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Lie Detection and Interrogation (Polygraph)

recorded muscular activity accompanying


Polygraph - popularly referred to as lie detector. - changes in blood pressure. He claimed greater
measures and records several psychological indices such accuracy could be obtained by making the
as blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin recordings simultaneously with standard blood
conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a pressure, pulse, and respiration recordings.
series of questions.
- literally means "many writings".
Two types of present day polygraph
- is derived from two Greek words "Poly"- which means
instrumentation
many and "Graphos"- which means writing.

1. analog
blood pressure - is the pressure exerted by
circulating blood upon the walls of blood
vessels and is one of the principal vital signs. 2. computerized - most polygraph examiners now
used this.
pulse - represents the tactile arterial
palpitation of the heartbeat by trained Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test
fingertips. It can also be measured by listening 1. Control Question - preliminary information question
to the heart directly using a stethoscope. 2. Irrelevant Question -
3. Relevant Question
- In a polygraph test, the types of questions alternates,
respiration - the transport of oxygen from the
the test is passed if the physiological responses during
outside air to the cells within tissues and the
the probable lie control questions are larger than those
transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite
during the relevant question.
direction.

Lie Detection - is the practice of determining whether


skin conductivity - also known as Galvanic
someone is lying.
sin response - is a method of measuring the
electrical conductance of the skin which varies Three Basic Approaches to The Polygraph Test
with its moisture level.
1. The Control Question Test (CQT) - this test compares
the physiological response to relevant questions about
ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that the crime with the response to questions relating to
measures electrical resistance, the opposition possible prior misdeeds. This test is often used to
to an electric current. determine whether certain criminal suspects should be
prosecuted or classified as uninvolved in the crime.
2. The Directed Lie Test (DLT) - this test tries to detect
galvanometer - an instrument for detecting
lying by comparing physiological responses when the
and measuring electric current.
subject is told to deliberately lie to responses when they
tell the truth.
stimuli - is applied to sensory receptor, it 3. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) - this test compares
influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. physiological responses to multiple choice type
questions about the crime, one choice of which contains
information only the crime investigators and the
Personalities who contributed to the development criminal would know about.
of the polygraph machine.
3 Phases of A Polygraph Examination
1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the
Cesare Lombroso - he invented in 1895 a subject the test issue, review the test questions that will
device to measure changers in blood pressure be ask during the test and assess the subjects
for police case. emotional and physiological suitability to undergo the
polygraph test.
John Augustus Larson - a medical student at 2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses are
the University of California at Berkeley, recorded as the subject answers a set of questions
invented the polygraph in 1921.The device reviewed earlier.
record both blood pressure and galvanic skin 3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data
response. Further work on this device was done obtained and interprets the polygraph chart.
by Leonarde Keeler.
Conclusions That a Polygraph Examiner May Reach
1. Subject is telling the truth
Leonarde Keeler - was the co-inventor of the 2. Subject is not telling the truth
polygraph. He developed the so-called cardio- 3. The result is inconclusive
pneumo psychogram capable of detecting
deception and worked on to produce the * A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a
modern polygraph. half hours to two and a half hours.

William Marston - an american who used * Polygraph test result in the Philippines is not
blood pressure to examine german prisoners of admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an
war. accused.

* Polygraph test is voluntary.


John Reid - In 1948, developed a device which
. He became the first person to use science as a method
of detecting deception.
* The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90% provided A. Cesare Lombroso
the examiner is competent and the polygraph machine B. Daniel DeFoe
is in good working condition. C. Cesare Beccaria
D. William Marston
* Polygraph is an investigative tool. 6
. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare Lombroso,
* The principle behind a lie detection test is that when became the first person to use science as a method of
the subject hears a questions which he or she intends to detecting deception in the year
lie, the brain interprets and triggers automatic and A. 1895
uncontrollable physiological changes captured by the B. 1925
polygraph.
C. 1896
D. 1926
Who Uses The Polygraph
1. Law Enforcement Agencies
7. He developed a method of measuring the amount of
2. Legal Community
sweat a suspect produced during interrogation. This was
3. Private Sector
determined by the electrical conductibility of the
Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test suspects skin.
1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee is A. B. Sticker
reported as being deceptive. B. C. Lombroso
2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is C. D. Sticker
reported as truthful. D. C. Beccaria
8
Causes of Polygraph Errors . The first polygraph machine was actually a copy
1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the examinee machine invented in
for the examination. A. 1801
2. Misreading of the physiological data on the polygraph B. 1803
charts.
C. 1802
3. Defective polygraph machine.
D. 1804
Reactions - changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, 9
breathing and sweat activity. . In the early 1900s, He invented what he called the ink
polygraph. This was used to monitor cardiovascular
responses by measuring pulse and blood pressure.
A. Ken Adler
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 1 B. Vittorio Benussi
C. James MacKenzie
1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed D. Cesare Lombroso
whether he or she was lying. Spitting out dry rice 1
indicated the dry mouth of a liar. This form of lie 0.In 1914, He used pneumatic tubing to study an
detection originated in individuals breathing rates. The device wrapped around
A. India the persons chest and measured depth and rate of
B. China breath.
C. England A. Vittorio Benussi
D. Africa B. Ken Adler
C. James MacKenzie
2. During the Middle Ages, torture was used as a means D. Cesare Lombroso
of forcing a person to tell the truth. This was prevalent
in what continent? Remember the following: Lie Detection and
A. Asia Interrogation
B. Africa
C. South America 1. A portion of rice spit from a persons mouth revealed
D. Europe whether he or she was lying. Spitting out dry rice
indicated the dry mouth of a liar. This form of lie
3. In the early 1700s, He was the first to move away detection originated in China.
from torture by suggesting that deception could be
evaluated by monitoring the heart rate. 2. In Europe, During the Middle Ages, torture was used
A. Ceasar Lombroso as a means of forcing a person to tell the truth.
B. Daniel DeFoe
C. William Marston 3. In the early 1700s, Daniel DeFoe was the first to
D. Ken Adler move away from torture by suggesting that deception
4 could be evaluated by monitoring the heart rate.
. In 1764, He wrote of torture, By this method, the
robust will escape, and the feeble be condemned. 4. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria wrote of torture, By this
A. Cesare Lombroso method, the robust will escape, and the feeble be
B. Daniel DeFoe condemned.
C. Cesare Beccaria
D. William Marston 5. The Father of Modern Criminology Cesare
5
Lombroso, became the first person to use science as a 5
method of detecting deception in the year 1895. . He invented the modern polygraph machine in 1921.
A. Leonarde Keeler
6. Cesare Lombroso became the first person to use B. William Marston
science as a method of detecting deception. C. John Larson
D. Ron Decker
7. B. Sticker developed a method of measuring the 6
amount of sweat a suspect produced during . Polygraph literally means
interrogation. This was determined by the electrical A. Many Writings
conductibility of the suspects skin. B. Different Writings
C. Various Writings
8. The first polygraph machine was actually a copy D. Cursive Writings
machine invented in 1804. 7
. The first to discover the phenomenon we now know as
9. In the early 1900s, James MacKenzie invented what electrodermal response.
he called the ink polygraph. This was used to monitor A. Leonarde Keeler
cardiovascular responses by measuring pulse and blood B. Ron Adler
pressure. C. John Larson
D. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux
10. In 1914, Vittorio Benussi used pneumatic tubing 8
to study an individuals breathing rates. The device . Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a
wrapped around the persons chest and measured depth device measuring blood pressure and pulse to detect
and rate of breath. deception in criminal suspects, He called it
A. Sphygmograph
Answer: Lie Detection and Interrogation B. Hydrosphygmograph
C. Cardiograph
D. Pneumograph
1. C 9
2. D . The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in
3. B criminal investigation was invented by
4. C A. Cesare Lombroso
5. A B. Leonarde Keeler
6. A C. Vittorio Venussi
7. A D. John Larson
8. D 1
9. C 0. An instrument for recording variations in pressure,
10. A e.g., in sound waves or in blood within blood vessels,
by the trace of a stylus on a rotating cylinder.
A. Kymograph
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 2 B. Galvanograph
C. Pheumograph D. Cardiograph
1. The First Polygraph school.
A. Keeler Institute Remember the following: Lie Detection and
B. Scherers Institute Interrogation
C. Marston Institute
D. Larsons Institute 1. Keeler Institute - The First Polygraph school.
2
. The First Full Time professional polygraph examiner. 2. Leonarde Keeler - The First Full Time professional
A. Leonarde Keeler polygraph examiner.
B. William Marston
C. John Larson 3. Sphygmomanometer - It measures systolic blood
D. Ron Decker pressure as a means of determining whether a suspect
3 was lying during an interrogation.
. It measures systolic blood pressure as a means of
determining whether a suspect was lying during an 4. Frye vs. U.S - A U.S case wherein the examiners
interrogation. testimony regarding a defendants fact of passing the
A. Sphygmomanometer polygraph test was not accepted in evidence.
B. Emotograph
C. Kymograph 5. John Larson - He invented the modern polygraphy
D. Psychogalvanometer machine in 1921.
4
. A U.S case wherein the examiners testimony 6. Polygraph literally means "many writings".
regarding a defendants fact of passing the polygraph
test was not accepted in evidence. 7. Marie Gabriel Vigouroux - The first to discover the
A. U.S vs. Ohio phenomenon we now know as electrodermal response.
B. Keeler vs. U.S
C. Frye vs. U.S 8. Cesare Lombroso was the first to experiment with a
D. Larson vs. U.S
device measuring blood pressure and pulse to detect 6
deception in criminal suspects, He called it .He developed the first instrument to record
Hydrosphygmograph. simultaneously a person's blood pressure, pulse rate
and respiration changes.
9. The First Polygraph machine suitable for use in A. Mosso
criminal investigation was invented by John Larson. B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Dr. John Larson
10. Kymograph - This device allows the chart paper to D. Dr. William Marston
be pulled under the recording pens at constant speed. 7
. He found out in 1914, that distinct changes occur in
the respiratory patterns during attempt to deceive.
11. The Following sectors uses the polygraph A. John Larson
examination B. Cesare Lombroso
1. Private Sector C. Vittorio Benussi
2. Legal Community D. Dr. William Marston
3. Law enforcement, Military and Government 8
. He conducted experiments in lie detection by
1. A
measuring and recording the rate and depth of the
2. A
subject's respiration.
3. A
A. John Larson
4. C
B. Cesare Lombroso
5. C
C. Vittorio Benussi
6. A
D. Dr. William Marston
7. D
9
8. B
. An Italian physiologist accidentally discovered that a
9. D
dissected frog leg would twitch and contract
10. A
spasmodically at the touch of a scalpel charged with
electricity.
A. Mosso
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 3 B. Luigi Galvani
C. Vittorio Benussi
1. An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized that when D. Dr. William Marston
in emotional stress or tension, blood would rush to the 1
head. 0.He had found that current or "galvanic Electricity"
A. Mosso flowed through animal tissue.
B. Cesare Becarria A. Mosso
C. Cesare Lombroso B. Luigi Galvani
D. William Marston C. Vittorio Benussi
2 D. John Larson
. He built a delicately balanced board with a center
fulcrum. A person lying on this board was placed under Remember the following: Lie Detection and
stress and blood would rush to his head causing the Interrogation
board to tilt down at the head.
A. Mosso 1. Mosso - An Italian scientist who in 1895, theorized
B. Cesare Becarria that when in emotional stress or tension, blood would
C. Cesare Lombroso rush to the head.
D. Dr. William Marston
2. Mosso - He built a delicately balanced board with a
3. In 1895, he used measurements of blood pressure center fulcrum. A person lying on this board was placed
changes during interrogations using a water pressure under stress and blood would rush to his head causing
apparatus. the board to tilt down at the head.
A. Mosso
B. Cesare Becarria 3. Cesare Lombroso - In 1895, he used measurements
C. Cesare Lombroso of blood pressure changes during interrogations using a
D. Dr. William Marston water pressure apparatus.
4
. This water pressure apparatus is known today as 4. This water pressure apparatus is known today as
A. Cardiograph Hydrosphygmograph
B. Cardiosphygmograph
C. Pneumograph 5. Dr. William Marston - He established in 1915 the
D. Hydrosphygmograph relevance of blood pressure changes in the systolic
5 blood pressure.
. He established in 1915 the relevance of blood pressure
changes in the systolic blood pressure. 6. Dr. John Larson - He developed the first instrument
A. Mosso to record simultaneously a person's blood pressure,
B. Cesare Becarria pulse rate and respiration changes.
C. Cesare Lombroso
D. Dr. William Marston 7. Vittorio Benussi - He found out in 1914, that
distinct changes C. Sticker
D. Mosso
8. Vittorio Benussi - He conducted experiments in lie 5
detection by measuring and recording the rate and . He developed in 1926, the metal recording bellows. He
depth of the subject's respiration. also incorporated the kymograph and the rolled chart
paper. He used these developments together with the
9. Luigi Galvani - An Italian physiologist accidentally cardio and pneumo components, developing the first
discovered that a dissected frog leg would twitch and polygraph instrument known today.
contract spasmodically at A. Leonard Keeler
B. Veraguth
10.Luigi Galvani - He had found that current or C. Cesare lombroso
"galvanic Electricity" flowed through animal tissue. D. A.R. Luria
1 6
1. The 3 Basic components of a polygraph machine . He is the father of polygraph.
1. Cardiosphygmograph - Records heart/blood pressure. A. Leonard Keeler
2. Pneumograph - Records breathing. B. William Marston
3. Galvanograph - Records electrical current in the skin. C. John Larson
Known as Galvanic skin response and Galvanic skin D. Cesare Lombroso
conductance. 7
. He devised the first structured test questions. The test
Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation is made up using relevant questions interspersed with
irrelevant questions. The R and I test.
1. A A. Leonard Keeler
2. A B. William Marston
3. C C. Sticker
4. D D. John Larson
5. D 8
6. C . He used Keeler's technique and after testing numerous
7. C subjects, he found that in using that technique he was
8. C getting too many inconclusive result and an
9. B unacceptable error rate.
10. B A. A.R Luria
B. Mosso
C. Veraguth
Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 4 D. John Reid
9
.In the detection of deception, He developed a
1. In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest the use of
structured technique using comparison questions.
the (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response as an indicator of
A. A.R. Luria
deception.
B. Mosso
A. Mosso
C. Veraguth
B. Larson
D. John Reid
C. Sticker
1
D. Marston
0.He operates the National School of Lie Detection and
2
developed his known lie and probable lie question
. He was the first to make word association test using
technique and the guilt complex question.
the galvanometer.
A. Leonard Keeler
A. Veraguth
B. Mosso
B. Mosso
C. John Reid
C. Sticker
D. Dick Arther
D. Marston
3
Remember the following: Lie Detection and
. Many scientists have studied human behavior in
Interrogation
relation to lie detection. Among them was this man who
did not use an instrument approach but many of his
1. Sticker - In 1897, He was one of the first to suggest
theories in the psychology of deception are embodied in
the use of the (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response as an
polygraph procedure today.
indicator of deception.
A. Veraguth
B. A. R. Luria
2. Veraguth - He was the first to make word
C. Sticker
association test using the galvanometer
D. Mosso
4
3. A. R. Luria - Many scientists have studied human
. In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is certainly far from
behavior in relation to lie detection. Among them was
being indifferent to his experience, but on the contrary,
this man who did not use an instrument approach but
he puts himself in an active relation to his experience,
many of his theories in the psychology of deception are
its trauma, urging him into activity - conditions the
embodied in polygraph procedure today.
dynamics of his behavior.
A. Veraguth
4. A.R. Luria - In 1932, He wrote, the criminal is
B. A.R. Luria
certainly far from being indifferent to his experience, but If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a circular
on the contrary, he puts himself in an active relation to motion while being interrogated, he was taught to be
his experience, its trauma, urging him into activity - deceptive. This ancient deception detection is known as
conditions the dynamics of his behavior. A. Nervous behaviorism
B. The ordeal of the sacred donkey
5. Leonard Keeler - He developed in 1926, the metal C. The ordeal of rice
D. The sacred ass
recording bellows. He also incorporated the kymograph
5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned, he was
and the rolled chart paper. He used these developments
judged innocent. If the suspect's tongue was burned, he
together with the cardio and pneumo components, was judged guilty. This ancient deception detection is
developing the first polygraph instrument known today. known as
A. The hot iron test
6. Leonard Keeler - He is the father of polygraph. B. Bear the hot iron test
C. The ordeal of the hot iron
7. Leonard Keeler - He devised the first structured D. The ember test
test questions. The test is made up using relevant
questions interspersed with irrelevant questions. The R 6. What company is the leader in the manufacture of
and I test. polygraph?
A. Lafayette instrument company
8. John Reid - He used Keeler's technique and after B. Axciton
C. Stoelting
testing numerous subjects, he found that in using that
D. Limestone
technique he was getting too many inconclusive result
and an unacceptable error rate. 7.Where is the largest polygraph market in the world?
A. Russia
9. John Reid -. In the detection of deception, He B. Ukraine
developed a structured technique using comparison C. U.S.A
questions. D. Georgia
8.
10.Dick Arther - He operates the National School of Lie Depending on the complexity of the case and the
Detection and developed his known lie and probable lie number of issues being tested a polygraph examination
question technique and the guilt complex question. generally takes
A. 1-2 hours
Answers: Lie Detection and Interrogation B. 3-4 hours
C. 2-3 hours
1. C D. 4-5 hours
2. A
9. What is the longest phase of the polygraph
3. B
examination?
4. B
Ans. Pre-test interview
5. A
6. A 10.Who is the most prominent polygraph examiner of all
7. A time?
8. D A. Leonarde Keeler
9. D B. John Larson
10. D C. William Marston
D. Cleve Backster

Remember the ff: lie detection and interrogation


Lie Detection and Interrogation Reviewer 5
1. Cleve Backster - He introduced the symptomatic
1. He introduced the symptomatic question or myth to question or myth to disclose whether or not an outside
disclose whether or not an outside issue is bothering the issue is bothering the subject. Now Known as Backster
subject. Zone Comparison technique.
A. Dick Arther
B. Leonard Keeler 2. Associated Research Inc. - Manufactured the first
C. John Reid commercial polygraph instrument for Leonard Keeler.
D. Cleve Backster
2. 3. Keeler polygraph instrument - The name of the
Manufactured the first commercial polygraph instrument first manufactured polygraph instrument.
for Leonard Keeler.
A. Associated Press Inc. 4. If a subject looked down and moved his toe in a
B. Associated Research Inc. circular motion while being interrogated, he was taught
C. Associated manufacturing Inc. to be deceptive. This ancient deception detection is
D. Associated Detection Inc. known as Nervous behaviorism.

3. The name of the first manufactured polygraph 5. If the suspect's tongue was not burned, he was
instrument. judged innocent. If the suspect's tongue was burned, he
A. Keeler polygraph instrument was judged guilty. This ancient deception detection is
B. Associated Detecting instrument known as the ordeal of the hot iron.
C. Larson polygraph instrument
D. Marston polygraph instrument 6. Lafayette instrument company is the leader in the
4. manufacture of polygraph instrument.
7. The largest polygraph market in the world is
Ukraine.

8. Depending on the complexity of the case and the


number of issues being tested a polygraph examination
generally takes 2 to 3 hours.
9.The longest phase of the polygraph examination is the
Pre-test interview.

10.The most prominent polygraph examiner of all time


is Leonard Keeler.

11. Present day manufacturers of polygraph instrument


1. lafayette
2. stoelting
3. Axciton
4. Limestone

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9.
10. A

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