TECHNOLOGY IN FOCUSC /
NETRONICS SOLUTIONS HOT
OPTICS, COOLING
ELECTRONICS
Primer Autor, Segundo Autor, Tercer Autor
Ingeniera electrnica, Universidad
privada de Tacna, Tacna, Per
co_alejandro@correo.dom
Abstract The physical phenomenon responsible for
amplification is the stimulated emission, which was introduced
by Albert Einstein in 1917. Unlike the spontaneous emission,
which is evenly distributed in all directions of space, the
stimulated emission occurs only in the same Direction and
direction of the stimulating light beam. In addition, the photons
emitted by stimulated emission have the same characteristics as
the stimulating photons, which makes them indistinguishable
from these. Therefore, a light beam can be amplified, when
passing through a material medium in which more stimulated
emissions than absorptions are projected. To do this, it is
necessary to excite the atoms that make up the material medium,
by what is called pummel energy, part of which is transferred to
the beam of light that is amplified. If one of these means is
enclosed in a cavity formed by two confronting reflecting
surfaces, a laser light beam may be produced, caused by the
phenomenon of amplification of the fluorescence emitted by the
excited atoms, when it is passed several times by the amplifying
means.
Raman stimulated diffusion amplifiers
They are based on a non-linear interaction between the optical
signal and the high power pumping signal (so that conventional
fiber already installed can be used as a medium with gain for
amplification). They need a few km of fiber, pumping power of
some watts and the bandwidth of the amplification spectrum is
higher than 20 nm. In these amplifiers, the amplification
wavelength is fixed by the pumping wavelength and changes
with it and with The properties of the material of which fiber is
made. The tiny bandwidth of Brillouin-based amplifiers and the
considerable pumping power required in Raman-based
amplifiers prove to be major drawbacks.
I. INTRODUCCIN
The elements of the thermoelectric cooler (TEC). The TEC
controller solution should increase the level of integration and
Improve system efficiency without sacrificing performance,
flexibility, Or scalability. . The duration of a laser diode can
Shorten by 10% to 50% for every 20 C to 30 C increase in
operation Temperature above room temperature (25 C). The
efficiency of a laser diode It also decreases as the temperature
increases. The current gain stages are linear controllers and
PWM or switching controllers. The simplest implementation of
a linear controller consists of two Transistors in a push-pull
configuration (figure 2a). Usually, op Amplifier can not conduct
the current level that the TEC element needs. The driver offers
relatively low noise performance, but comes in price Of
inefficiency. This inefficiency results from the power transistors
that act as variables Resistances between the power supply and
the load. Consider a TEC Rated for 1 A and 2 V maxima. The
total power of a 5 V source It is 5 V 1 A, or 5 W, whereas the
TEC actually uses only 2 W. Therefore, Maximum efficiency is
limited to 40%. The remaining 3 They dissipate as dissipated
heat in the power transistor, which probably Need some form of
heatsink Bulky or expensive addition. To solve the heat problem,
Switching or PWM solution. Similary To a switched-mode power
supply, The transistors are driven to saturation, Not the linear
region, and they are only When they need to supply power to
load. As a result, they are 85% At 90% efficiency. Transistors are
On and off at a relatively high level Frequency, typically between
100 kHz And 1 MHz. On-off time creates A cycle of work
proportional to the Desired output voltage. An H-bridge
configuration allows To flow through the load in any direction
From a single power source (Figure 2b). If you You want the
current to flow from left to right The TEC element, Q1 and Q4
would change While Q2 and Q3 remain off. Switching The
waveform is filtered, usually with inductors And capacitors as
shown, to provide a current close to DC Output to load. There
lies the principal Disadvantage of a Switching Solution Noise
generated by the switching itself. A higher switching frequency
allows Inductors to be used in the filter
The lower switching frequency provides For greater efficiency
because The switching losses will be lower. Yes EMI is a
problem, a small surfacemount Ferrite bead (usually not larger
That the filter capacitors) Placed in series with the TEC element
To reduce high frequency Components. The system can be closed
The laser before the TEC controller goes off. The control of the
temperature of a laser diode is not A trivial task, especially
considering the trend Towards higher laser power and higher
density Of wavelengths. The system must be accurate, Flexible,
efficient and small. For applications Requires low current levels
when the card area And heat are not worries, a linear conductive
solution It may be suitable for the TEC element. When low heat
dissipation is a necessity, the efficiency of the PWM offers an
excellent Solution for the TEC controller.