Getting the Most Out of

Glyphosate

Dallas Peterson
Department of Agronomy
K-State Research & Extension
 Glyphosate Issues
Product Confusion & Appropriate Rates
Factors that Affect Performance
AMS Requirements and Replacement Products
Application Timing and Yield Protection
Expanded Crop Uses
Weed Shifts and Glyphosate Resistant Weeds
 New Glyphosate Products
Many glyphosate products
Different concentrations, formulations, and adjuvant
requirements
Need to read labels carefully and follow rate and
adjuvant recommendations
KSU research: few or no differences among most
glyphosate products when applied at same acid
equivalent rates and with recommended adjuvants.
 Active Ingredient (a.i.)
vs. Acid Equivalent (a.e.)
Glyphosate acid is the active form of glyphosate in plants.
Nearly all glyphosate products formulated as salts, ie.
isopropylamine (IPA), diammonium (DA), or potassium (K).
Salt portions of formulated molecules have different weights.
Active ingredient weight includes the salt part of the molecule,
while acid equivalent weight does not.
Acid equivalent weight provides a better comparison of the
herbicidal component of the different glyphosate salts.
 Glyphosate Products
Trade name Salt lb ai/gal lb ae/gal 0.75 lb ae/A
Roundup Original IPA 4 3 1 qt
Roundup Original MAX K 5.5 4.5 22 oz
Roundup WEATHERMAX K 5.5 4.5 22 oz
Touchdown DA 3.75 3 1 qt
Touchdown Total K 5 4.2 24 oz
Touchdown HiTech K 6 5 19 oz
Durango IPA 5.4 4 26 oz
Glyphomax XRT IPA 5.4 4 26 oz
Most Generics IPA 4 3 1qt
Surfactant Requirements with Glyphosate

Some glyphosate products always recommend using

surfactant, some indicate the addition of surfactant
is optional, while other products do not need
additional surfactant.
READ THE LABEL.
KSU generally recommends adding a source of
ammonium sulfate to all glyphosate applications, to
condition the water carrier.
 Application Factors
Environment Spray Volume
Temperature Water Quality
Humidity Water Conditioners
Drought Stress Dust
Rainfree Interval Wheel Tracks
Time of Day
Roundup Application Time of Day
Material and Methods
Roundup rate: 1 pt/A
Application Stages:
P: 4-8 inch velvetleaf and Palmer amaranth
LP: 6-12 inch velvetleaf and Palmer amaranth
Application time of day:
6 am, 10 am, 1:30 pm, 5 pm, 9 pm
The influence of application time of day on
Roundup performance, Manhattan, KS, 1999.
Application Palmer amaranth Velvetleaf
Time of Day Post LP Post LP
--------------(% control)-------------

6:00 am 96 85 96 47
10:00 am 99 100 99 99
1:30 pm 100 100 99 99
5:00 pm 100 99 97 97
9:00 pm 99 88 95 47

LSD 3 9
Late Postemergence - 6 am
Late Postemergence - 10 am
Late Postemergence - 9 pm
 Application Time of Day
Weed control with Roundup was less when
applied pre-dawn or post sundown than during
the middle of the day.
Possible reasons:
presence of dew
light influence on physiological interactions

plant leaf orientation

 Leaf Orientation During the day and at Night
Velvetleaf Palmer amaranth

Day:

Night:
5 gpa 10 gpa 20 gpa

Late postemergence glyphosate applied with spray volumes of 5,

10, and 20 gpa, Manhattan, KS 2000.
Oat control 2 WAT with a reduced rate of
glyphosate as influenced by spray volume,
Manhattan, KS 2001.
100
LSD=5
80
% Control

60

40

20

0
5 gpa 10 gpa 20 gpa
Spray Volume
AMS with Glyphosate in Soft Water

Without AMS With AMS

AMS Replacements with Glyphosate in Hard Water

5% v/v Liquid AMS 0.5% v/v

(2% w/w, or 17 lb/100gal) AMS Replacement
 AMS
Replacements
with
Glyphosate
 AMS Replacements with Glyphosate
Materials & Methods
Spray Volume: 15 gpa
Water Hardness: 103 Total Hardness as CaCO3
~6 grains/gal
Application: 7/12/05, 89F, 55% RH
Velvetleaf: 6-12 5-10 leaf
Sorghum: 16 V6
Corn: 20 V6
Sunflower: 12-16 8-10 leaf
Weed control with glyphosate plus AMS replacement
adjuvants at 4 WAT, Manhattan, KS (MS200508).
Velvet- Sun-
Treatment Rate Leaf Sorghum Corn flower
---------------(% control)--------------
Roundup WMax +: 8 oz +:
None 40 60 52 73
AMS 2 % w/w 77 90 83 92
Class Act NG 2.5% v/v 72 90 82 90
Alliance 1.25% v/v 65 83 77 90
Choice 0.5% v/v 30 47 42 60
Request 0.5% v/v 37 58 50 75
Speedway 0.5% v/v 42 50 50 85
Blendmaster 1% v/v 43 57 53 80
US 500 0.25% v/v 33 50 47 70
Citron 2.2 lb/100G 37 40 40 78
N-Tank 0.5% v/v 62 68 67 90
LSD (10%) 7 9 7 7
Weed control with glyphosate as influenced by AMS

No AMS 17 lb AMS/100 Gal Low Rate AMS

Replacement
Weed control with glyphosate plus AMS replacement
adjuvants at 4 WAT, Manhattan, KS , 2006 (MS200606).
Velvet- Sun-
Treatment Rate Leaf Sorghum Corn flower
---------------(% control)--------------
Roundup WMax +: 8 oz +:
None 0 0 0 3
AMS 2 % w/w 50 67 70 85
Class Act NG 2.5% v/v 30 73 68 78
Alliance 1.25% v/v 17 57 57 43
Choice WM 0.5% v/v 3 0 0 5
Request 0.5% v/v 8 0 7 7
Flame 0.5% v/v 5 2 3 10
Cayuse Plus 0.5% v/v 10 5 3 7
Loadout 0.5% v/v 3 3 3 7
Citron 2.2 lb/100G 3 3 5 3
N-Tank 0.5% v/v 30 22 37 23
LSD (10%) 10 9 10 11
Weed control with glyphosate plus AMS replacement
adjuvants at 9 DAT, Tribune, KS 2006 (0613Fall).

Treatment Rate Sorghum Corn Sunflower

---------(% control)----------
Roundup WMax +: 8 oz +:
None 56 74 84
AMS 2 % w/w 83 90 89
Class Act NG 2.5% v/v 80 87 90
Alliance 1.25% v/v 83 78 90
Choice WM 0.5% v/v 63 69 85
Request 0.5% v/v 60 73 85
Flame 0.5% v/v 69 84 86
Cayuse Plus 0.5% v/v 69 86 86
Loadout 0.5% v/v 68 78 86
Citron 2.2 lb/100G 69 80 86
N-Tank 0.5% v/v 83 86 87
LSD (10%) 16 11 5
Applicator Tracks
 Glyphosate + AMS

Low Rate Full Rate

Weed Control and Yield Protection
Weed Pressure
Weed Control Strategy
Timing of Weed Control
Level of Weed Control
Late Roundup Application
Late Roundup Application
Late Roundup Application
Early season weed competition with soybeans.

Glyphosate
4 WAP
Soybean yield as influenced by time of weed removal, 1998.
(Peterson&Regehr)
35
Glyphosate, sequential
Soybean yield (Bu/A)

30
Glyphosate, single
25

20

15

10

0
Weed Free 22 DAP 27 DAP 31 DAP 35 DAP No Removal
Herbicide Application Timing (Days after Planting)

V1/<4 V2/<12 V4/<24 V5/<30

Soybean Stage /Weed Size
Critical Period of Weed Control
Growth Stage or critical period to remove weeds
from a crop before significant yield loss occurs.
Highly variable and dependent on:
Weed Species Present
Weed Populations

Time of Weed Emergence Relative to Crop Emergence

Crop Management Practices

fertility, row spacing, population, etc
Environmental Conditions

Often 3 to 4 WAP with heavy weed pressure

Hard to Control Weeds with Glyphosate
Naturally Tolerant Species:
Prairie cupgrass, tumble windmillgrass, yellow
nutsedge, annual spurges, wild buckwheat,
lambsquarters, Russian thistle, velvetleaf,
morninnglory, waterhemp

Glyphosate Resistant Weeds

Glyphosate Resistant weeds?
Annual ryegrass: 1996 - Australia, California, South
America,S. Africa
Goosegrass: 1997 - Malaysia
Horseweed/marestail: 2000 - East and SE US.
probably in Kansas
Common Ragweed: 2004 - Missouri
Palmer Amaranth: 2005 - Georgia, Tennessee
Waterhemp: 2005 - Missouri
Johnsongrass: 2006 - Argentina
Giant Ragweed: 2006 - Ohio, Indiana
Lambsquarters?
Glyphosate-Resistant Waterhemp Biotype in NW MO
Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri
Continuous soybeans for many years, RR soybeans with at
least one application of glyphosate since 1996
Waterhemp also ALS and PPO resistant, but not triazine
resistant
 None 1 pt 1 qt 2 qt 1 gal 2 gal
Kevin Bradley, (Rate of 3# ae glyphosate/A)
University of Missouri
Common Waterhemp Biotype Response to 0.75 lb ae Glyphosate/A

Susceptible Moderately Tolerant Resistant

Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri
 WeatherMax 88 oz at 1 inch
Glyphosate Resistant Palmer Amaranth WeatherMax 88 oz at 4 inch
Stanley Culpepper, University of Georgia WeatherMax 88 oz at 12 inch
 Glyphosate Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Georgia

Sus.

WMax: 0 3 6 12 24 48 oz/A
Roundup WeatherMax oz/A

Res.

Stanley Culpepper,
University of Georgia
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth: Stanley Culpepper, Georgia, 2005.
Current Glyphosate Resistance
Evaluations at KSU
Common Waterhemp (2 populations)
Marestail (2 populations)
Giant Ragweed (2 populations)
Kochia
 Glyphosate Resistant Marestail Assay

Sumner Co.

Miami Co.

Check

Glyphosate Rate: 1 pt 1 qt 1.5 qt 0

 Glyphosate Resistant Marestail Assay

Sumner Co.

Miami Co.

Check

Glyphosate Rate: 1 pt 1 qt 1.5 qt 0

 Glyphosate Resistant Giant Ragweed Assay

R?

Rate: 8X 4X 3X 2.5X 2X 1.5X 1X 1/2X 1/4X 0X

Differential Waterhemp Response to Glyphosate
 Glyphosate Resistant Kochia?
Poor control of a wandering row of kochia with
glyphosate was observed in a field of Roundup
Ready cotton in Stevens county, KS in the
summer of 2007.
Kochia seed was collected from the uncontrolled
plants in the cotton field in Stevens county and
from an uncropped area in Finney county in the
fall of 2007.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to
compare the efficacy of glyphosate at various
rates on the two kochia populations.
 Materials and Methods
S and R biotypes of kochia were grown in the
greenhouse and treated when plants were 4 to 6
inches tall.
Kochia plants were treated with Roundup
Weather Max at 0.38, 0.75, 1.12, 1.5, 2.25 and 3
lb ae/a (11,22, 33, 44, 66, & 88 oz/A).
Weed control was visually evaluated 2 and 4
weeks after treatment.
 Kochia biotype response to glyphosate , 2 WAT.
Rate Biotype
Herbicide ae Product Finney Stevens
(lb/a) (oz/a) (% control)

Roundup WMax + AMS 0.38 11 15 0

0.75 22 88 34
1.12 33 99 44
1.5 44 100 60
2.25 66 100 84
3 88 100 96
LSD (5%) 6
 Kochia biotype response to glyphosate , 2 WAT.
Rate Biotype
Herbicide ae Product Finney Stevens
(lb/a) (oz/a) (% Mortality)

Roundup WMax + AMS 0.38 11 0 0

0.75 22 25 0
1.12 33 85 0
1.5 44 100 0
2.25 66 100 30
3 88 100 85
LSD (5%) 14
 Kochia biotype response to glyphosate , 4 WAT.
Rate Biotype
Herbicide ae Product Finney Stevens
(lb/a) (oz/a) (% control)

Roundup WMax + AMS 0.38 11 32 0

0.75 22 100 42
1.12 33 100 76
1.5 44 100 92
2.25 66 100 100
3 88 100 100
LSD (5%)
 Kochia biotype response to glyphosate , 4 WAT.
Rate Biotype
Herbicide ae Product Finney Stevens
(lb/a) (oz/a) (% Mortality)

Roundup WMax + AMS 0.38 11 0 0

0.75 22 100 0
1.12 33 100 45
1.5 44 100 75
2.25 66 100 100
3 88 100 100
LSD (5%)
 Glyphosate Resistant Kochia?
(2 WAT)

Stevens Co.

Finney Co.

Roundup 0.38 lb 0.75 lb 1.5 lb 2.25 lb 3 lb

Untreated
WMax: (11 oz) (22 oz) (44 oz) (66 oz) (88 oz)
 Glyphosate Resistant Kochia?
(5 WAT)

Stevens Co.

Finney Co.

0.38 lb 0.75 lb 1.13 lb 1.5 lb 2.25 lb 3 lb

Roundup WMax: Untreated
(11 oz) (22 oz) (33 oz) (44 oz) (66 oz) (88 oz)
 Summary
A biotype of kochia in southwestern Kansas has
developed a low level of resistance to glyphosate.
Exclusive use of glyphosate, especially at reduced
rates may result in increased tolerance by weeds.
Producers should use labeled rates, tank-mix and/or
rotate herbicides with different modes of action to
manage and minimize the risk of further
development of glyphosate resistant weeds.
Volunteer glyphosate-tolerant
corn in High Plains wheat /
corn / fallow
 Best defense against developing
glyphosate resistant weeds:
Avoid continuous, exclusive use of
glyphosate for weed control
Crop rotation, especially with non RR crops
Rotate and/or tankmix herbicides with different
sites of action, within and across years
Include other control tactics (cultivation,
prevention, crop competition, cultural practices)
Use the proper rate at the proper time
Herbicide and Weed Information on Internet
KSU Weed Management:
www.oznet.ksu.edu/weedmanagement/
Pesticide labels, supplements, and MSDS sheets:
www.cdms.net/
Kansas Department of Agriculture:
www.ksda.gov/default.aspx?tabid=1
Weed Science Society of America:
www.wssa.net/
K-State Research & Extension:
www.oznet.ksu.edu/
 Dallas Peterson
Extension Weed Specialist
785-532-5776
dpeterso@ksu.edu