Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Key terms
Zero growth a population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no increase or decrease.
Natural decrease (ND) the death rate is greater than the birth rate
Exponential growth a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases - often shown as a J-curve.
Birth rate (BR) the number of babies born per 1,000 people per year
Death rate (DR) the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
Natural change the difference between birth rate and death rate
Natural increase (NI) the birth rate is greater than the death rate
Life expectancy the number of years a person is expected to live
Newly industrialised countries (NIC) these include the Asian tigers as well as other emerging industrial
nations such as Malaysia, the Philippines and China
Asian tiger one of the fours east Asian countries of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan,
where manufacturing industry grew rapidly from the 1960s to 1990s
Demographic transition model (DTM) a model that shows changes in population information (birth and
death rates and population growth) over a period of time
Replacement rate a birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one before it
Age structure the proportions of each age group in a population. This links closely to the stage the country
has reached in the demographic transition model.
Gender structure the balance between males and females in a population
Infant mortality the number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1,000 live births
Child mortality the number of children that die under five years of age, per 1,000 live births
Transmigration a population policy that aims to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely
populated areas and provide them with the opportunities to improve their quality of lives
Industrialisation a process usually associated with the development of an economy, where an increasing
proportion of people work in industry
European Union (EU) a group of countries across Europe that work towards a single market i.e. they trade
as if they were one country, without any trade barriers.
Push-pull factors push factors are the negative aspects of a place that encourage people to move away.
Pull factors are the attractions and opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there.
Migration the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of staying for at least a year
Host country the country where a migrant settles
Source country the country from which a migrant moves from
Immigrant someone entering a new country with the intention of living there
Emigrant someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country
Asylum seekers people who believe that their lives are at risk if they remain in their home country and
seek to live in another country
Economic migrant someone trying to improve their standard of living, who moves voluntarily.
What has happened to World population
over the years?
Stage 4: Low DR and low BR. BR is now low due to birth control. Also, cost of children is high in MEDCs;
many chose to have less.
Stage 5: DR low, but up slightly and BR remains low. DR increases a little due to ageing population and
BR falls due to lifestyle- cost of children etc.
What are the main factors that change the birth and death rates?
Education and emancipation of women: women stay in education longer as a country develops they
marry later and have children later. Educated women know about birth control, so can limit the size
of their families (see Kerala case study later)
Urbanisation (the increase of the population living in urban areas): Fewer people needed on farms
so people migrate from rural to urban areas. Fewer children are needed in cities.
Farming: Mechanisation due to better technology = less people needed to work the land.
As has already been mentioned, it was based on developed countries, but LEDCs might not follow exactly
the same pattern. The medical discoveries have already been made that will reduce death rates, so
the speed of the movement between the different stages can be reduced greatly.
What does population structure mean?
This is how a countrys population is made up. It is
shown using population pyramids, which plot how
many males and females can be found at each age
category.
This a population pyramid; males are plotted to the
left of the central line and females to the right. The
individual bars represent the different age classes
see the scale on the left.
High BR and DR. BR still high, but Becoming narrower BR low and DR low. Ageing population.
DR falling. Life at the base as BR
Concave profile. expectancy starting to fall. DR Narrow base. Life BR really low (very
increasing continues to fall. expectancy narrow base).
increase. Many MEDCs
have started to
reach this stage.
The diagram above shows this. Each stage equates to the stages on the demographic transition model, YOU
NEED TO BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE THE DIFFERENT SHAPES AND TELL WHAT STAGE OF THE DTM
THEY ARE IN.
Where is population growth a major problem?
Think, what is the pattern? What types of countries are coloured dark and what type are lighter? Developed?
Developing?
What other terms are used when considering reasons for population change?
Infant mortality the number of babies dying before they reach the age of one, per 1000 births, per year
(if this is high, death rates will be higher, but also BR as people have more children to ensure that
they have children that survive)
Fertility rate the average number of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime (higher in
LEDCs)
Life expectancy the average number of years someone can expect to live (higher in MEDCs)
Essentially, couples were only allowed to have one child. Those that did received
welfare benefits and financial reward; those that did not were fined. There have
been awful stories of forced sterilisation and abortions. Many of you watched the
Dying Rooms video and were horrified by what you saw.
Has it been a success?: Yes and no. On the positive side, 300 million babies have not been born as
result. One could argue that this has led to sustainable development, but there have been a number of
negative effects:
The future? The policy could change. Reports in 2009 said that couples in Shanghai were being encouraged
to have 2 children (if they were single children themselves)
Islands of Bali and Java were in danger of becoming overpopulated not enough resources (food,
water, jobs and housing)
Recent developments
The policy has resulted in the re-settlement of 20 million people, mostly to Sumatra and Kalimantan
Population pressures have continued to increase in cities such as Jakarta but the problem could
have been much worse without the transmigration policy
The effects of transmigration
Birth control programmes have led to a decline in population in Indonesia (families are encouraged
to only have two children) the transmigration programme will probably continue to decline.
As Indonesia expands its programmes of resource exploitation (minerals, timber, palm oil and
shrimp farming) and industrialisation more and more people will migrate to the outer islands looking
for work
What are the problems with an Ageing Population?
There are a number of problems associated with this:
Health and fitness older people suffer from more degenerative diseases (cancer, heart disease etc)
Housing older people need specially adapted homes (bungalows, wide doorways, lower kitchen
units for those in wheelchairs etc.)
Increase care needs old people might need to be placed in sheltered accommodation (their own
home, but with carers visits for specific needs) or nursing homes (where all needs are looked after).
This is going to cost!
Pension they will claim for longer- how are we going to afford it? Impact on the economy?
Fewer workers less young people to work and
generate income? Less income from income tax and
National Insurance will be paid to the government. How will
we pay for our old people?
It is worth noting some other key terminology here though, which is related
to the pyramids.
The top bars over 65 years of age show the elderly dependents.
Working population
The higher the number produced by the formula, the worse it is! In 2007,
the UK had a dependency ratio of 61.
Why do people migrate?
Migration is the movement from one place to another. This can be legal, illegal, between regions within
a country or between countries. It can be forced (refugee?) or voluntary, seasonal or permanent. Whatever
the type, the reasons for people moving are a mixture of PUSH and PULL factors.
Poland impacts
Money sent home stimulates growth (4 billion in 2005/6)
Lower unemployment
Labour shortages in Polish industries (try getting a plumber etc!)
People have been invited in from other countries to fill
labour shortages
However, people have started to go back as the UK economy stagnates and the Polish economy improves. The
recession resulted in roughly half of the Eastern Europeans to return home by the end of 2008.
Conflict
Poverty
Corruption
Lack of job
Afghan refugees in The Jungle
Approximately 800 Afghans were situated there in August 2009 just waiting for a chance to get into the UK (either
smuggled in or to stow away hide in lorries or on trains).
What happened?
Many were arrested and the camp destroyed, but they were simply released. Many just returned to
Northern France in an attempt to get to the UK
Changingurbanenvironmentschecklist
Iknowwhaturbanisationis.
Icandescribehowurbanisationhappensatdifferentpacesindifferent
countriesandgivereasons.
Icandescribeandidentifyonamapthedifferentareasofacity:CBD,
innercity,suburbs,ruralurbanfringe.
IknowtheissuesthatcitiesfaceandIcandescribestrategiestotackle
each.
Icandescribethecharacteristicsofsquattersettlements.
Icanexplainselfhelp,siteandserviceandLocalAuthorityinitiatives
toimprovesquattersettlements.
Casestudy!:IcandescribehowKiberahasbeenimproved.
Icanexplaintheproblemscausedbyrapidurbanisationand
industrialisation.
IcanexplainthemanagementofairandwaterpollutioninIndia.
Icandescribethecharacteristicsofasustainablecity:
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttoconservethehistoricand
naturalenvironment.
o Icangivetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbrownfieldsites.
o Icangivegiveexamplesofhowtoreducewaste.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttohaveadequateopenspace.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttohaveanefficienttransport
systemandgiveexamplesofwhatthislookslike.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttoincludelocalpeopleinthe
decisionmakingprocess.
Casestudy!IcandescribehowCuritiba,Brazilisanexampleof
sustainableurbanliving.
ChangingUrbanEnvironments
Keywords
Urbanisationaprocesswhereanincreasingproportionofthepopulationlivesintownsan
citiesresultingintheirgrowth.
Ruraltourbanmigrationmovinghomefromaruralareatosettleinatownorcity.
Landusethetypeofbuildingsorotherfeaturesthatarefoundinthearea.Eg.terraced
housing,foodbanks,industrialestates,roads,parks.
Functionthepurposeofanarea.Eg.residentialuse,recreation,shopping.
CentralBusinessDistrictCBDthemainshoppingareainthecity(thetowncentre).
InnerCitytheareaaroundtheCBD.
Outercityorsuburbsthehousingareaontheedgeofthecity.
Brownfieldsitelandthathasbeenbuiltonbeforeandistobeclearedandreused.These
sitesareoftenintheinnercity.
Greenfieldsiteslandthathasnotbeenbuiltonbeforeusuallyinthecountrysideonthe
edgeofthebuiltuparea.
UrbandevelopmentCorporations(UDCs)setupinthe1980sand1990susingpublicfunding
tobuylandandimproveinnercities,partlybyattractingprivateinvestment.
CityChallengeastrategyinwhichlocalauthoritieshadtodesignaschemeandsubmitabid
forfunding,competingagainstothercouncils.Theyalsohadtobecomepartofapartnership
involvingthelocalcommunityandprivatecompanieswhowouldfundpartofthe
development.
Regenerationimprovinganarea.
Sustainablecommunitycommunity(offeringhousing,employmentandrecreation
opportunities)thatisbroadlyinbalancewiththeenvironmentandofferspeopleagood
qualityoflife.
Qualityoflifehowgoodapersonslifeisasmeasuredbysuchthingsasqualityofhousing
andenvironment,accesstoeducation,healthcare,howsecurepeoplefeelandhowhappy
theyarewiththeirlifestyle.
Parkandridescheme:abusserviceruntokeyplacesfromcarparksontheedgesofbusy
areainordertoreducetrafficflowsandcongestioninthecitycentre.Costsarelowto
encouragepeopletousethesystemtheyaregenerallycheaperthanfuelandcarparking
chargesinthecentre.
Segregationoccurswherepeopleofaparticularethnicgroupchoosetolivewithotherfrom
theseamethnicgroup,separatefromothergroups.
Selfhelpschemessometimesknownasselfassistedhelp,thisiswherelocalauthorities
helpthesquattersettlementresidentstoimprovetheirhomesbyofferingfinanceinthe
formofloansorgrantsanofteninstallingwater,sanitation,etc.
Sustainablecityanurbanareawhereresidentshaveawayoflifethatwilllastalongtime.
Theenvironmentisnotdamagedandtheeconomicandsocialfabricareabletostandthe
testoftime.
Whatarethecharacteristicsandcausesofurbanisation?
Urbanisationistheincreasingproportionofpeoplechoosingtoliveinthecity.
ThishappenedfirstinrichercountriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Itishappeningnowinpoorer
countries.
Causesofurbanisation
Ruraltourbanmigrationmeansthemovementofpeoplefromthecountrysidetothecity.
Thishappensbecauseofpushfactorsofthecountryside:
Therearefewjobsoutsidefarming.
farmingisunreliableduetodroughtsandfloods.
Therearefewserviceseg.poorhealthcare,alackofeducation.
Andpullfactorsofthecity:
Betterjobs
Reliableincome
Betterhealthcare
Bettereducation.
Howdoesthelandvaryinurbanareas?
CBDshops,restaurants,
offices,apartments, Innercityterraced
housing
Outersuburbsdetached
housing
Innercitysemi
detachedhousing
Ruralurbanfringegolfcourses,
naturereserves,offices. Howcanweseetellthelanduseofanareaonamap?
YoucantelltheCBDby:
Touristinformationcentre
Museum
Busstation
TrainStation
Mainroadsformingaringroad
Cathedral
Parking.
YoucantelltheInnercityby:
Straightrowsofhousingformingagridpattern.
Nofrontgardens.
Smallbackyards.
Youcantellthesuburbsby:
Curvedroadswithculdesacsandcrescents.
Largebackgardens.
Frontgardens.
Youcantelltheruralurbanfringeby:
Naturereserves(seebirdsymbol)
Golfcourses
Outoftownoffices.
Whataretheissueforpeoplelivinginurbanareasinricherpartsoftheworld?
Notenoughgoodqualityaffordablehousing.
Rundowninnercity.
Toomuchtrafficandpollutionfromcaremissions.
ACBDwithrundownandunusedbuildings
Highunemploymentincertainareas.
Amixedculturewithethnicsegregation(whichmeanspeoplefromdifferentethnicgroups
livingseparately.)
Strategiestotackletheissuesofcitiesinrichcountries:
Strategy1:LondonDocklands
DevelopmentCorporation(LDDC):
DocklandswasanareainwestLondon
thathadhighunemploymentwhenthe
docksclosed.Itbecameazoneof
decline.TheLDDCusedprivate
investmenttotransformthearea.
Therewasafocusonprofitratherthan
theneedsofpeople.Wasitasuccess?
Yesthelandscapewasimproved
144kmofnewroads,762haofderelict
landwasrecalaimed,24,000new
homeswerebuilt,2700businesses
weretradingincludingAmericanExpressandTheSun
Newspapers,theyachieved94awardsforarchitectureand
conservation,85000nowatworkatDocklands
Nothenewhousingwasmainlyluxuryapartmentsthatthe
originallocalpeoplecouldnotafford,thejobsweremainly
highlyskilledandnotfortheformerdockers.Thewinebarsand
restaurantswerenotaimedatthelocalpeople.Communities
werebrokenupasoldhousingwasdemolishedandreplaced.
Strategy2:CityChallenge,Hulme,Manchester(anexampleofastrategythatwassocially
successful)
Hulmehad37.5millionspentonitthroughCityChallenge.
Someoldbuildingswerekept.
Localschoolsandparkswerebuilt.
Residentsviewsweretakenintoaccountsotheregenerationmettheirneedsbetterthan
Docklands.
Strategy3:SustainableCommunities:NewIslingtonMillenniumVillage
Housingandservicessuchasshops,healthcare,schools,plusparksandgardenshavebeen
builtwithinasmallareasothatpeopleareabletolivemoresustainablywithoutusingtheir
cars.
Arangeofhousingwasbuilt:66houses,200groundfloorapartments,60012bed
apartments,34urbanbarns.
10newshps
2pubs
MetrolinkandbusstopslinkingthedevelopmenttoManchester.
Playareas,2gardenislands,
Aprimaryschool
AHealthcarecentrewith8GPS
Anursery
Afishingclub
Avillagehall
Afootballpitch
Thedevelopmentisalsosustainablebecauseithas:
Recyclingpointstoallow50%ofwastetoberecycled.
Boreholestoprovide25litrespersecondofnaturallyfilteredwater.
Centralheatandpowertogenerate100kwofthermalenergy.
Issue3:Traffic
Aspeoplehavemoremoneytheyexpecttohaveacartobeabletohavedoortodoorservice.This
causestrafficcongestion.
Therearemanystrategiestoreducetrafficcongestion.
ParkandrideschemesDrivers Thenumberofcarsonthe
parktheircaratcarparkson roadisreduced.
theoutskirtsofthecityand
takeadesignatedbusintothe
CBD.
Issue4:TheCBD.
ManyCBDshavebecomeveryrundownbecauseofoutoftown
shoppingareaslikeFossePark.Peoplecanparkforfreeandeasilyand
havearangeofshopscloseby.
TotacklethismanyCBDshavebeenregenerated.InLeicester:
TheHighcrossShoppingCentrewasbuiltandnewbusinesseswereattractedsuch
asJohnLewis,Wagamamma,NorthFace.
Anewcarparkwasbuilt.
Luxury
apartmentswere
builttoattract
young
professionals
Open
spaceswere
createdsuchas
JubileeSquare.
Issue5:MulticulturalMix
Segregationiswhenpeopleofaparticularethnicgroupchoosetolivewithothersfromthesame
ethnicgroup,separatefromotherethnicgroups.
Thecausesofthisare:
Supportfromothers.peoplefeelsafeandsecurewhentheycanassociatewithother
peoplefromthesamebackground.
Afamiliarculture
Specialistfeatureseg.agurdwaraforSikhs,amosqueformuslims,familiarfoodwillbe
availableinshops,eg.Polishfood.
Safetyinnumbers.
Employmentfactorsmigrantstendtohavelowpaidjobssoliveintheonlyareaofhousing
theycanafford.
Segregationcanbetackledby:
Increasingchildrensachievementandimprovingliteracy
whereEnglishisasecondlanguage.
Provingbasictrainingtoimproveemploymentopportunities.
Providingfacilitiesthatencouragepeopleofallethnicitiesto
meet.
Makingsuretheneedsofminoritygroupsaremet.
Whataretheissuesforpeoplelivinginsquattersettlementsinpoorpartsoftheworld?
Squattersettlementsareareasofcitiesbuiltontheoutskirtsthatarebuiltbypeoplefromany
materialstheycanfindonlandthatdoesnotbelongtothem.Theycanbeknownasfavelasor
shantytowns.
Theyexistbecausepeoplemovefromthecountryside(ruraltourbanmigration)toofastforproper
housestobebuilt.
Casestudyofasquattersettlement:Kibera,Nairobi,Kenya
800,0001millionpeoplelivein
Kibera,anareaof225ha.
Thereis1metresquaredofspaces
perperson.
100,000childrenarethoughttobe
orphansasaresultofHIV/AIDs.
Homesaremadeofwood,boards,
corrugatediron.
Pathsbetweenhousesarenarrow
andoftenhaveaditchrunningdownthe
middlewithsewageinit.
Rubbishisnotcollected.
Theareasmellsofcharcoalwhichis
usedtofuelandhumanwaste(thereisno
sewagesystem).
Astandpipeprovideswaterfor40families.Privateoperatorsalsoprovidewaterandcharge
doubletheusualrate.
Crimeisaproblem.Vigilantegroupsoffersecurityatacost.Policedontliketoenterthe
area.
Peoplemaketheirownworkintheinformalsectoreg.makingcharcoalbriquettes,mending
shoes(theyhavenocontract,sickpay,maternitypayorpension).
WhatsignsaretherethatKiberais
improving?
PracticalActionisaBritishcharity
whomakecheaproofingtilesfrom
sandandclay,naturalfibresand
lime.ThesehelpSelfHelpSchemes
Progress.
UNHabitathasprovided
affordableelectricityfor300
KenyanShillingspershack.
TheWorldBankhasprovideda
waterpipeat3KenyanShillingsfor
20litres.
Medicalfacilitiesareprovidedbycharities.
TheKenyanGovernmentandUNHabitathavehoused770familiesinblocksofflatswith
runningwater,toilets,showersandelectricity.
Howcansquattersettlementsbeimproved?
SelfhelpschemesLocalauthoritieshelpthesquattersettlementresidentstoimprovetheirhomes
byofferinggrants,loansormaterialstoreplaceflimsymaterialswithbricksandconcrete.Residents
worktogetherandprovidethelabour.Legalownershipoflandisgrantedtoencourage
improvementstotakeplace
Siteandserviceschemeslandisidentifiedandwater,sanitationandelectricityareproperly
suppliedtoindividuallymarkedplots.Peoplethenbuildtheirhomeswithwhatevertheycanafford
atthetime.
Whataretheproblemsofrapidurbanisationinpoorerpartsoftheworld?
India
Solutions:
Rapid urbanisation (more people moving to the city) and industrialisation (the city
having more factories have made the River Mithi very polluted:
Now the river is so full, and the drains are blocked. And plants grow on the waste with
further clogs up the river channel that flooding is a problem.
Solutions
The river Mithi channel was dredged to make it deeper and allow it to hold more
water. But this does not make it cleaner.
Waste from factories is now being checked.
Public toilets are now being built to reduce the amount of raw sewage entering
the river.
Sanitation and drainage are improving as part of Vision Mumbai Project. This
should reduce the amount of raw sewage.
Air pollution is a big problem in Mumbai. Exhaust gases from vehicles and smoke from
burning rubbish and factories and chimneys pollute the air. And as the Indian economy
grows more and more electricity is needed from burning fossil fuels. As a result large
amounts of greenhouse gases pollute the air. Mumbais residents suffer from large
amounts of breathing problems eg. Bronchitis is common.
Solutions:
A new metro system in the city aims to encourage people to use more public
transport. By 2021 it should have 9 lines.
It city has banned diesel as a fuel in all taxis. Many of the 58000 taxis now run
on compressed natural gas which reduces greenhouse emissions.
The main roads in and out of the city have been upgraded with 55 flyovers.
Smoother running traffic should mean less congestion and pollution.
Education projects are taking place to help people understand why they
shouldnt dump rubbish in the river.
TheGuildhallwasameetingplace
forbusinessmenin1390.Itisnowa
ThebuildingthatwasLeicesters weddingvenueandholdsghost
prisonin1790isnowachampagne toursfortourists.
bar.Drinkerscanenjoyaglassof
champagneinthecells!
TheJewryMuseumisthesiteofthe
TheOldFreeGrammarSchoolofLeicesterisa
originalRomancityofLeicester.It
hasbeenprotectedandtheCBDhas GradeIIlistedbuildingwhichisnowa
Steakhousecalled1573.Peoplecanenjoy
grownaroundit,enablingpeopleto
seeLeicestersRomanheritage dinnersurroundedbyhistory.
Conservingthenaturalenvironment
Thegreenbeltistheareaoflandaroundtheedgeofthecitythatisprotected.Developmentis
carefullycontrolledhere.
Greenbeltsstopurbansprawl(thecitygrowingoutintothecountryside)
Theyallowpeoplefromthecitytoaccessgreenspace.
Havingagreenbeltmeansotherlocationsforhousingneedtobefound.Eg.usingabrownfieldsite.
Advantagesofusingbrownfieldsites Disadvantagesofusingbrownfieldsites
Preventsurbansprawl Moreexpensivetodemolishbuildingandclear
sitethantobuildonagreenfieldsite.
Improvesderelictland. AccesscanbedifficultinaCBD.
Noneedtodevelopgreenfieldsite
Reducingandsafelydisposingofwaste
In2008theUKwasproducingenoughwastetofilltheAlbertHalleveryhour(400milliontonnes).
Thiscouldbereducedby:
Composting20%ofhouseholdwasteisgardenwaste,17%iskitchenwaste.
RecycledTherehasbeenanimprovementfrom11%recycledin2001to40%to2011.
Reducethepackagingandcarrierbagsused.
Wastecouldbeincinerated(burnt)tocreateenergybutthiswouldproducepollution.
Providingadequateurbanspaces
Manycitieshaveopenspacessuchasparks,playingfields,individualgardens.InLeicesterthereis
BraunstonePark,VictoriaParkandtheBotanicalGardens.Openspacesincitiesareimportantso
thateveryonehasaccesstogreeneryandopenspaceeveniftheydonthaveaccesstothe
countryside.Peopleneedopenspacesto:
Keepfitegjogging/dogwalkinginthepark.
Learnchildrensplayareas.
Socialisefootball
Involvinglocalpeople
Ifpeopleareconsultedandfeelinvolvedandincontroloftheirowndestinytheyaremorelikelyto
careforthebuildingstheylivein.Oneeg.isManchesterCityChallenge.Peoplecanbeconsultedby:
Surveyingopinionsbeforeputtingforwardplans.
Consultafterplanshavebeensubmitted.
Speakingtoresidentsassociations(groupsformedbypeopletohaveastrongervoice.)
Providinganefficienttransportsystem.
TobesustainableLondonneedstoreducethenumberofcars.Ithasdonethisby:
Congestioncharging
ImprovementsintheUnderground,busesandraillinkseg.tubetrainswithaircon,
buseshaveCCTV,morebusstops,morebuslanes,fareshavebeenfrozen
TheOysterCardhasbeenintroducedtoreducejourneytime.
TherewillbearailtrackinacircuitaroundLondon,liketheM25.
Casestudyofsustainableliving:Curitiba,Brazil.
Curitibarecycles2/3ofrubbish.Anythingofinterestisputintoamuseumandlibraryofthings
peoplehavethrownaway..
Thereisnorubbishcollectioninthesquattersettlementssopoorpeoplecanswaprubbish
forbusticketsorfoode.g.bananasthisiscalledtheGreenExchange.
Skyscrapersareallowedmorefloorsiftheyeitherleavegreenspaceatthebaseofthebuilding
orpaymoneytobespentonlowincomehousing.
Thereisanintegratedtransportsystemwithanetworkofbuseslinkingupallpartsofthecity.
Thebusstopsarespeciallydesignedtoberaisedsobuggiesandwheelchairscaneasilygeton
anoffandfaresareprepaid.Thismeansthebusesonlystopforafewsecondssojourneytime
ishasbeencutby1/3.
Biarticulatedbusescarry4000passengersaday.
Thetransportsystemcarriesthesamenumberofpassengersasanundergroundsystembyis
500xcheaper.
Tourism Keywords
Life-cycle model A model used to describe the changes that take place as a tourist resort
develops.
Eco Tourism - Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and the local way of life
(also known as green tourism).
National Park - An area of outstanding beauty and scenic interest. They were established to
preserve and enhance the natural beauty and so that the public can enjoy the scenery.
National parks are generally owned by farmers or private land owners but some are owned
by the National Trust. The development of a national park is limited and the planning is
controlled.
Honeypot Site - A location that attracts a large number of tourists who, due to their
numbers, puts pressure on the environment and local people.
Mass Tourism - Tourism with a large amount of people to one country or region at the same
time. This is usually an organised holiday (package holiday).
Extreme Environments - Locations with difficult environments. The development of tourism
has only recently occurred, due to a niche market, for people who want to go somewhere
different with physical challenges.
Stewardship - A commitment to look after the environment and working in a way that
conserves it.
Conservation - Managing and protecting the environment in order to maintain it for future
generations.
Adventure holidays more active, with more risk, off the beaten track, in more unusual
destinations.
Why has global tourism grown?
People are attracted to coastal areas by the beaches and swimming (e.g. Jamaica)
People are attracted to mountain areas by the beautiful scenery and activities like
climbing or skiing (e.g. Alps)
The importance of tourism
Tourism is seen by developing countries as one of the best ways to earn foreign
income, provide jobs and improve standards of living.
Tourism creates jobs for the local people (helps the economy grow). Many
people are employed to serve tourists such as waiters, shop assistants and
tour guides. In Antigua and Barbuda 30% of the population work in these jobs,
but in Jamaica only 8%.
Tourism also increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourist
industry.
Tourists spend their money in pounds, US dollars or euros. This foreign
exchange is essential to poorer countries as it can be used to buy goods and
services from abroad.
Many governments tax visitors to help pay for the extra services they use
such as water supply, drainage, electricity and roads.
Extra jobs are created indirectly. Hotels buy some produce from local
suppliers to feed the visitors.
Many small businesses have been started up to serve the tourists themselves
and supply the services they demand. These include taxis, bars and
restaurants, builders and maintenance workers.
Developing countries are more dependent on the income from tourism (15% of
Kenyas GNP compared with 3% of the UKs GNP)
France has had more tourists than any other country for a number of years
French tourism includes every type of holiday such as city breaks, holiday
cottages, camping and skiing.
The USA earns more than any other country from tourism, and has the
second largest number of visitors visitors from Europe see a trip to the USA
as being special so would stay for longer and spend more.
Example of an economy which has benefitted from tourism Dubai
Dubai is one of the United Arab Emirates. It is easily accessible from Europe,
Asia and Africa with 120 airlines flying to the destination.
Hotel revenue was up by 22% in 2008 compared to 2007.
Around 2.8 million people visited in 2000, 4.9 million in 2003 and 5.4 million in
2004. These numbers are predicted to grow to 15 million by 2015, which
would make Dubai one of the worlds top tourist destinations.
It is famous for its duty free shopping malls with huge department stores and
markets. Prices are reasonable with a huge variety.
Emirates airlines (based in Dubai) carries millions of long-haul passengers to
hundreds of destinations and many stop-over in Dubai as part of their trip.
Sightseeing is popular the markets, the zoo, the dhow-building yards
(traditional boats). Water sports, and especially diving, are growing in
popularity. Excursions out from the city centre allow the visitor to see the
desert and its wildlife. Bird watching trips take visitors to the wetland mudflat
areas, where there are 400 species.
Extreme Environments
An extreme environment is one in which there exist difficult environmental
conditions for human survival.
They include deserts, ice sheets, mountains and rainforests.
All activities involved in these environments include an element of risk, and
often include a lot of physical exertion.
Tourist activities count as extreme tourism includes rock climbing, white water
rafting, bungee jumping, ice walking and paragliding. Younger, adventurous
people are often the target market, so called DINKS (Dual Income No Kids!)
because they have the fitness and cash for such activities.
Reasons why they are becoming popular:
Element of risk and danger.
Wildlife only seen in these areas.
Some scenery can only be seen in extreme environments.
Improvement in transport has made it quicker and easier to get to some of
these destination.
Last chance to see it before it becomes extinct/disappears
TV and advertising is making the destination more popular.