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Introduction
Vertical two-dimensional channels formed by parallel confirmed by the laborious numerical calculations of Bodia
plates or fins are a frequently encountered configuration in and Osterle [5], and extended to asymmetric heating by Aung
natural convection cooling in air of electronic equipment, [7] and Miyatake et al. [9, 10]. In a subsequent section of this
ranging from transformers to main-frame computers and discussion, the limiting relations for fully developed laminar
from transistors to power supplies [1, 2, 3]. Packaging flow, in a symmetric isothermal or isoflux channel, as well as
constraints and electronic considerations, as well as device or in a channel with an insulated wall, will be rederived by use of
system operating modes, lead to a wide variety of complex a straightforward integral formulation.
heat dissipation profiles along the channel walls. In many The analytic relations for the isolated plate (or inlet region)
cases of interest, however, a symmetric isothermal or isoflux limit and the fully developed (or exit region) limit can be
boundary representation, or use of an isothermal/isoflux expected to bound the Nu values over the complete range of
boundary together with an insulated boundary condition flow development. Intermediate values of Nu can be obtained
along the adjoining plate, can yield acceptable accuracy in the from detailed experimental and/or numerical studies or by
prediction of the thermal performance of such con- use of the correlating expression suggested by Churchill and
figurations. Usagi [12] for smoothly varying transfer processes. This
Elenbaas [4] was the first to document a detailed study of correlation technique relies on the analytic expressions at the
the thermal characteristics of one such configuration, and his two boundaries and a limited number of data points to derive
experimental results for isothermal plates in air were later a highly accurate composite correlation and its use will be
confirmed numerically [5] and shown to apply as well to the demonstrated in later sections.
constant heat flux conditions [6]. More recently, Aung and
coworkers [7, 8] and Miyatake and coworkers [9, 10] extended Fully Developed Limit
the available results to include both asymmetric wall tem-
perature and heat flux boundary conditions, including the Momentum Considerations. In laminar, fully developed,
single insulated wall. two-dimensional flow between parallel platesas shown in
From these and complementary studies emerges a unified Fig. 1the pressure drop is given by [11]
picture of thermal transport in such a vertical channel. In the dP
inlet region and in relatively short channels, individual = -12 i*w/pb3 (1)
dX loss
momentum and thermal boundary layers are in evidence
along each surface and heat transfer rates approach those For free-convection flow, this flow resistance is balanced by
associated with laminar flow along isolated plates in infinite the buoyant potential expressible as [11]
media. Alternately, for long channels, the boundary layers
merge near the entrance and fully developed flow prevails = (~Pf-Po)g=-f>Pg(Tf-T0) (2)
along much of the channel. dx buoy
Inserting equation (7) into (6) with the surface area, A, equal
to 2LS, the desired Nusselt number is found as
1 rcpp2gpb\Tlv-T0)
Nu
24 ]
fikL
TL
[0-^)<'--K>]
\-e~
(8)
+>--'
!3p Hh Data of Wirtz a 3 t u t z n K i n [ l 7 ]
10 10' 4 6 8 |0 3
Ra"
Fig. 5 NuoL variation for symmetric isof lux platesdata of [17]
determine the empirical variation of the heat transfer rate for (QT/2LSWAT0k) = (b + d) -lb-l(516/P2bs
the symmetric, isoflux, air-cooled channel. The results were + 2.873/P * 2 )- 0 - 5
05
(31)
reported in terms of Nu based on the temperature difference
at xL and are compared in Fig. 5 with the composite Nu where
relation, equation (28), based on the same definition. PmCpipfgPATo/pkL
Examination of Fig. 5 reveals the predicted values to lie within
the experimental error band (Nu 5 percent, Ra 16 Differentiating equation (31) with respect to b, setting the
percent) of the data for all but the lowest values of Ra ". derivative to zero and cancelling common terms leads to
A lis
'o
.'S \
,:
.FULLY-DEVELOPE ) / s .*^ \
lillT /,-y ^ , I
LIMIT
*/ """^ INTEGRAL SOLUTION
/y
2 ~f
in1
2 5 10 2 5 10 2 5 |03 2 5 I04
GrPr b/L
Fig. 3 Nu variation for parallel platesone isothermal, one insulated
10
r^2
"sOLATEO PLATE LIMIT
^x 5 ~ '
^ 3 _
q ^
X
i - co^
' " .4P0SITE
y-^i -- '
FULLY DEVELOPED L I M I T ^ ^ *
I01 1 M i l l II
lO 2 3 5 7 10 2 3 5 7 lO1 23 5 7 O2 2 3 5 7 KD3 2 3 5
Ra"
Fig. 4 Nu 0 U 2 variation for symmetric isoflux platesdata of [6]
and Usagi [12], the correlating exponent, n, is found to equal Symmetric, Isoflux Plates. Natural convection heat
approximately 2, yielding a composite relation for two transfer from an isolated, uniform heat flux, vertical plate is
isothermal surfaces as generally correctable in the form
Nu0 = (576/(Ra') 2 +2.873/Via 7 )- 1 / 2 (23) Nux = C4(Ra*)' (25)
The close proximity of the Elenbaas data points to the While theoretically C4 for air has been shown to equal 0.519
composite relation, and the asymptotic equations at both [15], the empirical large-spacing asymptote for channel heat
limits, indicated in Fig. 2, serves to validate this approach. transfer is generally higher [6, 8, 9], yielding
Nu o =0.73(Ra") 1/5 (26)
Asymmetric, Isothermal Plates. For vertical channels
formed by an isothermal plate and an insulated plate, the for Nu0 based on the midheight temperature difference or
asymptotic limits were previously shown to be Nu0 = Ra'/12 Nu0 = 0.63(Ra")1/5 when the maximum channel wall to inlet
for Ra' - 0 and Nu0 = 0.59 Ra1/4 for Ra' - oo. Inserting air temperature difference is used.
these limiting expressions into equation (20) and assuming Much of the available Nu data for channels formed by
that despite channel asymmetry the symmetric correlating isoflux plates is presented in terms of the temperature dif-
exponent n = 2 applies to this configuration as well, the ference between the wall, at the channel midheight, and the
composite relation for asymmetric isothermal plates is found inlet air, e.g., [6, 8]. Superposing the two relevant asymp-
to be totes, equations (15) and (26), the composite Nu relation
appropriate to this definition is found as
Nu0 = [144/(Ra')2 +2.873/ (24)
-0.5
Nu0,L/2 = ((12/Ra")+ 1.88/(Ra") (27)
Comparison of equation (24) with the limited data of
Nakamura et al. [14] reported in [10] and the numerical Comparison in Fig. 4 of equation (27) with typical data of
solution of Miyatake and Fujii [10], as in Fig. 3, shows Sobel et al. [6] and the results of the Engel and Mueller
equation (24) to offer near-excellent agreement with the data numerical calculation presented in [8] reveals the composite
and to improve somewhat on the predictive accuracy of the isoflux relation to have a high predictive accuracy and no
numerical solution in the region where Nu displays the ef- further adjustment of the correlating exponent appears to be
fects of both fully developed and developing flow. Figure 3 necessary. The larger than anticipated Nu values at the low
and equation (24) also reveal the Nu0 from the thermally Ra" data points of Sobel et al. [6] may be explained by
active surface in an asymmetric channel to be higher than unaccounted-for radiation and conduction losses at the
from a comparable surface in a symmetric configuration, for channel exit, as noted by the authors.
a fixed channel width or Rayleigh number, at low values of In a recent study [17], both direct temperature
Ra'. measurements and analysis of interferograms were used to
+>--'
!3p Hh Data of Wirtz a 3 t u t z n K i n [ l 7 ]
10 10' 4 6 8 |0 3
Ra"
Fig. 5 NuoL variation for symmetric isof lux platesdata of [17]
determine the empirical variation of the heat transfer rate for (QT/2LSWAT0k) = (b + d) -lb-l(516/P2bs
the symmetric, isoflux, air-cooled channel. The results were + 2.873/P * 2 )- 0 - 5
05
(31)
reported in terms of Nu based on the temperature difference
at xL and are compared in Fig. 5 with the composite Nu where
relation, equation (28), based on the same definition. PmCpipfgPATo/pkL
Examination of Fig. 5 reveals the predicted values to lie within
the experimental error band (Nu 5 percent, Ra 16 Differentiating equation (31) with respect to b, setting the
percent) of the data for all but the lowest values of Ra ". derivative to zero and cancelling common terms leads to
1
iC
0
Vertical grooves
Horizontal grooves
Small 2-D grooves
Symmetric, Isoflux Plates. When the boundary con-
ditions along the surfaces of the parallel plates are identically ) 1 large 2-D grooves
or approximately equal to uniform heat flux, total heat
transfer from the array can be maximized simply by allowing
the number of plates to increase without limit. In most electric
z 4 6 8 4 6 8
cooling applications, however, the plate, printed circuit ' 1.0
board, or component surface must be maintained below a b
critical temperature and, as a consequence, plate spacing and (cm)
Nu 0 values cannot be allowed to deteriorate to very small Fig. 6 Influence of grooves on the heat transfer coefficient from
values. isothermal, parallel plates [20]
Recalling the Nu 0 definition of equation (15) and rewriting
equation (29), the relationship between the midheight tem-
perature difference and the other parameters is found to be difference. Thus, when equation (29) is used to evaluate Nu 0
expressible as in the equation (30) formulation of total array heat transfer,
q"b\ 12 1.88 the optimizing equation for the symmetric, isoflux con-
A77./2 = + (37) figuration takes the form
Ra" Ra"
Thus, when both the surface heat flux and the allowable d / QT
temperature difference are specified, equation (37) can be db\2LSWATL/2k
used to solve for the requisite interplate spacing.
Alternately, when only the heat flux is specified, it is of
interest to determine the plate spacing yielding the lowest -!(<*+*-'(*-'--'-)"> 8>
possible surface temperature. This condition corresponds to a where
spacing which is sufficiently large to avoid boundary layer
interference and, by the method previously described, is R=cpp2g0q"/liLk1
found to occur at Ra" equal approximately to 17000 and &max Following differentiation, the governing relation for bopl is
= 1.02R--2. found as
In distinction to the bm3X value and the plate spacing ob- /12 3.76ft4 36
tained via equation (37), the optimum b value for an array of 1
(R
0
R + i*)
(39)
=
isoflux plates an be defined to yield the maximum volumetric
R /opt
(or prime area) heat dissipation rate per unit temperature For negligibly thick plates, i.e., d = 0, the optimum isoflux