplaas en as kantbemesting
Afgesien van kalkkwaliteit is kalkreaksie in
toegedien word. Strooktoedienings van
die grond baie sterk afhanklik van deeglike
kalk behoort ten minste twee maande voor
vermenging van die kalk met die grond.
planttyd 30 cm oor die ry uitgestrooi en
Deeglike vermenging word verseker deur
in die grond ingewerk te word.
die kalk eers in te sny en dan in te ploeg. Kalk-
toediening behoort ten minste twee maande
voor planttyd te geskied ten einde te verse-
BRAKGRONDE
ker dat die kalk teen planttyd volledig ge-
reageer het. Brakgronde is alkaliese gronde wat
gewoonlik ho natrium (Na), kalsium
(Ca) en magnesium (Mg) konsentrasies
ONDERGRONDSUURHEID
bevat. Indien die geleidingsvermo van
Segmentele bekalking met diepbekalkers, die grond hor as 500 mS m-1 is, of
spesiaal aangepaste dieprippers of diep die Na-konsentrasies meer as 15% van
ploegbewerkings is effektief, maar nie al- die katione is, kan probleme met mie-
tyd ekonomies haalbaar nie. Oppervlak- lieproduksie ontstaan.
toediening van gips in die orde van 4 ton
n Voorvereiste vir die herwinning van
ha-1 is n ekonomies effektiewe alternatief
brakgronde is goeie dreinering. Gronde
vir die ameliorering van ondergrondsuur-
wat slegs n ho geleidingsvermo het
heid waar aluminiumoksied of ysteroksied
en nie ho natriumkonsentrasies bevat
teenwoordig is. Dolomitiese kalk behoort
nie, kan herwin word deur oorbesproei-
saam met di gips toegedien te word
ing waardeur die oormaat soute uit-
aangesien gips Mg uit die bogrond na
geloog word, mits die besproeiingswa-
die ondergrond verplaas en n tekort aan
ter van n goeie kwaliteit is.
Mg in die bogrond tot gevolg kan h.
Gips sal een of selfs twee seisoene neem Gipstoedienings teen 2.9 ton ha-1 of
voordat dit die ondergrond bereik en swaweltoediening teen 0.54 ton ha-1
daarom is meganiese inkorporering van vir elke 230 mg Na kg-1 sal Na na
kalk soms n vinniger oplossing. die ondergrond verplaas waar dit deur
oorbesproeiing dreineer moet word.
Gipstoedienings word egter nie aan-
STROOKBEKALKING
beveel indien die kalsiumkonsentrasies
Strookbekalking word aanbeveel onder reeds baie hoog is nie, in welke geval
omstandighede waar strookversurings swawel gebruik kan word.
deur Grondmonsternemingsmetode 2
gedentifiseer is, of vir gronde wat alge-
VOEDINGSBEHOEFTES
heel versuur is en waar beheerde spoor-
verkeerpraktyke toegepas kan word. Verskillende benaderings tot bemesting
Strookversurings ontstaan gewoonlik by van gewasse word toegepas. Twee

benaderings wat veral aandag geniet Indien dit nie die geval is nie is Grond-
is die genoegsaamheidsbenadering monsternemingsmetode 2 van toepas-
waar voedingstofvlakke in grond oor n sing. Volgens hierdie metode word
relatief kort periode opgebou word tot grondvolumes waarvan die verwagte
n vlak wat enige verwagte opbrengs konsentrasies aansienlik sal verskil, af-
kan ondersteun en die opbrengsmik- sonderlik ontleed, verwerk na hoeveel-
puntbenadering waar slegs voldoende hede eerder as konsentrasies, byme-
bemes word om n spesifieke ekono- kaargetel en uitgedruk in terme van kg
miese opbrengsmikpunt te haal. Die ka- voedingselement ha-1 in die grond tot n
tioonbalansbenadering wat ook soms bepaalde diepte.
gebruik word, word nie deur LNR-IGG
n Voordeel van hierdie benadering
ondersteun nie.
is dat plantvoedingstowwe nooit op-
Die opbrengsmikpuntbenadering word brengsbeperkend behoort te wees nie,
tans die meeste gebruik omdat aanvaar selfs in baie gunstige seisoene wan-
word dat die hoeveelheid wat bemes neer opbrengste besonder hoog is. n
moet word, deur die opbrengsmikpunt Verdere voordeel is dat die beskikbare
bepaal word. Dit impliseer dus dat die N in die grond in berekening gebring
voedingstowwe wat deur n oes verwyder word omdat grondstikstofontledings
word, vervang word en dat indien daar gewoonlik vereis word vir di benade-
opbou van voedingstowwe plaasvind, dit ring. n Nadeel is dat aanbevole hoe-
geleidelik oor jare sal geskied. Voordele veelhede bemesting soms nie ekono-
van di benadering is dat ekonomiese mies regverdigbaar is nie.
optimum peile relatief maklik behaal kan
n Databasis van grondontledings van
word. n Nadeel van die benadering is
elke produksie-eenheid of land wat oor
dat wat N betref, die plantbeskikbare N
tyd gehou word, sal duidelik toon of
in die grond voor bemesting nie in aan-
onder- of oorbemes word. Alle gronde
merking geneem word nie.
het die vermo om voortdurend plant-
Die genoegsaamheidsbenadering berus voedingstowwe te lewer. Grond-ontl-
op die verwantskap tussen voedings- edings kan beskou word as die netto
elementkonsentrasies of -hoeveelhede in resultaat van die grond se lewe-ring,
die grond en relatiewe graanopbrengs. plus dit wat deur bemesting voorsien
Hiervolgens word die vlakke van is, minus dit wat deur die gewas ver-
voedingstowwe in die grond sodanig wyder is. Die ideaal sal wees as alle
bestuur dat n bepaalde persentasie plantvoedingstowwe stadig maar seker
van die opbrengspotensiaal van n be- oor tyd toeneem tot n punt waar daar
paalde seisoen bereik sal word. Indien geen twyfel bestaan dat voldoende
die voedingselementresidue homogeen van n gegewe element in die grond
in die grond versprei is, is Grondmon- teenwoordig is nie. Sodra hierdie punt
sternemingsmetode 1 van toepassing. bereik is, kan bemesting van die spesi-

fieke element verminder word om die tans met stikstofbemesting gevolg

vlak daarvan in die grond konstant te word, is om die hoeveelheid N wat
hou, dit wil s onderhoudbemesting. bemes moet word, van die verwagte
opbrengs of opbrengsmikpunt af te lei.
Die beginsel geld vir die meeste ele-
Hiervolgens word 15 kg ha-1 N toege-
mente, maar is veral van toepassing
dien vir elke 1 t ha-1 opbrengs wat ver-
op P omdat die meeste Suid-Afrikaanse
wag word. Hierdie metode oorskat die
gronde van nature arm daaraan is. P
hoeveelheid N benodig vir opbrengste
word ook deur baie gronde vasgel en
onder 3 t ha-1, terwyl die hoeveelheid
het dus dikwels n negatiewe lewerings-
N benodig moontlik onderskat word
vermo vir P. Dit word aanbeveel dat
vir opbrengste bo 4 t ha-1. Dit is ook
gronde wat nog nie by die optimum fos-
bekend dat die tekstuur van grond
forvlak is nie, oor tyd opgebou word.
die stikstofleweringsvermo daarvan
Die produsent behoort op die tydraam-
bepaal. Hiervolgens lewer gronde
werk te besluit wat sy finansile posisie
met n ho kleipersentasie meer N as
ook in aanmerking neem, aangesien dit
sanderige gronde. Stikstofbemestings-
n duur proses is.
riglyne wat aangepas is om hiervoor
voorsiening te maak, word in Tabel 2
MAKROVOEDINGSELEMENTE aangetoon (Bloem, 2004). Die riglyne
STIKSTOF (N) in Tabel 2 is bedoel vir situasies waar
grondstikstofontledings nie beskikbaar
Opbrengsmikpuntbenadering is nie en neem dus die N-leweringsver-
Die mees algemene benadering wat mo van gronde in ag.
Tabel 2. Stikstoftoedieningspeil (kg N ha-1) vir opbrengsmikpunte en klei-

inhoud
Klei- Opbrengsmikpunt (ton ha-1)

inhoud
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0
(%)
5 23 41 58 75 92 109 126 143 160
10 17 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154
15 10 28 45 62 79 96 113 133 147
20 4 22 39 56 73 90 107 124 141
25 0 16 33 50 67 84 101 118 135
30 0 9 26 43 60 77 94 111 128
40 0 0 14 31 48 65 82 99 116
50 0 0 0 18 35 52 69 86 103

Genoegsaamheidsbenadering N-toedienings word in Tabel 3 aange-

bied. Ooreenkomstig die N-lewerings-
In gevalle waar daar grondontledings-
vermo van gronde word baie meer
resultate vir anorganiese N beskik-
N op sanderige gronde as op kleier-
baar is, kan die volgende benadering
ige gronde benodig om die N-inhoud
gevolg word. Hiervolgens behoort die
in die grond met een eenheid te ver-
anorganiese N-inhoud in die boon-
hoog (Tabel 3). Hoewel hierdie riglyne
ste 600 mm grond by 100 20 kg
steeds bruikbaar is, sal die afbakening
ha-1 vir 100% opbrengs oor alle loka-
van gronde volgens klei-inhoud (Tabel
liteite bestuur te word. Onder verge-
3) deur n glyskaal van N-behoeftefak-
lykbare omstandighede was die opti-
tore volgens klei-inhoud, indien moont-
mum N in die grond bv. 80 kg ha-1
lik, vervang moet word, soos wat data
by 11% klei, maar 120 kg ha-1 by
van meer lokaliteite beskikbaar word.
3% klei. Meer verwantskappe word
Hierdie riglyne (Tabel 3) is egter slegs
egter op nasionale vlak benodig al-
geldig indien die meeste plantmate-
vorens grondeienskappe met optimum
riaal verwyder word. Die inwerking van
N-grondontledings binne vasgestelde
groot hoeveelhede plantmateriaal of or-
produksiepraktyke, in verband gebring
ganiese misstowwe sal die N-behoefte-
kan word. Opbrengsonderdrukking
faktore in n baie groot mate benvloed.
weens te ho N-grondontleding het
Verder sal die toediening van kalk die
tot dusver voorgekom wanneer hierdie
omsetting van organiese N na anorga-
ontledings 170 kg N ha-1 oorskry het.
niese N versnel. Weens die potensile
Onder besproeiing behoort die anorga-
bydrae van anorganiese N uit die or-
niese N-inhoud naby 170 N kg ha-1,
ganiese poel is dit meer akkuraat om
maar nie hor as dit, tot en met blom-
anorganiese N gedurende die seisoen
tyd, bestuur te word nie.
te meet aangesien die meeste N teen
Algemene verwagte grondreaksies op daardie tyd reeds omgesit is.
Tabel 3. Riglyne wat die verband tussen N-toedienings en veranderinge

in anorganiese N-grondontledings volgens tekstuurklasse, by verwyde-
ring van die meeste plantmateriaal aantoon
NBF*
Klei (%) (kg N per ha toediening/kg N per ha
ontleding; 0-600 mm)
<15 2.0
15-20 1.5
>20 1.0
* N behoefte faktor, dit wil s die hoeveelheid N wat per hektaar toegedien
moet word om die nitraat-N plus ammonium-N ontledings in die boonste 600
mm grond met 1 kg per hektaar te verhoog

Plante met n stikstofgebrek langs plante wat voldoende stikstof ontvang het

Delta-opbrengsbenadering
n Alternatiewe manier om die stik-

stofbemestingsbehoefte te bepaal,
staan bekend as die delta-opbrengs
metode. Delta-opbrengs, is die op-
brengs van mielies by die ekonomiese
optimum minus die opbrengs van n
aanliggende kontrole perseel mie-
lies wat geen stikstof ontvang het nie.
Die delta-opbrengs toon n baie goeie
verwantskap met die optimale stik-
stofbemestingsvereiste afgesien van die
lokaliteit, grondsoort en of dit droland
of produksie onder besproeiing is. Die
Stikstofgebreksimptome op ouer
gevolg is dat een formule of tabel oor blare
die hele mielieproduksiegebied van
toepassing is sonder dat die grondtek-
Delta-opbrengsmetodiek
stuur of ander faktore in ag geneem
hoef te word. Trouens, dit wil voorkom Die delta-opbrengsmetodiek is een-

of di formule universeel is en nie net tot voudig en vereis slegs kontrole stroke
Suid-Afrika beperk is nie, aangesien dit of -persele. Op sowat 1.6% van die
baie goed ooreenstem met dit wat in oppervlakte van n mielieland, moet
die VSA gevind is. geen stikstofkunsmis toegedien word

Tabel 4. Die stikstofbemestingsbehoefte van mielies volgens die delta-op-

brengsmetode
Delta-op- Delta-op-
N-behoefte N-behoefte
brengs brengs
(kg ha-1)
250 28 4250 153
500 42 4500 158
750 54 4750 163
1000 64 5000 169
1250 73 5250 174
1500 82 5500 179
1750 90 5750 183
2000 97 6000 188
2250 104 6250 193
2500 111 6500 197
2750 118 6750 202
3000 124 7000 206
3250 130 7250 211
3500 136 7500 215
3750 142 7750 219
4000 147 8000 224
nie, maar wel die aanbevole P, K en sen di gedeelte en die kontrole is die
ander voedingstowwe. Di kontrole delta-opbrengs. Met presisieboerdery
gedeelte (of zero N gedeelte) kan is die prosedure byna outomaties en
enkele vollengte mielierye wees of n word aanbeveel dat elke vier ha n kon-
aantal aanliggende rye vir n beperk- troleperseel bevat.
te lengte, byvoorbeeld vier rye van
Die stikstofbemestingsbehoefte van die
20 m. Kontrolepersele moet oor n land
mielies kan dan vanuit Tabel 4 bepaal
versprei wees en van jaar tot jaar van
word. Die delta-opbrengs moet oor sei-
posisie gewissel word. Die res van die
soene per grondsoort (of land as die
land word, soos gewoonlik, met stikstof
grond redelik homogeen is) en vir n
bemes om die ekonomiese optimum
spesifieke gewasstelsel bepaal word en
opbrengs te bereik. Teen oestyd word
die gemiddelde oor tyd bereken word.
die opbrengs van die kontrolepersele
Sodoende kan die stikstofbemestings-
bepaal en ook di van die bemeste
behoefte oor tyd verfyn word.
gedeelte. Die verskil in opbrengs tus-

Voordele V-vorm. Pitte aan die punte van mielie-

koppe ontbreek in n skielike oorgang tus-
Afgesien daarvan dat die delta-op-
sen goed gevulde pitte en geen pitte. Die
brengsprosedure belofte inhou omdat
pitlose punt van die stronk is gewoonlik
dit akkurater as die tradisionele me-
skerp.
todes kan wees, hou dit ook ander
voordele in naamlik:
Die opbrengs van die kontrole is n TOEDIENINGSPRAKTYKE

meting van die hoeveelheid gewas-
Plasing
beskikbare stikstof in die grond in
terme van die graanopbrengs. Die volgende toedieningspeile in die
band, 50 mm weg van die ry en 50 mm
Dit raak dus oorbodig om grond-
dieper as die saad, behoort nie oorskry
monsters te neem vir N-inhoudsbe-
te word nie.
paling en die moontlike foute wat
daarmee gepaardgaan, word dus 0.9 m wye rye: nie meer as 40 kg N ha -1
uitgeskakel.
1.5 m wye rye: nie meer as 30 kg N ha -1
Die produsent is nou self in beheer
2.1 m wye rye: nie meer as 20 kg N ha -1
van die bepaling van sy mielies se stik-
stofbemestingsvereiste. Die opbrengs Saam met kalium is die totale hoeveel-
wat prysgegee word deur die kon- hede vir die onderskeie rywydtes 70, 50
trole persele sal na raming minder as en 30 kg ha-1. Groter hoeveelhede kan
0.5% van die opbrengs beloop indien egter wel met veiligheid teen planttyd
1.6% van die oppervlakte daarvoor gebandplaas word, mits dit 70 tot 100
gebruik word. Die voordeel van doe- mm weg van die saad en ten minste 50
ltreffender bemesting gaan waarskyn- mm onder die saad geplaas word. Bo-
lik di opbrengs wat met die kontrole bemestingtoedienings van alle N-draers
persele verbeur word, in waarde oor- word gewoonlik as n kantbemesting,
tref, aangesien beide oorbemesting en 100 tot 150 mm vanaf die rye toege-
onderbemesting tot die minimum bedien, wat in die grond ingewerk moet
perk word. word om potensile verliese te verminder
of te voorkom.
Plantontledings
Blare onder en teenoor die boonste

mieliekop tydens blomtyd behoort tus- Tye van toediening
sen 2.4 en 2.9% N te bevat. N-tekorte N moet altyd in n plantmengsel ingesluit
veroorsaak dat jong plantjies bleek lig- word, maar klimaatsfaktore en residuele
groen of geelgroen vertoon. Teen later N-inhoud in die grond bepaal wan-
stadiums sal die ouer blare eerste ver- neer die meeste N toegedien behoort
geel met n kenmerkende omgekeerde te word. Die meeste N behoort vroeg

gegee te word indien die seisoenale grond hoog is (soos in kleigronde).

renval minder as 700 mm is en die N- Gelyke verdelings tussen vroe en laat
leweringvermo van die grond laag is toedienings behoort gemaak te word
(soos in sandgronde), teenoor laat toe- indien die seisoenale renval hor is
diening (nie later as agt weke na plant as 700 mm en die N-lewering van die
nie) indien seisoenale renval meer is grond laag is. Drie tot vyf toedienings
wat gelyk verdeel word, word op
as 700 mm en die N-lewering van die
Tabel 5. Optimum ekstraheerbare P volgens Ambic 1 en Bray 1 in die boon-
ste 150 mm grond by verskillende klei+slik inhoude ten einde 90% op-
brengs te bereik
Klei+Slik Ambic 1 Bray 1 Klei+Slik Ambic 1 Bray 1

% mg kg-1 mg kg-1 % mg kg-1 mg kg-1
13 25.3 33.5 37 9.9 17.9
14 23.6 31.8 38 9.7 17.6
15 22.1 30.3 39 9.5 17.4
16 20.8 29.0 40 9.3 17.2
17 19.7 27.8 41 9.1 17.0
18 18.7 26.8 42 8.9 16.9
19 17.8 25.9 43 8.7 16.7
20 17.0 25.1 44 8.6 16.5
21 16.2 24.3 45 8.4 16.4
22 15.6 23.6 46 8.3 16.2
23 15.0 23.0 47 8.1 16.1
24 14.4 22.4 48 8.0 15.9
25 13.9 21.9 49 7.8 15.8
26 13.4 21.4 50 7.7 15.7
27 13.0 21.0 51 7.6 15.5
28 12.6 20.6 52 7.5 15.4
29 12.2 20.2 53 7.4 15.3
30 11.8 19.8 54 7.3 15.2
31 11.5 19.5 55 7.2 15.1
32 11.2 19.2 56 7.1 15.0
33 10.9 18.9 57 7.0 14.9
34 10.6 18.6 58 6.9 14.8
35 10.4 18.3 59 6.8 14.7
36 10.1 18.1 60 6.7 14.6

sanderige gronde, onder besproeiing

aanbeveel, maar hierdie toedienings
behoort verkieslik teen twee weke voor
blomtyd afgehandel te wees.
FOSFOR (P)
P-aanbevelings berus op ontledings van

ekstraheerbare P, sowel as klei plus slik
inhoud in die boonste 150 mm grond.
Ekstraksiemetodes wat algemeen vir n Gebrek aan fosfor beperk
mielieproduksie gebruik word is Bray groei en die tekortsimptome is
1 en Ambic 1. Hiervolgens word die rooierige pers blaarpunte en
optimum ekstraheerbare P in die grond -rande
in Tabel 5 aangetoon. Volgens die
Plantontledings
huidige prysverhoudings en risikos ter
sprake word die bereiking van 90% n Ontleding van blare onder en teen-
opbrengs en nie hor as dit nie, aan- oor die boonste kop tydens blomtyd be-
beveel. Indien die klei plus slik inhoud hoort tussen 0.22 en 0.30% P te wees.
minder as 13% is word tans aanbeveel Tekortsimptome word gewoonlik deur
dat die optimum waardes by 13% klei jong plante vertoon, veral onder koel,
plus slik gebruik word. Net so behoort nat toestande. Blare is donkergroen met
die optimum P-waardes by 60% klei rooierige-pers punte en rande.
plus slik gebruik te word vir klei plus
slik waardes hor as 60%. Waar kon-
sentrasies laer as die optimum is, kan Toedieningspraktyk
met inagneming van die finansile im-
Die algemene praktyk is dat P-bemes-
plikasies vir die produsent, n opbou
ting gewoonlik 50 mm weg van die
program gevolg word waarvolgens
saad en 50 mm dieper as die saad
die P-status oor n aantal jare opgebou
gebandplaas word. Indien die hoeveel-
word. Die hoeveelheid fosfor wat per
heid om praktiese redes nie eenmalig
hektaar toegedien moet word om die
gebandplaas kan word nie kan n
grondkonsentrasie met 1 mg P kg-1
tweede toediening kort na plant op die-
(Bray 1) te verhoog is 5, 7 en 9 kg
selfde wyse, maar verder weg van die
P ha-1 vir tekstuurklasse van <10%, 10-
plantry saam met moontlike bykomende
20% en 21-35% klei onderskeidelik.
N of K gebandplaas word. Breed-
P-toedienings wat benodig word vir
werpige toedienings van P is veral by
instandhouding van die grond P-status
kleierige gronde baie meer onderwor-
word bereken teen 4 kg P ton-1 graan
pe aan vaslegging as bandgeplaaste
geproduseer.
toedienings.

KALIUM (K) na die boonste blare. Volwasse plante

val makliker om indien K-voorsiening on-
Reaksie op K-bemesting kan in die groot-
voldoende is omdat die stamme onder
ste mielieproduserende gebiede, dit wil
sulke toestande makliker deur siektes be-
s op suur gronde met relatiewe lae
smet word. Die pitte op die punt van die
Ca-inhoude, slegs verwag word indien
kop is kleiner en verkrimp.
die uitruilbare K-ontleding in die boonste
600 mm grond, minder as 300 kg ha-1,
dit wil s 29 mg kg-1 by 3% klei of 38
Toedieningspraktyk
mg kg-1 by 56% klei, is. Indien hierdie
ontleding wel laag genoeg is, behoort K word gewoonlik deur middel van mis-
1.5 kg K ha-1 toegedien te word vir elke stofmengsels gebandplaas.
1 kg ha-1 waarmee die grondontleding
Die volgende toedieningspeile in n
oor die diepte verhoog moet word. Die
band, 50 mm weg van die saad en 50
optimum bogrond (0 - 150 mm) K-ontled-
mm dieper as die saad met plant be-
ing vir kaolinitiese kleigronde (53% klei)
hoort nie oorskry te word nie.
in KwaZulu-Natal is 125 mg kg-1 onder
omstandighede waar die ondergrond tot 0.9 m wye rye: nie meer as 40 kg K ha -1
by n diepte van 600 mm, 20 mg kg-1 1.5 m wye rye: nie meer as 30 kg K ha -1
voor planttyd was. Toedienings van 3 kg
K ha-1 behoort die bogrondontledings in 2.1 m wye rye: nie meer as 20 kg K ha -1
die gronde met 1 mg kg-1 te verhoog. Saam met N is die totale hoeveelhede
K-gebreksimptome is al by bogrond vir die onderskeie rywydtes 70, 50 en
K-ontledings van so hoog as 200 mg 30 kg ha -1.
kg-1, onder alkaliese toestande, waar die
Groter hoeveelhede kan egter wel
bogrond Ca-ontledings meer as 3000
met veiligheid teen planttyd geband-
mg kg-1 was, waargeneem. Navorsing
plaas word, mits dit 70 tot 100 mm
in die verband ontbreek, maar K word
weg van die saad en ten minste 50
tans wel onder sulke toestande volgens
mm onder die saad geplaas word.
verwagte graanverwydering aanbeveel,
dit wil s 4 kg K ton-1, gebandplaas.
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
Die bogrondontledings van Mg behoort

Plantontledings
ten minste 40 mg kg-1 te wees. Mg-te-
n Ontleding van blare onder en teenoor korte word gewoonlik met grondsuurheid
die boonste kop tydens blomtyd behoort geassosieer en ook deur dolomitiese kalk
tussen 1.5 en 1.9% K te wees. K-tekorte reggestel. Indien grondsuurheid nie n
word aanvanklik waargeneem as geel of probleem is nie, behoort Mg deur kun-
nekrotiese blaarrande beginnende by die smismengsels wat Mg bevat, aangevul
onderste blare, gevolg deur verspreiding te word, of deur produkte soos magne-

siumsulfaat of magnesium-oksied. Mg-te- vouing van nuwe blare waarvan die

korte word baie maklik op sandgronde punte feitlik kleurloos is en met n taai
deur ho toedienings of ho vlakke van jellieagtige stof bedek is, wat tot gevolg
kalium in die grond genduseer. het dat hulle aan mekaar vas kleef.
n Ontleding van blare onder en teen-

oor die boonste kop tydens blomtyd
SWAWEL (S)
behoort tussen 0.15 en 0.25% Mg te
wees. Die eerste tekens van magne- S-tekorte kom veral voor na die lang-
siumtekorte is geel tot wit tussennerfse durige gebruik van misstowwe wat
strepe wat eerste by die ouer blare nie S bevat nie, soos byvoorbeeld hel-
voorkom. Strepe word opgevolg deur deroplossings en ho konsentrasie fos-
dooie ronde kolle in die strepe, met n forverbindings. Reaksie op S kan beslis
kenmerkende krale voorkoms. verwag word indien die anorganiese
S-konsentrasies minder as 3 mg kg-1 is,
terwyl dit redelik seker is dat S-reaksies
nie by ontledings hor as 10 mg kg-1
sal voorkom nie. Reaksie op S bemes-
ting op grond met n S inhoud tussen 3
en 10 mg S kg-1, is afhanklik van die
atmosferiese bydrae tot die grond se S
reserwe en die ondergrondse S-inhoud.
n Ontleding van blare onder en teenoor

Tipiese tussennerf vergeling
die boonste kop tydens blomtyd behoort
weens n magnesiumgebrek op
nie minder as 0.2% S te wees nie. S-
die ouer blare
gebreksimptome by jong plante word
KALSIUM (Ca) gekenmerk aan n algehele ligte verge-
ling van blare sonder n vaste patroon.
Ca-gebreksimptome is sover bekend By ouer plante sal die basisse van die
nog nie onder veldtoestande waarge- nuwe blare eerste vergeel. Die herinstel-
neem nie. Proewe wat gedoen is op ling van die gebruik van misstofmengsels
gronde met Ca-ontledings by 100 mg of verbindings wat S bevat is gewoonlik
kg-1 het geen reaksie op kalsium ge- voldoende om tekorte aan te vul.
toon nie. Lae Ca-vlakke word gewoon-
lik met grondsuurheid geassosieer en
ook deur kalktoedienings reggestel. MIKROVOEDINGSELEMENTE
n Ontleding van blare onder en teenoor SINK (Zn)
die boonste kop tydens blomtyd behoort
tussen 0.2 en 0.25% Ca te wees. Ca- Zn is die mikrovoedingselement wat die
tekorte verhinder die verskyning en ont- meeste toegedien word deurdat dit in

baie misstofmengsels ingesluit word. Te- punte en -rande terugsterf. Mo-tekorte

korte kan verwag word indien die gron- word vererger deur grondsuurheid
dontledings minder as 1.5 mg kg-1 is, of en word geassosieer met uitloop van
indien blaarontledings van blare onder graan op die kop. Mo-konsentrasies in
en teenoor die boonste kop tydens die blare onder en teenoor die boonste
blomtyd minder as 20 mg kg-1 is. kop tydens blomtyd, behoort ten minste
0.2 mg kg-1 te wees.
Zn-gebreksimptome word gekenmerk
deur ligte tussennerfse strepe wat by
mekaar aansluit om bande te vorm
BOOR (B)
wat vanaf die basisse tot die punt van
die blare kan strek. Die rande, mid- B is in n groot mate onderworpe aan
riwwe en blaarpunte bly egter groen. n loging onder ho renval toestande,
Lengtesnit deur die stamme toon donker maar kan net so maklik tot toksiese vlak-
verpersing van die onderste nodes. ke, onder lae renval omstandighede
Onder koel, bewolkte weer, kom hier- opbou. Verder kan oorbekalking ook
die simptome skielik voor, maar ver- B-tekorte, weens verminderderde toe-
dwyn weer net so vinnig wanneer die ganklikheid induseer. Optimum warm
son uitkom. Ho P-konsentrasies inhi- water B-ontledings in die bogrond is
beer Zn-opname terwyl ho N-konsen- tussen 1 en 2 mg kg-1, maar vanaf 5
trasies Zn-opname bevorder. Alkaliese mg kg-1 kan B-toksisiteit verwag word.
toestande [pH (H2O) > 7.5] kan ook B-tekorte word veral gekenmerk deur
Zn tekorte induseer.
misvormde koppe en onegalige ver-
Misstofmengsels wat Zn bevat, het spreiding van pitte as gevolg van swak
heeltemal genoeg Zn in om tekorte in bestuiwings. B-tekorte word verwag in-
die grond aan te vul. Indien die grond dien blaarontleding van blare onder en
tot aanvaarbare Zn-vlakke opgebou is, teenoor die boonste kop tydens blom-
is die herhaalde gebruik van mengsels tyd tot minder as 5 mg kg-1 gedaal het.
wat Zn bevat, onnodig. B-tekorte kan reggestel word deur toe-
dienings van 0.5 - 2 kg B ha-1, verkies-
lik voor planttyd.
MOLIBDEEN (Mo)
B-toksisiteit word gekenmerk deur verge-
Mo-tekorte kom selde nog voor ling van blaarpunte, gevolg deur pro-
aangesien saad met Mo behandel gressiewe nekrose, wat by die blaar-
word en saadproduseerders die in- punte en rande begin en dan tussen die
houd van Mo in die saad verhoog deur nerwe tot by die midrib versprei. Blare
blaarbespuitings met Mo. kan uiteindelik n gebrande voorkoms
vertoon en kan afsterf voordat dit volle-
Gebreksimptome word gekenmerk deur
dig ontwikkeld is.
ligte groen plante waarvan die blaar-

MANGAAN (Mn) meeste gronde bevat voldoende Cu,

hoewel hooggeloogde sandgronde
Die meeste gronde bevat voldoende
arm is aan Cu. Die toeganklikheid van
Mn, maar weens ontoeganklikheids-
Cu vir plante is egter laag onder alka-
probleme word gebreksimptome veral
liese toestande.
by alkaliese gronde wat baie orga-
niese materiaal bevat, waargeneem. Gebreksimptome word gekenmerk
Onder sulke omstandighede word deur bleek geel tot wit verkleuring van
breedwerpige grondtoedienings nie jonger blare wat ook tot nekrose van
aanbeveel nie, maar wel bandpla- blaarpunte en rande kan lei. Cu-tekorte
sing teen nagenoeg 6 kg Mn ha-1. word verwag indien blaarontleding van
Blaartoedienings van 1 tot 5 kg Mn ha-1 blare onder en teenoor die boonste kop
is gewoonlik ook voldoende om tekorte tydens blomtyd tot minder as 5 mg kg-1
op te hef. gedaal het.
Mn-tekortsimptome gaan soos in die Grondtoedienings van Cu word bo
geval van Mg-tekorte in vroe stadiums blaartoedienings aanbeveel. Die inkor-
gepaard met tussennerfse vergeling porering van Cu in die wortelsone word
wat ook liggroen van kleur mag wees, by voorkeur aanbeveel aangesien
maar met die verskil dat dit eerste by bandplasing toksies kan wees. Die
die jonger blare voorkom. Mn-tekorte algemene grense waarbinne aanbe-
word verwag indien blaarontleding velings gemaak word strek van 1 tot 10
van blare onder en teenoor die boonste kg Cu ha-1, maar dit kan so hoog as
kop tydens blomtyd tot minder as 15 22 kg Cu ha-1 wees. Organiese bemes-
mg kg-1 gedaal het. ting bevat gewoonlik genoeg Cu om
die noodsaaklikheid van addisionele
Mn-toksisiteite kom voor onder suur
Cu toedienings uit te skakel.
toestande op Mn-ryke gronde en word
gekenmerk deur silwer-vaal tot bruin
kolle op veral ouer blare. Onder om-
YSTER (Fe)
standighede waar beide Al- en Mn-
toksisiteite voorgekom het, is beide tok- Die meeste suur gronde het heeltemal
sisiteite geneutraliseer deur bekalking voldoende opgeloste yster wat vir ge-
tot suurversadigingsvlakke van <20%. wasproduksie beskikbaar is. Hoog-
geloogde sandgronde mag uitsonde-
rings op hierdie rel wees. By pH (H2O)
KOPER (Cu) waardes tussen 6.5 en 8.0 word yster
ontoeganklik vir plante en hoe hor die
Gronddrempelwaardes van 4 mg
pH hoe groter die ontoeganklikheid.
Cu kg-1 vir HNO3-ekstraksies en 0.2
mg Cu kg-1 vir DTPA-ekstraksies, is Gebreksimptome word gekenmerk deur
vir graangewasse gerapporteer. Die prominente tussennerfse chlorose van

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Bloemfontein.
Schmidt, C.J.J. & Adriaanse F.G.,

2003. P-bemesting vir mielies. LNR-
Potchefstroom.

FERTILISATION
Fertilisation is one of the biggest cost and should therefore be used as a guide
items faced by grain producers. It is also by every grain producer. Only a few im-
one of the most difficult inputs to handle, portant aspects are highlighted here:
because the decision on the type and
1. If a field consists of more than one soil
quantity of fertiliser can be influenced
form, a soil sample should be taken
by many factors. A common practise
from each soil form.
is to relate fertiliser recommendations to
expected yields or yield targets. Many 2. One representative sample for every
other factors however, influence the re- 50 ha should be sufficient.
action of the crop to the fertiliser. These 3. Each sample should consist of at
include: clay percentage, clay mineral, least 20 sub-samples taken randomly
organic matter, nutrient levels before fer- throughout the land unit or soil form.
tilisation, rainfall and rainfall distribution,
soil depth and acid saturation. 4.
Sub-samples should be properly
mixed before a representative sample
is taken.
SOIL SAMPLING METHODS 5. Topsoil samples are taken from 0 -
The main objective with a fertiliser/li- 150 mm and sub soil samples from
ming programme is to neutralise any 150 - 600 mm.
kind of soil chemical restriction in the 6. It is not necessary to take more than
most economically viable manner, i.e. to five sub-samples per land unit when
maximise profit above input costs. This sub-soils are sampled.
is only possible if the extent of all soil
chemical limitations can be determined 7. In precision farming samples are ta-
effectively by soil sampling and labora- ken in a predetermined grid, for
tory analyses for nutrients. example one sample per 5 ha, but
usually one sample per one or two
Fertiliser recommendations are based on hectares is required.
soil analyses of these nutrients. Plant nu-
trients are usually not distributed evenly Smart sampling is a process where
throughout the soil because of the band specific locations are identified, up to
placing of fertiliser and because culti- three years in advance, to take soil
vation practices usually do not mix the samples. Satellite images, yield moni-
fertiliser effectively with the soil. It is thus tor data and physical inspections are
vital to take care that soil samples are used to identify the sites for sampling.
taken correctly. The Fertiliser Handbook 8. The reliability of a soil analysis de-
(MFSA, 2003) gives excellent guide- pends on how representatively the
lines on methods to take soil samples soil samples were taken on a field.

METHOD 1 Representative samples of a 300 mm

wide band over maize rows are ana-
This method is recommended where re-
lysed separately from between-row sam-
sidual nutrients and soil acidity are distrib-
ples, as illustrated for a row width of 900
uted homogeneously, for example in un-
mm in the figure below.
cultivated soils or where residual bands
have been removed by tillage. Twenty to Cross row sub samples ()
forty topsoil (0 - 150 mm) sub-samples
Three samples are taken across the row
are taken, at random, per unit (<50
so that the fertiliser band can be sam-
ha), preferably using a soil augers with
pled. The three samples represent a
a diameter of at least 75 mm. Five sub-
band of 300 mm.
samples for the deeper increments (150
- 300 mm and 300 - 600 mm) that are Between row sub-samples ()
taken at random over the same area is
One soil sample is taken exactly in the
suffice. If nitrogen analyses are required,
middle of two rows (450 mm from the
separate but single samples taken from
row for a row width of 900 mm). A se-
0 - 600 mm depth, should be taken.
cond soil sample is taken exactly in the
middle of the cross row sub-sample()
and the between row sub-sample ()
METHOD 2
(300 mm from the plant row for a row
This method is recommended under width of 900 mm).
conditions where residual nutrients and
All soil samples are taken either with
soil acidity are not homogeneously distri-
Thompson, Edelman or soil augers with
buted, for example after harvesting and
similar dimensions. Depth increments are
before the first tillage operation of the
the same as for the previous method,
coming season.
namely 0 - 150 mm, 150 - 300 mm and
This method is applicable to most maize 300 - 600 mm. The sampling procedure
producing areas, since fertilisers for is repeated five times per 50 ha soil unit.
maize production in South Africa are The five 0 150 mm samples are mixed
banded at planting and are usually fol- thoroughly and one subsample taken
lowed by a N fertiliser side-dressing. from the mixture for analysis. The same
Orders for fertilisers and lime should be procedure is followed for the 150 300
placed well in advance of the first tillage mm and 300 600 mm samples.
operation.

Samples should be air-dried or frozen if Lime requirement is aimed at reaching

N analysis is required and samples can- acid saturation levels of between 0 and
not be delivered to the laboratory within 15% in order to provide a buffer against
24 hours. Samples should in all instances re-acidification and Al toxicity. A large
not be exposed to direct sunlight. A soil buffer against re-acidification (e.g. acid
mass of between 500 and 1000 g is saturation of 0%) can be justified if: a)
required for each sample for analysis. the rate of re-acidification is high; b) the
variation in soil acidity in the field is high;
c) more acid sensitive crops, e.g. wheat
THE AMELIORATION OF SOIL
and dry beans are included in a rotation
ACIDITY
system, and d) the planning is such as
Maize production is limited by soil acidity to lime every three or more years. The
only when toxic levels of elements such as cost implications of managing acid satu-
aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn) are ration at below 15%, should however be
present. A high concentration of hydrogen thoroughly considered. Lime application,
(H) ions, i.e. a low pH is not necessarily more than what is necessary, to lower
yield limiting. Al toxicity is predominantly acid saturation to 0% for instance can
associated with soil acidity, while Mn usually not be justified.
toxicity is rarely associated with soil
Lime requirement calculation methods
acidity, although both forms of toxicity can
based on pH, such as the pH (KCI), tex-
sometimes occur simultaneously.
ture and SMP buffer methods, can only
The danger of Al toxicity in maize only be used to eliminate possible risks. Cal-
exists when the pH (KCl) <4.5, or the culated lime requirements with pH based
pH (H2O) <5.5. Even under these low methods to increase the pH of an acid
pH levels, Al toxicity may not prevail. soil to a pH (KCl) of 5 for instance, are
Al toxicity is characterised by short thick usually not economical. The use of pH
roots devoid of root hairs. Al toxicity is based lime requirements calculations are
determined by the ratio of Al and H, to therefore not recommended.
the total of potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
It is however important to determine up
magnesium (Mg), as well as Al and H.
to what depth soil acidity prevails in the
This ratio, expressed as a percentage, is
soil and to what depth it should be neu-
known as acid saturation. Yield losses
tralised before the lime and gypsum rate
will increase as acid saturation increases
is calculated.
above 20%, since water and nutrient up-
take are then impaired. No grain yield is
expected at 80% acid saturation. Under LIME QUALITY
conditions where both Al and Mn toxic-
Laboratory determinations for lime qua-
ity occur, Mn toxicity will be sufficiently
lity, currently used, include: a) calcium
neutralised if soils are managed below
carbonate equivalent (CCE) in hydro-
20% acid saturation.

chloric acid (HCl); b) CCE in a resin TYPE OF LIME

(Rh method); c) particle size, and d) pH
Dolomitic lime is recommended in favour
(KCl). These individual values cannot be
of calcitic lime when the Mg status of the
directly related to soil acidity neutrali-
soil is low (<40mg kg-1) or relatively low
sation under field conditions, but only
in comparison with the Ca status, unless
through multidimensional, mathematical
the Mg requirement can be met by the
equations. However, liming materials
use of Mg containing fertilisers.
with the highest CCE (HCl), CCE (Rh),
the largest portion of fine particles and
the highest pH (KCl) should be the best
LIME REQUIREMENT
to neutralise soil acidity under field condi-
tions. Lime recommendations at the ARC-GCI
are based on the required change in
acid saturation in the soil, lime quality
criteria [5 particle sizes, CCE (HCl), pH
(KCl)] and the cation exchange capacity
(CEC summation) of the soil.
Liming recommendations, accounting for

the quality of limes from some sources
are presented in Table 1. The price of
lime, transport costs, soil incorporation
costs and moisture content of the lime
should also be taken into consideration.
These calculations were only done for the
Acidification and the accompa- 0-150 mm soil layer and when liming
ning aluminium toxicity initially needs to be done effectively to deeper
appear in small areas. Plant soil layers, proportional adjustments
growth is poor with a pale green should be made.
colour
APPLICATION METHOD
Act No. 36 of 1947 determine that Apart from quality, lime reaction in the
100% of the particles of a standard lime soil is highly dependant on mixing the
should be <1700 m and 50% <250 lime thoroughly with the soil. This is
m. In case of microfine lime, 95% of achieved by first disking, followed by
particles should be <250 m and 80% ploughing. Lime should be applied at
<106 m. The minimum alowable cal- least two months prior to planting to
cium carbonate eqvuivalent (CCE (KCl)) ensure that lime reaction is complete at
for both limes is 70%. planting.

SUBSOIL ACIDITY more than 15% of the sum of all cations,

maize production may be impaired.
Liming in segments, using implements
that deposit lime deeply (i.e. specially A prerequisite for reclaiming saline soils
adapted rippers or deep ploughing) is is proper drainage. Soils that have a
effective but not always economically jus- high conductivity, but not a high Na con-
tifiable. A surface application of gypsum centration, can successfully be reclaimed
at a rate of 4 ton ha-1 is an economically by over-irrigation. This only applies if the
alternative method for ameliorating sub- irrigation water is of acceptable quality.
soils containing aluminium or iron oxides.
Application of gypsum at 2.9 ton ha-1 or
Gypsum replaces Mg from the top to the
an application of sulphur at 0.54 ton ha-1
subsoil and dolomitic lime should there-
for every 230 mg Na kg-1 will displace
fore be applied with gypsum to restore
sodium to the subsoil, from where it can
the topsoil Mg. Gypsum will need one or
be leached by over irrigation. The appli-
two seasons before it reaches the subsoil
cation of gypsum is, however, not recom-
and therefore, deep incorporation of lime
mended if the calcium concentration is
is often a quicker solution.
already very high, in which case sulphur
should be applied.
STRIP LIMING
Strip liming is recommended when strip NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS

acidification has been identified by Soil
Sampling Method 2, or when the whole Various approaches for the fertilisation
field is acidic and under controlled traffic of crops are followed. Two approaches
practices. Strip acidification usually that receive a lot of attention are the so-
occurs under controlled traffic practices called sufficiency approach where nu-
where N is applied in a band at trient levels of the soil are brought to a
planting, but also as a side-dressing level to achieve any expected yield in
during the season. Lime should be a relative short period, and the target
applied at least two months prior to yield approach where sufficient fertiliser
planting in a strip of 300 mm over the is applied to obtain a certain economic
row and incorporated into the soil. target yield. The basic cation saturation
ratio concept (or soil balancing system),
a thrid approach to fertilisation, is not
SALINE SOILS supported by the ARC-GCI.
Saline soils are alkaline soils that usu- The target yield approach is the most
ally contain high concentrations of so- widely used as it is commonly believed
dium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium that the required fertiliser depends on
(Mg). If soil conductivity is higher than the grain yield. This implies that only
500 mS m-1, or the Na concentration is the nutrients removed by the crop are

Table 1. Lime recommendations (ton ha-1) according to required change in

acid saturation ( AS), the cation exchange capacity (CEC summation) of the
soil and quality of some lime sources as determined in 2002
(Vereeniging)
Bhrmansdrif*
(Pietersburg)
(Middelburg)
(Germiston)
(cmolc kg-1)
(Christiana
Immerpan
Mooiplaas
(Witbank)
(Pretoria)
Vaalbrug
Meyerton
(Zeerust)
(Zeerust)
(Orkney)
Calmasil
Marico
Britten
Sappi*
Hiqua
AS
CEC
(%)
10 1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
2 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9
3 0.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3
4 1.1 2.5 2.3 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.3 1.8
20 1 0.6 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.0
2 1.3 2.8 2.6 2.0 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.6 2.0
3 2.0 4.4 4.0 3.1 1.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 4.1 3.2
4 2.7 6.1 5.5 4.2 2.2 3.6 3.6 3.7 5.6 4.3
30 1 1.0 2.2 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.6
2 2.2 4.8 4.3 3.3 1.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 4.4 3.4
3 3.4 7.5 6.8 5.2 2.7 4.4 4.5 4.5 6.9 5.3
4 4.6 10.3 9.3 7.1 3.7 6.0 6.1 6.2 9.5 7.3
40 1 1.5 3.2 2.9 2.2 1.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.0 2.3
2 3.1 6.9 6.3 4.8 2.5 4.1 4.1 4.2 6.4 4.9
3 4.9 10.8 9.8 7.5 3.9 6.4 6.5 6.5 10.0 7.7
4 6.7 14.9 13.5 10.3 5.3 8.8 8.9 8.9 13.8 10.6
50 1 1.9 4.3 3.9 3.0 1.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 4.0 3.1
2 4.1 9.2 8.3 6.4 3.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 8.5 6.6
3 6.5 14.4 13.1 10.0 5.2 8.5 8.6 8.7 13.4 10.3
4 8.9 19.9 18.0 13.7 7.1 11.7 11.9 11.9 18.4 14.2
* Calcitic limes. All other limes are dolomitic.

applied. If a build-up of nutrients takes ously supply plant nutrients. Soil analysis
place, it will happen gradually over can be regarded as the net result of the
years. The advantage of this approach is supply from the soil, plus the amount ap-
that optimum economic levels can easily plied through fertilisation, less the amount
be reached. However, a disadvantage removed by the crop. Soil analyses can
of this approach in the case of nitrogen, thus be used to determine whether a
is that the plant available N, before certain nutrient is over or under supplied
fertilisation, is not taken into account. through fertilisation. The ideal would be
that all nutrients are gradually increased
The sufficiency approach is based on
to a level where, beyond doubt, sufficient
the relationship between nutrient ele-
amounts of specific nutrients are present
ment concentrations or quantities in the
in the soil. When this point has been
soil and relative yield. Nutrient levels in
reached, fertilisation of this nutrient can
the soil should be managed to obtain a
be lowered to maintain the level.
certain percentage of the expected yield.
Soil Sampling Method 1 should be used This principle is real for most nutrients, but
when the residual nutrients are homoge- especially for P, as most soils in South Af-
neously distributed. Should it not be the rica are low in phosphorus. Phosphorus
case, Soil Sampling Method 2 is appli- is immobilised by many soils and there-
cable. According to this method, soil vo- fore the availability of P is restricted in
lumes of which the expected concentra- such soils. It is recommended that soils
tion differs substantially will be analysed which have not reached the optimum P
separately, expressed as quantities rather level, should gradually be built-up with
than concentrations summed, and then P over time. Since this is an expensive
expressed in terms of kg nutrient elements operation, producers should decide on
ha-1 in the soil at a specific depth. an affordable time schedule to fit in with
their cash flow.
A benefit of this approach is to ensure
that plant nutrients should never be yield
restricting, as is the case during certain
MACRO NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
seasons when yields are very high. A
further benefit is that available N in the NITROGEN (N)
soil is accounted for, because nitrogen
Target yield approach
analysis is needed for this approach. A
disadvantage is that the recommended The most common approach to deter-
amount is not always economically justifi- mine the amount of nitrogen to be ap-
able. plied, is to link it to the expected yield.
According to this method, 15 kg ha-1
A database of soil analyses accumulated N is applied for each 1 t ha-1 yield ex-
for each production unit over a period pected. This method overestimates the
of seasons is an excellent aid for pro- application rate for yields lower than
ducers. Soils have the ability to continu-

3 t ha-1 and probably underestimates the ha-1 at 11% clay, but 120 kg N ha-1 at
application rate for yields higher than 4 t 3% clay. More relationships are however
ha-1. It is also commonly known that tex- required nationally before soil criteria
ture influences the nitrogen supply rate of can be related to soil N optima within
the soil. Soils with a high clay content specific production practices. Yield sup-
supply more N than sandy soils. Guide- pression due to too much N has thus far
lines for nitrogen fertilisation, adapted occurred when these measurements ex-
to compensate for it, are presented in ceeded 170 kg N ha-1. Under irrigation,
Table 2 (Bloem, 2004). The guidelines inorganic N should be managed at le-
presented in Table 2 are for use when no vels approaching 170 kg N ha-1 during
soil N analyses are available and take the growing period until flowering, but
into consideration the ability of the soil to should not exceed that level.
supply nitrogen.
General expected soil responses to N
applications are presented in Table 3.
More N is required on a sandy soil,
Sufficiency approach
compared with a clayey soil, to in-
Where inorganic N analyses are avail- crease the soil N by one unit (Table 3).
able, the following approach can be Although these guidelines are used, the
followed. According to this approach, demarcation of soils according to clay
the inorganic N in the soil to a depth of content (Table 3) using a sliding scale
600 mm should be managed at 100 of N requirement, factors according to
20 kg ha-1 over all localities to obtain clay content will have to be redefined
100% yield. Under similar conditions, when more data of more locations are
optimum N in the soil was, e.g. 80 kg N available. Furthermore, the guidelines
Table 2. Nitrogen application levels (kg N ha-1) at various yield levels and
clay contents
Clay content Yield (ton ha-1)

(%) 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0
5 23 41 58 75 92 109 126 143 160
10 17 35 52 69 86 103 120 137 154
15 10 28 45 62 79 96 113 133 147
20 4 22 39 56 73 90 107 124 141
25 0 16 33 50 67 84 101 118 135
30 0 9 26 43 60 77 94 111 128
40 0 0 14 31 48 65 82 99 116
50 0 0 0 18 35 52 69 86 103

in Table 3 are only valid when most area, without the need of considering
plant material is removed. Incorporation soil texture or any other factors. In fact, it
of large amounts of organic fertilisers seems that only one universal formula is
or organic material will have a major needed, since the South African derived
effect on N requirement factors. Liming formula is in agreement with that of the
will also enhance the conversion of or- USA.
ganic N to inorganic N. Since most or-
ganic N will be mineralised shortly after
planting, it is more accurate to measure Delta yield method
inorganic N during the season.
The delta yield method is simple and
requires some control plots of strips in
a maize field. It is recommended that
Delta yield approach
approximately 1.6% of the area of the
An alternative method to determine the re- maize field should not receive any N
quirement of N fertiliser, is the delta yield fertiliser, but only the recommended
method. Delta yield measures the diffe- amount of P, K and other nutrients.
rence between the optimum economic This control unit (zero N) may be a sin-
yield and the yield of an adjacent con- gle row, or a few adjacent rows of a
trol that did not receive any N fertiliser. predetermined length, for example 4
Delta yield correlates well with optimal rows of 20 m. The control plots should
N fertiliser requirement, regardless of lo- be evenly distributed over the whole
cation, soil type or whether it is dry land field. These control plots/rows should
or irrigated maize. The consequence is be rotated every year. The rest of the
that only one formula (or table) is needed field should be fertilised to reach the
for the South African maize production economic optimum yield. At harvesting
Table 3. The relationship between clay content and N soil response when
most of the plant material is removed
NRF*
Clay (%)
(kg N per ha-1 application/kg N ha-1
analysed; 0-600 mm)
<15 2.0
15-20 1.5
>20 1.0
* N requirement factor, i.e. the amount of N that should be applied per ha to
increase the nitrate N plus ammonium N analyses in the top 600 mm soil by 1
kg per ha-1

time, the yields of the control plots and soil is homogeneous) should be calcu-
fertilised field are determined inde- lated. In this way, the nitrogen fertiliser
pendently. The difference in yield be- requirement can be refined over time.
tween the N fertilised and zero N plot
is the delta yield. In precision farming, Advantages
these practices are followed almost au-
Except for the promising accuracy of the
tomatically and it is recommended that
delta yield approach, other advantages
every four ha should contain a control
are:
plot.
The yield of the control plot is a mea-
The fertiliser requirement for maize in
surement of the plant available nitro-
the following season, can be deter-
gen or soil supply in terms of yield.
mined from Table 4. The mean delta
yield for every specific crop system over It is thus not necessary to take soil sam-
seasons per soil type, or per field (if the ples for N analyses eliminating the
probability of errors in doing so.
Table 4. Nitrogen fertiliser requirements for maize according to the delta
yield approach
Delta yield N requirement Delta yield N requirement

(kg ha ) -1
250 28 4250 153

500 42 4500 158
750 54 4750 163
1000 64 5000 169
1250 73 5250 174
1500 82 5500 179
1750 90 5750 183
2000 97 6000 188
2250 104 6250 193
2500 111 6500 197
2750 118 6750 202
3000 124 7000 206
3250 130 7250 211
3500 136 7500 215
3750 142 7750 219
4000 147 8000 224

The farmer is now fully in control of deter- APPLICATION METHODS

mining the nitrogen fertiliser need of his
Placement
maize. Yield loss due to the control plots
will be lower than 0.5% of the yield when The following rates of N application, in a
1.6% of the surface area is used for trial band at planting 50 mm away from the
purposes. The advantages of more efficient seed and 50 mm below the seed, should
N fertilisation will most likely exceed the not be exceeded:
yield loss as a result of the control plots, 0.9 m rows: not more than 40 kg N ha-1
hence both under and over fertilisation can
be limited to a minimum. 1.5 m rows: not more than 30 kg N ha-1
2.1 m rows: not more than 20 kg N ha-1.
Deficient plants next to plants with a sufficient supply of nitrogen
Leaf analysis
Analysis of leaves below and opposite
the uppermost ears at flowering should be
between 2.4 and 2.9% N. N deficiency
is characterised in young plants as a pale
green or yellow green appearance. At la-
ter stages the older leaves turn yellow with
a distinctive reversed V form lesion. No
kernels develop at the tip of the maize ear
and is stubbed.
Nitrogen deficiency on older leaves

N plus K applications should not exceed seed. Top-dressings of all N sources are
70, 50 and 30 kg ha for the respective
-1
usually applied as a side-dressing, 100
row widths. Larger quantities can how- to 150 mm from the rows. These applica-
ever be banded, provided they are placed tions should be incorporated into the soil
70 to 100 mm away from and below the to reduce or eliminate potential N losses.
Table 5. Optimum extractable P according to Ambic 1 and Bray 1 in the top

150 mm soil for different clay+silt contents, aimed at achieving 90% of the
yield target
Clay+Silt Ambic 1 Bray 1 Clay+Silt Ambic 1 Bray 1

% mg kg-1 mg kg-1 % mg kg-1 mg kg-1
13 25.3 33.5 37 9.9 17.9
14 23.6 31.8 38 9.7 17.6
15 22.1 30.3 39 9.5 17.4
16 20.8 29.0 40 9.3 17.2
17 19.7 27.8 41 9.1 17.0
18 18.7 26.8 42 8.9 16.9
19 17.8 25.9 43 8.7 16.7
20 17.0 25.1 44 8.6 16.5
21 16.2 24.3 45 8.4 16.4
22 15.6 23.6 46 8.3 16.2
23 15.0 23.0 47 8.1 16.1
24 14.4 22.4 48 8.0 15.9
25 13.9 21.9 49 7.8 15.8
26 13.4 21.4 50 7.7 15.7
27 13.0 21.0 51 7.6 15.5
28 12.6 20.6 52 7.5 15.4
29 12.2 20.2 53 7.4 15.3
30 11.8 19.8 54 7.3 15.2
31 11.5 19.5 55 7.2 15.1
32 11.2 19.2 56 7.1 15.0
33 10.9 18.9 57 7.0 14.9
34 10.6 18.6 58 6.9 14.8
35 10.4 18.3 59 6.8 14.7
36 10.1 18.1 60 6.7 14.6

Time of application larly, the optimum soil P values at 60%

clay plus silt, is to be used for clay plus
N should always be included in fertiliser
silt values of more than 60%.
mixtures, but climatic conditions and re-
sidual N in the soil will dictate when the When soil P levels are lower than the op-
most N should be applied. The largest timum, a programme aimed at increas-
quantity of N should be applied early in ing soil P levels over a number of years,
the season where the seasonal rainfall can for financial reasons, be followed.
is less than 700 mm and the N supply The amount of P that should be applied
capacity of the soil is low (as on sandy to increase the soil P by 1 mg kg-1 (Bray
soils). If the seasonal rainfall is more than 1) is 5, 7 and 9 kg P ha-1 for soil textures
700 mm and the soil N supply capacity of <10%, 10-20% and 21-35% clay
is high (as in clayey soils), most of the respectively. P applications required for
N should be applied later (not later than maintaining P levels are calculated at 4
eight weeks after planting) during the kg P ton-1 grain produced.
season.
An equal division between early and late

Leaf analysis
applications should be made if the sea-
sonal rainfall is more than 700 mm and An analysis of leaves below and oppo-
the N supply capacity of the soil is low. site the uppermost ears during flowering
Three to five equal applications are re- should be between 0.22 and 0.30% P.
commended for sandy soils under irriga- Deficiency symptoms are normally exhi-
tion, but should preferably be completed bited by young plants, especially under
two weeks prior to flowering. cool, wet conditions. Leaves are dark
green with reddish-purple tips and ed-
ges. Plants with a phosphorus deficiency
PHOSPHORUS (P) grow slower and are therefore stunted.
P recommendations are based on the

analysis of extractable P, as well as the
clay plus silt content in the top 150 mm
soil. Optimum extractable P in the soil
either according to Bray 1 or Ambic
1, which is generally used for maize
production, is presented in Table 5. Ac-
cording to current price ratios and risks
involved, soil P management to achieve
90% relative yield and no higher is re- Phosphorus deficiency limits
commended. If the clay plus silt content is growth and symptoms are re-
less than 13%, optimum soil P values at dish to purple leave tips and
13% clay plus silt should be used. Simi- edges

Application methods is currently recommended under such

conditions at a rate of 4 kg K ton-1 of
The general practice is to band-place P
expected grain yield.
at 50 mm away and 50 mm below the
seed. If for practical reasons the quan-
tity cannot be band-placed, a second
Leaf analyses
application can be done shortly after
planting, but further away from the plant An analysis of leaves below and oppo-
row. This can be done in combination site the uppermost ears during flowering
with additional N and K. Broadcasted should show between 1.5 and 1.9% K.
applications of P will be more dependent Potassium deficiencies initially appear
on fixing than band-placed applications, as yellow or necrotic leaf edges begin-
especially on clayey soils. ning at the lower leaves followed by a
spreading to the upper leaves. Mature
plants lodge more easily, if the potassium
POTASSIUM (K) supply is insufficient, due to disease infec-
tion of the stems. Kernels towards the tip
Yield response to K fertilisation, in the
of the ear are small and have a shrunken
larger maize producing areas, i.e. un-
appearance.
der acidic soils with relatively low Ca
content, can only be expected if the
exchangeable K content in the top 600
Application methods
mm soil is less than 300 kg ha-1 that is,
29 mg ha-1 at 3% clay or 38 mg kg-1 at The accepted method is to band-place
56% clay. The K requirement factor for K, 50 mm away and 50 mm below the
this depth (0 to 600 mm) is 1.5 kg K ha-1 seed in a fertiliser mixture at planting. The
for an increase in exchangeable K of 1 following rates of application should not
kg ha-1. The optimum topsoil (0-150 mm) be exceeded:
K content for kaolinitic clay soils (53%
0.9 m rows: not more than 40 kg K ha-1
clay) in KwaZulu-Natal, was established
at 125 mg kg-1 where the subsoil up to 1.5 m rows: not more than 30 kg K ha-1
a depth of 600 mm, was 20 mg kg-1 at 2.1 m rows: not more than 20 kg K ha-1
commencement of the trial. Applications
of 3 kg K ha-1 should increase the topsoil K plus N applications should not exceed
content with 1 mg kg-1. Under alkaline 70, 50 en 30 kg ha-1 for the respective
conditions where the topsoil Ca content row widths.
was in excess of 3000 mg kg-1 and the Larger quantities can however be ban-
K content as high as 200 mg kg-1 and ded, provided they are placed 70 to
higher, K deficiency symptoms have 100 mm away and below the seed.
been reported. Research in this respect
is lacking, but the band-placement of K

MAGNESIUM (Mg) CALCIUM (Ca)
An analysis of the topsoil should record Ca deficiencies have thus far not been
at least 40 mg Mg kg-1. Mg deficien- observed under field conditions. Soils
cies are usually associated with soil with a Ca content of 100 mg kg-1 have
acidity and are therefore rectified when not shown any response to Ca applica-
soil acidity is ameliorated by dolomitic tions. Low Ca levels are usually asso-
lime applications. If soil acidity is not a ciated with soil acidity and are therefore
problem, Mg can be replenished using rectified when lime is applied to amelio-
fertiliser mixtures containing Mg or alter- rate soil acidity.
natively, by products such as Mg oxide
An analysis of leaves below and op-
or Mg sulphate. On sandy soils Mg de-
posite the uppermost ears at flowering
ficiencies are induced by large applica-
should be between 0.2 and 0.25% Ca.
tions of K or high levels of K in the soil.
Calcium deficiency prevents the emer-
An analysis of leaves below and oppo- gence and unfolding of new leaves, the
site the uppermost ears during flowering tips of which are almost colourless and
should be between 0.15 and 0.25% are covered with a sticky gelatinous ma-
Mg. The first indication of a Mg deficien- terial that causes them to adhere to one
cy is interveinal chlorosis on the lower another.
leaves. This is followed by the develop-
ment of necrotic spots in the chlorotic
area and a distinctly beaded appea- SULPHUR (S)
rance.
Sulphur deficiencies usually occur as a
result of the prolonged use of fertilisers
containing no S, e.g. clear solutions and
other products containing high P concen-
trations. A response to S can be expect-
ed if the inorganic S concentration in the
topsoil is less than 3 mg S kg--1, while it is
reasonably sure that a S response will not
occur at concentrations higher than 10
mg kg-1. Reaction on the application of S
on soil with a S content between 3 and
10 mg kg-1 will depend on the contribu-
Typical interveinal chloroses
tion of S from the atmosphere to the soil
due to a magenesium deficiency
reserve and the S content of the subsoil.
on older leaves
An analysis of leaves below and oppo-
site the uppermost ears during flowering
should be approximately 0.2% S. Overall

light yellowing of leaves without a definite ning fertilisers is unnecessary once the
pattern is typical of S deficiencies in young soil concentration has reached accept-
plants. However, in older plants yellowing able levels.
of younger leaves is more pronounced.
The base of these younger leaves is the
first to show yellowing. The reintroduction MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
of fertiliser mixtures containing S is usually Mo deficiencies seldom occur, because
sufficient to augment shortages. seed is treated with Mo and seed pro-
ducers increase the Mo content of the
seed by leaf spraying with Mo.
MICRO NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
An analysis of leaves below and oppo-
ZINC (Zn) site the uppermost ears during flowering
Zn is the micro nutrient element that is ap- should be approximately 0.2 mg Mo
plied the most, because it is included in kg-1. Deficient plants are light green,
many fertiliser mixtures. Deficiencies can while the youngest leaf tips and edges
be expected if an analysis of the topsoil wither. Mo shortage is exacerbated by
shows less than 1.5 mg Zn kg-1 or if an acid soils and is associated with prema-
analysis of the leaves below and oppo- ture germination of seed on the ear.
site the uppermost ear at flowering shows
less than 20 mg kg-1. BORON (B)
Zinc deficiency appear as light intervei- Boron is subjected to leaching under
nal chlorosis which join together to form high rainfall conditions, but can accumu-
bands which can stretch from the base late to toxic levels in soils under semi-arid
to the tip of the leaves. The edges, mid- conditions. Over-liming can also induce
ribs and leaf tips, usually remain green. B deficiencies due to the unavailability
As a rule plants are stunted and a trans- of B at high pH. Optimum warm water
verse section through the stems, indicate extractable B in the topsoil is between 1
a dark-purpling of the lower nodes. Un- and 2 mg kg-1, but toxic effects may oc-
der cool, overcast conditions deficiency cur from 5 mg kg-1.
symptoms suddenly appear, but disap-
Boron deficiency is characterised
pear just as quickly once the sun is shi-
by malformed ears with an uneven
ning. High levels of P in the soil, inhibit Zn
distribution of kernels due to poor
uptake, while high levels of N, enhances
pollination. Deficiencies are expected
Zn uptake. Alkaline conditions [pH (H2O)
when analyses of leaves below and
> 7.5] also induce Zn deficiencies.
opposite the uppermost ears at flowering
The use of fertiliser mixtures containing Zn shows less than 5 mg kg-1. Deficiencies
is usually sufficient to augment shortages can be rectified by applications of 0.5 -
in soils. The continuous use of Zn contai- 2.0 kg B ha-1 before planting.

Boron toxicity is characterised by COPPER (Cu)

yellowing of leaf tips followed by
Soil threshold values of 4 mg Cu kg-1
progressive necroses, beginning at
for HNO3 extractions and 0.2 mg Cu
the leaf tips and edges and then to the
kg--1 for DTPA extractions were reported
interveinal areas and the midrib. Leaves
for grain crops. Most soils contain
may take on a scorched appearance
sufficient Cu but highly weathered sandy
and may drop prematurely.
soils may be depleted. The availability
of Cu may however be very low under
MANGANESE (Mn) alkaline conditions.
Most soils contain sufficient Mn to support Deficiency symptoms are characterised
crop growth, but Mn is unavailable under by bleak yellow to white colouring of
alkaline conditions or when there are younger leaves that may result in necrotic
high levels of organic matter in the soil. leaf tips and edges. Cu deficiencies are
Broadcast applications of Mn are not expected when leaf analysis of leaves
recommended but band placement at 6 beneath and opposite the uppermost ears
kg Mn ha-1 should be sufficient to rectify is less than 5 mg kg-1 during flowering.
deficiencies. Foliar applications at 1 to 5
kg Mn ha-1 should also be effective. Soil applications of Cu are preferred to
leaf applications. Since band placement
Manganese deficiencies, as with of Cu can be toxic, soil incorporation in
Mg deficiencies, are associated with most of the rhizosphere is preferred. Re-
interveinal yellowing which may also commendations are generally between 1
be light-green in appearance. Mn and 10 kg Cu ha-1 but can be as high as
deficiencies differ from Mg deficiencies 22 kg Cu ha-1. Organic fertilisers usually
in that symptoms are first shown by the contain sufficient Cu and will therefore
younger leaves. Mn deficiencies are eliminate the need for additional Cu
expected when analysis of leaves below applications.
and opposite the uppermost ears at
flowering is less than 15 mg Mn kg-1.
Manganese toxicities occur under aci-dic IRON (Fe)

conditions on Mn rich soils. Symptoms Most acid soils have adequate available
are characterised by silver-bleak to brown Fe for crop production. Highly wea-
spots, especially on the older leaves. thered sandy soils may however be an
Manganese toxicities will be sufficiently exception. Fe becomes unavailable
neutralised if soils containing both high at pH (H2O) of between 6.5 and 8.0
levels of Mn and Al are limed to below and the higher the pH, the greater the
20% acid saturation. restriction.
Deficiency symptoms are characterised

by distinct interveinal chlorosis of whole

leaves that begin on the younger leaves. Effect of time of application and nitrate:
The entire plant can show these symptoms ammonium ratio on maize grain yield,
and yellow strips may even turn white. grain N concentration and soil mineral
Plants will generally be stunted. N concentration in a semi-arid region.
Field Crops Research, 34, 57-70.
Iron deficiencies that result from Fe un-
availability are best rectified by foliar Adriaanse, F.G., 2000. Handleiding
applications of a 2% iron sulphate vir die diagnose van voedingstekorte
solution. Several applications, two weeks en grondsuurheid by mielies. LNR-IGG,
apart, may be necessary. An increase in Potchefstroom.
the use of acidifying fertilisers, such as Adriaanse, F.G. & Schmidt C.J.J., 2003.
ammonium sulphate, is recommended N-aanbevelings volgens grondontledings
under alkaline conditions, to increase the vir mielies. LNR-IGG Boe-redag, 27 Feb-
availability of Fe. ruarie 2003, Potchefstroom.
Adriaanse, F. G., Venter, H.J. & Schmidt
C.J.J., 2003. K-aanbevelings volgens
grondontledings vir mielies. LNR-IGG
Boeredag, 27 Februarie 2003, Potchef-
stroom.
Anoniem, 1994. Bemestingsriglyne vir
mielies onder drolandtoestande in die
RSA. LNR-IGG, Potchefstroom.
Black, C.A., 1993. Soil Fertility Evalua-
tion and Control. Lewis Publishers, London.
Bloem, Dries, 2004. Databasis- en na-
vorsingsresultate dui stikstoflewering van
gronde aan. SA Graan, Julie, 44.
Farina, M.P.W., Channon, P., Thibaud,
Typical interveinal chloroses due G.R. & Phipson, J.D., 1992. Soil and
to an iron deficiency on younger plant potassium optima for maize on a
leaves kaolinitic clay soil. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil
9(4), 193-200.
LITERATURE CITED Farina, M.P.W., Manson, A.D. &
Adriaanse, F.G., 1990. Effects of ni- Johnston, M.A., 1993. Fertilizer
trate: ammonium ratios, times of applica- Guidelines. In Maize in Natal. KwaZulu-
tion and prolificacy on nitrogen response Natal Department of Agriculture,
of Zea Mays L. PhD dissertation. Univer- Cedara.
sity of the Free State, Bloemfontein. Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L.
Adriaanse, F.G. & Human, J. J., 1993. & Nelson, W.L.,1999. Soil Fertility and

Fertilizers. Prentice-Hall International Li- Schmidt, C.J.J., 2003. Changes in the

mited, London, UK. phosphorous status of soils and the in-
Landman, S.J., 1995. Die verband fluence on maize yield. PhD dissertation.
tussen grondstikstof- en fosforstatus University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
met mie-lieopbrengs waar kunsmis Schmidt, C.J.J. & Adriaanse F.G., 2003.
gebandplaas word. MSc Agric.- P-bemesting vir mielies. LNR-IGG Boere-
Verhandeling, Universiteit van die dag, 27 Februarie 2003, Potchefstroom.
Vrystaat, Bloemfontein. Smalberger, S.A., 2001. Verwantskap
Landman, S.J. & Adriaanse, F.G., tussen anorganiese grondstikstof en
1995. Deurbraak met betrekking tot stik- mielie-opbrengs met beheerde verkeer.
stofnavorsing vir mielies. Mielies/Maize, M Sc Verhandeling, Universiteit van die
Desember 1995, 41-42. Vrystaat, Bloemfontein.
LNR-IGG, 2002. Mielie-inligtingsgids. Venter, H.J., van Rooyen, P., Adriaanse,
LNR-IGG, Potchefstroom. F.G. & du Preez, C.C., 2001. A model
Mengel, K. & Kirkby, E.A., 1982. Prin- for lime recommendations under field
ciples of Plant Nutrition. International conditions based on soil and lime pro-
Potash Institute, Worblaufen-Bern /Swit- perties. The fifth International Symposium
zerland. on Plant-Soil Interactions at low pH. Al-
pine Heath, South Africa, 12-16 March
MVSA, 2002. Bemestingshandleiding.
2001.
Die Misstofvereniging van Suid-Afrika.
Lynnwoodrif. Venter, H.J. & Adriaanse, F. G., 2003.
Grondsuurheid en mielieverbouing. LNR-
Nel, A.A. & Bloem, A.A., 2006. The
delta yield procedure for nitrogen fertilisa-
Potchefstroom.
tion of maize in South Africa. SA. J. Plant
Soil 23(3), 203-208. Venter, H.J. 2004. Lime quality and
soil acidity criteria for dryland maize.
A thesis submitted in accordance with
the requirements for the Philosophiae
Doctor degree in the Department of Soil,
Crop and Climate Sciences, Faculty of
Natural and Agricultural Sciences at the
University of the Free State, Bloemfontein.

GRONDBEWERKING EN BEWARINGSBOERDERY
Grondbewerking ondergrond. Hoe natter en laer die
klei-inhoud van die grond, hoe vinniger
Grond word bewerk om verdigtings
kompakteer dit gewoonlik onder ploeg-
op te hef, onkruid, plae en siektes te
en disbewerkings. Toenemende dieper
bestry, oesreste en chemikalie in te
bewerkings word gevolglik vereis wat
werk en n saadbed te skep waarin
koste laat toeneem en die kwaliteit van
saailinge maklik kan opkom en groei.
die grond verder ondermyn. Kleigrond
Grondbewerking is soms selfs nodig
wat swel en krimp, soos dit nat word
om winderosie te bekamp.
en weer uitdroog, hef verdigting vanself
Konvensionele bewerkings word met op.
skaar- of skottelploe uitgevoer om
Die agteruitgang van die grond, die
bogenoemde doelwitte te bereik. Met
erosie wat dit meebring en stygende
die ploegaksie word plantreste met
die grond van die ploeglaag vermeng energie- en meganisasiekostes het
en die grondoppervlak word met min die besef laat posvat dat aanpas-
plantreste gelaat. Sekondre vlakker sings aan bewerkingspraktyke nodig
bewerkings word dikwels met tand of is. So het verminderde bewerking en
skottel implimente uitgevoer om een of bewaringsbewerking reeds dekades
meer van bogenoemde doelwitte te gelede ontstaan wat deur die koms van
bereik. onkruiddoders moontlik gemaak is en
waarvoor hoofsaaklik tandimplimente
Konvensionele grondbewerking het
gebruik word. Bewerkings wat slegs
belangrike nadele. Eerstens veroorsaak
op onkruidbeheer gemik was, kon nou
dit agteruitgang van die grondkwaliteit
deur die toediening van onkruiddoders
soos weerspiel word in die afname
vervang word en verminderde bewer-
van die organiese materiaalinhoud
king tot gevolg h.
daarvan. Verder vernietig dit die
struktuur van die grond, vergroot die Bewaringsbewerking het ten doel om
erosie-kwesbaarheid en ontwrig die minstens 30% van die grondoppervlak
lewenssiklus van sekere organismes. In met gewasreste na bewerking bedek
baie gevalle word die afloop van water te laat om daardeur erosie te bekamp
en die gepaardgaande erosie, deur en die infiltrasietempo van water so
bewerkings verhoog. Grondbewerking lank moontlik hoog te hou. Bewerkings
en die meganisasie wat dit vereis, met bytelploe slaag gewoonlik in di
maak verder n groot deel van die koste doel, mits genoeg oesreste aanvanklik
van graanproduksie uit.
teenwoordig was. Die bekende rip-
Op baie grondtekstuurklasse, veroor- op-ry bewerking wat veral op die san-
saak konvensionele ploegbewerkings derige grond van die Vrystaat toegepas
wortelbeperkende verdigting in die word, kan ook as bewaringsbewerking

beskou word, aangesien die meeste noodsaaklik dat die kwaliteit van die
oesreste op die oppervlak gelaat word. grond nie verder ondermyn word nie,
Bytelploeg, rip en ander meegaande maar alles gedoen moet word om
bewerkings, versteur egter die grond dit eerder te laat toeneem en erosie
genoeg om die kwaliteit daarvan te te stuit. Grondkwaliteit (dikwels ook
ondermyn. grondgesondheid genoem) is die
somtotaal van die chemiese, fisiese en
Die organiese koolstofinhoud van die
biologiese vermo van n grond om n
grond is die beste aanduiding van die
ho vlak van gewasproduktiwiteit te
kwaliteit daarvan. Hoe hor die or-
handhaaf. Di doelwitte kan slegs met
ganiese koolstofinhoud, hoe hor die
bewarings-boerdery bereik word.
kwaliteit. Die organiese koolstofinhoud,
van bewerkte grond op die Hoveld,
het met soveel as 75% afgeneem Bewaringsboerdery
weens bewerking die afgelope 70 tot
Die doel met die toepassing van bewar-
100 jaar. Die organiese koolstof speel
ingsboerdery is om die kwaliteit van die
n belangrike rol in die fisiese en che-
grond te maksimaliseer, terwyl erosie
miese eienskappe van die grond. Hoe
en die omgewingsimpak geminimali-
hor die organiese koolstofinhoud, hoe
seer word. Deur die kwaliteit van die
hor die katioon uitruilkapasiteit, water-
grond te verbeter, word die doeltref-
retensievermo en hoe moeiliker verdig
fendheid waarmee die natuurlike hulp-
dit, of word oppervlakkorse gevorm.
bronne soos die renval en grond be-
Om volhoubaar te produseer is dit nut word, ook gemaksimaliseer. Grond
n Beitelploeg waar die meeste van die oesreste op die oppervlak gelaat
word, word as bewaringsbewerking beskou. Dit voldoen egter nie aan al die
vereistes van bewaringsboerdery nie

met n ho kwaliteit, het nie chemiese 1. Minimum grondversteuring

of fisiese beperkings nie. Verder is die
In bewaringsboerdery word n primre
mikrobiologiese komponent so divers
grondbewerking nie uitgevoer nie en
en die populasie so hoog as wat die
die enigste bewerking is die plantak-
klimaat toelaat.
sie. n Belangrike voorwaarde is dat
Bewaringsboerdery vereis dat sekere nie meer as 15 cm of 25% (watter een
beginsels met graanproduksie toege- ookal die kleinste is) van die grond-op-
pas moet word, naamlik: pervlakte versteur moet word nie. Geen-
bewerking, waar slegs die grond in die
1. Dat die grond met die minimum ver-
plantvoor versteur word, is die ideaal
steur word.
wat nagestreef moet word.
2. Dat n permanente of semi-perma-
Beperkte ervaring dui egter daarop
nente deklaag van plantreste op die
dat soos die klei-inhoud van die grond
grond gelaat word.
afneem en die sandinhoud toeneem, n
3. Dat wisselbou toegepas word. toenemende dieper losmaak-aksie tydens
die plantproses nodig is om saailinge
4. Dat beheerde spoorverkeer op kom-
suksesvol te vestig en die kunsmis diep
paksie-kwesbare grond toegepas
genoeg geplaas te kry. Voorskrifte oor
word.
hoe diep watter grondtekstuurklas versteur
mag word, bestaan tans nog nie. Sukses
word wel met n 150250 mm versteu-
ring op sommige sandgronde in die Vry-
staat en Noordwes behaal.
Minimum grondversteuring vereis dat die versteurde gedeelte nie meer as

15 cm breed of 25% van die grondoppervlakte (watter een ookal die laagste
is) soos gemeet direk na plant, moet wees nie

Belangrike voordele en veranderings Oesreste word gewoonlik gedurende

wat onversteurde grond meebring, is dat die winter vir veevoer gebruik. Om dit
die organiese koolstofinhoud daarvan onbenut op lande te laat, strook nie met
nie verder deur bewerkings verlaag hoe meeste boerderye tans bedryf word
word nie, maar mettertyd moontlik kan nie. Beperkte benutting van oesreste is
toeneem. Die erosie-kwesbaarheid neem moontlik, maar die voordele en nadele
ook af. n Verdere belangrike voordeel met die benutting daarvan moet ernstig
is dat mikro-organismes in die grond nie oorweeg word. Amerikaanse resultate
deur bewerkings ontwrig en vernietig het getoon dat die opbrengs van miel-
word nie. Met minimumversteuring, ies met 34 kg ha-1 toeneem vir elke
word die grond gewoonlik deur fungi in persentasiepunt toename in die bedek-
plaas van bakterie gedomineer. Fungi king van die grond. Indien die oesreste
is n meer stabiele bron en stoorplek van wel deur vee benut gaan word, moet
plantvoedingstowwe as bakterie. Dit toegesien word dat die 30% grondbe-
speel ook n belangrike rol in die vorming dekkingsvereiste steeds nagekom word.
en stabilisering van grondstruktuur en Tussen strooptyd en die opvolgende
kan plae soos parasitiese aalwurms planttyd behoort oesreste onversteurd
onderdruk. Minimum grondversteuring is gelaat te word. In teenstelling met lande
gevolglik noodsaaklik om die kwaliteits- wat gerolmoer is, voorkom staande,
agteruitgang van die grond te stuit en dit grondgeankerde mieliestronke wind-
te verbeter. erosie beter, waai of spoel reste nie so
maklik van die land af nie en vergaan
dit stadiger, wat n langdurende grond-
2. Permanente of semi-perma- bedekking meebring. n Eweredige ver-
nente grondbedekking spreiding van oesreste, deur stropers, is
Bewaringsboerdery vereis dat minstens belangrik om die effektiwiteit daarvan
30% van die grond, soos direk na die so hoog moontlik te maak.
plantaksie gemeet, met plantreste (vorige
gewas en onkruide) bedek moet wees.
Plantreste beskerm die grond teen ero- 3. Wisselbou
sie en mag in baie gevalle n drama- In die ideale wisselboustelsel volg
tiese invloed op die behoud van n ho minstens drie verskillende gewasse
infiltrasie-tempo van ren- en besproei- mekaar op. Byvoorbeeld: voersorg-
ingswater tot gevolg h. Terselfdertyd hum - peulgewas - mielies. Die
verminder plantreste die water-afloop en grondmikrobe-aktiwiteit en -diversiteit
die gevolglike omgewingsimpak. Reste in die grond floreer gewoonlik in sulke
op die grondoppervlak dien ook as n stelsels veral weens die insluiting van n
stadige maar deurlopende bron van peulgewas. Die verhoogde aktiwiteit
voeding vir grondmikrobes. en diversiteit beperk die vermo van

Die grondbedekking word gemeet deur n maatband of lyn skuins-dwars

oor die plantrigting te span en dan op bepaalde punte te kyk of daar grond
of plantmateriaal onder die punt is. Die persentasie punte wat oor plant-
reste gele is verteenwoordig die bedekking en moet verkielik bo 30% wees
om as bewaringsboerdery te kwalifiseer
patogene en plae, soos aalwurm, wat maklik verdig, aanbeveel. Hoe

om skade aan die gewas aan te rig. hor die klei-inhoud en dror die grond
Hierdeur verhoog die kwaliteit van die hoe kleiner die kans dat die grond kan
grond. Graanopbrengste en -kwaliteit verdig. Trekkers en implimente wat
is gewoonlik hor in wisselboustelsels onnodig swaar belas is vir die doel
waarvan die gewasse uiteenlopend is. waarvoor dit gebruik word, moet vermy
word. n Groter kontakoppervlakte tus-
Weens ekonomiese en ander oorwe-
sen die band en die grond verklein ook
gings, is dit gewoonlik nie moontlik om
die verdigstingseffek daarvan. Brer en
drie verskillende gewasse op n 1:1:1
groter bande wat nie onnodig styf ge-
oppervlakte-verhouding op n plaas te
pomp is nie voorkom kompaksie beter
roteer nie. Werkbare alternatiewe, wat
as kleiner, smaller en styf gepompte
ongelukkig nie die ideaal is nie, is om
bande.
die alternatiewe gewasse tot mielie
oppervlakte-verhouding van 1:1 tot 1:4
oppervlakte-verhouding te verbou.
Voorvereistes en knelpunte van
bewaringsboerdery
4. Beheerde spoorverkeer
Wreldwye ondervinding het getoon
Trekkers en implemente is die grootste dat die ingesteldheid van die boer
bron van grondverdigting, daarom deurslaggewend is vir die suksesvolle
word beheerde spoorverkeer op grond toepassing van bewaringsboerdery.

Die invloed van wisselbou met n peulgewas op die groei en produksie van
mielies is sommige seisoene dramaties. Die mielies aan die linkerkant is
in monokultuur verbou terwyl di aan die regterkant deur n peulgewas
voorafgegaan is
Indien n land na bewaringsboerdery Onkruidbeheer in bewaringsboerdery

oorgeskakel word, moet enige ver- vereis kennis van onkruide en doders,
digting en grondsuurheid eers deur be- asook die bestuur van die onkruidbe-
werking en bekalking opgehef word. heerproses. Onvoldoende onkruidbe-
Die chemiese en fisiese komponente heer is n belangrike oorsaak van mis-
moet gevolglik eers reggestel word lukte pogings tot bewaringsboerdery.
voordat die mikrobiologiese komponent Die onkruidspektrum verander gewoon-
van minimum grondversteuring en wis- lik met die oorskakeling na bewarings-
selbou kan gedy. boerdery en uitgawes aan onkruid-
doders neem toe. Sonder die insluiting
Bewaringsboerdery vereis n doeltref-
van n glifosaatbestande gewas in die
fende planter en onkruiddoderspuit wat
gewasstelsel, gaan die oorskakeling na
gewoonlik n kapitale uitgawe vereis.
bewaringsboerdery waarskynlik baie
Groot besparings word egter deur tyd,
moeilik wees.
arbeid, brandstof en onderhoud van
masjinerie teweeg gebring. Die totale Met die verandering na bewarings-
kapitale investering (belegging) in trek- boerdery verander die omstandighede
kers en toerusting is laer as die van vir plae en siektes ook. Sommiges kan
konvensionele bewerking en produk- afneem terwyl ander kan toeneem.
siestelsels. Goeie waarneming en die bestuur van

insekte, siektes en plae soos knaag- maar as n voorkomende aksie. Kleiner

diere word gevolglik vereis. en meer gereelde toedienings gaan dus
vereis word.
Graanopbrengste kan aanvanklik
na die omskakeling na bewarings-
boerdery laer wees as di van konven-
Slot opmerkings
sioneel geproduseerde graan. Daar
word dus aanbeveel dat die eerste ge- Bewaringsboerdery word deur baie
was wat in onversteurde grond geplant boere as slegs n kostebesparende
moet word eerder n peulgewas moet praktyk eerder as n hulpbron- en
wees wat die daaropvolgende mielie- omgewingsbewarende aksie gesien,
opbrengs n hupstoot kan gee. Resultate wat ook poog om die natuurlike hulp-
met bewaringsboerdery is omgewings- bronne optimaal te benut. Dit beperk nie
en grondverwant en dit mag aanvanklik noodwendig kostes nie. Besparings op
geduld vereis. brandstof en meganisasie word dikwels
deur verhoogde uitgawes aan onkruid-
Vee op n land onder bewarings-
doders en ander chemikalie uitgewis.
boerdery kan tot grondverdigting aan-
In baie gevalle styg die opbrengste van
leiding gee en die vereiste deklaag
gewasse in bewaringsboerdery met-
grootliks vernietig. Een siening is dat vee
tertyd bo die van konvensioneel gepro-
glad nie op bewaringsboerderylande
duseerde gewasse. Onkruiddruk neem
toegelaat moet word nie. n Tweede
ook af, wat die ekonomie verbeter.
siening is dat vee op die lande toege-
laat kan word mits die grond droog Die plaaslike grond en klimaat bepaal
genoeg is om kompaksie te voorkom, die fyner voetwerk van bewarings-
maar dat genoeg oesreste agter gelaat boerdery. n Eenvormige suksesresep
moet word om steeds aan die vereiste bestaan nie. Wat met minimumgrond-
30% grondbedekking te voldoen. versteuring bedoel word, watter wis-
selboustelsels die suksesvolste gaan
Stikstofbemesting moet aanvanklik met
wees, hoe gereeld kalk toegedien moet
sowat 10 - 15% opwaarts aangepas
word, ens., moet gewoonlik proef-
word. Grondsuurheid, soos weerspiel
ondervindelik vir plaaslike omstan-
in die suurversadigingsontleding, moet
dighede bepaal word.
behoorlik bestuur word. Kalk en gips
moet nie soos in die konvensionele stel-
sels as regstelling toegedien word nie,

SOIL CULTIVATION AND CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE

Soil cultivation tional ploughing usually results in com-
paction in the sub-soil which limits root
Soil is cultivated to combat weeds,
growth. Sandier and wetter soils usually
pests and diseases, to incorporate crop
compact faster under plough and disc
residues, and chemicals and to cre-
cultivation actions than drier and more
ate a favourable seedbed for seedling
clayey soils. In such cases, deeper and
emergence and growth. Soil is some-
more costly tillage methods are usually
times cultivated to control wind erosion.
required which results in further deterio-
Mouldboard and disc ploughs are ration of the soil quality. Clay soils that
used to achieve one or more of the shrink and swell under drying and wet-
mentioned objectives in conventional ting spells usually can alleviate compac-
cultivation systems. The soil is pulve- tion naturally.
rised and inverted and crop residues
Deterioration of soils, resulting erosion
are mixed with the soil in the plough
and ever increasing energy and mecha-
layer through the ploughing action. The
nisation costs have resulted in an aware-
soil surface is usually left with little, if
ness that alternative cultivation practices
any residue. Secondary shallower till-
are required. As a result, reduced and
age actions are often done with tine or
conservation tillage practices, where
disc implements to achieve one or more
only tine implements are used, were
of the mentioned objectives.
introduced some decades ago with the
Conventional cultivation systems have inception of herbicides. Tillage actions,
however, some important disadvanta- previously primarily aimed at weed
ges. Due to the disturbance of the soil, control, were replaced by herbicide
its quality deteriorates as reflected by application resulting in reduced tillage.
the decline in the organic carbon con-
The objective with conservation tillage
tent. The soil structure is also destroyed
is to leave at least 30% of the soil sur-
or deteriorates, the erosion susceptibi-
face covered with crop residues after
lity increases and the life cycle of some
cultivation whereby erosion is restricted
micro-organisms is disrupted. In many
and the initially high water infiltration
instances water runoff and the conse-
rate is prolonged. Chisel plough culti-
quential erosion are enhanced by soil
vation usually succeeds in these objec-
cultivation. Soil cultivation and its fuel
tives, provided that the initial amount
and mechanisation requirement is a ma-
of crop residue was sufficient. The
jor portion of the costs associated with
well-known rip on row cultivation that is
crop production.
practiced, especially on the sandy soils
On many soil texture classes, conven- of the Free State, can also be consi-

dered as conservation tillage since most resources such as rainfall and soil are
of the residue is left on the soil surface. also maximised. Soil of a high qua-
However, chisel plough, rip and other lity has no chemical or physical limita-
comparable tillage actions, disturb the tions. The microbial population will be
soil enough to undermine its quality. as high or diverse as allowed by the
climate.
The best indicator of soil quality is its or-
ganic carbon content and a higher con- Conservation agriculture consists of the
tent indicates a higher quality. During application of certain crop production
the past 70 to 100 years the organic principles namely:
carbon content of soils on the Highveld
1. Minimum soil disturbance.
declined by as much as 75% due to
conventional tillage methods. The or- 2. The creation and maintenance of a
ganic carbon content plays an impor- semi- or permanent mulch of plant
tant role in the physical and chemical residue.
characteristics of soils. A higher organic
3. Crop rotation.
carbon content is associated with a
higher cation exchange capacity and 4. Controlled traffic on compact prone
water retention capacity as well as a soils.
lower susceptibility for compaction and
surface crusting.
1. Minimum soil disturbance
Sustainable future crop production is
non-negotiable. Soil quality deteriora- In conservation agriculture a primary
tion should be prevented and every- soil cultivation is not done any more
thing must be done to rather improve it. and the only cultivation that really oc-
Soil quality (also known as soil health) curs is the planting action. An important
is the sum total of the chemical, physical condition is that the disturbed area must
and biological ability of a soil to sustain be less than 15 cm wide or less than
crop productivity at a high level. At the 25% of the cropped area (whichever
same time, erosion must be prevented. is lower). The ideal scenario is no-till
These objectives can only be achieved where the soil is only disturbed within
through conservation agriculture. the plant furrow.
Limited experience currently indicates

that sandier soils need deeper distur-
Conservation agriculture
bance than clayey soils at planting to
The objective of conservation agricul- ensure crop establishment and deep
ture is to maximise soil quality and to placement of fertiliser. Guidelines on
minimise soil erosion and the impact on the allowable depth of disturbance, in
the environment. Through improvement relation to texture class, are not yet ava-
of soil quality, the utilisation of natural ilable. Disturbance depths of 150250

Cultivation with a chisel plough, where most of the stubble is left on the soil
surface, is considered conservation tillage. Unfortunately, it does not comply
with the principles of conservation agriculture
mm appear to be adequate on some 2. Permanent or semi-perma-

sandy soils in the Free State and North- nent soil cover
West. Conservation agriculture requires that
An important beneficial consequence at least 30% of the soil surface should
of minimum soil disturbance is that the be covered with plant residue (previous
destruction and consequential decline crop and weeds) directly after planting.
of the organic carbon content ceases Plant residues protect the soil against
and that it can recover. The erosion erosion and in many instances can have
a favourable effect on water infiltration
susceptibility also decreases and mi-
rate from rain or irrigation. Water run-
cro-organisms within the soil are not
off and the associated environmental
disturbed or destroyed. Minimum dis-
impact are consequently reduced. The
turbed soil is usually dominated by fun-
cover also serves as a slowly released
gi, which is a more stable source and
source of food for soil organisms.
storage environment of plant nutrients
rather than bacteria. Fungi also play In most cases, crop residues are utilised
an important role in the formation and as animal feed and to leave it intact on
stabilisation of the soil structure and the soil is not in line with the custom
can suppress parasitic nematodes. on most farms. Limited usage of residue
Minimum soil disturbance is therefore is possible, but the advantages and
necessary to reverse the quality decline disadvantages thereof must be consi-
dered. Results from America have indi-
associated with tillage.
cated that maize yields increase by 34
kg ha-1 for every percentage increase

Minimum soil disturbance entails that the disturbed soil should be less than
15 cm wide or less than 25% of the cropped area (whichever is lower) as
measured directly after planting
in soil cover. If animals are allowed to each other, for example, forage sorg-
graze these residues it is important that hum legume maize. Soil microbe
the required 30% cover still be main- activity and diversity usually thrive in
tained. such systems especially when a legume
Residues should be left intact after har- crop is included. The increased acti-
vesting until the next planting action. In vity and diversity limit the ability of pests
contrast with fields where residues were and pathogens, such as nematodes, to
shredded and flattened with a knife harm the crop and as a result increases
roller (or rolmoer), standing maize the soil quality. Grain yield and grain
stems are better in preventing wind ero- quality are usually higher in crop rota-
sion, are not washed or blown away tions where the crops are diverse.
and decompose slower, resulting in a
Due to economic and other considera-
mulch that remains intact much longer.
tions, it usually is not viable to produce
An even spread of residues on the land
by combine harvesters is important for three different crops in a 1:1:1 area ra-
its effectiveness. tio. Although not ideal, workable alter-
natives are to use ratios of alternative
3. Crop rotation
crops to maize area of 1:1 to 1:4.
In the ideal crop rotation system, at
least three different crops should follow

Soil cover is measured with a tape measure or line with pre-marked points
diagonally laid over the planting direction and determining if there are bare
soil or plant material under these points. The percentage of points which
have plant materials, represent the cover and it should preferably be more
than 30% to qualify for conservation agriculture
4. Controlled traffic the attitude of farmers is critical for the

successful application of conservation
Since tractors and implements are the
agriculture.
main source of soil compaction, con-
trolled traffic is recommended on com- Before a land is converted to con-
paction prone soils. Higher clay content servation agriculture, all existing soil
and drier soils are less prone to compac- compactions and acidity must be alle-
tion. Tractors and implements which are viated through tillage and liming. The
unnecessarily loaded with weight than for chemical and physical components
the task it is used for, should be avoided. must therefore first be corrected before
An increased contact area between tyres the microbial component of minimum
and the soil will also reduce the probabili- disturbance and crop rotation can
ty for compaction. Wider and larger tyres flourish.
which are not inflated too high are better
Conservation agriculture requires ef-
than small highly inflated tyres.
fective planters and herbicide sprayers
that usually result in capital expenditure.
Requirements and bottlenecks Huge savings however, are obtained
of conservation agriculture on time, labour, fuel and maintenance
of machinery. The total capital invest-
Worldwide experience has shown that
ment in tractors and equipment is lower

The effect of crop rotation with a legume on the growth and production of
maize, can be dramatic in some seasons. The maize on the left was mono-
cultured, while that on the right was preceded by a legume crop
than those of conventional practices riculture, growth conditions for pests

and crop production systems. and diseases changes. Some might be
enhanced while some might be sup-
Weed control in conservation agricul-
pressed. Good observation and man-
ture requires knowledge of weeds and
agement of insects, diseases and pests
herbicides as well as the entire control
such as rodents is therefore required for
process. Ineffective weed control is an
timeous action.
important cause of failed attempts to
convert to conservation agriculture. The Initially, maize grain yields can be be-
weed spectrum usually changes when low that of conventionally produced
changing to conservation agriculture crops after changing to conservation
and expenditure on herbicides usually agriculture. It is therefore recommended
that the first crop to be planted in undis-
increases. Without the inclusion of a
turbed soil rather be a legume that can
glyphosate tolerant crop in the rotation
boost the follow-up maize crop. Crop
system, the conversion to a conserva-
responses to conservation agriculture
tion agriculture system will probably be
are related to soil and environmental
very difficult.
conditions, which often requires pa-
With the change to conservation ag- tience.

Animals on conservation agriculture Concluding remarks

lands can cause soil compaction and
Conservation agriculture is seen by
destruction of the mulch. One view is
many farmers as a cost reducing prac-
that animals should not be allowed
tice rather than a resource and environ-
onto conservation agricultural lands.
mental conservation action with the ad-
A second view is that animals be al-
vantage of optimal resource utilization.
lowed on such lands as long as the soil
It does not necessarily cut costs, since
is dry and the 30% soil cover threshold
savings on fuel and mechanization is
is maintained.
usually balanced out by increased re-
Initially, nitrogen fertilisation rates should liance on herbicides and other chemi-
be increased with about 1015%. Soil cals. In due time, yields of crops in
acidity, as depicted by the acid satura- conservation systems can exceed those
tion, should be strictly managed. Lime of crops in conventional tillage systems.
and gypsum cannot be administered Weed pressure also decreases with
as a correction measure such as with time, resulting in a decrease in herbi-
conventional systems, but should be cide application rates and improved
applied regularly in smaller quantities economics.
to prevent the development of excess
acidity.

TREKKRAG TOETS OP GRONDBEWERKINGS

IMPLEMENTE
Inleiding gedoen teen vol enjin revolusies asook
teen 540 kragas revolusies. Die ver-
Die Landbou Navorsingsraad - Instituut
houding tussen die brandstofverbruik en
vir Landbou-ingenieurswese (LNR-IAE) in
enjin kraglewering is deur n regressie-
samewerking met Graan SA en NWK
analise bepaal. Die brandstofverbruik
het n projek geloods om grondbewerk-
aangeteken gedurende veld toetse is
ings- implemente oor die tydperk Sep-
dan gekorreleer met die enjin krag re-
tember 2010 tot Maart 2011 met die
sultate van die laboratorium toetse.
finansile bystand van die Mielietrust te
toets. Die toetse is in die Lichtenburg, Die implemente is in die veld gehaak
Koster en Mareetsane omgewing ge- aan n 3-punt dinamometer om die
doen op sand, sandleem en kleileem trekstangdrywing te meet wat deur mid-
grond. Die doel van die veld toe- del radio kommunikasie na n mobiele
tse was om die handleiding genaamd toets-eenheid versend is.(Fig 1)
Kostegids vir Landboumasjinerie op
Die mobiele toets-eenheid bevat n
te dateer, wat jaarliks deur die Depar-
rekenaar met TCE sagteware vir die
tement van Landbou uitgegee word.
beheer en verwerking van al die data
Slegs nuwe masjinerie wat nie in die
wat vanaf die data logger wat op die
ou handleiding is nie, is getoets. Die
trekker genstalleer is, versend word.
volgende implemente is getoets: wis-
(Fig. 2)
selgang skotteleg, ondergrond brekers,
paraploeg, beitel ploe en n rolmoer. Daar is gebruik gemaak van sagteware
Die handleiding is oor die jare baie wat op die rekenaar genstalleer is,
handig gebruik as n hulpmiddel om ef- genaamd Glyphworks, om die finale
fektiewe meganisasie beplanning toe te implement toetsverslag te skep en uit te
pas en dra ook by tot die berekening druk. (Fig. 3)
van die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid
Bespreking van resultate
van bewerkings.
Die gemiddelde trekstangdrywing wat
Die opgedateerde handleiding sal
aangewend was om die implemente te
beskikbaar wees op die Departement
trek het bestaan uit ongeveer 50% van
van Landbou se web adres nl: http://
die maksimum enjindrywing. Die Super
www.daff.gov.za
25 ripper (1,5 meter breed, 3 tand met
Toets metode 19 volle Hamerkop skare) het die
hoogste enjin krag vereis in die reeks
n Volledige enjin drywingstoets is in n
implemente wat getoets is. Die rolmoer
toets laboratorium op n dinamometer
wat met n sleepstang getrek word, het

Fig.1. Implement gehaak aan dinamometer

die minste krag vereiste gehad vir die die bepaling van die grootte van die
reeks implemente wat getoets is. trekker wat benodig word om sekere
bewerkings te kan doen.
Wanneer dieselfde implement se toets
resultate vergelyk word tussen sandleem Die volgende faktore beinvloed die
en kleileem gronde, het die implemente trekkrag van n implement: werkspoed,
getoets op kleileem altyd n hor trek- grondtipe, grond voginhoud, wielglip,
kragvereiste gehad. Vogpersentasie werkdiepte, implement werk wydte en
speel ook n groot rol met trekkrag met- grootte van implement. Eenvoudige
ings, en in die geval was die vog in trekkrag vergelykings van al die imple-
die kleileem grond 2% hor as in die mente is dus nie moontlik is nie.
sandleem grond. Die resultate van die Die implemente is getoets onder nor-
sandleem grond het nie n duidelike ver- male werkstoestande, alhoewel die
houding tot die ander 2 gronde getoon verskil in werkspoed en werkdiepte dit
nie. Die enjin drywing benodig om n nog steeds moeilik maak om resultate
implement te trek is baie belangrik in te vergelyk.

Fig.2. Mobiele toetseenheid Fig.3. Toetsverslag deur nCode
Gevolgtrekking n Volhoubare boerdery moet ekono-

mies lewensvatbaar wees.
Die inligting wat versamel is deur die
trekkrag toetse is baie belangrik vir die Verdere toetse is ook belangrik om die
Kostegids vir Landbou Masjinerie wat effek van spoed, grondtipe, voginhoud,
jaarliks deur die Departement van Land- wielglip, werk diepte en implement
bou opgedateer word. werkwydte op trekkrag benodig vir elke
implement te bepaal.
Hierdie inligting van nuwe landbou
masjinerie in terme van werk tempo,
brandstof verbruik en enjin drywingsver-
eistes is baie belangrik om die boer te
help om n ingeligte besluit oor die se-
leksie van die masjinerie wat geskik is
vir spesifieke omstandighede te maak.

TESTING OF DRAWBAR POWER FOR

TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
Introduction tests was then correlated to the engine
power results from laboratory tests.
Agricultural Research Council Institute
for Agricultural Engineering (ARC IAE) In the field, the implements were hitched
in partnership with Grain SA and NWK to the 3 point linkage dynamometer for
tested tillage implements over the period recording the drawbar power of the im-
September 2010 to March 2011 with plement through radio communication
financial assistance from The Maize to the mobile testing unit (Fig. 1). The
Trust. The tests were done in Lichten- mobile testing unit includes a computer
burg, Koster and Mareetsane on sandy, with a TCE software for processing all
sand loamy and clay loamy soils. The data from the data logger installed on
whole purpose of the field tests was to the tractor (Fig. 2). Finally, ncode soft-
update a manual called Guide to Ma- ware installed with Glyphworks was
chinery Costs updated annually by the used for producing a report of the test
Department of Agriculture, hence only results (Fig. 3)
new machinery not in the old manual
was tested. The implements include, off-
set disc harrow, rippers, paraplough, Results and discussion
chisel plough and rolling stalk chopper
(rolmoer). Over the years, the manual On average, 50 % of the engine power
has proved very useful in farm machin- was used for draw bar power and Su-
ery management hence contributing to per 25 ripper (1.5 meter width, 3 tine
the economic viability of farm opera- with 19 full hamerkop shares) gave
tions. The manual will be readily avail- the highest engine power requirements
able on the Department of Agriculture of 100 kW. The trailed 2 meter rolling
website: http://www.daff.gov.za. stalk chopper (rolmoer) had the least
power requirements of 24 kW.
For same implements tested in sandy

Testing methodology soils and clay loamy soils, the latter
Engine power tests at 540 rpm and always gave higher engine power re-
1000 rpm were done using a fixed quirements (14 % higher) even though
electrical dynamometer in the laborato- the soil moisture content was 2 % (wet
ry to determine the relationship between basis) higher in the clay loamy soils.
fuel consumption and engine power The results from sandy loam soils did not
output through regression analysis. The show any clear relationship to the other
fuel consumption recorded during field 2 soils. Engine power output is very im-

Fig.1. Dynamometer linked to implement
portant in determining the size of tractor machinery in terms of field capacity,

for pulling the implements. fuel consumption, drawbar power re-
quirements is very important in helping
The following factors are crucial in influ-
the farmer make an informed decision
encing drawbar power results: speed,
soil type, moisture content, wheel slip,
working depth, working width and size
on selection of machinery suitable to
particular circumstances. For farming to

be sustainable, the farming enterprise
of implement hence a simple compari-
has to be economically viable.
son of all the implements is not possi-
ble. The implements were tested under Further tests are also important to estab-
normal farm operating conditions hence lish the effect of speed, soil type, mois-
parameters like speed, width and depth ture content, wheel slip, working depth
differed making any simple comparison and working width on draw bar power
for different implements difficult. for each implement under different con-
ditions.
Conclusion
The information obtained from the tests

will be very important for the Guide to
Machinery Costs updated annually by
the Department of Agriculture. Such in-
formation on performance of the new

Fig.2. Mobile testing unit
Fig.3. Test report from n

code software

ONKRUIDBEHEER IN GEEN-BEWERKINGSTELSELS
Geen-bewerking hou baie voordele in. 2. Eweredige verspreiding van
Onkruidbeheer bly di grootste uitdag- gewasresidue (stoppels): Dit is
ing in geen-bewerkingstelsels. noodsaaklik vir eenvormige onk-
ruiddoder toediening en om te
Die afwesigheid van meganiese grond-
verseker dat n konsekwente plant-
bewerking en die teenwoordigheid
diepte gehandhaaf word.
van gewas-residue (stoppels) in geen-
bewerkingstelsels lei tot verhoogde or- Probleme wat ondervind word
ganiese materiaal in die grond, grond- indien stoppel onegalig in n
vog bewaring, toename in grondfauna land versprei is:
(bv. erdwurms) en mikrobiologiese ak-
Op etikette van vooropkoms
tiwiteite in die grond, afname in gron-
onkruiddoders word dit beklemtoon
derosie en grondtemperature asook n
dat onkruiddoders toegedien
afname in grondverdigting en kompak-
moet word op n fyn, egalige
sie. Geen-bewerkingspraktyke het n
saadbed. Navorsers het verskeie
direkte of indirekte invloed op die onk-
standpunte rakende onegalige
ruidspektrum, tyd van onkruidkieming,
stoppelverspreiding byvoorbeeld
gewas-onkruid kompetisie, die keuse
a) In geenbewerkingstelsels kan
van onkruiddoders, sowel as op die
grondtoegediende onkruiddoders
tyd en metode van onkruiddodertoedi-
wat op die stoppel toegedien
ening.
word, bind met gewasresidue; b)
Wenke vir suksesvolle onkruid- Blaar toegediende onkruiddoders
beheer in geen-bewerkingstel- kan deur die residue onderskep
sels word en so verlaagde
onkruiddoder-onkruid kontak
1. Tydige onkruidbeheer: Onkruid-
en verlaagde onkruiddoder
doders word op die blare (na-
effektiwiteit tot gevolg h.
opkoms van onkruid) of op die
grond toegedien en die effektief- Stoppel skep n koel, vogtige
ste resultate word verkry indien mikro-klimaat wat tot gevolg het
die toestande vir onkruiddoder dat onkruide en opslag-gewasse
absorpsie en -vervoer optimaal is. vir langer periodes kiem en opkom
Moet nooit onkruiddoder toedien onder die stoppels as in die res
indien die gewas of onkruide in van die veld. Die seisoenslange
enige stremmingstoestand (eks- opkoms van die onkruide maak
treme temperature, droogte of ver- die enkele toediening van
suiptoestande) verkeer nie. blaartoegediende onkruiddoders
minder effektief.

Hor onkruidpopulasies en spuitpunte, spuitvolumes ens. Lees

opslaggewasse in dele met baie onkruiddoderetikette deeglik en
stoppel kan selfs die toedien van volg voorskrifte stiptelik.
herhaalde onkruiddoderdosisse
5. Gebruik lande met n lae
verlang ten einde effektiewe
onkruiddruk/onkruidpopulasie.
onkruidbeheer te verseker.
Voordat geen-bewerkings
Digte lae stoppel verhinder praktyke op n land toepas, moet
soms goeie saad-grond kontak die onkruidspektrum op die land
en het onegalige gewas stand deeglik gedentifiseer word. Die
tot gevolg. Laer gewas stand, afwesigheid van meerjarige
verlaag die gewas se potensiaal onkruide en die benutting van
om te kompeteer met die lande met n lae onkruiddruk word
onkruide. Onkruide kry gevolglik sterk aanbeveel.
die oorhand en bemoeilik
6. Bemesting toediening moet aange-
seisoenslange onkruidbeheer.
pas word vir geen-bewerkingstel-
Stoppel skep n gunstige mikro- sels. Bandplasing van bemesting
omgewing vir grondsiektes, bring mee dat plantvoedingstof
plae en knaagdiere wat maklik deur die gewas opgeneem
kan lei tot verlaagde gewas kan word en bevoordeel dus die
groeikragtigheid en dus weereens gewas tydens onkruid-gewas kom-
n swakker vermo van die gewas petisie. Die breedwerpige plasing
om met onkruide te kompeteer. van kunsmis kan grasonkruide
bevoordeel.
3. Effektiewe onkruidbeheer in
voorafgaande gewasse: Waar 7. Wisselbou. Wisselbou help om
beplan word om geenbewerking- onkruide en plae te beheer. Son-
stelsels toe te pas, is dit noodsaak- neblom is byvoorbeeld uitstekend
lik om onkruidsaadproduksie in vir die beheer van uintjies.
die voorafgaande gewasse te
8. Gebruik skoon, gesertifiseerde
voorkom. Verlaagde onkruiddruk
saad met ho groeikragtigheid,
in voorafgaande gewasse, met wat goed aangepas is in die
gevolglike min onkruidsade in die omgewing waarin u n geen-
grondsaadbank, verhoog sukses bewerkingstelsel wil toepas.
in geen-bewerkingstelsels. Onkruid gekontamineerde
4. Effektiewe onkruiddodertoedien- gewas-saad kan onkruidbeheer
ing is noodsaaklik. Gebruik goed bemoeilik. Ho kwaliteit
gewassaad lei tot die vinnige
toegeruste spuittoerusting vir suk-
opkoms van die gewas. Die
sesvolle onkruidbeheer. Maak
gewas het dus voorsprong tydens
seker u gebruik die regte tipe
gewas-onkruid kompetisie.

9. Gewasse wat vroer saad doen vir saadbed voorbereiding voor

produseer kan verhoogde planttyd nie. Onkruiddoders in geen-
opbrengspotensiaal tot gevolg bewerkingstelsels kan toegedien word
h weens verlaagde onkruid- voor plant, gedurende planttyd of na
gewas kompetisie. Indien opkoms van die gewas.
gewassaad geoes kan word voor
Voorplant. Met hierdie metode word
onkruidsaadproduksie, verminder
onkruiddoders toegedien voordat die
dit gewas saadkontaminasie. Die
onkruidsaad gekiem het of indien slegs
plantdatum van gewasse hang
enkele onkruidsaailinge reeds opge-
steeds af van grondtemperatuur,
kom het. Die voorplanttoediening van
vog en die vermo van die grond
onkruiddoders voorkom dat onkruide
om te kompakteer onder nat
vestig in die saadbed.
toestande ens.
Twee tipes voor plant onkruiddoder-
10.
Beheer plantsiektes, insekte
toedienings bestaan naamlik: 1) Vroeg
en knaagdiere. Soos reeds
voor-plant onkruiddodertoediening -
beklemtoon, is n gesonde,
gewoonlik so 14-40 dae voor plant
ho groeikragtige gewas, vry
en 2) Voorplant oppervlak toediening
van siektes en plae, n sterker
van onkruiddoder - gewoonlik so 14
kompeteerder met onkruide.
dae voor plant.
11.
Verhoed die storting
1.
Vroeg voor plant
van onkruidsaad in die
onkruiddodertoediening. Gerelde
grondsaadbank. Die sukses veld inspeksies is noodsaaklik om
van onkruidbeheer in n geen- vas te stel watter onkruidsaad kiem
bewerkingstelsel is om ten alle tye gedurende watter tyd van die jaar.
onkruide voor onkruidsaadstorting Grasonkruide kiem
te beheer. Probeer jong gewoonlik 7-10 dae later as
aktiefgroeiende onkruide uitwis breblaaronkruide. Meerjarige
voor saadstorting om sodoende onkruide (Kikuyu, Cynodon) moet
onkruid-gewas kompetisie, gewas 4-6 weke voor plant beheer word.-
saadkontaminasie en die storting Onkruide moet aktiefgroeiend
van die onkruidsaad in die wees om onkruiddoder effektief
grondsaadbank te vermy. Waar te absorbeer. Gebruik dieGuide
besproeiing toegepas word, to the use of herbicides van die
moet onkruidbeheer in waterbane Nasionale Departement Landbou,
tydig toegepas word om Direktoraat: Landbou Inligtings
onkruidsaadstorting te voorkom. Dienste, vir n volledige lys van
die voor-opkoms onkruiddoders.
Beginsels van onkruidbeheer in Waar voor-opkoms onkruiddoders
geen-bewerkingstelsels (grondtoegediende doders)
gebruik word, moet gelet word
Volgens geen-bewerkingstelsels word
op wagperiodes vir die aanplant
geen meganiese grondbewerking ge-

van gewasse en opvolggewasse. breblaargewas, breblaaronkruide

Onkruiddoders soos glifosate en te beheer of om grasse te beheer na
paraquat kan gebruik word as n die opkoms van n grasgewas. Om
vorm van chemiese skoffel. optimale onkruidbeheer en minimum
2. Voorplant oppervlak toediening. gewasskade te verseker moet alle
Tot en met 14 dae voor plant onkruiddoders toegedien word
kan opslagonkruide van verskil- volgens die voorgeskrewe dosisse en
lende groottes teenwoordig wees tydens die regte ontwikkelingstadium
in die saadbed. Vir die beheer van beide onkruid en gewas.
van hierdie onkruide moet onkru- Moontlike gevolge van
iddoders met n blaarwerking toe- Geen bewerkingspraktyke op
gedien word om vroegsomer en onkruidbeheer
laat winteronkruide te verwyder.
Gebruik dieGuide to the use of 1. Verskuiwing in onkruidspektrum
herbicides van die Nasionale na meerjarige breblaar onkruide
Departement Landbou, Direk- en geharde grasse (wilde
toraat: Landbou Inligtings Dienste, sorghums, kweekgras, Kikuyu)
vir n volledige lys van voor-plant en uintjies. Meerjarige onkruide
(grondtoegediende doders) en en uintjies, wat voorheen beheer
blaar toegediende onkruiddoders. is deur meganiese bewerking,
benodig spesiale behandeling in
Onkruiddoder toediening tydens plant. geen-bewerkingstelsels. Geen-
Grondtoegediende (vooropkoms) onk- bewerkingstelsels bevoordeel
ruiddoders of blaartoegediende onk- kleinsadige onkruidspesies
ruiddoders of nie-selektiewe onkruid- (byvoorbeeld grasse) bo breblaar
doders kan toegedien word gedurende onkruidspesies. Laasgenoemde
plant of net na plant, maar voor die skep veral n probleem t.o.v die
opkoms van die gewas. Grondtoe- beheer van grasonkruide binne
gediende onkruiddoders met n lang grasgewasse, soos mielies en
residuele werking kan die opkoms van sorghum.
nuwe onkruidsaailinge teenwerk. 2. Onkruidweerstandbiedendheid
Na-opkoms toedien van onkruiddoder. teen onkruiddoders: Die
Na die opkoms van die gewas, het voortdurende gebruik van
die produsent steeds verskeie keuses onkruiddoders met dieselfde
t.o.v. onkruiddodertoediening. n aktiewe bestanddele bring
Verskeidenheid selektiewe doders, onkruidweerstandbiedendheid
beide blaartoegediende en teen onkruiddoders teweeg. Dit
grondtoegediende doders is beskikbaar beklemtoon weereens die belang
om onkruide na opkoms van die gewas van wisselbou binne n geen-
te beheer. Die grootste probleem bewerkingstelsel.
bly steeds om na die opkoms van n

3. Organiese materiaal benvloed Die jongste inligting oor die gewildste

onkruiddoderdosisse. Ho tem- onkruiddoders en beheer van
perature in die grootste gewaspro- onkruide word jaarliks in die Mielie-
duserende gebiede in Suid-Afrika inligtingsgids (MIG) gepubliseer en is
voorkom die opbou van orga- verkrygbaar vanaf: die LNR- Instituut
niese materiaal in die grond. Dit vir Graangewasse, P/Sak X1251,
sal 5 jaar of langer neem voordat Potchefstroom, 2520.
organiese materiaal opbou in die
grond en die onkruiddoder do-
sisse benvloed.
Algemeen
Onkruididentifikasie l die grondslag

vir effektiewe onkruidbeheer. Vir
suksesvolle onkruid-identifikasie is
die handboek Algemene onkruide
in gewasse en tuine in Suidelike Af-
rika, geskryf deur Mnr. Chris Botha
beskikbaar vanaf: die LNR- Instituut vir
Graangewasse, P/Sak X1251, Potch-
efstroom, 2520.

WEED CONTROL IN NO-TILL

Although no till cultivation in certain Labels of soil-active herbicides
areas is quite beneficial, weed control stated that these herbicides must be
is still one of the largest challenges in applied on a fine and even seed
these systems. bed. In no-till systems, soil-active
herbicides applied after harvest,
The absence of tillage disruption and can be bound by the crop residue.
the presence of the crop residue cover Foliar-active herbicides can also be
in no-till systems generally result in an intercepted by the residue without
increase in organic matter content, soil coming in contact with emerging
moisture, improved earthworm popula- weeds.
tions and microbiological activity, and
The shaded, cool, moist environ-
a decrease in erosion, soil temperature,
ment under stubble rows results in
surface sealing and compaction. These
a longer period of germination and
in turn can have a direct or indirect ef-
emergence of weeds and volunteer
fect on the weed species present, time
crops, than in the rest of the field.
of germination and competition, as well This makes a single application of
as herbicide selection, formulation, tim- foliar-active herbicides less effec-
ing and method of application. tive.
Tips for successful no-till weed High populations of weeds and
control volunteer crops in the stubble rows
1. Timely weed control. In no-till sys- could require repeated herbicide
tems herbicides are applied onto a application rates to provide effec-
tive control.
leaf surface, or into the soil, and will
get the best results when the condi- Drill penetration for good seed-soil
tions are most favourable for herbi- contact is often inadequate in dense
cide absorption. stubble, resulting in reduced or non-
uniform crop stands. This provides
2. Distribute crop residue uniformly
less crop competition with weeds,
over the field. This is necessary for
which is an important part of effec-
uniform herbicide application, good tive, season-long weed control.
planter operation and consistent
seed placement. Stubble also provides a favourable
environment for soil borne crop
There are several problems associated diseases, pests and rodents, result-
with concentrated stubble rows: ing in reduced crop vigour and re-
duced competition with weeds.

3. Effective weed control in preced- 7. Crop rotation. Crop rotation may

ing crops: Reducing weed seed be particularly helpful in control-
production, and thus the future ling numerous weed and disease
weed population, before practis- problems.
ing no-till will improve chances of
8. Use clean, high quality certified
a successful crop under conserva-
seed of varieties best adapted
tion tillage.
to the area. Weed-contaminated
4. Effective herbicide application crop seed can be a significant
is required. Using a properly contributor to weed problems.
equipped herbicide sprayer is es- High quality seed is important for
sential for successful weed control rapid emergence and early com-
in no-till farming. Consult product petition with weeds.
labels for specific recommenda-
9. Early seeding of spring crops can
tions.
often improve yield potential and
5. Select a well-drained field with ability to compete with weeds.
low weed density. Absence of However, planting date must also
perennial weeds is desirable be based on soil temperature, soil
when starting no-till. Careful as- moisture content, disease potential
sessment of potential weed prob- and the potential for soil compac-
lems will help to achieve initial tion under wet conditions.
success with no-till.
10. Control plant diseases, insects and
6. Fertilizer application should be ad- rodents: Maintaining a healthy,
justed for no-till. Banding of ferti- vigorous crop, relatively free of
lizer for increased availability and diseases and pests, increases
early access by the crop roots is the crops ability to compete with
commonly beneficial for both crop weeds.
yield potential and weed control.
11. Prevent weed contamination of
Banding of fertilizer can improve
no-till fields. No weeds should be
crop yields under given conditions
allowed at any time of the year to
and provide more vigorous crop
seed in the field or surrounding ar-
competition with weeds. Broad-
eas. Where irrigation is practised,
cast application of nitrogen ferti-
watercourses should be slashed to
lizer has been shown to increase
prevent seeding.
populations of some grass weeds,
such as wild oats.

Weed control principles for no- like glyphosates and paraquat may
till crop production be used.
No-till implies that no tillage will be 2. Pre-plant surface applied (PPSA). Up
practice for seedbed preparation be- to 14 days before planting, weeds
fore crop planting. Herbicide appli- of varying sizes may be present
cations in no-till fields may be made in the seedbed. Therefore, pre-
before planting (pre-plant), during plant- plant surface herbicide treatments
ing, or post-emergence. must have foliar activity to remove
emerged summer and winter annual
Pre-plant. With this method, herbicides
weed seedlings. Again use the
are applied before planting when weed
Guide to the use of herbicides for
seed is ready to germinate or when a
a list of pre-plant and foliar applied
few weed seedlings have emerged
herbicides.
from the soil. The objective is to prevent
weeds from becoming established in Time of planting. Herbicides may be
the seedbed. applied during or after planting but be-
fore crop emergence. In this case previ-
Pre-plant herbicide applications are
ously emerged weeds must be removed
often referred to as: 1) early pre-plant
with a foliar applied herbicide or a
(EPP) treatments which are made 14 to
mixture of a non-selective plus residual
30 or more days before planting; 2)
herbicide.
pre-plant surface applied (PPSA) treat-
ments which are made up to 14 days Post-emergence. After crop emergence,
before planting. producers still have several weed con-
trol options. A variety of selective herbi-
1. Early pre-plant (EPP). Field scouting
cides, both foliar-active and soil-active,
needs to be done periodically to
are available for on-crop application.
determine when weed seed is ger-
These herbicides must be applied at the
minating. Grass weeds germinate
recommended rates and at the correct
seven to 10 days later than broad-
developmental stages of both weed
leaf weeds. Perennial weeds (ki-
and crop to achieve optimum weed
kuyu, Cynodon) must be controlled
control while minimizing crop injury.
about 4-6 weeks before planting -
weeds should be actively growing, Possible effects of no-till prac-
so that they can effectively absorb tises on weed control
herbicides. Use the Guide to the
1. Shift in weed spectrum to perennial
use of Herbicides of the Depart-
broadleaf weeds and tufted grasses
ment of Agriculture, Directorate: Ag-
(wild sorghums, couch, Cynodon, ki-
ricultural Information services, for a
kuyu) and sedges: Perennial weeds
listing of herbicides which may be
and sedges previously removed or
applied early pre-plant. Herbicides
disrupted by mechanical cultivation,

often require special treatment in General

no-till. Weed population changes
Weed identification forms the founda-
seem to favour small-seeded species
tion for effective weed control. For
compared to broadleaf species.
weed identification the handbook
2. Herbicide resistance: Routine over- Common weeds in the crops and
all sprays of herbicides may cause gardens in Southern Africa written by
weeds to develop resistance to her- Mr Chris Botha are available from
bicides. the ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchef-
stroom.
3. Organic matter may effect herbicide
dosages: The high temperatures in Recent information regarding the
most parts of South Africa prevent most popular herbicides and control
the accumulation of organic matter. of weeds is published annually in the
The build-up of organic material in Maize Information Guide, obtainable
the soil may take at least 5 years or from ARC-Grain Crops Institute, P/Bag
longer before it will have an effect X1251, Potchefstroom, 2520.
on herbicide dosages.

Curaterr
BAYTAN

ONKRUIDDODER SKADE AAN MIELIES

Herbicide damage to maize
Chloroacetamide herbicides
(ai = acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor,
S-metolachlor, S-dimethenamide). Glyphosate drift.
Paraquat damage

CHEMIESE ONKRUIDBEHEER
Die foutiewe gebruik van onkruid- 3. Gaan spuittoerusting na en kali-

doders gee dikwels aanleiding tot breer spuite akkuraat.
oneffektiewe onkruidbeheer en ge-
4. Let op etiket voorskrifte rakende
wasskade. Die meeste probleme kan
spuitpunte, tyd van toediening,
voorkom word deur die aanwysings
spuitlewering, gebruiksbeperkings,
op die etikette te bestudeer en streng
na te volg. U word wetlik verplig om mengbaarheid met ander
dit te doen volgens kennisgewing ge- produkte, veiligheidsmaatrels
publiseer in die Staatskoerant. ens.
Onkruiddoders is wondermiddels Vir die effektiewe werking van

aangesien dit in die natuur geplaas voor-opkomsonkruiddoders moet
word in komplekse interaksies met die saadbed fyn en gelyk wees.
grond, omgewingstoestande en/ Vooropkoms onkruiddoders moet in
of ander landbouchemikali. Wat die grond ingewas word (d.m.v. ren
meer is, onkruiddoders is plantdoders of besproeiing) voordat dit geaktiveer
wat ongewensde plante tussen kan word. Na-opkoms onkruiddoders
gewasplante moet beheer. moet nooit toegedien word indien die
gewas of onkruide onder spanning (bv.
Om die doeltreffendheid van n onkru-
droogte of ho temperature) verkeer
iddoder in die praktyk te kontroleer, is
dit nodig om op ten minstens een plek nie aangesien dit die effektiewe
in die land n kontrole te laat. So n opname van die doder benadeel.
kontrole bestaan uit n gedeelte van Meeste na-opkoms onkruiddoders
3-5 meter aan die kant van die land moet saam met n bymiddel toegedien
wat nie bespuit word nie. Hierdie on- word om die penetrasie, adsorpsie
bespuite gedeelte kan ten alle tye met en verspreiding kan verbeter. Verder
die gespuite gedeelte vergelyk word. moet daar ook bedag wees op die
pH van die tenkwater en waar nodig
Voordat u onkruidbeheerstrategie gefi-
moet n buffer en/ of ammoniumsulfaat
naliseer word, neem die volgende in
bygevoeg word vir die effektiewe
ag:
beheer van onkruiddoders wat na-
1. Inspekteer lande gereeld om opkoms toegedien word. Wees
probleemonkruide te identifiseer. versigtig vir spuitnewel tydens die
toediening van na-opkoms doders.
2. Kry advies rakende die onkruid-
Ren of besproeiing binne 6-8 uur na
doders, geregistreer op beide die
die toediening van n na-opkoms doder
onkruide en die gewas.
kan die effektiwiteit van die doder
verlaag. Etiketvoorskrifte rakende

die toediening van onkruiddoders op beplande onkruidbeheerprogram. Elke

spesifieke onkruidgroeistadiums moet onkruiddoder bevat n etiket waarin
stiptelik nagevolg word. n Aspek grasse en/of bre blaaronkruide
wat kommer wek, is die verwagting gelys word wat effektief deur die
dat onkruiddoders seisoenlange spesifieke aktiewe bestanddeel (of
beheer moet gee d.w.s. ses tot sewe mengsels daarvan) beheer sal word.
maande. Seisoenslange nawerking Grasse wat moeilik beheerbaar kan
is slegs moontlik onder uiters ideale wees, word gewoonlik uitgesonder op
toestande. Daarom word aanbeveel die etiket en dosisaanpassings word
dat n onkruidbeheerprogram minstens aanbeveel vir meer effektiewe beheer.
uit twee toedienings moet bestaan. Positiewe identifikasie van probleem
Waar wisselbou toegepas word, let op onkruide is dus die grondslag van n
etiket waarskuwing en wagperiodes goeie chemiese spuitprogram.
rakende opvolggewasse.
Beheer van grasonkruide in mielies

Grasse wat moeilik beheer-
(ook n grasgewas) bly n kopseer. Die
baar kan wees
nadeel van grasse is dat dit dwarsdeur
die seisoen kiem. Vroegseisoen word Cyperus esculentus
grasse deur voor-opkoms grasdoders (Yellow nutsedge / Geeluintjie)
beheer. Kompetisie, graanbesmetting
Cyperus rotundus
en grassaadstoring het tot gevolg
(Purple nutsedge / Rooiuintjie)
dat laatseisoen grasse n probleem
bly in die huidige en opeenvolgende Digitaria nuda (Naked crabgrass)
seisoene. n Moontlike oplossing vir Eleusine coracana
die beheer van eenjarige grasse is om (Goose grass / Jongosgras)
te skoffel en/of om n split toediening
van onkruiddoders te doen. Daar Sorghum halepense
is ook nou na-opkoms grasdoders (Johnson grass / Johnsongras)
geregistreer op mielies waar dit Urochloa panicoides
verkieslik in n program gespuit moet (Herringbone grass / Beesgras)
word met voor-opkoms doders met of
Cynodon dactylon
net na plant opgevolg met na-opkoms
(Common couch / Kweekgras)
onkruiddoders wanneer grasse tussen
die 4 tot 6 blaar stadium is. Hoe Commelina benghalensis
grootter die graspolle egter raak, (Wandering Jew / Wandelende
hoe minder effektief sal chemiese Jood)
onkruidbeheer wees. Doeltreffende
(Sien fotos op bladsy 121)
werking van enige onkruiddoder hang
af van die effektiewe, tydige toediening
van die doder sowel as van n goed

Cyperus esculentus (Yellow nutsedge/Geel- Digitaria nuda (Naked crabgrass)

uintjie)
Cynodon dactylon (Common couch/ Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass/ John-

Kweekgras) songras)
Cyperus rotundus (Purple nutsedge/Rooi- Eleusine coracana (Goose grass/Jongosgras)

uintjie)
Urochloa panicoides (Herringbone grass/ Commelina benghalensis (Wandering Jew/

Beesgras) Wandelende Jood)

CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL
The inaccurate use of herbicides often 4. Take note of label instructions

results in ineffective weed control and with regard to nozzles, timely
crop damage. Most problems can be herbicide application, drift, usage
prevented by strictly following label restrictions, safety warnings,
prescriptions. You are compelled by compatibility with other agro-
law to do so, as published in the Gov- chemicals, directions for use etc.
ernment Gazette. The efficacy of a pre-emergence
Herbicides are wonder chemicals herbicide, for example requires a fine
as it is used in nature in complex in- and even seedbed. Pre-emergence
teractions with soil, extreme environ- herbicides must be washed into
mental and climatic conditions and/ the soil (rain or irrigation) before
or in combination with other agro- the herbicide is activated. Post-
chemicals. Whats more - herbicides emergence herbicides will not be
are plant killers, supposed to control effective if the herbicides are applied
unwanted plants between crop plants. when the weeds are under stress
(for example drought, extreme high
To check the efficacy of herbicides in temperatures etc.) as the herbicide
practice, leave an untreated control in wont be absorbed effectively by
fields. Such a control is an area of the weed. Beware of drift during
at least 3 - 5 metres, where no her- the application of post-emergence
bicides are applied. This untreated herbicides. Adjuvants to enhance
area can then be compared with the penetration, adsorption and spread
areas where the herbicides are ap- of herbicides have to be added to
plied. most post-emergence herbicides. The
pH of tank-water has to be checked
In finalising your weed control
and where necessary a buffer
strategy please take note of the
and/or ammonium sulphate have
following:
to be added to enhance efficacy of
1. Regular field scouting is important post emergence herbicides. Rain
to identify problematic weed spe- or irrigation within six to eight hours
cies. after application of post-emergence
herbicides may wash off the herbicide,
2. Confirm herbicides registered on
resulting in less effective weed control.
both the weeds and the crop.
Take note of instructions with regard
3. Calibrate herbicide applicators to herbicide application on specific
accurately. growth stages of the weed. Producers

often expect herbicides to provide effective weed control programme.

season long effective weed control, Each herbicide has a label in which
thus up to six or seven months. Season a table of grass and/or broad leaves
long weed control is unrealistic as weeds are listed that will be effectively
environmental conditions are seldom controlled by the active ingredient
optimal. For effective weed control (or mixtures thereof). Grass weeds
during the whole season a minimum that can be difficult to control will be
of two herbicide applications are accentuated on the label and usually
recommended. Where crop rotation dosage rates are revised to ensure
is practiced, take note of the label effective control. Positive identification
instructions with regard to waiting of weeds is therefore the basis of
periods for follow up crops. an effective chemical control spray
program.
The control of grass weeds in maize
(a grass itself) is one of the producers Grasses that may be difficult to
largest challenges. A disadvantage control:
is the season long germination of
Cyperus esculentus
grasses. Early season grasses can
(Yellow nutsedge / Geeluintjie)
be controlled by pre-emergence
graminicides (grass herbicides). Due Cyperus rotundus
to competition, grain contamination (Purple nutsedge / Rooiuintjie)
and grass seed present in the soil
Digitaria nuda (Naked crabgrass)
seed bank, late germinating grasses
may still cause problems in the current Eleusine coracana
and subsequent seasons. Annual (Goose grass / Jongosgras)
grass weeds may be controlled by Sorghum halepense
mechanical weeding or by the split (Johnson grass / Johnsongras)
application of graminicides. Post-
emergence graminicides have also Urochloa panicoides
been registered on maize and is (Herringbone grass / Beesgras)
usually used in a spray program Cynodon dactylon
with pre-emergence herbicides at or (Common couch / Kweekgras)
just after planting followed by post-
Commelina benghalensis
emergence herbicides when grasses
(Wandering Jew / Wandelende
are at the 4 to 6 leave stage. The
Jood)
larger the grass tufts the less efficient
the post-emergence herbicides will be. (See photos on page 124)
The efficacy of a herbicide depends
on accurate, timely application of
herbicide(s), but also on a most

Cyperus esculentus (Yellow nutsedge/Geel- Digitaria nuda (Naked crabgrass)

uintjie)
Cynodon dactylon (Common couch/ Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass/ John-

Kweekgras) songras)
Cyperus rotundus (Purple nutsedge/Rooi- Eleusine coracana (Goose grass/Jongosgras)

uintjie)
Urochloa panicoides (Herringbone grass/ Commelina benghalensis (Wandering Jew/

Beesgras) Wandelende Jood)

Onkruiddoderlys/Herbicide list
Active ingredient Formulation* Concentrate Product name Company name
Aktiewe bestanddeel Formulasie* Konsentrasie Produk naam Maatskappy
acetochlor/dichlormid EC 768g/l Acetogan Plus 768 EC ADAMA
acetochlor EC 900g/l Acetogan 900 EC ADAMA
alachlor EC 384 g/l Alanex 384 EC ADAMA
alachlor CS 480 g/l Alanex 480 CS ADAMA
atrazine SC 500 g/l Atranex 500 SC ADAMA
atrazine WG 900 g/l Atranex 90 WG ADAMA
bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Bromatril ADAMA
bromoxynil SC 500 g/l Bromotril P 500 SC ADAMA
metolachlor EC 960 g/l Clincher 960 EC ADAMA
glyphosate SL 360 g/l Glyphogan 360 SL ADAMA
mesotione SC 480 g/l Mesoflex 480 SC ADAMA
nicosulfuron WG 750 g/kg Nicogan 750 WG ADAMA
sulcotrione/atrazine SC 125/300 g/l Sulcozine SC ADAMA
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Supranex 600 SC ADAMA
atrazine/terbuthylazine WG 450/450 g/l Supranex 90 WG ADAMA
fluroxypyr EC 200 g/l Tomahawk 200 EC ADAMA
bromoxynil/terbuthylazine SC 150/333 g/l Bromotril T ADAMA
terbuthylazine WG 800 g/kg Tyllanex 80 WG ADAMA
linuron SC 500 g/l Linagan SC ADAMA
LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

125
126
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l 2,4-D Amine Arysta Life Sciences
acetochlor EC 750 g/l Safier 750 Arysta Life Sciences
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Diamant 700 S Arysta Life Sciences
acetochlor/atrazine/simazine (+ SC 160/165/165 g/l Smarag Arysta Life Sciences
safener)
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 125/187,5/187,5 g/l Robyn Arysta Life Sciences
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/225/225 g/l Emerald Arysta Life Sciences
atrazine SC 500 g/l Atrazine SC Arysta Life Sciences
atrazine/sulcotrione/related SC 291/125/9 g/l Armadillo Arysta Life Sciences
triazines
atrazine/terbuthylazine/related SC 291/291/18 g/l Combo-Zine 600 SC Arysta Life Sciences
triazine
bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Bromoxynil 225 Arysta Life Sciences
EPTC (+safener) EC 720 g/l EPTC Plus Arysta Life Sciences
halosulfuron-methyl WP 750 g/kg Cyprex WP Arysta Life Sciences

MCPA (potassium salt) SL 400 g/l MCPA Arysta Life Sciences
bendioxide SL 480 g/l Basagran BASF

dimethenamid-P EC 720 g/l Frontier Optima BASF
topramezone/dicamba SL 50/160 g/l Stellar Star BASF
topramezone SC 336 g/l Campus BASF
tembotrione SC 420 g/l Laudis Bayer
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l 2,4-D Amine 480 SL Dow AgroSciences
acetochlor EC 900 g/l Relay Super 900 EC Dow AgroSciences
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Wenner 700 S EC Dow AgroSciences
atrazine SC 500 g/l Atrasien 500 SC Dow AgroSciences
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Suprazine 600 SC Dow AgroSciences
flumetsulam WG 800 g/kg Broadstrike Dow AgroSciences
glyphosate dimethylamine salt SL 480 g/l Mamba DMA 480 SL Dow AgroSciences
glyphosate isopropylamine salt SL 480g/l Mamba Max 480 SL Dow AgroSciences
MCPA (potassium salt) SL 400 g/l MCPA 400 SL Dow AgroSciences
nicosulfuron WG 750 g/kg Accent DuPont
2,4-D/Dicamba (APM salt) SL 240/80g/l Trooper SL Meridian Agritech

acetochlor EC 900 g/l Acetak EC Meridian Agritech
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 840 g/l Prefix S EC Meridian Agritech
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 150/225/225 g/l Rival SC Meridian Agritech
alachlor EC 384 g/l Alachlor EC Meridian Agritech

bendioxide SL 480 g/l Bentamax Meridian Agritech
EPTC (+safener) EC 720 g/l EPTC S EC Meridian Agritech
127
128
acetochlor EC 960 g/l Harness Extra 960 Monsanto
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 840 g/l Guardian S Monsanto
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine
(+ safener) SC 250/225/225 g/l Bullet Monsanto
glyphosate - ammonium salt WG 680 g/kg Roundup Max Monsanto
glyphosate - potassium salt SL 360 g/l Roundup Monsanto
glyphosate - potassium salt SL 450 g/l Roundup Turbo Monsanto
glyphosate - potassium salt SL 540 g/l Roundup PowerMax Monsanto
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l 2,4-D Amien 480 Nulandis
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Acetochlor 700 Nulandis
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 125/187,5/187,5 g/l Squadron Nulandis
(+ safener)
alachlor EC 384 g/l Alachlor EC Nulandis

atrazine SC 500 g/l Atraflo 500 SC Nulandis
atrazine SC 500 g/l Atrazine SC Nulandis
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/250 g/l Atraflo Super 500 SC Nulandis
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/250 g/l Terazine SC Nulandis
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Atraflo 600 Super SC Nulandis
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Terbuzin 600 SC Nulandis
bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Brominex EC Nulandis
paraquat dichloride SL 200 g/l Paragone SL Nulandis
pyridate WP 450 g/kg Lentagran WP Nulandis
pyridate EC 640 g/l Lentagran EC Nulandis
atrazine/S-metolachlor SC 370/290 g/l Primagram Gold Syngenta

atrazine/S-metolachlor/ SC 249/102/249 g/l Gardomil Gold Syngenta
terbuthylazine
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Gesaprim Super 600 SC Syngenta
dicamba (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l Banvel 480 SL Syngenta
diquat dibromide/paraquat SL 80/120 g/l Preeglone Syngenta
dichloride
flumetsulam/S-metolachlor EC 20/630 g/l Bateleur Gold 650 EC Syngenta
glyphosate SL 500 gae/l Touchdown Forte Hi Syngenta
Tech
halosulfuron-methyl WG 750 g/kg Servian Syngenta
mesotrione SC 480 g/l Callisto Syngenta
mesotrione/S-metolachlor SE 83.3/416.7 g/l Camix Syngenta
mesotrione/S-metolachlor/atrazine SE 26.8/208.5/208.5 g/l Camix Plus Syngenta
mesotrione/S-metolachlor/ SC 25/250 g/l / 25g ae /l Halex GT Syngenta
glyphosate
mesotrione/S-metolachlor/ SE 37.5/375/125 Lumax Syngenta

terbuthylazine
paraquat dichloride SL 200 g/l Gramoxone Syngenta
S-metolachlor EC 915 g/l Dual Gold Syngenta
129
130
S-metolachlor EC 960 g/l Metagan Gold Syngenta
S-metolachlor/terbuthylazine SC 102.8/497.2 g/l Sorgomil Gold 600 SC Syngenta
S-metolachlor/terbuthylazine SC 312.5/187.5 Gardo Gold Syngenta
atrazine/cyanazine SC 250/250 g/l Reflex SC Technichem
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l 2,4-D Amine SL Universal Crop
Protection
2,4-D Ester (iso-octylester) EC 500 g/l 2,4-D Ester Universal Crop
Protection
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 840 g/l Premium 840 EC Universal Crop
Protection
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/225/225 g/l Gatling 700 SC Universal Crop
(+ safener) Protection
alachlor EC 384 g/l Alachlor EC Universal Crop

Protection
atrazine SC 500 g/l Agrizine SC Universal Crop
Protection
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/250 g/l Agrizine Plus SC Universal Crop
Protection
bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Bromoxynil EC Universal Crop
Protection
EPTC (+safener) EC 720 g/l EPTC Plus EC Universal Crop
Protection
glyphosate (ammonium salt) SG 710g ae/kg Slash SG Universal Crop
Protection
glyphosate (potassium salt) SL 540g ae/kg Slash Plus 540 SL Universal Crop
Protection
halosulfuron-methyl WDG 750g/kg Crown 750 WDG Universal Crop
Protection
MCPA (potassium salt) SL 400 g/l MCPA 400 SL Universal Crop
Protection
metolachlor EC 800 g/l Metolachlor 800 EC Universal Crop
Protection
Protection
Protection
S-metolachlor EC 915 g/l Pentium Plus 915 EC Universal Crop
Protection
S-metolachlor EC 960 g/l Pentium 960 EC Universal Crop
Protection
metolachlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 252/174/174 g/l Metazine 600 SC Universal Crop

Protection
nicosulfuron WDG 750 g/kg Nicosulfuron 750 WDG Universal Crop
Protection
131
132
paraquat dichloride SL 200 g/l Skoffel SL Universal Crop
Protection
paraquat dichloride SL 200 g/l Skoffel Super Universal Crop
Protection
sulcotrione/atrazine SC 125/300 g/lt Corvette 425 SC Universal Crop
Protection
2,4-D Ester (iso-octylester) EC 500 g/l 2,4-D Ester Villa Crop Protection
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 840 g/l Leap EC Villa Crop Protection
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 250/225/225 g/l Brenno 700 SC Villa Crop Protection
(+ safener)
alachlor CS 480 g/l Alachlor 480 CS Villa Crop Protection
alachlor CS 480 g/l Villa-Klor 480 CS Villa Crop Protection
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 270/270 g/l Ammo SC Villa Crop Protection
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Terbusien Super 600 SC Villa Crop Protection
bendioxide SL 480 g/l Hornet Villa Crop Protection

bromoxynil EC 225 g/l Campatop 225 EC Villa Crop Protection
EPTC (+safener) EC 720 g/l Esculentus EC Villa Crop Protection
glyphosate (ammonium salt) SG 710g ae/kg Glygran SG Villa Crop Protection
glyphosate (potassium salt) SL 540g ae/kg Panga Plus 540 SL Villa Crop Protection
halosulfuron-methyl WDG 750g/kg Halo 750 WDG Villa Crop Protection
mesotrione SC 480 g/l Cantron SC Villa Crop Protection
mesotrione/glyphosate SC 50 g/l plus 450g ae/lt Cantron Smart SC Villa Crop Protection
metolachlor EC 800 g/l Metolachlor 800 EC Villa Crop Protection
metolachlor EC 915 g/l Platinum Plus Villa Crop Protection
metolachlor EC 960 g/l Platinum 960 EC Villa Crop Protection
metolachlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 252/174/174 g/l Tetramet SC Villa Crop Protection
nicosulfuron WDG 750 g/kg Nicoron WDG Villa Crop Protection
sulcotrione/atrazine SC 125/300 g/lt Crux 425 SC Villa Crop Protection
S-metolachlor EC 915 g/l Palladium Plus 915 EC Villa Crop Protection
S-metolachlor EC 960 g/l Palladium 960 EC Villa Crop Protection
terbuthylazine WDG 800 g/l Terbuweed 800 WDG Villa Crop Protection
acetochlor EC 900 g/l Premium 900 EC Villa Crop Protection
/ Universal Crop
Protection
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Acetochlor Villa Crop Protection
/ Universal Crop
Protection
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l 2,4-D 480 Volcano Agroscience
2,4-D (dimethyl amine salt) SL 480 g/l Wildebees Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor EC 750 g/l Crocodile Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor EC 900 g/l Acetochlor 900 EC Volcano Agroscience

acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Acetochlor S 700 Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Hippo Volcano Agroscience
133
134
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 700 g/l Lion Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor (+ safener) EC 840 g/l Buffalo Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor/atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 125/187,5/187,5 g/l Rhino Volcano Agroscience
alachlor EC 384 g/l Alachlor Volcano Agroscience
alachlor EC 384 g/l Eland Volcano Agroscience
atrazine WG 900 g/kg Atrazine 900 WDG Volcano Agroscience
atrazine/propazine/acetochlor SC 202/202/96 g/l Etna Volcano Agroscience
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Atrazine Xtra 600 Volcano Agroscience
atrazine/terbuthylazine SC 300/300 g/l Cheetah Volcano Agroscience
MCPA (potassium salt) SL 400 g/l MCPA Volcano Agroscience
MCPA (sodium salt) WSG 700 g/kg MCPA 700 WSG Volcano Agroscience
metolachlor EC 840 g//l Tolla 840 S Volcano Agroscience
metolachlor EC 960 g/l Tolla 960 Volcano Agroscience
acetochlor/atrazine/simazine (+ SC 160/165/165 g/l Erupt Volcano Agrosciences

safener)
Breblare / Broadleaves
Wetenskaplik / Scientific Afrikaans English
Acanthospermum australe Agtsadige kruipsterklits Eight-seeded prostrate starbur

Acanthospermum glabratum Vyfsadige kruipsterklits Five-seeded prostrate starbur
Acanthospermum hispidum Regopsterklits Upright starbur
Amaranthus deflexus Meerjarige misbredie Perennial pigweed
Amaranthus hybridus Gewone misbredie Common pigweed
Amaranthus spinosus Doringmisbredie Thorny pigweed
Amaranthus thunbergii Rooimisbredie Red pigweed
Bidens bipinnata Spaanse knapsekrel Spanish blackjack
Bidens formosa Kosmos Cosmos
Bidens pilosa Gewone knapsekrel Common blackjack
Chenopodium album Withondebossie White goosefoot
Chenopodium carinatum Groenhondebossie Green goosefoot
Cleome monophylla Rusperbossie Spindlepod
Crotalaria sphaerocarpa Mielie-Crotalaria Mealie Crotalaria
Datura ferox Groot stinkblaar Large thorn apple
Datura stramonium Stinkblaar Thorn apple
Emex australis Kaapse dubbeltjie Spiny Emex

Galinsoga parviflora Knopkruid Gallant soldier
Gisekia pharnacoides Gisekia Gisekia
Hibiscus cannabinus Wildestokroos Kenaf
135
136
Hibiscus trionum Terblansbossie Bladderweed
Ipomoea purpurea Purperwinde Common morning glory
Nicandra physalodes Basterappelliefie Apple of Peru
Physalis angulata Wilde-appelliefie Wild gooseberry
Portulaca oleracea Porslein Purslane
Richardia brasiliensis Tropiese-Richardia Tropical Richardia
Schkuhria pinnata Kleinkakiebos Dwarf marigold
Sonchus oleraceus Gewone sydissel Sowthistle
Tagetes minuta Kakiebos Khakiweed
Tribulus terrestris Dubbeltjie Dubbeltjie
Xanthium strumarium Kankerroos Cocklebur

Grasse / Grasses
Brachiaria eruciformis Litjie-sinjaalgras Sweet signal-grass

Chloris virgata Witpluim-Chloris Feathertop Chloris
Digitaria nuda Naked crabgeass
Digitaria sanquinalis Kruisvingergras Crab fingergrass
Echinochloa crus-galli Hannepootmanna Barnyard grass
Eleusine coracana subsp. africana[=E.indica (L)] Jongosgras Goose grass
Panicum maximum Gewone buffelsgras Common buffalo grass
Panicum schinzii Soetbuffelsgras Sweet buffalo grass
Setaria pallide-fusca Rooiborselgras Red bristle grass
Setaria verticillata Klitsborselgras Sticky bristle grass
Sorghum spp. Wilde Sorghums Wild Sorghums grass
Tragus berteronianus Klein wortelsaadgras Small carrotseed
Tragus racemosus Groot wortelsaadgras Large carrotseed grass
Urochloa mosambicensis Bosveldbeesgras Bushveld herringbone grass
Urochloa panicoides Beesgras Herringbone grass

137
Uintjies / Sedges
138
Cyperus esculentus Geeluintjie Yellow nutsedge

Cyperus rotundus Rooiuintjie Purple nutsedge
ANDER / OTHER
Commelina benghalensis Bengaalse wandelende Jood Benghal wandering Jew

GEWASBESKERMING/CROP PROTECTION
Plaagdoders Pesticides
Die nuutste inligting rakende The latest information concerning
geregistreerde plaagdoders teen pesticides for nematodes and insect
aalwurm- en insekplae van mielies word pests of maize is provided in the
in die meegaande tabelle aangedui. accompanying tables. Producers should
Produsente moet daarop let dat note that a particular active ingredient
dieselfde aktiewe bestanddeel onder may be available under different trade
verskillende handelsname beskikbaar names.
is.
When purchasing pesticides, note
By die aankoop van n plaagdoder
must be taken of the cost of different
moet die pryse van die middels, asook
die prys van n spesifieke middel onder pesticides as well as price differences
verskillende handelsname vergelyk between trade names with the same
word waar toepaslik. Dit word beklem- active ingredient. It needs to be
toon dat die prys van n plaagdoder nie emphasized that the cost of a pesticide
noodwendig verband hou met die mid- is not necessarily correlated with its
del se doeltreffendheid nie. efficacy.
Voordat enige beheeraksie geneem Before any control actions are taken,
word, moet die plaagstatus van die the pest status of the specific organism
spesifieke organisme bepaal word. has to be determined. Information
Inligting oor elke plaagspesie wat in regarding different pest species can
die meegaande tabel genoem word, be obtained from experts mentioned
kan verkry word van kundiges wat agter in the back of this information guide.
in hierdie gids genoem word. Hierdie This information can be useful in the
inligting kan van hulp wees in die decision-making process.
besluitnemings proses.
The ARC provides this information
Die LNR verskaf hierdie inligting in die brochure as an advisor and the
hoedanigheid as onafhanklike adviseur ARC makes no expressed or implied
en die LNR verskaf geen uitdruklike of warranties of merchantability or fitness
stilswyende waarborge van gebruik-
of any agrochemical for any particular
likheid of gepastheid van enige agro-
purpose. The user of this brochure
chemikalie vir enige spesifieke doel
indemnifies and holds harmless the
nie. Die gebruiker van hierdie brosjure
ARC, its employees and agents, from
vrywaar en stel die LNR, sy werknemers
and against any claims or liabilities
en agente skadeloos teen enige eise of
which might arise from the usage of this
aanspreeklikhede wat uit die gebruik
information.
van hierdie inligting mag ontstaan.

100 g/l EC
Sentry EC
Fastac EC
Bestox EC
Agrimec Gold
Plaagdoders/ Pesticides
SPUITFORMULASIES/ SPRAYS
Abamektien/ Abamectin 84 g/l SC

Alfasipermetrien/ Alpha-cypermethrin
FMC
BASF
Syngenta
Arysta LifeScience
Maatskappy/ Company name
(1) Aalwurms/ Nematodes

(2) Bladspringers/ Leafhoppers
(Streepsiekte)/ (Streak disease)
X
X
X
(3) Bolwurm/ Bollworm
(4) Bontmieliekewer/ Spotted maize beetle
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
(6) Chilo-boorder/ Chilo-borer
Plaagspesies/ Pest species
(7) Doodhouertjie/ Ground weevils

(8) Lentekewer/ Chafer beetle
X
(9) Mieliestamruspe/ Maize stalk borer
X X
X X
(10) Pienkstamboorder/ Pink stalk borer
(11) Plantluise/ Aphids
PLAAGDODER FORMULASIES / PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
X
X
(12) Snywurms/ Cutworms
X
(13) Spinmyte/ Spider mites
(14) Swartmieliekewer/ Black maize beetle
(15) Wortelwurm/ Rootworm
(16) Valsdraadwurm/ False wireworm
(17) Herfs kommandowurm / Fall army worm
g/l EC
Akito
100 g/l SC
Bulldock
Fastac SC
Avalanche
Magnum Super
Fenvalerate 220g/l EC
Alpha -Thrin 100 EC
Oncol Super 220 EC

Alfasipermetrien/ Alpha-cypermethrin
Benfurakarb-Fenvaleraat/ Benfuracard-
Betasiflutrien/ Beta-cyfluthrin 125 g/l EC
Betasipermetrien/ Beta-cypermethrin 100

BASF
Bayer
Klub M5
CropeServe
Dow AgroSciences
Villa Crop Protection
Technichem Oesbeskerming

X
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X
X

X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Plaagdoders/ Pesticides Maatskappy/ Company name Plaagspesies/ Pest species
Bifentrien/ Bifenthrin 100 g/l EC
142
Ramba Villa Crop Protection X
Seizer Makhteshim-Agan SA X
Bifentrien/ Bifenthrin 50 g/l EC
Judge Arysta LifeScience X
Chlorantraniliprole 200 g/l
Coragen Du Pont de Nemours X
Prevathon Du Pont de Nemours X
Chlorpyrifos/ Chlorpyrifos 480 g/l EC
Agropyrifos 480 EC Arysta LifeScience X
Avi-Klorpirifos Avima X X X
Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Villa Crop Protection X X
Chlorpyrifos Kombat X X
Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Shaik Agchem X X
Chlorpyrifos EC Cropchem X X
Dursban 480 EC Dow AgroSciences X X
Lirifos 480 EC Nulandis X X

Makrofos Makhro-Agro SA X X
Pyrifos 480 EC Nulandis X X
Pyrinex 480 EC Makhteshim-Agan SA X X
Pyrinex 480 EC Adama South Africa X
Rochlop Rotam X X
Viklofos Viking Distributors X X
Chlorpyrifos/ Chlorpyrifos 250 g/l CS
Pyrinex 25 CS Makhteshim-Agan SA X X
WG
Servus
Dursban
Decis Fort
Deltamethrin
Deltamethrin
Celtis 25 EC
Delta-Thrin 25 EC
Deltamethrin 25 EC
Deltamethrin 25 EC
Chlorpyrifos/ Chlorpyrifos 750 g/kg
Deltametrien/ Deltamethrin 25 g/l EC
Deltametrien/ Deltamethrin 100 g/l EC

Bayer
RT Chemicals
Arysta LifeScience
Dow AgroSciences
Makhteshim-Agan SA
Volcano Agrosciences
Natural Plant Protection

Almond Agro Chemicals

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Demeton-S-metiel/ Demeton-S-methyl
144
250 g/l EC
Demetox EC Avima X
Demeton Cropchem X
Demeton 250 EC Universal Crop Protection X
SPUITFORMULASIES/ SPRAYS (Vervolg/ Continued)
Emamectin benzoate/ Emamektien
bensoaat
Emma Arysta LifeScience X
Vitex 50 Meridian Agrochem. Company X
Promec 20 EW Meridian Agrochem. Company X
Warlock 19.2 EC Adama South Africa X
Proclaim Syngenta X
Esfenvaleraat/ Esfenvalerate 50 g/l EC
Sumicidin Super Philagro South Africa X X X
Esfenvaleraat/ Esfenvalerate 50 g/l EC
Sumi-Alpha 200 EC Philagro South Africa X X X
Fenvaleraat/ Fenvalerate 200 g/l EC

Fenvalerate 200 EC Avima X X
Agrovate Agropharm X X
Flubendiamide
Belt Bayer X
Indoksakarb/ Indoxacarb 150 g/l SC
Addition 150 SC Villa Crop Protection X X X
Advance 150 SC Universal Crop Protection X X X
Avaunt Du Pont de Nemours X X
Marshal
Carbaryl
Karbacure
Doxstar Flo
Carbostem
Rascal 480
Karba 50 DP
Karba 850 WP
Steward 150 SC
Carbosulfan 480
Karbariel/ Carbaryl 850 g/kg WP

Indoksakarb/ Indoxacarb 150 g/l EC
Indoksakarb/ Indoxacarb 300 g/l SC
Karbosulfan/ Carbosulfan 480 g/l EC
FMC
Kombat
Kombat
Arysta LifeScience
CMF Agrochemicals
Du Pont de Nemours
Meridian Agrochemicals
Meridian Agrochem Company
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lambda-syhalotrien/ Lambda-cyhalothrin
146
50 g/l EC
Cylam 50 EC Nulandis X X X X
Helerat Zedchem X X X X X
Judo 50 EC Villa Crop Protection X X X X X
Karate EC Syngenta X X X X X
Attacke Erintrade t/a RT Chemicals X X X X X
I Lambda EC Arysta LifeScience X X X
Lambda 50 EC Universal Crop Protection X X X X X
Lamdex 5 EC Makhteshim-Agan SA X X X X X
Lambda-syhalotrien/ Lambda-cyhalothrin
50 g/l CS
Karate Zeon Syngenta X X X X X
Lamda-syhalotrien/Lamda-cyhalothrin
106 g/l
Judo Secure106 CS Villa Crop Protection X X X X
Lamda Secure 106 CS Universal Crop Protection X X X X
Lufenuron
Judge Arysta LifeScience X
Sorba Syngenta X

Merkaptotion/ Mercaptothion 500 g/l
EC
Avi Gard Avima X
Datathion EC Kynoch Agrochemicals X
Kombat Garden Insects Kombat X
Malasol (Kleinmaatverpakking/
Efekto X
Small package)
Malathion EC (Kleinmaatverpa-
Efekto X
kking/ Small package)

Mercaptothion 500 EC Dow AgroSciences X
60g/l
kg WP
Lannate
Malatox
Kuik 900 SP
I Masta 900 SP
Uphold 360 SC
Methomyl 90 SP
Methomex 90 SP
Cyphlamyl 90 SP
Methomex 900 SP
Metomil/ Methomyl 900 g/kg SP

Merkaptotion/ Mercaptothion 250 g/
Methoxyfenozide 300g/l / Spinetoram
Rotam
Nulandis
Castle Ag-Chem
Arysta LifeScience
Dow AgroSciences
Small Pack Solutions

Du Pont de Nemours
Makhteshim-Agan SA

X
X
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
X
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X

X
X
X
X
Methomex 900 SP Adama South Africa X
148
Methomyl 900 SP Bitrad Consulting X
Methomyl 900 WSP Agropharm X
Splitfire 900 SP Bitrad Consulting X
Metomil/ Methomyl 200 g/l SL
Lannate Du Pont de Nemours X
Methomate 200 SL Villa Crop Protection X
Methomex 200 SL Adama South Africa X
Methomex 200 SL Nulandis X
Methomex 200 SL Makhteshim-Agan SA X
Methomyl 200 SL Universal Crop Protection X X
Novaluron/Indoxacarb
Plemax Adama South Africa X
Propargiet/ Propargite 800 g/l EC
(Slegs vir saad- en suikermielies/ Only
seed maize and sweetcorn)
Comite EC Arysta LifeScience X
Profenofos

Farmag Profenofos 500 Castle Ag-Chem X
Pyridalyl dichloropropene derivative
Sumipleo Philagro South Africa X
Sipermetrien/ Cypermethrin 20 g/l EC
Fruitfly Kombat X X X X
Garden Ripcord (Kleinmaatverpa-
Efekto X X X X
Stalker
Cyperin
Rocyper
Kemprin
Magnum
Parashoot
Novacord
Doodskoot
Cypermethrin
Makhro Cyper
Polytrin 200 EC
Avi-Sipermethrin
Cypermethrin EC
Cypermethrin 200 EC
Cypermethrin 200 EC
Sipermetrien/ Cypermethrin 200 g/l EC
Efekto
Rotam
Avima
Meridan
Nulandis
Agropharm
WPK Landbou
Bitrad Consulting
Arysta LifeScience
Arysta LifeScience

Global AgroSciences
Makhteshim-Agan SA
Universal Crop Protection
Technikem Oesbeskerming

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Spinetoram
150
Delegate 250 WG Dow AgroSciences X
Thiodikarb/ Thiodicarb 375 g/l SC

Larvin 375 SC Bayer X
Tralometrien/ Tralomethrin 36 g/l EC
Tralate 36g/l EC Du Pont de Nemours X X X X
Zetasipermetrien/ Zeta-cypermethrin 100
g/l EW
Fury 10 EW FMC X X X
SPUITFORMULASIES (MENGSELS)/ SPRAYS (MIXTURES) Om te meng/ For mixing
Benfurakarb/ Benfuracarb 200 g/l EC
+ Alfasipermetrien/ Alpha-cypermethrin
100 g/l SC
Handelsname/ Trade names: X X
Benfurakarb/ Benfuracarb: Stalker Meridian Agritech
Alfasipermetrien/ Alpha-cypermethrin:
Sien bo/ See above

+ Sipermetrien/ Cypermethrin 200 g/l
EC
Handelsname: Sien bo/ Trade
X X
names: See above
+ Esfenvaleraat/ Esfenvalerate 50 g/l
EC
X X
names: See above

g/l EC
thrin 6 g/l
Arena 206 EC
thrin 50 g/l EC
names: See above
names: See above
Benfurakarb/ Benfuracarb 200 g/l

+ Esfenvaleraat/ Esfenvalerate 200
+ Lambda-sihalotrien/ Lambda-cyhalo-
+ Lambda-syhalotrien/ Lambda-cyhalo-
+ Fenvaleraat/ Fenvalerate 200 g/l EC


(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
SPUITFORMULASIES (MENGSELS)/ SPRAYS (MIXTURES) Gereed vir gebruik/ Ready for use
152
+ Fenvaleraat/ Fenvalerate 20 g/l EC
Oncol Super 220 EC Dow AgroSciences X X
Chlorantraniprool/ Chlorantraniliprole
100 g/l + Lambda-sihalotrien/Lambda-
cyhalothrin 50 g/l SC
Ampligo Syngenta X X X X
Chlorpyrifos/ Chlorpyrifos 450 g/l EC
+ Sipermetrien/ Cypermethrin 50 g/l
EC
Cyperfos 500 EC (500 g/l) Nulandis X X
Chlorpyrifos/ Chlorpyrifos 338 g/l
+ Lambda-sihalotrien/ Lambda-cyhalo-
thrin 12 g/l
Linear 350 EC Universal Crop Protection X X
STUIFPOEIERS/ DUST POWDERS

Karbariel/ Carbaryl 50 g/kg DP
Karbadust Efekto X
Merkaptotion/ Mercaptothion 50 g/
kg DP
Malathion DP (Kleinmaatverpa-
Efekto X X
Thimet
Furadan
Alvuran 100 GR
Carbodan 10 G
Curaterr 100 GR
Carbofuran 10 G
Carbofuran 10 GR
Carbofuran 100 GR
Foraat/ Phorate 100 g/kg GR
Karbofuran/ Carbofuran 100 g/kg GR
FMC
BASF
Bayer
Nulandis
Arysta LifeScience
Makhteshim-Agan SA
Volcano Agrosciences
Universal Crop Protection

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1) Aalwurms/ Nematodes
2) Bladspringers/ Leafhoppers
X
X
X
X
X
X
KORRELFORMULASIES/ GRANULES Vir toediening in die grond/ For soil application 3) Bolwurm/ Bollworm
4) Bontmieliekewer/ Spotted maize beetle
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
5) Bontmieliekewer/ Spotted maize beetle
X
X
X
X
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
6) Chilo-boorder/ Chilo-borer
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7) Doodhouertjie/ Ground weevils
8) Lentekewer/ Chafer beetle
X
X
X
X
X
X
9) Mieliestamruspe/ Maize stalk borer
10) Pienkstamboorder/ Pink stalk borer
11) Plantluise/ Aphids
12) Snywurms/ Cutworms
13) Spinmyte/ Spider mites
X
14) Swartmieliekewer/ Black maize beetle
15) Wortelwurm/ Rootworm
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
16) Valsdraadwurm/ False wireworm
17) Herfs kommandowurm / Fall army worm
Terbufos/ Terbufos 100 g/kg GR
154
Ortofos Ortus Chemicals X X X X X
Terburops 15 GR Rotam X X X X X
Terbufos/ Terbufos 150 g/kg GR
Counter FC 15 G Villa Crop Protection X X X X X
Ortofos 15 G Ortus Chemicals X X X X X
Terbufos 15 GR Bitrad Consulting X X X X X
Terfos 15 G Volcano Agrosciences X X X X X
KORRELFORMULASIES/ GRANULES Vir toediening in die plantkelk/ For plant funnel application
Betasiflutrien/ Beta-cyfluthrin 0,5 g/kg
GR
Bulldock 0,05 GR Bayer X X
Karbariel/ Carbaryl 25 g/kg GR
Stalkborer Granules Kombat X
Stalkborer Granules (Kleinmaatver-
Efekto X
pakking/ Small package)
SAADBEHANDELINGSFORMULASIES/ SEED DRESSINGS
Benfurakarb/ Benfuracarb 900 g/l SL
Oncol 900 LS Dow AgroSciences X X X

Clothianidin
Poncho 600FS Bayer X X X X X X
Clothianidin 500g/l + Bacillus firmus
100g/l
Poncho Votivo Bayer X X X X X X
Imidacloprid/ Imidacloprid 600 g/l FS
Ronsek 600 FS Villa Crop Protection X X X X X X
Tirado Erintrade t/a RT Chemicals X X X X X X
Gaucho 600 FS Bayer X X X X X X

FS
FS
WS
Cruiser
Marshal
Picus 70 WS
Sorento 600 FS
Stallion 70 WS
Sombrero 700 WS
Imidacloprid/ Imidacloprid 700 g/kg
Tiametoksam/ Thiamethoxam 600 g/l

Tiametoksam/ Thiamethoxam 350 g/l
Karbosulfan/ Carbosulfan 400 g/kg DS
FMC
Syngenta
Cheminova A/S
Arysta LifeScience

Makhteshim-Agan SA

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Larf)/ (Larva)
(Kewer)/ (Beetle)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
Tiametoksam/ Thiamethoxam 700g/
156
kg WG
Tacoma 700 GW Arysta LifeScience X X X
GIFAASFORMULASIES/ BAITS Om aan te maak/ For mixing
Trichlorfon/ Trichlorfon 950 g/kg SP
Trichlorfon Almond Agro Chemicals X
Trichlorfon Hyper X
Trichlorfon 900 SP Arysta LifeScience X
GIFAASFORMULASIES/ BAITS Gereed vir gebruik/ Ready for use
Natriumfluosilikaat/ Sodium fluosilicate
100g/kg RB
Cutworm Bait Avima X
Cutworm Bait Efekto X
Cutworm Bait Kombat X
Cutworms Kombat X
Quinalfos/ Quinalphos 5 g/kg RB
Bonus Kombat X X

INSEKPLAE/INSECT PESTS
Mieliestamboorder
Busseola fusca
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Larf: Klein larfies donkerbruin word ligter namate
hul ouer word. Volgroeide larwes 5 cm.
Mot: Koperkleurig met donker merke op die voor-
vlerke
Skade: Larwes voed in die kelk. Die vreetskade
vertoon soos venstertjies as die kelkblare uitgroei. Larf/Larva
Groter larwes vreet regdeur die kelkrol sodat kelk-
blare n ry gate vertoon wat ook bekend staan as
haelkorrelskade. Larwes boor aan die kante van
mieliestamme in en vreet tonnels in die binnekant van
die stamme. Larwes wat die groeipunt deurboor kan
die groeipunt afvreet. Hierdie skade staan bekend as
n dooie-hart.Larwes kan ook in koppe inboor. Die
larwes vreet koppitte en veroorsaak direkte skade.
Die oes kan afgegradeer word a.g.v. beskadigde
pitte. Mot/Moth
Maize stem borer

Busseola fusca
Larvae: Small larvae dark brown become paler as
they get older. Mature larvae 5 cm.
Moths: Have a copper color with darker markings
on the forewings
Damage: Larvae feed in the whorls. Damage can
be observed as small windows after the leaves
grow out. Larger larvae feed right through the leaves
that are rolled up. This damage is commonly known
as shot hole damage. Larvae tunnel into stem and
inside the stem. Larvae that tunnel in at the region of
the growing tip can cause dying-off of whorl leaves.
This damage is known as dead heart. Larvae can
also tunnel into ears. Larvae feed on kernels and
cause direct yield losses. Feeding on kernels may Beskadigde kelk/Whorl damage
also lead to down-grading of the harvest.

Chilo-boorder
Chilo partellus
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Larf: Roomwit van kleur met vier rye kolletjies op

liggaam. Larwes word omtrent 3 cm lank.
Mot: Vaalbruin met donker merke op die

Larf/Larva
voorvlerke.
Skade: Blaar- en stamskade dieselfde

as mieliestamboorder. Oesverlies a.g.v.
kopskade deur hierdie boorder is minder as die
mieliestamboorder.
Chilo borer
Chilo partellus Mot/Moth
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Larva: Cream white in color with four rows of

dark dots on body. They are about 3 cm long.
Moths: Grey brown in color with darker mark-

ings on forewings.
Damage: Leaf and stem damage are the same

as for the maize stem borer. Yield loss due to
ear damage by this borer is less than that of the
maize stem borer.
Beskadigde stam/Stem damage

Pienkstamboorder
Sesamia calamistis
Larf: Boonste deel van die larf se lyf is lig tot donkerpi-
enk. Onderste deel is ligkleurig en kan effens geel getint
wees.
Larf/Larva
Motte: Voorvlerke se kleur varieer vanaf vaal grysbruin tot
rooibruin. In die middel van die vlerk is n lengte-verlopende
strook wat donkerder vertoon as die res van die vlerk.
Skade: Dooiehartsimptome (verlepte of dooie kelk) is

die eerste teken van pienkstamboorderskade, wat verskil
van die mieliestamboorder en die chilo-boorder waardaar
gewoonlik eers haelkorrelskade sigbaar is en dan volg
die dooiehart. Larwes boor direk in die stam in en vreet
nie eers aan die kelblare soos die ander stamboorders
nie. Larwes verkies die onderste gedeelte van die stam en Mot/Moth
kan die hele stam uithol. Larwes wat die kop aanval, vreet
en vernietig gewoonlik n paar rye mieliepitte.
Pink stem borer

Sesamia calamistis
Larva: Upper part of the larval body is light to dark pink.

Lower part of the body is light colored and can even have
a yellowish color.
Moths: Front wings vary from greyish brown to reddish

brown. In the middle of the wing is a longitudinal stripe
that appears darker than the rest of the wing.
Damage: Dead heart symptoms (wilted or dead whorl

leaves) are the first symptoms of pink stem borer, which
differ from the maize stem borer and the chilo borer where
first shot hole damage is observed and then followed by
a dead heart. Larvae penetrate stems directly and do not
feed on whorl leaves like the other stem borers. Larvae Dooiehart
prefer the lower part of the stem and the whole stem can simptome/dead heart
be damaged. Larvae that attack ears usually damage a symptoms
few rows of maize kernels.

Afrika bolwurm
Helicoverpa armigera
Larf: Kenmerkende patroon van drie donker lyne geskei

deur n bleekwit lyn. Donker lyne kan geel, groen,
pienk, bruin of swart wees. Daar is een prominente
bleekwit lyn op elke sy van die liggaam.
Motte: Bruin, groen, geel- of grysbruin met donker merke

Larf/Larva
op voorvlerke. Agtervlerke is vaal met donker vlerkare.
Skade: Larwes kan groot gate regdeur die kelkrol vreet

maar verkies om op die kop te vreet. Kenmerkende
uitskeidings is altyd by vreetskade teenwoordig. Larwes
op die kop vreet die baard van jong koppies af tot so
n mate dat bestuiwing nie kan plaasvind nie. Larwes
vreet ook die punte van reeds bestuifde koppe oop,
wat lei tot kopvrot wanneer renwater by die oop punte
inloop.
Mot/Moth
Africa bollworm
Helicoverpa armigera
Larvae: Characteristic patterns of three longitudinal

dark bands separated by pale ones. Color of bands
may vary between yellow, green, pink, brown and
black. There is one prominent pale band on each side
of the body.
Moths: Forewings of moths are brown, green, yellow

brown or grey brown in color with darker brown
markings. The hind wings are pale with dark veins.
Beskadigde kop/Stem damage
Damage: Larvae can eat large holes through the
whorl leaf roll but prefer ears. The presence of fecal
granules near feeding sites is characteristic of bollworm
presence. Larvae feed on silks of young ears to such an
extent that pollination cannot occur. Larvae also open
the tips of pollinated ears by feeding on the top part of
leaves and kernels that can lead to ear rot when rain
enters the ear.

Valsbolwurm
Acantholeucania loreyi
Larf: Larwes het ook die kenmerkende vaal streep aan

die sye soos die Afrika bolwurm maar is gewoonlik
vaalpienk van kleur.
Motte: Voorvlerke is vaal van kleur en are loop Larf/Larva

prominent in die lengte. Agtervlerke is wit met are
dieselfe vaalkleur as voorvlerke.
Skade: Jong larwes kan blare tot so n mate beskadig

dat slegs blaarnerwe oorbly terwyl ouer larwes die hele
plaar kan opvreet. Skade kan ook aan mieliekoppe
aangerig word wat ooreenstem met die skade van die
Afrika bolwurm.
False bollworm
Mot/Moth
Acantholeucania loreyi
Larvae: Larvae have the characteristic white bands

along the sides similar to the African bollworm but their
color is pale pink
Moths: Forewings of moths are pale with longitudinal

veins. Hind wings are white with the same pale color
veins as fore wings.
Damage: Leaves are skeletonized by young larvae,

and later older larvae become gregarious and feed vo-
raciously, eating entire leaves. Damage to maize ears
is similar to that caused by the African bollworm.
Blaar skade/Leaf damage

Gewone snywurm
Agrotis segetum
Larf: donker-vuilgrys of bruin van kleur met n gladde,

wasagtige voorkoms. Wanneer gesteur word rol larf
soos n ringtjie op. Larwes word gewoonlik 20-50mm
onder die grondoppervlak naby n afgevrete saailinge
aangetref.
Larf/Larva
Mot: dofgrys, bruin of soms byna grysswart van kleur
en het wit agtervlerke. Die voorvlerke van die mot het n
kring- en niervormige merkie op.
Skade: Larwes vreet jong saailinge op grondvlak

af. Hulle beskadig ondergrondse stamme van ouer
saailinge deur n netjiese skoon gat daarin te vreet.
Common cutworm
Agrotis segetum
Mot/Moth
Larvae: dark dirty grey or brown in color with a

smooth, waxy appearance. When disturbed, the larva
usually curls itself into a ring shape. It is usually found
20-50mm below the soil surface near severed seed-
lings.
Moths: grey, brown or sometimes grey black in color

and have white hind wings. The forewing of the moth
has a circular and kidney shaped marking.
Damage: larvae sever young seedlings at soil level.

They damage subterranean stems of older seedlings by
eating a neat and clean hole in it.
Beskadigde saailing/
Seedling damage

Swartmieliekewer
Heteronychus arator
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Larf: tipiese miswurms. Larwes is wit en het bruin koppe

en is gewoonlik C-vormig gekrul. Derminhoud gee aan
die punt van die agterlyf n kenmerkende blougrys kleur.
Kewer: blinkswart en 12-15 mm lank. Dieselfde

voorkoms as miskruiers. Larf/Larva
Skade: Larwes rig geen skade aan nie en voed op

organiese material in die grond.
Kewers beskadig ondergrondse stamme van saailinge

deur uitgerafelde gate daarin te vreet. Geduriend herfs
word stamme van ouer plante bo die grond oppervlak
uitgerafel en stutwortels afgevreet.
Black maize beetle

Heteronychus arator Kewer/Beetle
(Coleoptera: Scarabaiedae)
Larvae: typical white grubs. They are white with

brown heads and are usually curled into a C shape.
Gut contents give a conspicuous blue-grey color to the
tip of the abdomen.
Beetles: shiny black and 12-15 mm long. They resem-

ble dung beetles.
Damage: larvae do not cause damage and feed on

organic material in the soil.
Beetles damage subterranean stems of seedlings by

eating freyed holes in it. During autumn, stems of older
plants are freyed above the soil surface and brace roots
are destroyed.
Beskadigde saailing/
Seedling damage

Valsdraadwurm
Somaticus angulatus
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Larf: roomwit en die kop vertoon rooibruin.
Kewer: tipiese toktokkies, grys-swart, met

n duidelike afgebakende kop, bors en Larf/Larva
agterlyf.
Skade: Larwes beskadig ondergrondse

stamme van saailinge deur uitgerafelde
gate daarin te vreet.
Kewers rig geen skade aan nie.
False wire worm

Somaticus angulatus
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Larvae: creamy white and the heads Kewer/Beetle

appear reddish brown.
Beetles: typical toktokkie or tapping

beetles, grey black, with head, thorax and
abdomen clearly separated by constrictions.
Damage: Larvae damage subterranean

stems of seedlings by eating freyed holes
in it.
Beetles do not cause damage.
Saailingskade (regs) in
vergelyking met saailing met
saadbehandeling (links)/
Seedling damage (right)
compared to seedlings with
seed dressing (left).

Die Afrika kommandowurm,

gewasse (bv. mielies en sorghum) word
Spodoptera exempta
selde aangeval deur groot kolonies
van larwes. Klein uitbrake kom gereeld
Die Afrika kommandowurm is wyd voor veral in ho-renval areas van
verspreid in Afrika suid van die Sahara Mpumalanga en KwaZulu-Natal maar
en is n ernstige plaag in lande noord groot uitbrake soos vanjaar kom slegs
van Suid-Afrika. Kenmerkend van elke 6-10 jaar voor. Die ergste uitbrake
kommandowurm is die onverwagse in Suid-Afrika kom voor in seisoene
plaaguitbrake wat voorkom en lei waar laat somer ren geval het na
tot die naam mystery worm. Groot droogte-toestande.
areas van weiding, grasperke en gras
Kommandowurmmigrasie/Armyworm migration

Die mot is bruin van kleur met wit ag- lugstrome gewoonlik vanaf warmer,
tervlerke en kenmerkende donkerder noordelike buurstate soos Zambi, Zim-
patrone aan die voorvlerke. Motte kan babwe of Mozambiek na Suid-Afrika.
migreer oor duisende kilometers veral Motte l eiers in groepies van 100-400
tydens die jare wat daar plaag uitbrake en n enkele wyfie kan tot sowat 1000
is. Die groot migrasie motvlugte begin eiers l. Eiers broei uit binne 3-6 dae
vroeg aand en motte kan n hoogte afhangend van temperatuur en humi-
van tussen 300-1000m bo grond- diteit. Larwes groei tot n lengte van
vlak bereik. Motte beweeg windaf op sowat 25 mm, kom swart voor met
n tipiese kommandowurm/A typical armyworm

groen/geel strepe oor die lengte van en daar nie noodwendig n tweede
die lyf en het n kenmerkende V-vormige generasie sal wees nie. Waar larwes
merk op die kopkapsule. Uitgegroeide nog beweeg van een land na n an-
larwes word papies in die grond. der kan n voor geploeg word waarin
larwes vasgevang word en waar hulle
Vir doeltreffende beheer moet die lar-
dan toegeploeg kan word of chemies
wes vroegtydig waargeneem word.
beheer kan word.
Indien larwes eers waargeneem word
as hulle al amper uitgegroei is, is dit
gewoonlik te laat om chemies te beheer
aangesien skade al klaar aangerig is
Kommandowurms wat vreet aan gras/Armyworms feeding on grass

The African Armyworm, Spo- ascend to a height of anything between

doptera exempta (Lepidoptera: 300-1000m above ground level.
Noctuidae) Moths move downwind on prevailing
air currents. In most parts of South Africa
the infestations are usually due to moths
The African Armyworm is widely distri- migrating from warmer, more northerly
buted in Africa south of the Sahara, areas, often from Zambia, Zimbabwe
and is a serious pest in countries north or Mozambique to South Africa. The
of South Africa. A characteristic feature eggs are laid in groups of 100-400. A
of armyworm outbreaks is their unex- single female lays several egg masses
pected sudden appearance, and this and up to 1000 eggs. The eggs
has led to the common name of mys- hatch within 3-6 days depending on
tery worm. Often, large areas of lawn, temperature and humidity. Larvae can
pasture or grass crops (like maize and grow to about 25mm long, are blackish
sorghum) are seen to be covered in with green/yellow lines running along
dense colonies of larvae, virtually over- the length of the body and have a cha-
night. Small outbreaks occur frequently racteristic V-shape mark on the front of
in the high-rainfall areas of Mpuma- the head capsule. Fully grown larvae
langa and KwaZulu-Natal, but a large pupate in the soil.
outbreak such as the one this year oc-
For effective control measures larvae
curs only once in every 6-10 years. The
need to be detected early. If larvae are
worst outbreaks in South Africa occur in
discovered when fully grown, the use
seasons where there are late summer
of insecticide control is often not recom-
rains after drought conditions.
mended as most of the damage to crops
Moths have brown forewings and will already have been done, and the
whitish hind wings with recognized dark likelihood that a second generation will
brown patterns on the forewings. Moths emerge is very small. Where larvae
are capable of migrating thousands of move from one field to another a fur-
kilometers especially during outbreak row can be ploughed to create a pitfall
years. The main migration flights of the where larvae can trapped, ploughed
moths start in early night time, and moths under or controlled with insecticides.

Mieliewortelwurm daartoe gelei dat die mieliewortelwurms

Hierdie minder bekende plaag is die gewas aangeval het.
al gerapporteer in KwaZulu-Natal
Die mieliewortelwurm is die larfstadium
(Vryheid, Bloedrivier, Greytown en
van n kewer. Die kewer rig egter
Howick) en Mpumalanga (Bethal en
geen skade aan mielies aan nie. Die
Piet Retief). Onlangs is daar ook n
kewer is donkergrys van kleur en die
geval aangemeld in Noord-Wes,
wyfies word tot 7 mm lank en 2.3 mm
Koster distrik waar tot 42% van die
mielieplante op landerye beskadig is. breed. Die mannetjies is gewoonlik
Die omgewing het n groot rol gespeel kleiner. Eiertjies is bleek-oranje van
want die skade het voorgekom in n kleur, langwerpig en ongeveer 0.9 mm
nuut-voorbereide land wat voorheen lank en 0.6 mm breed. Die larwes is
n grasveld was. Sodra die grasvelde bottergeel van kleur en silindervormig.
vernieting word is daar geen bron Die volgroeide larwes is ongeveer 10
van voedsel nie en dit het waarskynlik mm lank. Die kop en laaste agterlyf-
Skade kom kol-kol in die land voor/Damage in the field

Tipiese mieliewortelwurm/Maize rootworm
segment se bokant is donkerbruin, dae. Daar is drie tot vier generasies

terwyl die res van die lyf ligbruin kolle per jaar, en kewers is veral volop waar
het. digte grasstand voorkom in lande en
dan vandaar waar mielie plante vroer
Die eiers word enkel of in groepe van
in die seisoen deur mieliewortelwurms
12 gel aan graswortels of net onder
aangeval kan word.
die grondoppervlak. n Wyfiekewer
kan tot ongeveer 30 eiers l wat on- Mieliesaailinge kan so beskadig
geveer 15 18 dae neem om uit te word dat die plantestand so afneem
dat dit nodig mag wees om oor te
broei. Gedurende die wintermaande
plant. Plantestand kan tot met soveel
verkeer die eiers in n rustoestand en
as 80% verminder word, maar die
broei eers uit gedurende die lente.
besmetting kom gewoonlik kol-kol
Hierdie pasuitgebroeide larwes boor in die land voor. Die plaag is veral
dan in die ondergrondse stamme van ernstig in jare wanneer goeie lenteren
saailing in. Die larwes vervel drie keer, opgevolg word deur n relatiewe dro
waarna papieselle in die grond gevorm periode. Die eerste waarneembare
word. Die papiestadium deur 7 19 bogrondse skade stem oor een met

Larf besig om papiesel te vorm/Larvae making pupal cell
n Papie/Pupa

Waarneembare bo-grondse skade/First visible damage symptoms

observed
Ondergrondse skade/Damage symptoms under the soil surface

die van die Swartmieliekewer en die Die larwes vreet net op plante wat
Valsdraadwurm. Die kelkblare van die aan die grasfamilie behoort. Dit is
mielieplant verwelk en verdroog, en daarom belangrik om lande waarop
daarna sterf die hele plant af. Plante mielies geplant gaan, word vry te
kan wel hierdie skade wat aangerig hou van grasagtige onkruide. Dit kan
is oorleef maar n bos nuttelose spruite gedoen word deur bewerking of, in
word dan gevorm. Die skade onder die geval van bewaringboerdery,
die grond word aangerig deur die deur bespuiting. Die beste chemiese
larwes wat die ondergrondse stam beheer wat gebruik kan word is
van die mieliesaailinge binnedring saadbehandelings, wat voorkomende
en verskeie gate daarin boor. Indien
beheer bied. Dis egter n moeilike
meer as een larf per plant voorkom,
plaag om te beheer as skade reeds
mag die larwes die plant verlaat, oor
aan ondergrondse stamme aangerig is
die grondoppervlak kruip en naburige
omdat dit dan moeilik is om die larf te
plante beskadig.
bereik met chemiese beheer.

Maize Rootworm After hatching, the larvae start feeding

This less known pest has been and burrow into the subterranean stem
recorded in KwaZula-Natal (Vryheid, of the maize seedling. The larvae moult
Bloedrivier, Greytown and Howick) three times after which pupal cells are
and Mpumalanga (Bethal and Piet constructed in the soil. The pupal stage
Retief). Recently it is also recorded in is from 7 to 19 days depending on
the North Wes provice, Koster district, weather conditions. There is three to
with 42% damage to maize plants. The four generation per year, and the beetle
environment played a role because is dense in grass fields where the maize
the damage was reported in a new plants had been depleted earlier in the
prepared field which previously was a season by maize rootworm.
grass field. As soon as the grass was
Maize rootworm could cause serious
destroyed the only source of food was
damage to maize seedlings and re-
the maize plants which lead to the
duce plant density to such an extent that
rootworm attacking the crop.
it might be necessary to re-plant. Plant
The maize rootworm is the larval density could be reduced by as much
stage of a beetle. The beetle does not as 80%, but infestation usually only af-
cause damage. The beetle is dark-grey fects certain patches in the field. The
and the female can become 7 mm pest becomes particularly serious dur-
in length and 2.3 mm in width. The ing years when good spring rains are
male is usually smaller. Eggs are pale followed by a long, relatively dry pe-
orange, oblong and on average 0.9 riod. The first visible damage symptoms
mm in length and 0.6 mm in width. The observed are similar to those of maize
larvae are a butter-yellow colour and infested by black maize beetles or false
cylindrical in shape. The fully grown wireworms. Firstly, the whorl wilts and
larvae are about 10 mm long. The dries after which the entire plant wilts
head and the last abdominal segment and dies. Some plants survive these at-
are dark brown, the rest of the body is tacks by producing a lot of useless till-
covered with pale brown spots. ers. Damage symptoms under the soil
include larvae burrowing a tunnel into
The eggs are laid singly or in clusters
the mesocotyl of the maize seedlings
of up to 12, either attached to grass
and feed a range of holes into the stem
roots or just below ground level. The fe-
below the soil surface. When more
male beetle can lay up to 30 eggs and
than one larva is on a plant, some lar-
hatch in about 15 18 days. During
vae may leave the plant, crawl over the
the winter months the eggs remain in a
soil surface and bore into neighbouring
dormant state and hatch during spring.
plants.

Maize rootworm only feed on plants best chemical control that can be used
belonging to the grass family. There- is seed dressing insecticides which can
fore, it is important to keep fields free be applied as a preventative control.
from grass weeds where maize will be However, this is a difficult pest to con-
planted. This can be accomplished by trol with insecticides when under soil
cultivation or in the case of conservation surface damage has already occured.
farming, with spray applications. The

Die Bagrada besie is n suigbesie. Die

Bagrada Besie
primre plantgasheerspesies waarop
n Onbekende insekplaag op mielies hierdie besie voed behoort aan die
is onlangs in die Noordwes-provinsie Brassicaceae familie. Dit is ook al
opgemerk. Die spesie is gedentifiseer gerapporteer dat die besies ander
as die Bagrada besie (Bagrada hilaris). gewasse (sekondre gewasse) aan
Oor die algemeen is hierdie spesie n val wat naby n brassica gewas met
plaag op koolgewasse en geen geval besiebesmetting geplant word.
is bekend waar mielies al in die verlede
Nimfe is 1 mm in lengte as hulle uit-
aangeval is nie. Die skade kom kol-kol
broei en ontwikkel vinnig in volwasse
in landerye voor. Die voorafgaande ge-
besies wat 5 7 mm groot is. Die be-
wasse kon moontlik n rol gespeel het in
sie is swart met rooi-oranje opvallende
die uitbraak van hierdie plaag. Vooraf-
patrone. Die volwasse besie het vlerke
gewasse was rape, lusern en hawer
maar vlieg selde en kan lang afstande
wat moontlik die bron van infestasie
loop om gewasse aan te val. Wyfies
kon veroorsaak.
l die eiers op die grond en soms op
Skade kol-kol in landerye/Damage only recorded in certain patches

in the field

blare. Die eiers is vir eers wit en word kom op blare voor waar die besies
later oranje. n Wyfie kan meer as voed. Hierdie vlekkies kom oor die
100 eiers l waarna die eiers in sowat algemeen op die rand van die blaar
n week se tyd uitbroei. Die nimfe vat voor. Die rand het dan n uitgedroogte
sowat twee tot drie weke om volwas- voorkoms en kan ook opkrul namate die
senheid te bereik. n Paar generasies skade erger word.
kan tydens n seisoen voorkom as om-
Die bewerking van grond waar bras-
standighede gunstig is.
sica gewasse geplant was sal help om
Bagrada besies kom in swerms voor eiers wat op die grond gel is te vermin-
en vreet in groepe. Die volwasse der. Ou plantmaterial wat op die grond
besie en die nimfstadium val alle bo- l en die nimfe huisves kan ook verwy-
grondse plantdele aan. Die besie der word om sodoende te voorkom
het suigende monddele waarmee dat nog n generasie ontwikkel. In die
sap uit plantweefsel onttrek word. geval van bewaringsboerdery waar
Hulle dra egter geen toksiene oor grond nie bewerk word nie, kan daar
na die plant nie. Skadesimptome gebruik gemaak word van n kontakin-
verskil tussen verskillende gewasse. sekdoder wat op die grond gespuit kan
Oor die algemeen is daar tekens van word om nimfe en volwasse besies te
blaarverkleuring, waar sap uit die blaar beheer.
gesuig word en geel en wit vlekkies
Bagrada besie met suigende monddele/Bagrada bug with sucking

mouthparts

Blaarskade/Leaf damage
Verdere leesstof Visser, D. 2009. A Complete Guide to

Annecke, D.P. and Moran, V.C. 1982. Vegetable Pests in South Africa. Agri-
Insects and Mites of Cultivated Plants in cultural Research Council, Roodeplaat
South Africa. Butterworhts, Durban/ Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Insti-
Pretoria. tute, Pretoria. Pp 102 106.

Vinnige uitklopaksie stop voeding onmiddellik met geen verdere gewasskade

Lang nawerking verseker effektiewe beheer met minder toedienings
Beheer alle lewensstadia eiers, larwes en motte
AMPLIGO. Die slim keuse vir die beheer van Kommandowurms

op mielies en sojabone.
LEES DIE ETIKET VAN ELKE PRODUK VIR VOLLEDIGE BESONDERHEDE.

AMPLIGO bevat chloorantraniliprool en lambda-sihalotrien (Reg. Nr. L8685, Wet Nr 36 1947) SKADELIK.
Syngenta Suid Afrika, Privaatsak X60, Halfway House, 1685. Tel: 011 541 4000. www.syngenta.co.za
Alle gelyste produkte is geregistreerde handelsmerke van n Syngenta Group Maatskappy.
@SyngentaSA @SyngentaSA
16333 syngenta ampligo kommandowurm v4.indd 1 06/04/2017 09:14

Bagrada Bug tack above-ground plant parts. The

bugs have sucking mouthparts with
An unknown insect pest on maize is
which plant fluids are suck from green
recently reported in the North West
plant material. However, they do not
province. The species is identified as
inject toxins to the plant. Damage symp-
the Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris).
toms differ between different crops.
This species is usually a pest on cab-
Feeding result in white or yellow mark-
bage crops with no reports of maize
ings where feeding have taken place.
being attacked. Damage is only re-
The damage can usually been seen at
corded in certain patches in the field.
the outer edges of the leaves. The outer
The previous crop planted, radish, lu-
edges may dry out and turn brown if
cerne and oats, can explain the pos-
damage is severe.
sible source of infestation.
The cultivation of soils where brassica
The Bagrada bug has sucking
crops have been planted may help re-
mouthparts. The primary host plants
duce the viability of eggs that are laid
on which this bug feeds belong to the
on the soil. Old leaves or harvested
Brassicaceae family. It is also reported
crops should be destroyed which can
that this pest can attach other crops
be a source where nymphs survive. In
(secondary crops) where brassica crops
the case of conservation farming where
do have high infestation levels.
no or minimal soil disturbance take
Hatchlings are 1 mm in length and de- place the use of a contact insecticide
velop quickly into adults that reach 5 being sprayed on the soil can be used
7 mm. The bug is black with orange-red to control nymphs and adult bug.
markings over the entire body. Adults
have wings, but rarely flies and can
walk considerable distances to infest Further reading:
new plants. Females lay their eggs on
Annecke, D.P. and Moran, V.C. 1982.
the ground or less commonly, on foli-
Insects and Mites of Cultivated Plants in
age. The eggs are white and then turn
South Africa. Butterworhts, Durban/
orange. A female bug can lay more
Pretoria.
than 100 eggs which can hatch with
in a weeks time. The nymphs take two Visser, D. 2009. A Complete Guide to
to three weeks to reach maturity. A few Vegetable Pests in South Africa. Agri-
generations may be produced per sea- cultural Research Council, Roodeplaat
son if conditions are favourable. Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Insti-
tute, Pretoria. Pp 102 106.
Bagrada bug are gregarious and feed
in groups. The adults and nymphs at-

INDRINGER INSEK SPESIES / INVASIVE INSECT SPECIES

Herfs/Amerikaanse-Kommandowurm /
Fall armyworm
Eiers: Koepel vormig met plat basis, kurf op-

waarts met n brer ronde punt. Eiers word gel
in n eierpakkie wat geheg word op blaaropper-
vlak. Mot kan tot 1000 eiers l. Wyfie mot maak Fig.29.
eierpakkie toe met n laag grysskubbe. Eiers
broei uit na 2 3 dae (Fig. 29 en 30).
Larwes: Groen van kleur en verander van kleur
soos larf groei. Larwes varieer in kleur, lig bruin,
groen tot amper swart. Drie geel-wit lyne is teen-
woordig oor die lengte van die rug. Kenmerkend
is n Y-vorm op die voorkop (Fig. 31). Larwale
stadium kan so kort as 14 dae wees. Fig.30.
Papie: Word papie in die grond maar kan ook
blare aanmekaar weef. Larf bou n papiesel met
grond om in n papie te word. Papiestadium is
tussen 8 10 dae.
Mot: Motte is sterk vliers en het n vlerkspan
van 32 40 mm. Aktief in die nag. Voorvlerke
van die mannetjie mot is skakeerings van grys en
bruin met n driehoekige wit merk op die punt
en naby die middel van die vlerk. Wyfievlerke is
vaal en het nie opvallige merke nie. Agtervlerke Fig.31.
is silver-wit in beide geslagte. Volwasse stadium
is sowat 10 dae.
Skade: Larwes veroorsaak ernstige skade aan
blare as ook direkte skade aan pluim en koppe.
Kan skade aanrig aan byna alle stadiums van
die mielieplant maar konsentreer gewoonlik op
mielieplante wat nog nie baard het nie. Mees
algemene skade word aangerig voordat pluime
sigbaar is. Mielieplante herstel gewoonlik van
kelkskade. Tydens blomstadium kan larwes ge-
deeltelik of tenvolle die jong koppe vernietig. Ge- Fig.32.
woonlik word skade kol-kol in mielieland gevind.

Eggs: Dome shaped with a flat base, curves up-

ward to a broadly round point. Eggs are laid in
egg batches attached to foliage. Moth can lay
1000 eggs. Female moth deposits layer of greyish
scales over the egg batch. Eggs hatch within 2 3
days (Fig. 29 and 30).
Larva: Green with colour change as larvae ma- Fig.29.

ture. Larvae vary in colour from light tan, green to
nearly black. Three yellow-white lines run down the
larva back. Charactiristic with inverted Y-shaped
on the forehead (Fig. 31). Larval duration can be
as short as 14 days.
Pupa: Pupation normally take place in soil but can

also take place by webbing together leaf debris.
Larvae constructs a cocoon in soil to pupate in. Fig.30.
Pupal stage is about 8 10 days.
Moth: Strong flyers and have a wingspan of 32

40 mm. Active during the night. Forewings of male
moth is shades of grey and brown, with triangular
white spots at the tip and near the centre of the
wing. Female forewings are less distinctly marked.
The hind wings is silver-white in both sexes. Dura-
tion of the adult stage is about 10 days.
Damage: Larvae cause serious leaf feeding dam- Fig.31.

age as well as direct injury to tassel and ears. Can
cause damage to nearly all maize stages but con-
centrate on maize that have not yet silked. Most
common damage is to late pre-tassel maize. Maize
plants often recover from whorl damage. With tas-
selling larvae may partly or totally destroy young
ears which is more important than leave damage.
Usually damage is found in patches in the field.
Fig.32.

VOORDELIGE INSEK SPESIES / BENEFICIAL INSECT SPECIES

Wespe/wasp
Cotesia sesamiae
Klein wespes (4-6mm) val stamboorder- Small wasps attack stem borer species.
larwes aan. Nadat die wyfie die stam- After the female wasp has parasitized
boorder geparasiteer het deur eiertjies the stem borer larvae by laying eggs in-
binne in die liggaam van die larf te side it, wasp larvae develop in the stem
l, ontwikkel klein wespe-larfies in die borer. Wasp larvae then emerge from
stamboorder. Daarna kom die wespe the stem borer to spin cocoons. From
larwes uit die stamboorder uit en vorm these cocoons wasps again emerge.
kokonne waaruit die wespes dan weer Approximately 20 - 30 wasps can
kom. Daar kan ongeveer 20 - 30 come from one stem borer.
wespe larwes uit een stamboorder kom.
Kokonne voordat wespes uitkom/Cocoons before wasps emerge

Parasitiese vlieg / Parasitic fly
Sturmiopsis parasitica
Hierdie parasitiese vlieg val ook ver- This parasitic fly attacks various pests
skeie plae aan tydens die larf stadium. during their larval stage. Overall only
Daar kom oor die algemeen slegs een one fly maggot emerges from a pest
vlieg maaier uit n larf wat aangeval is larva but up to five maggots have been
deur n vlieg maar daar is al gerapor- reported. Maggots emerge from for ex-
teer dat tot vyf maaiers uit een larf kan ample stem borer larvae and pupate to
kom. Sodra vliegmaaiers byvoorbeeld become flies again.
uit n stamrusperlarf kom word hulle pa-
pies wat weer oorsprong gee aan n
vlieg.
Maaier besig om uit stamboorder larf te kom/Maggot emerging from

stem borer larva

Oorkruipers / Earwigs
Oorkruipers het kouende moddele en is Earwigs are good predators with chew-
goeie predatore wat n wye reeks insek- ing mouth parts. They attach various
plae aanval. Oorkruipers gebruik hul kinds of insect pests. Earwigs use their
knypers om hul prooi te vang en begin pincers to attack prey and then start
dan vreet aan die prooi. Wyfies l so- feeding. Females lay about 50 eggs in
wat 50 eiers in n nes onder die grond burrows and care for their early nymphs
en voorsien die nimfe van kos totdat hul by proving them with food until they are
groot genoeg is om die nes te verlaat. big enough to survive on their own.
Oorkruiper wat stamboorder aanval/Earwig attacking stem borer

Tierkewers / Tiger beetles
Carabidae
Tierkewers is ook predatore wat kou- Tiger beetles are also predators with
ende monddele het waarmee hulle hul chewing mouth parts with which they
prooi aanval. Tierkewers is ingestel op attack their prey. Their vision is acute,
beweging en kan prooi selfs groter as as any movement causes the beetle to
hulself aanval. Hul prooi kan bestaan turn and face the source of motion, they
uit sekere ander kewers, larwes, miere, can also attack prey that may be larger
sprinkane en spinnekoppe. than themselves. Beetles, larvae, ants,
grasshoppers and spiders are just a few
of their reported prey.
Tipiese tierkewer/Typical tiger beetle

PLANT PARASITIESE AALWURMS OP MIELIES

INLEIDING is sewentien aalwurm groepe op die
mielies gedentifiseer. Vir die doel van
Die meeste produsente is bewus van
hierdie hand-leiding sal daar egter
die teenwoordigheid van plantpara-
net op twee groepe wat die mees
sitiese aalwurms maar aalwurmsimp-
algemeenste op mielies voorkom,
tome is nie altyd spesifiek nie en
gefokus word.
kan maklik verwar word met tipiese
simptome wat deur plaagdoderskade,
versuiptoestande en voedingstekorte
BELANGRIKE PLANTPARASITIE-
veroorsaak word. Die impak wat
SE AALWURMS OP MIELIES
aalwurms op n mielieoes kan h,
word daarom dikwels nog onderskat.
1. Knopwortelaalwurms
Uit n opname wat tydens die
(Meloidogyne spp.)
2008/2009 seisoen regoor die
mielieproduksie gebied uitgevoer is, Knopwortelaalwurms is die mees
(Foto: Dr Chris Schmidt: Sidi Parani)
Fig.1. Bogrondse simptome by mielies in n aalwurm besmette land

prominente groep wat in die mielie is, lyk verdwerg, geel en groei onewe-
produksiegebied voorkom. n Tipiese redig. Hierdie simptome vertoon tipies
knopwortelaalwurm populasie in n as geel kolle in die land en is nooit
mielieland bestaan uit n mengsel van eweredig versprei nie (Fig. 1). In lande
M. incognita en M. javanica. Beide met baie ho knopwortelaalwurm be-
spesies het n wye gasheerreeks, wat smettings sal die plante vrek voordat
beteken dat hulle ook op ander gewas- hulle nog geoes kan word.
se kan parasiteer en ontwikkel. Onder
Galle wat op die wortels deur voe-
optimale toestande kan n knopwortel-
dende knopwortelaalwurm wyfies (Fig.
aalwurmwyfie uit die eier uitbroei en
binne 20 tot 25 dae gereed wees om 2) gevorm word, is nie altyd sigbaar
eiers te l. n Enkele wyfie is instaat om nie en hang van die spesies en die hoe-
oor die 1 000 eiers in haar leeftyd te veelheid aalwurms wat op die plant
produseer. voed, af. Die afwesigheid van galle
is dus nie noodwendig n aanduiding
Simptome wat met knop- dat daar nie n knopwortelaalwurm
wortelaalwurm besmetting ge-
populasie in die land teenwoordig is
assosieer word
nie. As die galle wel sigbaar is (Fig.
Die bogrondse gedeeltes van plante 3) kan dit redelik maklik op die wor-
wat met knopwortelaalwurm besmet tels gedentifiseer word en varier in

Fig.2. Knopwortelaalwurm wyfies Fig.3. Galle wat deur knopwortel-
(wit) in wortelweefsel aalwurms op mieliewortels veroor-
saak is

grootte en hoeveelheid. Galle word die meer patogeniese P. brachyurus

gevorm deur reuse selle wat deur die die meeste skade aan. In gevalle waar
wyfie geinduseer word terwyl sy voed. altwee spesies egter in dieselfde land
Skade wat dus reeds op die wortels voorkom, sal die minder patogeniese
teenwoordig is, is onomkeerbaar. Die P. zeae n groter deel van die bevol-
skade- en voortplantingspotensiaal van king uitmaak omdat sy lewenssiklus
knopwortelaalwurms verhoog dikwels korter is, hy vinniger kan voortplant
gedurende die renseisoen, veral as en n hor tolleransie vir n wyer reeks
daar n buitengewone ho renval ge- temperature het. Beide spesies floreer
durende die seisoen voorgekom het. egter in n wye reeks grondtipes. Vog
is n faktor wat n belangrike rol speel
Oorlewing in die voortplanting en skadepoten-
siaal van letselaalwurms, wat dikwels
As daar nie n geskikte gasheer beskik- gedurende die renseisoen kan ver-
baar is nie, kan knopwortelaalwurms hoog.
wel op verskeie onkruide wat alge-
meen in n mielieland voorkom, voort- Simptome wat met letselaal-
plant en oorleef. Knopwortelaalwurms wurm besmetting geassosieer
se belangrikste oorlewingsstrategie word
gedurende die winter is egter om in Gewoonlik is daar n beduidende
onuitgebroeide eiers wat in die grond verlaging in die chlorofil inhoud van
en in plantreste wat na oes in die land die blare en die plante is verdwerg.
agter gelaat is voorkom, te oorleef. Die Bogrondse simptome is egter nie baie
eiers is instaat om vir n onbepaalde spesifiek nie omdat die voorkoms
tyd in die rustoestand bly en sal slegs van die simptome bepaal word deur
uitbroei as die toestande weer gunstig die spesies teenwoordig, die hoe-
vir die aalwurm is. veelheid aalwurms wat op daardie
tydstip voorkom (populasie digtheid)
2. Letselaalwurms en omgewingstoestande. Bogrondse
(Pratylenchus spp.) simptome wat wel sigbaar is sal, net
soos die simptome by die knopwortel-
Letselaalwurms is sporadies maar as
aalwurm, in kolle voorkom en nooit
hulle wel voorkom, is dit gewoonlik in
eweredig regoor die land versprei
ho getalle en daarom kan hierdie aal-
wees nie.
wurm nie onderskat word nie. Plaaslik
kom P. zeae en P. brachyurus die mees Wortelskade deur letselaalwurms kan
algemeenste voor op mielies en word dikwels gedentifiseer word deur die
naas knopwortelaalwurm as die be- teenwoordigheid van klein letseltjies
langrikste aalwurms op mielies geag. wat op die worteloppervlakte voorkom.
Van die twee letselaalwurmspesies rig Die epidermis waar al die wortelhare

gevorm word, word vernietig as VERSPREIDING VAN

die aalwurm voed. Dit kan tot erge AALWURMS
nekrose lei wat dan veroorsaak dat die Aalwurms is mikroskopies klein en
plant water en voedingstowwe swak kan nie vreeslik ver op eie stoom
opneem. Letsels kan ook deur fungi en beweeg nie. Hulle moet dus op
bakteri genfekteer word (sekondre ander maniere staatmaak om te kan
versprei van een land na n ander
infeksie). Dit is dus baie moeilik om die
toe. Water is waarskynlik een van
simptome van letselaalwurm besmetting
die mees effektiefste metodes wat
te identifiseer omdat dit maklik met die aalwurm gebruik om mee te kan
simptome wat deur ander biotiese en versprei. Water vanaf lande wat reeds
abiotiese faktore veroorsaak is, verwar met aalwurms be-smet is asook water
word. van besproeiingskanale en damme
kan lande wat deur die kanale en
damme bedien word, herbesmet.
Oorlewing Aalwurms kan ook op die mens reken
As klam grond toegelaat word om hom rond te dra en te versprei.
Grond en soms ook plantreste wat aan
om stadig uit te droog, kan beide
implemente of skoene van werkers wat
letselaalwurm spesies in anhidrobiose
in besmette lande gewerk het vassit,
ingaan. Anhidrobiose is n rustoestand kan eiers bevat wat dan weer na n
waarmee die letselaalwurm in staat volgende land toe oorgedra word.
is om vir byna ses maande deur
droogteperiodes te oorleef. Hierdie DIE BESTUUR VAN AALWURMS
oorlewings-strategie stel die aalwurm OP MIELIES
in staat om die tydperk tussen twee Dit is feitlik onmoontlik om die hele aal-
mieliegroeiseisoene suksesvol te kan wurmpopulasie in n land uit te roei.
oorleef. Anhi-drobionte sal weer aan Daar sal altyd n klein hoeveelheid
die begin van die renseisoen ten eiers en/of wurmpies oorleef, ongeag
die beheermaatrel wat n produsent
volle herstel sodra die mielies begin
toepas om hulle te probeer beheer.
ontkiem. Die oor-grootte meerderheid
Die hoof doel van aalwurmbestuur is
van die populasie oorleef egter die eerder om die aalwurmgetalle in n
dro seisoen in onuit-gebroeide land laag genoeg te hou sodat die
eiers. Die eiers sal slegs uitbroei as skade wat deur hulle veroorsaak word
die mielies begin ontkiem en die nie lei tot ekonomiese verliese vir die
omgewingstoestande gunstig is vir die produsent nie (hou die aalwurmpopu-
lasie onder skade- en ekonomiese
aalwurm om te oorleef en te ontwikkel.
drumpelwaardes). Die volgende be-
heermaatrels kan gebruik word om
aalwurmpopulasies onder skade- en

ekonomiese drumpelwaardes te hou. en om bewus te wees van die gasheer

As twee of meer van hierdie beheer- voorkeure van daardie spesifieke aal-
maatrels met mekaar gekombineer wurmspesies. n Suksesvolle wisselbou
word, sal dit net nog meer voordele vir sisteem sal die vatbare gewas (bv mie-
die produsent inhou: lies) opvolg met swak gashere of met
gewasse wat glad nie gashere vir die
Chemiese beheer
aalwurmspesies is nie.
Die meeste produsente steun nog
steeds swaar op chemiese beheer om Weerstandbiedende kultivars
aalwurms in bedwang te hou. Huidig-
Weerstandbiedende kultivars is n koste
lik is carbofuran, carbosulfan en terbu-
effektiewe, omgewingsvriendelike be-
fos as nematisiedes op mielies geregi-
heermaatrel wat maklik in reeds
streer en kan slegs met plant toegedien
word. Dit is uiters belangrik om die bestaande plaagbeheerprogramme in-
instruksies op die etiket tot op die letter gesluit kan word. Dit is weereens es-
na te volg om sodoende die minimum sensiel om te weet watter aalwurm-
impak op menslike en dierlike gesond- spesies in die land voorkom omdat
heid sowel as op die omgewing uit te kultivars slegs weerstand teen een van
oefen. die spesies mag h. Waar moontlik en
indien beskikbaar is dit n goeie keuse
Onvoorspelbare omgewingstoestande
om weerstandbiedende kultivars in n
(bv n onnatuurlike ho renval) lei
daartoe dat die effektiwiteit van che- bestaande produksiesisteem in te sluit.
miese middels vir die beheer van aal-
SAMEVATTING
wurms nie altyd gewaarborg kan word
nie. Produsente word dus ten sterkste Onvoorsiende faktore soos uitermatige
aangeraai om die gebruik van nema- ho renval of die gebrek daaraan,
tisiedes verkieslik met nog n beheer- onvoorspelbare temperatuurskommelinge
maatrel te kombineer. en grondtekstuur kan gunstige toestande
vir die aalwurm skep om in te floreer
Wisselbou al het die produsent al die rels tot op
Wisselbou is een van die belangrikste die letter nagevolg. As n produsent
beheermaatrels beskikbaar vir die dus vermoed dat aalwurms die
produsent. Nie net kan wisselbou die beperkende faktor is wat voorkom dat
aalwurmgetalle onder beheer hou nie hy die maksimum oesopbrengs van
maar dit kan ook die mikrobiese diver- sy gewas verhaal, word dit aanbe-
siteit in die grond verhoog en die natuur- veel dat daar grond en wortelmonsters
like vyande wat die aalwurms weer na die LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse
op hulle beurt aanval, vermeerder. toe gestuur word sodat dit geanaliseer
Die beplanning van n effektiewe wis- kan word vir die teenwoordigheid van
selboustelsel hang egter af van die plantparasitiese aalwurms.
aalwurmspesies wat teenwoordig is

PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES ON MAIZE

INTRODUCTION sociated with maize. However, for the
purposes of this information guide only
Most producers are aware of the pre-
sence of plant-parasitic nematodes the two most important genera com-
but symptoms resulting from nematode monly present in maize fields will be
damage are not always specific and discussed.
can easily be confused with symp-
toms typically associated with damage
caused by pesticides, water logging IMPORTANT PLANT-PARASITIC
and nutrient deficiencies. The impact GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH
of nematodes on maize yields is, there- MAIZE
fore, often under estimated. From a sur-
1. Root-knot nematodes
vey conducted all over the maize pro-
(Meloidogyne spp.)
duction area during the 2008/2009
growing season, seventeen nematode Root-knot nematodes are the most
groups have been identified to be as- prominent genera throughout the maize
Fig.1. Above-ground symptoms of maize in a nematode infested field

production area. A typical root-knot Symptoms associated with root-

nematode population in a maize field knot nematode infestation
consists of mixed M. incognita and
Aboveground parts of plants infested
M. javanica populations. Both species
with root-knot nematodes are stunted,
have a wide host range, which means
yellow and patchy in growth. These
that they can parasitise and develop on
symptoms can typically be seen as yel-
crops other than maize. Under optimal
low patches in the field that will never
conditions a root-knot nematode female
be evenly distributed (Fig. 1). In severely
can hatch from its egg and be ready
root-knot nematode infested fields plants
to lay eggs in approximately 20 to 25
may die before harvest.
days. A single female can produce over
1 000 eggs during her lifetime. Da- Galls formed on the roots by feeding
mage that is already inflicted on the root-knot nematode females (Fig. 2) are
roots will, therefore, remain irreversible. not always visible and depends on the
The damage and reproduction potential species as well as the number of nema-
of root-knot nematodes often increase todes feeding on the plant. Therefore,
during the rainy season, especially in the absence of galls is not always indi-
seasons where an unnaturally high rain- cative of the absence of root-knot nema-
fall occurs. tode populations. If the galls are indeed
Fig.2. Root-knot nematode females Fig.3. Galls formed by root-knot

(white) inside root tissue nematodes on maize roots

visible (Fig. 3), it can be identified fairly rate and higher tolerance to a wider
easily on the roots and range in size range of temperatures. Both species
and numbers. The galls are formed from thrive in a wide range of soil types.
giant cells induced from normal plant Moisture is an important factor affecting
cells through feeding of the female. the reproduction and damage potential
of these lesion nematodes, which can
increase during the rainy season.
Survival
In the absence of a suitable host crop

Symptoms associated with le-
root-knot nematodes are able to survive
sion nematode infestation
and reproduce on many weed spe-
cies commonly found in maize fields. Plant height and chlorophyll content in
However, the main survival strategy of the leaves are generally considerably
root-knot nematodes during the winter reduced. Aboveground symptoms are,
months is to survive in unhatched eggs however, not highly specific because
present in the soil and in plant residue symptom expression is affected by the
left behind in the field after harvesting. species present, the number of nema-
These eggs may stay in this resting todes present at the time (population
phase for an unpredictable time and density) and environmental conditions.
only hatch when conditions are favou- If aboveground symptoms do occur, it
rable. will be in patches like that of root-knot
nematode symptoms.
Root damage by lesion nematodes can

2. Lesion nematodes
often be diagnosed by the presence
(Pratylenchus spp.)
of small lesions on the root surface.
Lesion nematodes occur sporadic but The feeding of the nematodes on the
when they do occur, it is usually in high roots causes destruction of the epider-
numbers and can therefore not be un- mis, which is where the root hairs are
derestimated. P. zeae and P. brachyurus formed. This may cause severe necro-
are the most common lesion nematode sis and damage to root hairs, which
species associated with maize and se- leads to a poor uptake of nutrients and
cond only to root-knot nematodes. Of water by the plant. Lesions caused by
these two lesion nematode species, P. lesion nematodes can also be infected
brachyurus is the most pathogenic and with fungi and bacteria (secondary in-
causes the most damage. However, fection). Symptoms caused by lesion
when both species occur together in a nematodes on the roots are difficult
field, the less pathogenic P. zeae will to identify because it can be masked
dominate P. brachyurus because of its by and confused with symptoms other
shorter life cycle, faster reproductive than that caused by nematodes.

Survival MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES

ON MAIZE
When moist soil is allowed to dry out
slowly, both lesion nematode spe- It is almost impossible to completely
cies are able to enter anhydrobiosis. eradicate a nematode population in
Anhydrobiosis is a resting phase in a field. A small number of eggs and
which the lesion nematodes are able or nematodes will always survive,
to survive almost six months of drought. irrespective of the means by which
This survival strategy enables the nema- a producer tries to control them. The
tode to effectively survive the period main aim of nematode management
between two maize-growing seasons. is, therefore, to keep the numbers of
Anhydrobionts will return to full activity the nematodes in the field low enough
at the start of the rainy season when so that the damage they cause do not
maize seeds start to germinate. Most of translate into economical losses for the
the population however, survives the dry producer (keeping the nematode popu-
seasons in unhatched eggs, which will lations below damage and economic
only hatch when the seed starts to ger- threshold levels). The following ma-
minate and environmental conditions are nagement tools will help the producer
favourable for the nematode to survive to keep nematode populations below
and develop. damage and economic threshold
levels. Using two or more of these tools
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEMA-
in combination with each other will
TODES
provide even more advantages to the
Nematodes are microscopically small producer and will lessen the risk:
and cannot move long distances on
their own. They must, therefore, rely
on factors other than their own loco- Chemical control
motion to move them from one field to
Most producers still rely heavily on che-
another. Water is probably the most
mical control to keep nematodes in
effective agent in distributing nematodes.
check. Carbofuran, carbosulfan and
Water from nematode infested fields
terbufos are currently registered nemati-
and even that from irrigation channels
cides for nematode control on maize
or dams can re-infest fields serviced by
and can only be applied at planting.
those channels or dams. Nematodes
Care should be taken to follow the in-
can also rely on humans to carry them
structions on the label to the letter to
around. Soil and sometimes also plant
ensure minimum impact on human and
rests on implements and on shoes of
animal health as well as on the environ-
workers working in infested fields can
ment.
contain eggs, which will then be trans-
ferred to the next field.

However, with unpredictable environ- Resistant cultivars

mental conditions (eg. an unnatural
Resistant cultivars are a cost-effective,
high rainfall) the efficacy of nematicides environmentally friendly management
for nematode control cannot always be tool that can easily be incorporated
guaranteed. Producers are therefore into existing pest management pro-
strongly urged to preferably combine grammes. Once again it is essential to
the use of nematicides with another know the nematode species in the field
management tool. since cultivars may only be resistant to
one of the species. It will be a good
choice to incorporate a resistant cultivar
Crop rotation in the production system where possible
Crop rotation is one of the most impor- and when available.
tant management tools available to the
producer. Not only can crop rotation
CONCLUSIONS
keep the nematode numbers under con-
trol, it can also increase the microbial Even though a producer may follow
diversity in the soil and increase the every detail to the letter, factors such as
numbers of natural enemies that attack a high rainfall or total lack thereof, un-
the nematodes. However, an effective predictable temperature ranges and soil
crop rotation system depends on the texture may provide favourable condi-
nematode species present and to know tions for nematodes to thrive. If a pro-
the host preferences of the nematode ducer therefore suspects that nematodes
might be a limiting factor in obtaining
specie. A successful rotation system will
the maximum yield from his crop, it is
then include the susceptible crop (eg.
recommended to send soil and root
maize) followed up by poor or non-host
samples to ARC-Grain Crops Institute to
crops.
be analysed for the presence of plant-
parasitic nematodes.

RESISTANCE/WEERSTAND
their best maize, sunflower, wheat
Root-knot nematode resistant and oat cultivars against both of these
maize-, sunflower-, wheat- and root-knot nematode species. Some of
oat-cultivars these cultivars show resistance to either
one of these species, but because the
Most of the time a root-knot nematode exact ratio of M. incognita and M. ja-
population in a maize, sunflower,
vanica in a specific field is unknown,
wheat or oat field will consist of a
only cultivars with resistance to both
mixed Meloidogyne incognita and M.
species are recommended in the MIG.
javanica population. With this back- By using host plant resistance, the root-
ground knowledge, seed companies
knot nematode population will be con-
are collaborating with the Maize Trust
trolled effectively if the initial nematode
and the Nematology unit of the ARC-
numbers are not extremely high.
GCI in three year cycles, to screen
It is recommended that producers contact area agents to assist

with selection of cultivars adapted to their specific regions. Note
that none of these cultivars will necessarily be resistant to other
nematode species.
Maize cultivars with resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M.

javanica
Pannar Monsanto Pioneer

BG4296 DKC80-40BRGEN 33Y85
BG3492B DKC62-80BR
PAN3Q222 DKC62-80BR
PAN5Q751BR
PAN5Q649R
Sunflower cultivars with resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and

M. javanica
No resistance could be found against M. javanica in any of the sunflower cultivars
tested. Only Prosol101CL of Sensako showed resistance to M. incognita.

Wheat cultivars with resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M.

javanica
Pannar ARC-SGI Sensako

PAN3489 Kariega ABPT12-08
PAN3161 Tankwa ABPT12-10
PAN3368 Caledon ABPT12-11
PAN3471 Senqu KPT12-11
PAN3379 Sabie KPT12-07
PAN3497 Ratel KPT12-08
PAN3118 Limpopo WPT12-06
PAN3478 Matlabas WPT12-04
PAN3400 Elands WPT12-05
PAN3515
Oat cultivars with resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and M.

javanica
ARC-SGI Sensako
Drakensberg Targa
Witteberg Pallinup
SWK001 Quamby
Towerberg Savena1
Simonsberg Hakea
Overberg Yallara
Maluti Quantom
Kompasberg Moola
Heros Vasse

Aalwurm weerstandbiedende hawer kultivars te stuur om getoets

mielie-, sonneblom-, koring- te word teen beide van hierdie
en hawer-kultivars knopwortelaalwurm spesies. Sommige
kultivars het weerstand teen net een
Die meeste van die tyd bestaan
van hierdie spesies, maar omdat ons
n knopwortelaalwurm populasie
nie altyd weet wat die samestelling
in n mielie, sonneblom, koring
van so n populasie in terme van
of hawerland uit n mengsel van
die persentasie M. incognita en M.
twee knopwortelaalwurm spesies
javanica is nie, word slegs kultivars
naamlik Meloidogyne incognita en
wat weerstand toon teen beide
M. javanica. Met hierdie kennis as
spesies aanbeveel in die MIG.
agtergrond het saadmaatskappye
Deur van gasheerweerstand gebruik
hande gevat met die Mielie Trust en
te maak, kan knopwortelaalwurm
die Nematologie eenheid van die
populasies effektief beheer word, mits
LNR-IGG deur elke drie jaar van hulle
die aalwurmbesmetting nie uit die
beste mielie, sonneblom, koring en
staanspoor buitensporig hoog is nie.
Produsente word aanbeveel om van die kundige advise van die

area agent gebruik te maak om sodoende kultivars te selekteer wat
in die produsent se area aangepas is en dus die beste sal presteer.
Let daarop dat hierdie kultivars nie noodwendig weerstand teen
ander aalwurmspesies het nie.
Mielie kultivars met weerstand teen Meloidogyne incognita en M.

javanica
Pannar Monsanto Pioneer

BG4296 DKC80-40BRGEN 33Y85
BG3492B DKC62-80BR
PAN3Q222 DKC62-80BR
PAN5Q751BR
PAN5Q649R
Sonneblom kultivars met weerstand teen Meloidogyne incognita

en M. javanica
Feitlik geen sonneblom kultivars wat tot dusver getoets is, toon weerstand teen
knopwortelaalwurm nie. Slegs Prosol101CL van Sensako het weerstand teen M.
incognita.

Koring kultivars met weerstand teen Meloidogyne incognita en M.

javanica
Pannar ARC-KGI Sensako

PAN3489 Kariega ABPT12-08
PAN3161 Tankwa ABPT12-10
PAN3368 Caledon ABPT12-11
PAN3471 Senqu KPT12-11
PAN3379 Sabie KPT12-07
PAN3497 Ratel KPT12-08
PAN3118 Limpopo WPT12-06
PAN3478 Matlabas WPT12-04
PAN3400 Elands WPT12-05
PAN3515
Hawer kultivars met weerstand teen Meloidogyne incognita en M.

javanica
ARC-KGI Sensako
Drakensberg Targa
Witteberg Pallinup
SWK001 Quamby
Towerberg Savena1
Simonsberg Hakea
Overberg Yallara
Maluti Quantom
Kompasberg Moola
Heros Vasse

MONSTERNEMING VIR PLANT PARASITIESE AALWURMANALISES

Omgewingsfaktore en selfs bewer- Hoe moet die monsters getrek
kingspraktyke kan veroorsaak dat word?
aalwurmpopulasies dikwels handuit
Dit is baie belangrik dat daar grond
ruk en groot skade aan gewsse aan-
en wortels teenwoordig moet wees.
rig. As n produsent vermoed dat aal-
As daar net grondmonsters ingestuur
wurms die sondebok is wat veroorsaak
word, kan net die aalwurms wat op
dat hy n verlaagde opbrengs en/of
daardie tydstip in die grond voorkom,
oeskwaliteit afhaal, kan hy grond- en
gedentifiseer word. Op so n manier
wortelmonsters na die LNR-Instituut vir
gaan baie van die wortelparasiete wat
Graangewasse toe stuur sodat dit vir
mees-al net in die wortels voorkom, ver-
plantparasitiese aalwurms geanaliseer
lore. Die tellings sal dan nie n betrou-
kan word.
bare weerspieling van die werklikheid
gee nie. As dit n gewas soos grond-
bone of groente is wat hulle oes onder
Wanneer is dit die beste tyd om
die grond dra, moet daar van die
monsters vir aalwurmanalises
peule/knolle ook ingesluit word. Hoe
te trek?
meer monsters van n land af getrek
Aalwurmpopulasies bereik hulle piek word, hoe beter die kanse dat daar n
in terme van aalwurmgetalle sodra ware weerspieling van die aalwurm-
n eenjarige gewas begin blom. bevol-king gekry kan word. Monsters
Daarna begin die populasie stadig kan in n zig-zag patron getrek word,
maar seker af te neem as gevolg van veral in kolle wat simptome vertoon.
verskeie faktore soos byvoorbeeld n Kostes kan n rol speel, daarom verkies
kompetiesie tussen mekaar vir kos baie produsente om van hierdie mon-
en minder gunstige omgewingstoe- sters bymekaar te gooi, dit te meng en
stande. Die beste tyd om aalwurm- dan n verteenwoordigende monster(s)
monsters te neem, is dus wanneer te stuur.
die gewas begin blom. Die enigste
Hoe moet die monster gehan-
uitsondering is grondbone. Anders as
teer word?
die ander aalwurmspesies, piek peul-
aalwurmpopulasies (die belangrikste Die hele plant moet uitgespit word so-
grondboonparasiet) eers met oes- dat die grond rondom die wortelstelsel
tyd wanneer die oorgrote meerder- behoue kan bly (Fig. 1). Die aalwurms
heid van die populasie in die peule sal in die grond direk om die wortel-
voorkom. Grondbone moet dus eers stelsel voorkom omdat dit is waar hulle
met oes gemonster word. kos kry. Die laboratorium het ongeveer
200 cm3 (200 ml) grond per monster

nodig vir ekstraksie. As die hoeveel- 1. Aalwurms sal met behulp van die
heid grond rondom die wortelstelsel suiker flotasie metode vanuit die
baie meer as dit is, kan die oortollige grondmonster ge-ekstraeer word.
grond liggies afgeskud word (Fig. 2).
2. Al die plantparasietiese endo-
As daar nie genoeg grond rondom die
parasiete (die aalwurms wat in die
wortelstelsel is nie, skep nog bietjie
wortel self voorkom) behalwe die
grond met die hand uit waar die plant
uitgespit was en plaas dit in n plastiek- knopwortelaalwurms sal uit n 5g
sak (Fig. 3). Bogrondse gedeeltes van wortelmonster ge-ekstraeer word,
die plant moet afgeknip word omdat ook met die suiker flotasie metode.
dit nie nodig is vir aalwurmekstraksies 3. Die metode wat gebruik word om
nie (Fig. 4 & 5). Plaas nou die wortel- knopwortelaalwurms vanuit 50g
stelsel met die grond in n plastieksak wortelmonsters te ekstraeer (die aan-
(Fig. 6). Merk die oorsprong van die gepaste NaOCl metode) is spe-
monster op die plastieksak duidelik aan siaal aangepas omdat die knop-
die buitekant met n merkpen, want dit
wortelaalwurm wyfie sakagtig is
is die verwysing wat die laboratorium
en kan nie soos die res van die
sal gebruik (Fig. 7). Van hier af moet
wurmagtige aalwurms ge-ekstraeer
die monster in die koelte gehou word.
word nie.
As dit nie dadelik na die laboratorium
toe gestuur kan word nie, kan dit vir n Die aalwurms wat uit die grond en
dag of twee in die yskas gehou word. wortelmonster geekstraeer is, word dan
gedentifiseer en getel (Fig.10).
Monsters kan per koerier gestuur word
na of afgelewer word by: LNR-Instituut
vir Graangewasse, Hendrik Schoeman Wat is die kostes hieraan ver-
Gebou, Chris Hani 114, Potchefstroom, bonde?
2520. n Folio met die kontaknommers
Die koste van elke ekstraksie sal
en e-pos adresse of besigheidskaartjies
moet in die pakkie ingesluit word sodat R250.00 (BTW ingesluit) beloop. Dus,
die klint gekontak kan word. Merk die die groottotaal van n volledige wortel-
pakkie vir aandag: Sonia Steenkamp. en grondmonster sal R750.00 beloop
(R250.00 x 3 ekstraksie metodes).
Wat gebeur met die monster na-

dat dit afgelewer is? Wanneer sal die resultate
beskikbaar wees?
Die grond en wortels word nou ver-
werk (Fig.8) sodat die aalwurms uit die Die analise van die monsters sal tussen
grond en wortels geekstraeer kan word drie en vyf werksdae neem waarna die
(Fig.9). Vir elke grond en wortelmonster, klint n verslag van die resultate sal
sal daar drie ekstraksies gedoen word: ontvang.

Fig.1. Spit die wortelstelsel met grond rondom uit.

Remove the plant with the soil intact around the roots
Fig.2. As daar baie meer as 200 cm3 grond teenwoordig is, kan die
oortollige grond liggies afgeskud word
Access soil (more than 200 cm3) can be removed by carefully
shaking it off the root system

Fig.3. As daar nie genoeg grond rondom die wortelstelsel is nie,

skep nog bietjie met die hand uit waar die plant uitgespit
was en plaas dit in n plastieksak
If there is not enough soil present around the root system
additional soil can be sampled in the spot where the plant
was removed and placed in a plastic bag
Fig.4. Knip die bogrondse gedeelte van die plant af.

Remove the above ground parts of the plant

Fig.5. Dis net die wortelstelsel en grond wat van belang is, die
bogrondse gedeeltes van die plant kan afgesny word
Only the root system and the soil will be used in the
extraction, the above ground parts of the plant can be
removed
Fig.6. Plaas die wortelstelsel met die grond in n plastieksak

Place the root system together with the soil in a plastic bag

Fig.7. Merk die plastieksak duidelik sodat die verwysing deur die
laboratorium gebruik kan word
Mark the plastic bag so that the reference can be used by
the laboratory
Fig.8. Wortels en grond word verwerk voordat die aalwurms

daaruit geekstraeer kan word
Roots and soil will be processed before the nematodes are
extracted

Fig.9. Aalwurms word uit die grond en wortels geekstraeer deur

van spesifieke tegnieke gebruik te maak
Nematodes will be extracted from the soil and roots using
specific techniques
Fig.10. Die aalwurms wat uit die monsters uit geekstraeer is, word
gedentifiseer en getel
Nematodes extracted from the samples will be identified
and counted

SAMPLING FOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE ANALYSIS
Environmental conditions and even is included in the sample. If only soil

cultivation methods often cause samples are analysed, only those
nematode populations to increase and parasites present in the soil at that time
cause significant damage to crops. If can be identified. Root parasites that
a producer suspects that nematodes are present only in roots will then be lost
could be the reason for a decline in and the counts will not reflect a reliable
yield and/or yield quality, soil and indication of the nematode population
root samples can be send to the ARC- in the field. If the crop e.g. groundnut
Grain Crops Institute for plant-parasitic or vegetables carries its yield below the
nematode analyses. soil surface, pods/tubers must also be
included. A high number of samples
ensure a more reliable reflection of the
When should samples be taken nematode population. Samples can be
for nematode analyses? taken in a zig-zag pattern, especially
Nematode populations reach their in patches with sick plants. Costs of the
peaks in terms of numbers as soon as analysis can play a role so producers
annual crops start to flower. After that can mix the samples and then take a
the population will steadily decline as a sub-sample for analysis.
result of factors such as intra competition
for food sources and less favourable
How should the sample be
environmental conditions. The best time
treated?
for nematode sampling will, therefore,
be at flowering of the crop. The only The whole plant should be removed
exception is groundnut. Compared to from the soil in such a way that the soil
most of the other nematode species, around the root system remains intact
pod nematode populations (the most (Fig. 1). The nematodes will be pre-
important nematode on groundnut) sent in the soil directly around the root
only peak at harvesting where the main system because that is the zone where
portion of the population will be present they will feed. The laboratory will need
in the pods. Groundnut must therefore approximately 200 cm3 (200 ml) soil
be sampled at harvesting. per sample for nematode extractions.
Excess soil can be lightly shaken off
the root system (Fig. 2). If there is not
How should the samples be enough soil available around the root
taken? system, soil can be collected from the
area in which the plant has been sam-
It is important that soil as well as roots
pled and placed in a plastic bag (Fig.

3). Above ground parts of the plant can samples using the sugar flotation
be removed since it is not needed for method.
nematode extraction (Figs 4 & 5). Place
3. An adapted NaOCl method will
the root system together with the soil
be used to extract root knot nema-
into the plastic bag (Fig. 6). Mark the
todes from 50g root samples. This
origin of the sample in the bag on the
specially adapted method is used
outside of the bag using a marker (Fig.
to extract the root-knot nematodes
7). This information will be used as re-
because the sack like female can-
ference by the laboratory. From this step
not be extracted from the roots like
on forward, the sample must be kept in
the other, vermiform nematodes.
the shade. If it cannot be send immedi-
ately to the laboratory, it can be stored The extracted nematodes will then be
in the refrigerator for one or two days. identified and counted (Fig. 10).
Samples can be couriered or delivered

at: ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Hendrik
How much will the extractions
Schoeman Building, Chris Hani 114,
cost?
Potchefstroom, 2520. Please include a
folio or business card with contact num- Each extraction will cost R250.00
bers and e-mail addresses so that the (VAT included). The total of a complete
client can be contacted. Mark the pack- soil and root extraction will amount
age for attention: Sonia Steenkamp. to R750.00 (R250.00 x 3 extraction
methods).
What happens to the samples

after delivery? When will the results be
available?
The soil and roots will now be pro-
cessed (Fig. 8) so that the nematodes The analyses of the samples will take
can be extracted (Fig. 9). For each soil between three and five working days
and root sample, three extractions will after which the client will receive a re-
be conducted: port.
1. Nematodes will be extracted from

the soil using the sugar flotation
method.
2. All plant-parasitic endoparasites

(nematodes present in the root tis-
sues) except root knot nematodes
will be extracted from 5g root

ALLES EN MEER OOR dro toestande, veral vanaf die

blomstadium. Die siektegraad van
HOUTSKOOLVROT die siekte is gevolglik groter wanneer
die omgewings- en grondtemperatuur
Houtskoolvrot word nie alleenlik
toeneem (28-35C) asook wanneer
geassosieer met mielies nie, maar ook
grondvog beperkend raak. Wreldwyd
met sojabone, sonneblom, sorghum,
wil dit voorkom of die gebied waar die
katoen, tabak asook ongeveer 500
siekte voorkom besig is om toe te neem
ander plantspesies. Meeste produsente
weens klimaatsverandering.
sou al waargeneem het dat hierdie
siekte prominent was gedurende warm, n Toename in houtskoolvrot
dro seisoene, veral na blomtyd. Om gepaardgaande met droogtetoestande
te verstaan hoekom dit gebeur, asook tydens blomperiode word deur
hoe om hierdie kennis te benut om kundiges verklaar deur die
die voorkoms van die siekte beter te fotosintetiese stremmings-translokasie
bestuur, moet beide die plant en die balans beginsel. Volgens hierdie
patogeen verstaan word. beginsel, word die plant meer vatbaar
vir wortel- en stamvrot na blom weens
Oor die algemeen het aangetaste plante
koolhidraattekorte wat voorkom
n olyfgroen kleur, wat n aanduiding
wanneer die plant onder stremming
is dat daar probleme in die wortels
verkeer. Eenvoudig gestel, die plant se
en stamme is. Wanneer sulke stamme
fokus is om sy koppe te vul. Wanneer
oopgesny word, word die kenmerkende
die plant weens stremming (bv. a.g.v.
houtskoolverkleuring waargeneem
vogtekorte) nie in staat is om die nodige
op die onderste nodes van die plant
koolhidrate te produseer nie, begin dit
(Fig.1.). Die simptome wat geassosieer
n proses van self-kanibalisme deur die
word met houtskoolvrot is as gevolg van
gestoorde koolhidrate in die stamme na
die teenwoordigheid van klein swart
die koppe te vervoer. Hierdie proses
sklerotia, wat op die vaatbondels en
veroorsaak dat die stamme verswak
die binnerand van die stam ontwikkel
en dus meer vatbaar word vir watter
(Fig.2.). Sklerotia is die
patogeen ook al in die omgewing
oorlewingsstrukture van Macrophomina
is wat in ons huidige scenario M.
phaseolina, die veroorsakende
phaseolina is, n patogeen wat, soos
organisme van houtskoolvrot en dit stel
reeds genoem, baie goed kan infekteer
die swam in staat om op stoppel te
onder sulke ekstreme warm dro
oorleef.
toestande.
Die rede waarom houtskoolvrot meer
Wat nou gemaak as die siekte eers
geneig is om voor te kom in dror
posgevat het in jou land? Normaalweg
seisoene, is gesetel in die toestande
word wisselbou gebruik om siektes
wat die patogeen verkies om onder te
te beheer, met die idee dat wanneer
groei en te infekteer. Macrophomina
nie-gasheergewasse geplant word, dit
phaseolina floreer onder warm,
die patogeen ast ware uithonger

deur nie vir hom iets te gee waarop (wat n belangrike rol speel in die
hy kan voed en voortplant nie. Soos fotosinteseproses), die voorkoms van
reeds genoem, het M. phaseolina n stamvrotte kan verhoog. Stamboorders
wye gasheerreeks en is die patogeen en blaarsiektes moet beheer word,
in staat om alle gewasse wat tans want dit kan bydrae tot die stremming
kommersieel verbou word te infekteer waaronder die plant verkeer. Baie
(Fig.3.). Wisselbou sal dus nie effektief onkruide dien verder ook as gashere vir
wees om die siekte te bestuur nie. hierdie patogeen en moet dus beheer
word.
Gesiene dat alle stamvrotte
normaalweg geassosieer word met
Produsente moenie onverhoeds deur
stremmingstoestande, bly die goue
die siekte betrap word nie. Lande
rel rakende die bestuur van die siekte
moet gereeld gemoniteer word vanaf
om toestande te beperk wat stremming
30-40% graanvog deur die integriteit
teweegbring. Soos met verskeie siektes,
van die laer stamnodes te toets. Sou
is gasheerweerstand die beste metode
dit voorkom of stamvrot n probleem is,
om die siekte te bestuur. Sou sulke
moet pogings aangewend word om
inligting nie beskikbaar wees nie, moet
so vroeg moontlik te oes, omdat plante
produsente seker maak dat die kultivar
wat omval kan lei tot addisionele kostes
wat gekies is, goed aangepas is vir
om die graan geoes te kry.
die omgewing, omdat so n kultivar
reeds n genetiese voorsprong het
Bewaringsboerdery kan laastens
wanneer dit met stremming te doen kry.
gesien word as n bruikbare
Weerstand teen blaarsiektes, goeie
beheerstrategie om houtskoolvrot te
stabiliteit en droogtetoleransie sowel
beheer. Bewaringsboerdery bestaan
as ho opbrengspotensiaal sal dus
uit drie beginsels wat toegepas word
help om die voorkoms van stamvrotte
en sluit in minimum grondversteuring,
beter te bestuur. Hou by die aanbevole
die behoud van n deklaag en
plantdigthede van die kultivar. T ho
wisselbou. Deur die deklaag te behou,
plantdigthede en nou rywydtes sal
word die risiko van siektevoorkoms
bydra tot stremmingstoestande wat
verhoog, weens die feit dat baie
ideaal is vir infeksie.
siekteveroorsakende organismes,
waaronder grondgedraagde
Besproeiingskedules is baie belangrik,
plantpatogene, op plantreste kan
veral vanaf blom. Navorsing het
oorleef. Verminderde bewerking wat
getoon dat stamvrotte toeneem
met bewaringsboerdery geassosieer
wanneer watertoediening verminder
word kan dus daartoe bydrae dat siektes
of gestaak is voor graanvulling voltooi
toeneem, veral waar mieliemonokultuur
was. n Gebalanseerde beskikbaarheid
toegepas word. Navorsingsbevindings
van stikstof regdeur die seisoen
deur die LNR Graangewasse op
kan die voorkoms van stamvrotte
n bewaringsboerderyproef in die
verminder, terwyl n tekort aan kalium
Venterdorp omgewing (sanderige

leemgrond, Hoveld area, Noord-Wes

Provinsie) het egter aangedui dat die
deklaag ook voordelig kan wees in die
bekamping van sekere siektes. Hierdie
navorsing het getoon dat die deklaag
bygedra het daartoe dat plante minder
stremming ervaar het met die voorkoms Fig.1. Houtskoolvrot in
van laatseisoen droogtetoestande. Dit is mieliestamme en -krone
weens beter waterinfiltrasie en -retensie
wat geassosieer word met die deklaag,
wat n invloed het op die vermo van
die patogeen om te infekteer. Kortom,
dit maak die omstandighede vir infeksie
ongunstig. Wisselbou is egter n vereiste
met bewaringsboerdery.
Konsensus rakende klimaatsverandering
is dat Suid-Afrika in alle waarskynlikheid
eerder warmer en dror sal word
as koeler en natter. Gepubliseerde
navorsing het reeds gerapporteer dat Fig.2. Sklerotia van
Suid-Afrika ongeveer 2% warmer en Macrophomina
ten minste 6% dror was oor n tien- phaseolina
jaar periode wat gestrek het vanaf
1997-2006, in vergelyking met die
1970s. Dieselfde navorsing het getoon
dat die land as n geheel n 1.1.%
val in mielieproduksie kan ervaar vir
elke 1% val in renval. Wanneer in
ag geneem word dat hierdie warmer
en dror toestande n impak sal h op
biotiese faktore, word voorspel dat
seker siektes meer prominent sal word.
In hierdie verband kan houtskoolvrot n
reuse impak h in die Suid-Afrikaanse Fig.3. Simptome van
landbousektor en produsente sal dus houtskoolvrot op
hul bestuurspraktyke moet aanpas om sonneblom (A), sojabone
plantstremming te verminder. (B) en sorghum (C)

THE INS AND OUTS As to why the disease is most common

in drier seasons, the answer lies in the
OF CHARCOAL ROT conditions favoured by the pathogen
to grow and infect. Macrophomina
Charcoal rot is a disease most phaseolina simply flourishes under
commonly associated with stalks of not hot, dry conditions. The severity of
only maize plants, but also soybean, the disease has been documented
sunflower, sorghum, cotton, tobacco to increase as ambient and soil
and approximately another five hundred temperature increases (28-35C) as
other plant species. Most producers well as when soil moisture becomes
would have observed by now that the limiting. Worldwide it is reported that
disease is much more prominent during the area where the disease is occurring
the hot and dryer seasons, especially is increasing due to climate change.
when the conditions prevail from the
period after flowering. In order to Internationally, researchers explain as to
understand why this happens, and how why the disease is most common during
to use this knowledge to manage the the period following flowering through
disease, one must understand both the the photosynthetic stress-translocation
plant and the pathogen. balance concept. According to this
concept, plants become more subject
to root and stalk rot after flowering
In general, infected plants would have due to carbohydrate deficiencies that
a wilted olive green appearance, occur in these plant parts under stress
normally the tell-tale signs of problems in conditions. Simply put, the plant is
the roots and stalks. When cut open, the focused during this period on filling its
ears. Should the plant not be able to do
stalks have the characteristic charcoal
so, due to e.g. limited water, it starts
discoloration at the lower nodes of the
self-cannibalising, by moving already
plant (Fig.1.). The symptoms associated
stored carbohydrates from its stalks to
with charcoal rot is due to the presence
the ears, accordingly predisposing the
of numerous, minute, black sclerotia,
stalk to infection by whatever pathogen
particularly on the vascular bundles
is in the vicinity which in our current
and inside the rind of the stalk. These scenario is M. phaseolina, a pathogen
sclerotia give the stalk a grey/black quite happy to infect under such extreme
appearance from which the disease hot and dry conditions.
gets its name (Fig.2.). Sclerotia are the
survival structures of Macrophomina So what to do when the disease
phaseolina, the causal organism of has taken hold of your precious
charcoal rot, allowing it so survive on crop? Normally integrated disease
stubble. management strategies include crop
rotation with non-hosts. The non-

host plant is supposed to starve the potassium (K) (which plays an important
pathogen by withholding food from role in photosynthesis), can enhance
it. As, however, stated, M. phaseolina the level of stalk rot experienced. Stalk
is capable to infect all major crops borers and leaf diseases should also
currently utilized in crop rotation systems be controlled as they will contribute to
(Fig.3.). Crop rotation will accordingly plant stress experienced. Many weeds
not solve the problem and producers also serve as host to this pathogen and
will have to be smart about tackling this should also be controlled.
disease. As all stalk rots are generally
Do not get caught off guard by
linked to stress conditions, the golden
this disease. Productions should be
thread throughout the management
monitored regularly, from approximately
of such a difficult pathogen is to
30-40% grain moisture. The integrity of
limit the amount of stress the plant is
the lower nodes should be tested and
exposed to. As with many diseases,
should it be apparent that stalk rot is a
host resistance would be a feasible
problem, attempts should be made to
method to manage the disease. If such
harvest the plants as early as possible,
information is not available, ensure that
as lodging will result in additional costs
the cultivar selected is well suited for
in order to get the grain harvested.
the area, as such a cultivar will have
a genetic advantage when having to Conservation agriculture (CA) could
cope with stresses. Resistance against lastly be seen as viable management
leaf diseases, good stability, drought tool for the control of charcoal rot.
tolerance as well as a high yielding Generally, CA consists of a combination
potential are all qualities that will give of practices that include minimal soil
a cultivar a genetic advance and disturbance (no-till), permanent soil
could help to indirectly control stalk cover (mulch) and crop rotation. A risk,
rots. Stick to the recommended plant however, always present with CA is the
densities as determined by the cultivar potential of disease development as
selected, soil fertility, available soil many soilborne pathogens survive on
moisture as well as the production plant residue. Reduced-tillage practices
potential of the area. Too high plant associated with CA accordingly create
densities and too narrow row widths the risk of increased disease incidence
will create stress conditions ideal for and resultant yield loss, especially
infection. Irrigation schedules are very where maize monoculture is practiced.
important, especially post flowering. Recently reported research findings by
Research has demonstrated that stalk ARC-Grain Crops Institute of a CA trial
rot increased when water application conducted on a sandy loam soil in the
was reduced or ceased before grain Ventersdorp area (Highveld area, North
filling has been completed. A balanced West Province), however, indicated that
availability of nitrogen throughout all is not just doom and gloom when it
the season can reduce the level of comes to CA and disease. From this
stalk rot experienced, whilst a lack of

research it became apparent that the well be the next game changer in the
cover layer associated with CA helped South African agricultural industry and
to reduce the stress experienced by producers should accordingly adjust
the plants during late seasonal drought their management practices to reduce
conditions that were experienced. This plant stress.
was due to better water infiltration and
retention associated with the cover
layer. This finding corresponds to
international research findings which
reported significantly higher incidences
of stalk rot caused by M. phaseolina
in conventionally tilled treatments
Fig.1. Charcoal rot symptoms in
when compared to those in no-till
maize crowns and stalks
treatments. The better water infiltration
and retention associated with the cover
layer associated with CA practices
could accordingly have an effect on the
capability of this fungus to infect and
are accordingly seen as a viable way
to manage the disease, provided that
crop rotation is practiced.
The consensus regarding global

warming and the impact that it will
have on South Africas climate, is that Fig.2. Sclerotia of
South Africa will more likely become Macrophomina
hotter and drier than cooler and wetter. phaseolina
Published research already reported that
South Africa has been approximately
2% hotter and at least 6% drier over
a ten-year period which spanned from
1997-2006, compared to the 1970s.
The same research has indicated that
for the country as a whole, each 1%
drop in rainfall would most likely lead
to a 1.1% drop in the production of
maize. When considering the impact of
warmer and drier conditions on biotic
factors, it is foreseen that some diseases Figure 3. Charcoal rot symptoms
and pests will become more prominent in sunflower (A), soybean
as the climate becomes hotter and drier. (B) and sorghum (C)
In this regard, Charcoal rot might very

PROBLEME MET LANDBOUMIDDELS:

WAT STAAN DIE BOER TE DOEN?
Voordat die afleiding gemaak kan WANNEER U NOG OORTUIG IS
word dat n landbouchemiese-middel U HET IN PROBLEEMI BLY BY DIE
nie aan die verwagtinge volgens GOUE REEL: MOENIE PANIEK-
registrasie voldoen nie, moet die pro- ERIG RAAK NIE.
dusent sekere feite nagaan. Daar moet 1. Kontak so gou as moontlik die ver-
verseker word dat aan al die inligting, teenwoordiger of agent van wie u
gebruiksaanwysings en waarskuwings die middel gekoop het;
wat op die etiket verskyn, voldoen is.
2. Bevestig u klagte dadelik skriftelik
Byvoorbeeld:
aan die betrokke maatskappy;
1. Stem die weerstoestande tydens en
3. Dring daarop aan dat daar ter
na die toediening ooreen met die
plaatse n ondersoek ingestel word;
toestande soos voorgeskryf?
4. Indien die probleem nie opgelos
2. Is die tyd van toediening nagekom,
word nie: (volg waar moontlik skrift-
byvoorbeeld vroeg in die oggend
elik op)
of laat namiddag?
(a) Rel dadelik, nie eers nadat die
3. Val die toestand en aard van die simptome weg is of by oestyd nie,
grond waarop die gewas verbou dat n neutrale wetenskaplike (nie
is binne die raamwerk van die n regspersoon) soos iemand van
voorskrifte, byvoorbeeld tipe grond n landboukoperasie, Landbou-
en grondvog? navorsingsraad, Universiteit of die
4. Is die beheermaatrels teen die Staat, saam met die maatskappy
na die klagte kom kyk en dit be-
onkruid toegepas op die groeista-
spreek.
dium soos deur die gebruiksaan-
wysings voorgeskryf? (b) Stel die Registrateur: Wet 36 van
1947, Privaatsak X343, Pretoria
5. Is die aanbevole dosis van die mid-
0001 in kennis van u probleem.
del toegedien soos voorgeskryf?
Telefoon (012) 319 7303.
6.
Is die landboumiddel wel
(c) Indien die maatskappy nie reageer
geregistreer op die betrokke nie, stel die Landbou en Veeartse-
gewas en teen die spesifieke nykundige Chemikalie Vereniging
onkruid, swam of plaag? van Suid-Afrika (LVCVSA) by Pos-
bus 1995, Halfweghuis 1685, in
kennis. Telefoon (011) 805 2000,
E-mail: info@croplife.co.za

(d) Stel GSA (012) 807 6023 / b) Indien n aanbeveling deur n ver-
08600 47246 of die LNR - Institu- teenwoordiger of agent gedoen
ut vir Graangewasse (018) 299 word, dring daarop aan dat dit
6100 in kennis van die probleem skriftelik is.
en stappe wat gedoen is.
c) Bewaar die lotnommer en die
5. Indien u steeds nie tevrede is Die vervaardigingsdatum op die
staan dit u vry om n siviele hofged- houers. Onthou ook dat geen
ing te begin. amptelike monster sal uit n oop
houer of houer waarvan die sel
(a) Ondersoeke en bevindinge van die
gebreek is geneem kan word nie,
Registrateur: Wet 36 van 1947
aangesien die resultate onder ver-
gaan net daaroor of daar krimineel
denking sal wees.
of strafregtelik vervolg gaan word
volgens die wet. U aandag word gevestig op die vol-
gende artikels van die Wet op Mis-
(b) Die LVCVSA kan net sy lede (die
stowwe, Veevoedsel, Landboumiddels
chemiese maatskappy) versoek
en Veemiddels no. 36 van 1947 (Wet
om te reageer op n klagte indien
36 van 1947).
die boer n probleem het dat hy
gegnoreer word. Artikel 7 (1) (d)
6. Onthou dat die siviele hofgeding Niemand mag n misstof, veevoedsel,

wat u teen die maatskappy aan- landboumiddel of veemiddel verkoop
hangig maak heeltemal losstaan nie, tensy dit so saamgestel en so
van die kriminele of strafregtelike doeltreffend is as wat in die aansoek
aksie van die Registrateur (Wet 36 om registrasie daarvan gespesifiseer
van 1947). is, alle chemiese, fisiese en ander
eienskappe aldus gespesifiseer, besit
Die Registrateur se inligting is net vir sy
en aan die voorgeskrewe vereistes
eie gebruik, tensy n hof anders gelas.
voldoen.
BELANGRIKE PUNTE VOORDAT
Artikel 7 (2) (a) (i)
U IN OESBESKERMINGSMIDDEL
TOEDIEN Niemand mag teen vergoeding of in
die loop van n bedryf, handel of be-
a) Lees die etiket en gebruik die
sigheid n landboumiddel of veemiddel
produk slegs soos die etiket voor-
gebruik, of die gebruik daarvan aan-
skryf. U word wetlik verplig om dit
beveel vir n ander doel of op n ander
so te doen volgens kennisgewing
wyse as die wat aangedui word op die
soos gepubliseer in die staatskoer-
etiket op die houer daarvan of as wat
ant.
op sodanige houer gespesifiseer word
nie.

PROBLEMS WITH AGROCHEMICALS:

WHAT SHOULD THE FARMER DO?
Before assuming that an agrochemical IF YOU ARE STILL CONVINCED
does not comply with the expectations THAT YOU HAVE A PROBLEM,
of registration, the producer should first FOLLOW THE GOLDEN RULE: DO
establish certain facts. It should be en- NOT PANIC.
sured that all directions and warnings
1. Immediately contact the representa-
appearing on the label were followed.
tive or agent where the chemical
For example:
was purchased.
2. Confirm your complaint in writing

1. Did the environmental conditions to the relevant company.
during and after application corre-
spond with those as prescribed? 3. Insist on an in loco investigation.
2. Was the time of application com- 4. If the problem is not solved:

plied with, i.e. early in the morning (a) Immediately arrange that a neutral
or late afternoon? scientist (not a legal person) i.e.
3. Did the conditions and nature of someone from an agricultural co-
the soil where the crop was grown op, Agricultural Research Council,
fall within the framework of the pre- University or the Government visit
scribed conditions, i.e. soil type the site together with the relevant
and soil moisture? company to discuss the problem.
This should not be done when the
4. Were the control measures against symptoms have disappeared or at
the problem applied to the crop harvesting.
growth stage prescribed in the in-
structions? (b) Notify the Registrar: Act 36 of
7947, Private Bag X343, Pretoria,
5. Was the recommended dosage 0007 of the problem. Telephone
of the chemical applied as pre- (012) 319 7303.
scribed?
(c) If the company does not respond,
6. Was the agrochemical definitely notify AVCASA at PO Box 1995,
registered on the specific crop and Halfway House, 1685. Telephone
against the specific weed, fungus (012) 805 2000. E-mail: info@
or pest? croplife.co.za (Follow up in writ-
ing).

(d) Notify GSA (012) 807 6023 / (c) Save the lot number and manu-
08600 47246 or the ARC-Grain facturing date stipulated on the
Crops Institute (018) 2996100 of containers. Remember that no of-
the problem and what steps have ficial sample may be taken from
been taken. (Follow up in writing) an opened container or where the
seals have been broken, as results
5. If you are still not satisfied, you are
will be suspect.
free to commence with legal ac-
tion. Your attention is drawn to the following
articles on the Act of Fertilizers, Farm
(a) Investigations and findings by the
Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock
Registrar Act 36 of 1947, only de-
Remedies no 36 of 1947 (Act 36 of
termine whether criminal or penal
1947), www.croplife.co.za
action should be taken.
Article 7 (1) (d)
(b) AVCASA can only request their
members (chemical companies) to No person shall sell any fertilize~
react to a claim if a producer feels farm feed, agricultural remedy or stock
that he is being ignored. remedy unless it is of the composition
and efficacy specified in the application
6. Remember that a civil court action
for registration thereof possesses all
which has been taken against a
chemical, physical and other properties
company is completely separate
so specified, and complies with the
from criminal actions by the Regis-
prescribed requirements.
trar: Act 46 of 7947.
Article 7 (2) (a) (i)
Information gathered by the Registrar is
for his office use only, unless ruled oth- No person shall for reward or in the
erwise by the court. course of any industry, trade or business
use, or recommend the use of any ag-
IMPORTANT POINTS TO OB-
ricultural remedy or stock remedy for a
SERVE BEFORE APPLYING AN
purpose or in a manner other than that
AGROCHEMICAL:
specified on the label on a container
(a) Read the instructions and apply the thereof or described on such container.
product only as prescribed. You
are compelled by law to do so,
as published in the government ga-
zette.
(b) If a recommendation is made by a

representative or agent of a com-
pany, insist that it be put in writing.

PUBLIKASIES TANS BESKIKBAAR BY DIE

LNR-INSTITUUT VIR GRAANGEWASSE
PUBLICATIONS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE AT THE
ARC-GRAIN CROPS INSTITUTE
Beskikbare publikasies Prys

Available publications Price
1 Compact disk (CD) on Production of maize, Pests & Diseases R150.00

2 Laserskyf (CD) oor Produksie van Mielies, Peste & Siektes R150.00
3 Sorghum Produksiehandleiding R90.00
4 Sonneblom Produksiehandleiding R90.00
5 Production of Soybeans R80.00
6 Produksie van Sojabone R80.00
9 Produksie van Grondbone (Grondbone Altyd n Wenner) R90.00
10 Groundnut Diseases and Pests/Grondboonsiektes en -plae R90.00
Revised Common Weeds in Southern Africa/
11 R520.00
Algemene Onkruide in Suidelike Afrika
12 Soybean Production Manual(New Edition) R150.00
Package & Postage/Verpakking en posgeld/kg R45.00
Counter to Counter/kg R75.00

Payment Instructions/Betalingsinstruksies
Cheques to/Tjeks aan ARC

Bank Standard Bank
Acc Name/Rek Naam: ARC Receipt Account
Branch name/Taknaam Hatfield
Branch code/Takkode 01-15-45
Acc number/Rek nommer 012-588-792
Reference 05-05-9-410-D04-Depositors Name
When you pay directly into our bank account, please fax the deposit slip along with your name,
address and publications requested to:
Indien u direk in bankrekening inbetaal, faks die depositostrokie tesame met u naam, adres en
publikasies verlang na:
Ms Whitney Letlojane Fax: 018 2947167
Phone us with your order to obtain the amount payable/Skakel ons vir die finale prys op u
bestelling
Allow approximately 14 days for delivery/Laat 14 dae toe vir aflewering
Prices subject to change/Pryse onderhewig aan verandering

ERKENNING / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Die volgende persone en instansies se samewerking en/of kommentaar word met
dank erken / The co-operation and/or comments of the following persons and
institutions are gratefully acknowledged:
- GSA
- CropLife SA
- Saadmaatskappye/Seed companies
- Landbouchemiese maatskappye/Agro-chemical companies
Die volgende personeel van die LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse vir bydraes tot
MIG 2017 / The following personnel of ARC-Grain Crops Institute for contributing
to the MIG 2017:
Kultivarinligting Dirk Bruwer Cultivar Information

Thinus Prinsloo
Zira Mavunganidze
Bemesting Andr Nel Nutrition
Onkruidbeheer Jeanetta Saayman-du Toit Weed Control
Elb Hugo
Marlene van der Walt
Onkruidbeheer Jeanetta Saayman-du Toit Weed control in no-till
in geen-
bewerkingstelsels
Gewasbeskerming Annemie Erasmus Crop Protection
Ursula du Plessis
Sonia Steenkamp
Belinda Janse van Rensburg
Bradley Flett
Maryke Craven
Bewaringslandbou Andr Nel Conservation Agriculture
en Gewasrotasie and Crop Rotation
Meganisasie Benard Chirende & Mechanisation
Johan van Biljon (LNR-ILI/
ARC-IAE)

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

AANTEKENINGE NOTES

Innovation is our motto
Innovation is the key to success for any seed
company and at KLEIN KAROO Seed Marketing
we are constantly developing and implementing
innovative ideas.
Our wide access to genetic diversity ensures that the

farmer will always be on the cutting edge of genetic
progress with K2 seed.
Quality is everything
The genetic purity of our seed is tested to ensure
that farmers receive the correct product with
high genetic purity. Seed that does not meet the
necessary requirements is destroyed.
Effective market access

KLEIN KAROO Seed Marketing has several branches
within and outside South Africa with excellent
breeding stations and trial farms in Southern Africa
and Europe.
KKSM produces seed all over the world including

South Africa, Southern Africa, Europe, Australia, USA,
South America and the East.
The product range:

KLEIN KAROO Seed Marketing's complete product
range comprises yellow maize, white maize,
vegetables, pasture, soybean, sunflower, wheat
and canola.
PO Box 159, Oudtshoorn, 6620, South Africa

Tel: 044 203 9800 Tel: 018 293 1233
IN KAR
O
LE
Tel: 010 140 0839 Tel: 012 252 6849
www.seedmarketing.co.za
O
K
The all-in-one seed distributor

2
SA A D
G
TIN
BE
KE
A
M
RK A
ING ED M
SE
Earn free AgriBonus points available exclusively from K2 SEEd.

KKSM is a partner of Agribonus. Tel: 012 843 5660.
LNR-Graangewasse
Mielies Sonneblom Sojabone Grondbone Sorghum
Drobone Bambara-grondbone Manna Akkerbone
Instituut bestuur Planteteelt

Kingstone Mashingaidze Senior Navorsingsbestuurder Deidre Fourie Drobone
Hangwani Muedi Drobone
Kleinboer ontwikkeling Lieketso Moremoholo Mielies
Nemera Shargie Sorghum en Manna
Thinus Prinsloo Navorsingspanbestuurder
Hannelie Terblanche Grondboon en Bambara grondbone
Phonnie du Toit Tegniese dienste
Lebogang Madubanya Molekulre biologie en graankwaliteit
Annelie de Beer Opleiding
Alina Mofokeng Sojabone en akkerbone
Justinus Mashao Opleiding
Andrew Mokhele Sonneblom
Molefe Thobakgale Opleiding
Wikus Snijman Opleiding
Agronomie
Gewasbeskerming Thinus Prinsloo Navorsingspanbestuurder
Zira Mavunganidze Mielies
Jeanetta Saayman-du Toit Navorsingspanbestuurder
Dirk Bruwer Kultivaraanpassing
Annemie Erasmus Insektekunde
Wiltrud Durand Modellering
Elrine Strydom Insektekunde
Deon du Toit Modellering/Oesskattings
Marlene van der Walt Onkruidbeheer
Owen Rhode Grondmikrobiologie
Sonia Steenkamp Nematologie
Loureine Muller Grondbone
Nancy Ntidi Nematologie
Bradley Flett Plantsiektes en mikotoksiene
Belinda J van Rensburg Plantsiektes en mikotoksiene
Edson Ncube Plantsiektes en mikotoksiene
Moses Ramusi Plantsiektes
Maryke Craven Plantsiektes
Adres: Privaatsak X1251, POTCHEFSTROOM, 2520 Tel: 018-299 6100 Faks: 018-294 7146
E-pos: JamesM@arc.agric.za Webtuiste: www.arc.agric.za

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MIG 2017

Hierdie publikasie word befonds deur die Mielietrust

Hierdie publikasie word befonds deur die Mielietrust

Mielie-Inligtingsgids Maize Information Guide

Saamgestel deur die LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse

'n Instituut van die Landbounavorsingsraad

Compiled by ARC-Grain Crops Institute

An Institute of the Agricultural Research Council

Privaatsak / Private Bag X1251

Tel: (018) 299 6100

Faks / Fax: (018) 294 7146

Kopiereg / Copyright 2017

Landbounavorsingsraad / Agricultural Research Council

Gekordineer deur / Co-ordinated by

Sneha Mary James - Skakelbeampte: LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse /

Ontwerp en uitleg / Design and layout

(011) 894 4150

Gedruk deur / Printed by

(011) 894 4150

2 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 3

4 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

Toonaangewende verskaffer van kwaliteit plaaslik- en internasionaal-geformuleerde produkte

Yielding a better tomorrow.

Suid-Afrika het een van die laagste Soos vinnige waarskuwingsmaatrels

By Graangewasse, Potchefstroom het

Die LNR bly verbind om die beste

6 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

South Africa experienced one of the As quick warning measures and

At Grain Crops, Potchefstroom, the

The ARC remains committed in

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 7

KULTIVAREVALUERING Kultivars verskil van mekaar in een

Inligting rondom kultivars wat deur - Moet nooit n staatmaker-kultivar

8 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 9

Opbrengswaarskynlikheid (%) van drie seisoene saamgevoeg.

10 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

utilized effectively. The following are

Information on cultivars planted by - Cultivars must be adapted to a

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 11

12 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

Yield probability (%) certain production regions have been

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 13

YOUR RETURN ON OUR SUPERIOR

The key to good risk management is diversication. PANNARs

Registered trademarks of PANNAR LTD, 2017 PANNAR LTD

14 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

Kultivarinligting vir u gebied

KULTIVARINDELING VOLGENS MIELIE PRODUDUKSIESTREKE

1. Westelike streek / Western region

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 15

GEELMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE WESTELIKE STREEK (Streek 1)

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes)

Omgewingspotensiaal / Environment potential

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir twee seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheids-waardes) 35

16 LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute

* Waarskynliheid kan nie vir een kultivar bereken word nie

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir een seisoen beskikbaar is (gemiddeldes) 18 proewe

# Mean yield of the specific cultivar over all trials

WITMIELIEKULTIVARS VIR DIE WESTELIKE STREEK (Streek 1)

Kultivars waarvan inligting vir drie seisoene beskikbaar is (opbrengswaarskynlikheidswaardes) 55

LNR-Instituut vir Graangewasse / ARC-Grain Crops Institute 17

Omgewingspotensiaal / Environment potential