DEFINITE INTEGRATION

(Integration as a process of summation)

FIRST LECTURE
b
b
Definition: f (x) dx = F(x) = F(b) F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b.
a
a
d
F( x ) f ( x )
where
dx
Note : The word limit here is quite different as used in differential calculus.
For a cont. bounded function f (x) in (a, b)
Lim h[f (a )f (a h ) f (a 2h ) ....... f (a n 1 h )] where b a = nh
h 0
n
n 1 b
Lim h f (a rh ) f ( x ) dx = F(b) F(a)
h 0
n r 0 a

computing the limit of an infinite sum is called evaluating the definite integral by first principle.
Very Important:
b

1. If f (x) dx = 0, then the equation f (x) = 0 has atleast one root in (a, b) provided f is continuous in (a, b).
a
Note that the converse is not true.
Consider the example: If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 then the QE ax2 + bx + c = 0 must have a root in (0, 1)
b b
2. Lim f n ( x )dx Lim f n ( x ) dx ;
n n
a a
3
a n
t3 2 2 1
e.g. Lim 1 t 2 dt (n N) find 'a'. [Ans. ln 2 3 wrong ans : ln 2 3 3 ;
ln 2 ]
n 3 n 3 2
a

b g 1 ( b )
3. f ( x ) dg( x ) = f (x ) g' ( x ) dx .
a g 1 ( a )

b
d b
4. dx f (x) f (x)
a
a
if f(x) is continuous in (a, b) however if f(x) is discontinuous in (a, b) at x = c (a, b)

b
d c b
dx f (x) f (x)
a
a
f (x ) c

1 0 1
d 1 1 1 1 1
e.g. cot cot cot 1 = 3
1
dx x x 1 x 0 4 4 2
5. Remember the values of the following def. integral
/2 /2 /2 /2
2 2
(a) sin x dx = cos x dx = 1 (b) sin x dx cos x dx
4
0 0 0 0
/ 2 /2 /2 /2
3 3 2 4 4 3
(c) sin x dx cos x dx
3 (d) sin x dx cos x dx
16
0 0 0 0
6. If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has domain x [a, b] where f (a) = c and f (b) = d then the value of
b d

f ( x ) dx + g( y) dy = (bd ac)
a c
Explanation:
e
e.g. f : [0, 1] [e, e ]
1 e e
ex
I = e dx 2 ln (ln x ) dx
0 e

ex e
if f (x) = e then f 1(x) = 2 ln(ln x); hence I = e Ans. ]
Bansal Classes Page # 13
Illustrations: (Evaluating definite integrals by finding antiderivatives)
8
sin x 1
1. dx ; [Ans. 2 [cos2cos3] ]
3 x 1
/4 1 e 2
83 3 n(1 t )
2. (a) cos 2x 4 sin 2x dx = ; (b) dt [Ans: 2; wrong ans 4, 2]
0
3 0
1 t
1 1/ 2
sin 1 x 2 dx dx 1 3 1
3. dx = 4. ( > )= ; 5. 2 = ln ( 2 3 ) or ln
2
;
0 1 x2 8 (x )( x) 0 (1 2x ) 1 x 2 2

n 2
1
3ln 3 ex 3
6. x n(1 2x) dx = 7. 1 e x dx = ln ;
0
8 0 2
/2
dx 1 4 2 3
8. = (A*) n2 (B) ln 2 (C) ln 2 (D) 2ln
0
4 5 sin x 3 3 3 2
2008
2 2 1
9. The value of the integral 3x 8028x ( 2007) dx equals
0 2008
(A) (2008)2 (B) (2009)2 (C*) 2009 (D) 1
e
x
10 ( x 1)e lnx dx [Ans. e + (e 1)ee ]
1
29
3
3 ( x 2) 2
3
( x 2) 2
11. (a) 33 dx ; (b) 3 3 ( x 2) 2
2 ( x 2) 3 3

2 2 8 9 1 2 2 2 2
[Ans. 11(a) 2 ln 2 Wrong ans. ln ; ln 2 ; 1 ln 2 ; 2 ln 2 ]
3 3 3 3 8 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 1
x2 4 3 3 9 3 2 e 2 e 2
12. x4
dx =
32
[Wrong Ans. , ,
32 256 8
] 13. x d(nx)
1
=
2
(wrong ans : 0)
2

16
sin x sin 2x sin 3x ...... sin 7 x 1
14. dx [Ans. ln 2 ]
0 cos x cos 2x cos 3x ...... cos 7 x 8
1 3 1
1 3 2 1 2 x 2
ln
15. cot x dx = 4

3 3 2 3
16. xe dx (Ans. 1
e
)
1 0

b x n 1 n 2 x 2 ( n 1)( a b ) x nab
eb g j dx b n 1
a n 1
17 Prove that z
a
( x a ) 2 ( x b) 2 2( a b )

2 n 1 x 2 n!
18. x e dx , n N [Ans. ]
0 2
1 1
2
19. Assume that f '' is continuous and that f (1) = 3, f '(1) = 2 and f ( x ) dx = 5. Find the value of x f ' ' ( x ) dx .
0 0
[Ans. 6]
5 2
x dx 117 15 33
20. (A) 18 (B) (C) (D*)
3
( x 3)(5 x ) 8 4 2
2
GENERAL ASKING: [cos x (1 x ) (1 x ) sin x ] dx
0

2 2
cos x sin x
21. Let I = dx and J = dx , where a > 0 and b > 0.
a cos x b sin x 0
a cos x b sin x
0
Compute the values of I and J.

Bansal Classes Page # 14

 1 a b 1 b b
[Ans. I = 2
b ln ;
2 J=
2
2
a ln ]
a b 2 a a b 2 a
b
Note-5 If f(x) is always +ve in (a, b) then f (x) dx is always > 0 (When a < b)
a
Example :
2
dx x
1. 5 2 cos x the substitution tan 2 = t is obviously wrong.
0

sec 2 x dx

dx
1 cos 2 x tan x = t is wrong.
0 0 2 tan 2 x

ELEMENTARY DEFINITE INTEGRAL

AFTER THE FIRST LECTURE
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
1 2 n2 e
dx dx 1 ln x
Q.1 Let ln a . Find a. Q.2 x ex dx Q.3 dx
0 16 9 x 2 0 9 4x 2 0 1 x ln x x
3 2
cos x 3
Q.4 Given f ' (x) = , f = a, f = b. Find the value of the definite integral f (x ) dx .
x 2
2 2
/2
1
x dx e
1 1 /4
sin 2 x cos x dx
Q.5 Q.6 2 dx Q.7 dx Q.8 (1 sin x ) (2 sin x )
1 5 4x 2 n x n x 0 sin x cos4 x
4
0

x
/4 2 2 3 sin 1 3 2 12
sin x . cos x 1 x 2 dx Q.11 dx x 1
Q.9 2 dx Q.10 Q.12 3 x dx
0 sin 3
x cos3 x x 2 ( x 1) (5 x)
13 32

/ 4 /2 3 /2
dx dx dx
Q.13 x cos x cos 3x dx Q.14 Q.15 2
Q.16 (0, )
0 0
5 4 sin x 2 ( x 1) x 2 x 0
1 cos cos x
ln 3
2
ex 1 / 4 1/ 2
3
x dx
Q.17 2x
dx Q.18 cos 2x 1 sin 2 x dxQ.19 dx Q.20 2
0 e 1 0 0 3 x 0 1 2x 1 x 2
2 /2
dx 2
Q.21 Q.22 sin cos a sin 2 b 2 cos2 d ab (a > 0, b > 0)

1 x x4 1
0

3 4 1
sin x
Q.23(a) (1 x ) sin x (1 x ) cos x dx , (b) x (1 x cos x ln x sin x ) dx Q.24 x (tan1 x)2 dx
0 2 0

Q.25 Suppose that f, f ' and f '' are continuous on [0, ln 2] and that f (0) = 0, f ' (0) = 3,
ln 2 ln 2
2 x 2 x
f (ln 2) = 6, f ' (ln 2) = 4 and e f (x) dx = 3. Find the value of e f ' ' ( x ) dx .
0 0
1 b
dx dx e e 1 e 2 e 2
Q.26 x 2 2x cos 1 where << Q.27 where a= & b=
0 a 1 x 2 2 2

1
x x ( x 2 x 1)(ln x 1) 1
1 x2
Q.28 dx Q.29 x5 dx
x 4x
1 0 1 x 2
0
Q.30 Suppose that the function f, g, f ' and g ' are continuous over [0, 1], g (x) 0 for x [0, 1], f (0) = 0,
2009
g(0) = , f (1) = and g (1) = 1. Find the value of the definite integral,
2
1
f (x ) g' (x ) g 2 (x ) 1 f ' (x ) g(x ) g 2 (x ) 1
dx .
2
g (x )
0
Bansal Classes Page # 15
 /4 / 2 / 2
sin cos 1 2 cos x x sin x
Q.31 dQ.32 sin2 cos dQ.33 dx Q.34 dx
0
9 16 sin 2 0
0 (2 cos x ) 2 0
1 cos x
4/3
2 x 2 x 1 dx 1
2 x2
Q.35 Let A = 3 2 then find the value of eA. Q.36 dx
3/ 4 x x x 1 0 (1 x) 1 x 2
1 e
d 1 dx
2 3
x 2 11 x
Q.37 dx Q.38 ln(x x e x ) Q.39 cos cos dx
1
dx 1 e1/ x 1 8 4 8 4
0

Q.40 If f() = 2 & (f(x)+ f (x)) sin x dx = 5, then find f(0)
0

b n 3
|x|
Q.41 dx Q.42 f (x)dx, where f(x) = ex + 2e2x + 3e3x + ..
a
x
n 2

/ 2 1
sec x tan x cosec x
Q.43
0
sec x tan x 1 2 cosec x
dx Q.44 x f ' ' ( x ) dx , where f (x) =cos(tan1x)
0
Q.45(a) If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has domain x [1, 5], where f (1) = 2 and
5 10
f (5) = 10 then find the value of f ( x ) dx g( y) dy .
1 2 1
1
(b) Suppose f is continuous, f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f ' (x) > 0 and f ( x ) dx = . Find the value of the definite
3
0
1
1
integral f ( y) dy .
0
ANSWER KEY
1 e 1 2
Q.1 21/3 31/2 Q.2 n Q.3 2 e Q.4 2 (a 3b) Q.5 Q.6 e Q.7
2 2 2 6 n 2 4

4 1 ln 3 3 3 2 1
Q.8 ln Q.9 Q.10 Q.11 Q.12 1+ Q.13 Q.14 tan1
3 6 2 6 2 6 16 3 3

1 1 3 1
Q.15
3
Q.16 sin Q.17 ln 3 ln 2 Q.18
26 3
Q.19
2
Q.20
2

n 2 3
1 32 1 a 3 b3
2 1
Q.21 ln Q.22
Q.23 (a) 2 2 1 ; (b)
Q.24 1 n2
4 17 3 a 2 b2 4 4 4 2

1 38
Q.25 13 Q.26 2sin if 0; 2 if 0 Q.27 1 Q.28 0 Q.29
24
1 4 1 16
Q.30 2009 Q.31 ln 3 Q.32 Q.33 Q.34 Q.35 Q.36
20 9 2 2 9 2
2 1
Q.37 Q.38 ln 2 Q.39 2 Q.40 3 Q.41 | b | | a | Q.42
1 e 2
3
Q.43 /3 Q.44 1 Q.45 (a) 48 (b) 2/3
2 2

Bansal Classes Page # 16

 PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
(A) PROPERTIES:
________________________________________________________________________________
b b b a

P1 f(x) dx = f(t)dt ; P2 f(x) dx = f(x)dx

a a a b

b c b
P3 f(x) = f(x) dx + f(x) dx provided f has a piece wise continuity
a a c

when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)

Illustrations
3/ 2 3
2 1 cos 2 x
(i) x[ x ] dx (ii)
0 2
dx = 2 (iii) 5x 9dx
0
0

1 e
2 2 2
(iv) ln x dx (A*) 2 (B) 2e (C) (D)
e e e
e

3
2
1
(v) x 2 dx (vi) 1 sin x dx (Ans. 4 2 )
1 0

2 2 / 3 4 / 3 2

(vii) | 1 + 2cosx | dx = f(x) dx f(x) dx + f (x) dx

0 0 2 / 3 4 / 3

2 2 2
(A) +2 3 (B) +3+ 3 3 (C*) + 4 3
3 3 3
2
3 5 5 5 9 5
(viii) [x2 x +1]dx (A) 1, (B) (C*) (D)
0 2 2 2

a a 0 if f ( x )isodd
P4
a
f(x) dx = f ( x ) f ( x ) dx = [ 2 f (x)dxa
if f ( x )iseven
0
0

Proof : Explain
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 x 1 x 1
Illustrations : (i) sec x ln dx = 0 ; (ii) [ x ] ln dx =
1/ 2 1 x
1 / 2 1 x 2
2
/4
2 x 7 3x 5 3x 3 x 1
(iii) |1 x | dx (iv) f(x) dx where f(x) = cos2 x
=2
2 /4

32
3 1
(v) | x sin x | dx [Ans. 2
]
1

3 2
1 x 1 x 1
(vi) tan 2
tan
x
dx
(A*) (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5 2
1 x 1
b b a a
P5 f(x) dx = f(a + b x) dx or f(x) dx = f(a x) dx
a a 0 0

2
sin 3 x 2
sin 2008 x
dx [Ans. 1 ] 2. 1
Illustrations : 1.
0
sin x cos x 4 (2007) x 1 sin 2008 x cos 2008 x dx [Ans. 4 ]

2

/3 100 3/8
n x 4 3 sin x
3. sin 2x ln (tan x) dx (Ans : zero); 4. dx (25) 5. n dx (zero)
/6 50 n x n (150 x) /8 4 3 cos x

Bansal Classes Page # 17

 /4
/ 4
tan 2 x

1

dx
6. ln (1 + tan x) dx = ln 2 7. 1 ex dx = 8. = /2
0 8 4 0 1 2 tan x
/ 4
1
3
x 2 dx 1
9. cot1(1 x + x2) dx (Ans. ln 2) 10. 2 =
0 2 2 2 x 10x 25 2

3 / 4 2
x sin x dx
11. dx (Ans. [ ( 2 1)]) 12.
/4 1 sin x 4 0 17 8x 4 x 2
e 6 (1 x )
1
/ 2 / 4 1
x sin x cos x 2 x dx 1
14. dx 15. ln 2 16. ln x 1dx = 0
0 sin 4 x cos 4 x 16 0
1 cos 2 x sin 2x 16 0

1 3
x4 2x
17. cos 1
4 2
dx
1 / 3
1 x 1 x

ln x dx
GENERAL: For a > 0, b > 0, I = ax 2 bx a = 0
0

ln x dx ln 2
(1) Evaluate: x 2 2x 4 [Ans. ]
3 3
0

2 4
(2) Prove that: f (sin 2x ) sin x dx = 2 f (cos 2x) cos x dx
0 0
3a 2 2
dx sin 2 x 1
Home Work after P-5 : 1. dx (Ans. ln ( 2 1) )
2 2 (a > 0) (Ans. 12 ) 2. sin x cos x 2
a 2 x a x 0

2 2 1
sin x cos x sin 2 x ln (1 x )
3. dx (Ans. zero) 4. dx (Ans. ) 5. 2
dx (Ans. ln 2)
0
1 sin x cos x 0
1 sin x cos x 3 3 0 1 x 8
2
sin 8x
6. sin x dx (Ans. 0) 7. cos x cos3 x dx (Ans. 4 )
0 2 3
2n 1 2
dx 1 2 x 1
8. (Ans. ) 9. tan dx (Ans. 0) 10. sin 2 sin d (Ans. )
0 1 tan n (nx ) 4n 0 1 x x2 0 4
2
sin 8x ln (cot x )
11. 2
dx , p, q I (Ans. 2) 12. dx (Ans. 0 )
(cos px sin qx )
0
cos 2x

2
3
13. Evaluate : x
f ( x ) x f " ( x ) 2 dx , where f (x) is an even differentiable function (Ans. 8)
2

3 2 2
ln x
14. I= [2 sin x ] dx 15. 1 x 2 dx [Ans. 0]
2 12

16. If for al real number y, [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y, then the value of the integral
3 / 2

[2 sin x] dx is (A) (B) 0 (C*) (D)
/2
2 2

e cos x


17. e cos x e cos x dx [Ans. ]
2
0

Bansal Classes Page # 18

 2a a a 0 if f ( 2 a x) f ( x)
P6
0
f(x) dx =
0
f (x) d x +
0
f (2a x) d x [ 2 f (x) dx
a
if f ( 2 a x) f ( x)
0

ILLUSTRATIONS : (i) I = sin4 x dx

0

2 2

dx dx
sin x

(ii) I = cox5 x dx = 0 (iii) I = =2 1 2 sin 2 x (iv) = 0 (v) sin3 x cos3 x dx =0
0 0 1 2 sin 2 x 0 0 sin 4 x 0

/ 2
1
x

2
(vi) ln (sin x)dx =
0 2
ln 2 ; ln sin 2 dx = ln 2 ; x l n (sin x) d x (Ans. 2 ln 2 );
0 0

1 2
sin 1 x 2

ln(1 cos x)dx = ln 2; dx (Ans. ln 2 ); ln 2 ]

0

0 x 2 (2 cos x)ln(sin 2x) dx [Ans. 2
0
3

tan 1 x 3 3
(vii) x dx [Ans.
2
ln 2
16
]
0
2 2

2 2 2 2
(viii)
(a) x sin (sin x ) cos (cos x ) dx [Ans.
2

]; (b) x sin(cos x ) cos(sin x ) dx [Ans.
4
(sin 1) ]
0 0

2
x (sin x ) 2 n
(c) (sin x ) 2 x (cos x ) 2n dx , nN [Ans. 2]
0

2
x (sin x ) 2 n dx
(c) (sin x ) 2n (cos x ) 2n , n N [Ans. 2]
0

2
3 2
(ix) x sin4 x cos6 x d x =
0 128

na a
P7 f(x) dx = n f(x)dx where f(a + x) = f(x) n I
0 0

Illustrations:
2n
sin x sinx
(i) sin x 2 dx [ . ] denotes greatest integer function. Note that: 2 = 0, nN [Ans. 4n]
0

1000 200 2000

dx
(ii) ex[x]dx = 1000(e 1) (iii) 1 cosx dx = 400 2 (iv) (Ans. 1000)
0 0 0 1 e sin x
n v

(v) | cos x |dx where < v < & n N = (2n + 2 sin v)
0 2
2 n
1
(vi) The value of the definite integral max . sin x, sin
(sin x ) dx equals (where n I)
0

n ( 2 4) n ( 2 4) n ( 2 8) n ( 2 2)
(A) (B) (C*) (D)
2 4 4 4

Bansal Classes Page # 19

(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES (LEIBNITZ RULE)
If f is continuous then
h(x)
d
dx f ( t ) dt = f ( h(x) )h(x) f (g(x) ). g(x) (integral of a continuous function is always differentiable)
g(x )

x2
d
Theory : f(t) dt = f(x2).2x f(x) . 1 (note that integral must not contain any function of x.)
dx x

Let f ( t ) dt = F(t) + C F(t) = f(t) Note : If f is continuous on [a, b] then the

x
x2 function defined by g(x) f ( t )dt (a x b)
f(t) dt = F(x2) F(x) a
x
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
in (a, b) and g ' (x) f(x).
x2
d
f(t) dt = F(x2) . 2x F(x) = f(x2) . 2x f(x) ]
dx x

x2
dt 9
e.g. Let G(x) = 1 (x > 0). Find G ' (9). [Ans. ]
2
t 5
sin 2 x cos2 x

1. If x [0, /2] f(x) = sin 1
t dt + cos 1 t dt =
0 0
4

tan x cot x x2
x2
t dt dt d dt
2. + =1 3. (a) d sin t (t x)dt; (b) (x 2 t 2 ) (x > 0)
1/ e 1 t2 1/ e t (1 t 2 ) dx x
dx x

e3 x
t
4. f (x) = 2 x dt x > 0. Find derivative of f (x) w.r.t. ln x when x = ln 2 [Ans. 48]
e
n t

y
dt d2 y
5. x = , If = k y, find k. (A) 2 (B*) 4 (C) 8 (D) 4
0 1 4 t2 d x2
t2 2
dy
6. (a) If x = z sin z d z & y = z2 cos z2 d z , find dx
.
1 t

t2 1
2 dy
(b) If x = z lnz dz and y = z lnz dz find
dx
(A*) t2 (B) 2t2 (C) 1 (D) 1/t2
1 t2
2
x
2
cos t dt x t
sin 2 dt f ' (x) 1
7. Limit
x0
0
(Ans : 1) 8. f(x) = 2 then find Limit
x sin x 0 t x 0 x 4
x
t2
xe
0
dt
1
9. Limit x2
(A*) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D) 2
x 0
1 e 2

z2
dx d2y 1 1
10. If y = 1 x3 find 2 at z =1 (A*) 2 (B) 4 (C) (D)
0 dz 2 4

x
t
11. Let f (x) is a derivable function satisfying f (x) = e sin( x t ) dt and g (x) = f '' (x) f (x). Find the range
0

of g (x).
[Ans. 2 , 2 ]

Bansal Classes Page # 20

ASKING PROBLEM:
x
1 t2
(1) Lim dt = 1
x 0 x3 0 t 4 1 3
x
t2 x2
(2) Evaluate Lim x e dt [Ans. 1/2 ]
x
0
x
1 1
(3) f (t)dt = x cos (x), for x > 0, f (4) is equal to (A) 2 (B*) 1 (C)
2
(D)
4
0

x tan 2 x
Lim
1 x
(4) Lim (1 tan 2 t )1 t dt = Lim (1 tan 2x )1 x = e x 0 = e2 Ans. (using L'hospital's Rule)
x 0 x0 x 0

x
101
(5) Let f (x) be a continuous function such that f (x) > 0 for all x 0 and f ( x ) =1+ f (t) dt . The value
0
of f (101) 100 is
1
101
(A) 100 (B*) 101 (C) (D) (101) 100
100

(C) DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus
b

f (x) d x = Limit h
h0
[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2 h) + ...... + f (a + n 1 h) ]
a n
b n 1
or f (x) d x = Limit h f (a + r h) where b a = n h
a h0 r0
n
Note: Evaluating a definite integral by evaluating the limit of a sum is called evaluating definite integral by first
principle or by a b initio method.
Put a = 0 & b = 1 n h = 1 , we have
1 n 1
1 r 1 r
f (x) d x = f ; replace dx; ; x
0 n r0 n n n
4 3 4 4 2
2 2 2 2x
Examples : For C.B.S.E. ( x x ) dx ; (x 1) dx ; (2x 5) dx ; (x e ) dx ; e
x
dx
1 0 0 0 1
1 b b
b
x
b dx
x dx ;2
e dx ; cos x d x ; x2
; sin x dx
a 1 a a a
EXAMPLES

Limit n2 n2 n2 1
1. ....... [ Ans. : ]
n
(n 2 1)3/ 2 (n 2 22 )3/ 2 n 2 ( n 1) 2

3/ 2
2

2. Limit 1 1 1 ...... 1 [ Ans. : l n 4 ]

n
n n1 n2 4n
4
Limit 1 2 3 ......... 2 n x dx 16
3. n = [ Ans. : ]
n n 0 3

4. Limit n 1 n 2 n 3 ...... 3
2 2
n
n 1 n 2 22 n 2 32 5n

1 1 1 1
(A*) tan 1 2 + ln5 (B) tan 1 2 + ln2 (C) tan 1 2 + ln3 (D) tan 1 2 + ln4
2 2 2 2
n n n
5. Lim ......... up to n terms
n (n 1) (2n 1) (n 2) 2(2n 2) (n 3) 3 (2n 3)

Bansal Classes Page # 21

 1 n 1
6. Lim tan 1 has the value equal to
n n k 1 1 tan k n

1 ln (cos 1) 1 ln (sin 1) 1 ln (sin 1 cos 1)

(A) (B) (C) (D*) 1+ ln (sin 1 + cos 1)
2 2 2
1/ n
Limit (n 1) (n 2) ....... (n n) 4
7.(a) n = [wrong answer 4/e ; 4/e2]
n e
2 4 6 2n

Limit 1 1 2 2 2 4
(b) n2
. 1 22 n2
. 1 32 n2
....... 1 n2
n2
=
n n2 n n n e

2n 1n
(c) Lim
n
Cn . (A*) 4 (B) 4/e (C) 4/e2 (D) 2/e

(D) EVALUATING INTEGRALS DEPENDENT ON A PARAMETER (NOT IN IIT JEE SYLLABUS)

Differentiate I w.r.t. the parameter within the sign of integrals taking variable of the integrand as constant. Now
evaluate the integral so obtained as usual as a function of the parameter and then integrate the result to get I. Constant
of integration to be computed by giving some arbitrary values to the parameter so that I is zero.
/ 2

Explain by taking I = sin(x c) dx

0
EXAMPLES:
1
tan 1 a x 2
1(a). I = dx [Ans: n a a 1 ]
0 x 1 x2 2

tan 1 ax tan 1 x

dx where a is a parameter..
1.(b) Evaluate x [Ans. ln a ]
0 2
1
n (1 a 2 x 2 ) 2
2.
0 x 2
(1 x ) 2
d x (a2 < 1)
[Ans: 1 a 1 ]
tan 1 (ax)


3. 0 x(1 x2 ) dx [Ans: ln (a 1) ]
2
1
n (1 a 2 x 2 )
n (1 a cos x )
4. d x (a2 < 1) 5. d x (| a | < 1) = sin1a
2 cos x
0 1 x 0

/ 2
1 a sin x d x
6. ln (| a | < 1) [Ans: sin1a]
0 1 a sin x sin x
/ 2
ab
7. l n (a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x) d x [Ans. l n
2
]
0

(E) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND GENERAL INEQUALITIES IN

INTEGRATION:
Not all integers can be evaluated using the technique discussed so far.
(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)
b

(b a) f(a) < f ( x ) dx < (b a) f(b)

a

(b) Foa a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

b

f(b). (b a) < f ( x ) dx < (b a) f(a)

a

(c) For a non monotonic function in (a, b)

Bansal Classes Page # 22

 b

f(c) (b a) < f ( x ) dx < (b a) f(b)

a

(d) In addition to this note that

b b

f ( x ) dx
a
< | f (x ) | dx equality holds when f (x) lies completely above the x-axis
a

Illustrations :
/ 2 2 e
sin x dx
(1) (a)

<
10
/ 4(sin x ) dx < 4 , (b) 1 < dx < ; (2) e 1 < 2 lnx <
e 1
;
128 0
x 2 3 1 2
2
4 x dx dy 1 2
(3) ( 0 when x = )
1/ 2
x dx ln 4 3
(4) Given that f satisfies | f(u) f(v) | < |u v | for u and v in [a, b] then prove that
b
(b a ) 2
(i) f is continuous in [a, b] and (ii) f ( x ) dx (b a ) f (a )
a
<
2
1 2
1 dx 1
(5) (a) General ; (b) 1 1 sin 3 x dx
2 ln (1 2 ) .
2 0 4 x 2 x5 6 2
0

(F) DETERMINATION OF FUNCTION

(a) Find a function f, continuous for all x (and not zero every where), such that
x
f ( t ) sin t 1 3
2
f (x) = 2 cos t dt
0
[ Ans : ln
2 2 cos x
]
/ 2

(b) If f(x) = x + sin( x y) . f ( y) dy

0
where x and y are independent variables, find f(x).

(G) WALLI'S THEORM & REDUCTION FORMULA

/2
n [(n 1)(n 3) ....1or 2 ] [ (m 1)(m 3)...1 or 2]
sin x cos m x dx = K (m, n are non-negative integer)
0 (m n ) ( m n 2) ...1 or 2

2 if m , n both are even
where K =

1 otherwise
Examples:
2 3 2

(a) x sin
6
x cos xdx 4
(b) cos
4
3x sin 2 6 x dx [Ans. 5 ]
0 0 16
/2

(b) If un = x (sin x )
n
dx , n > 0, then prove that u = n 1 u n 2 12 ; n2u (n 1)u = 1
n n n2
0 n n
/4
n
(c) If In = (tan ) d then prove that n (I + I ) = 1
n+1 n1
0
1
n 1 1
(d) If un = x tan x dx then prove that (n +1) un + (n 1) un2 =
0 2 n
sin nx
(e) sin x dx , nN

Bansal Classes Page # 23

(H) DIFFERENTIATING AND INTEGRATING SERIES
(1) Find the sum of the series
x2 x3 x4 x n 1
(a) ..... (1) n 1 ...... |x|<1 [ Ans: (x + 1) ln (1+ x) x ]
1.2 2.3 3.4 n (n 1)

(d) If x < 1 then find the sum of the series 1 2x 4x 3 8x 7 1

...... . [Ans. ]
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x8 1x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
(c) Let f (x) = tan 2 tan 2 3 tan 3 ..... then prove that f (x) = cot x
2 2 2 2 2 2 x

x x x x sin x
f ( x ) dx = ln cos . cos 2 . cos 3 ...... cos n = ln
2 2 2 2 x
x x x x sin x
[Note : Limit cos . cos 2 . cos 3 ...... cos n ]
n 2 2 2 2 x

1 1
(d) Prove that =
n 0 3n 1 3n 2 3 3

(I) SOME INTEGRALS WHICH CANNOT BE FOUND IN TERMS OF KNOWN ELEMENTRY

FUNCTIONS.
sin x cos x
(1) x dx (2) x dx (3) sin x dx (4) sin x 2 dx (5) cos x 2 dx
x 2 x2 x3
(6) x tan x dx (7) e dx (8) e dx (9) 1 x 5 dx
2 1/ 3
dx
(10) (1 x ) dx (11) ln x (12) 1 k 2 sin 2 x dx k R

Bansal Classes Page # 24