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GCSE Geography

Unit 2 Revision Guide

Population Change, Changing urban


environments and Tourism
Population Change

Key terms
Zero growth a population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no increase or decrease.
Natural decrease (ND) the death rate is greater than the birth rate
Exponential growth a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases - often shown as a J-curve.
Birth rate (BR) the number of babies born per 1,000 people per year
Death rate (DR) the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
Natural change the difference between birth rate and death rate
Natural increase (NI) the birth rate is greater than the death rate
Life expectancy the number of years a person is expected to live
Newly industrialised countries (NIC) these include the Asian tigers as well as other emerging industrial
nations such as Malaysia, the Philippines and China
Asian tiger one of the fours east Asian countries of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan,
where manufacturing industry grew rapidly from the 1960s to 1990s
Demographic transition model (DTM) a model that shows changes in population information (birth and
death rates and population growth) over a period of time
Replacement rate a birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one before it
Age structure the proportions of each age group in a population. This links closely to the stage the country
has reached in the demographic transition model.
Gender structure the balance between males and females in a population
Infant mortality the number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1,000 live births
Child mortality the number of children that die under five years of age, per 1,000 live births
Transmigration a population policy that aims to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely
populated areas and provide them with the opportunities to improve their quality of lives
Industrialisation a process usually associated with the development of an economy, where an increasing
proportion of people work in industry
European Union (EU) a group of countries across Europe that work towards a single market i.e. they trade
as if they were one country, without any trade barriers.
Push-pull factors push factors are the negative aspects of a place that encourage people to move away.
Pull factors are the attractions and opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there.
Migration the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of staying for at least a year
Host country the country where a migrant settles
Source country the country from which a migrant moves from
Immigrant someone entering a new country with the intention of living there
Emigrant someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country
Asylum seekers people who believe that their lives are at risk if they remain in their home country and
seek to live in another country
Economic migrant someone trying to improve their standard of living, who moves voluntarily.
What has happened to World population
over the years?

The population rose dramatically in the


20th century and continues today.
This rapid explosion of population is
often referred to as exponential growth,
where a larger population keeps on
creating an even larger population.
The shape of this graph is called a J
curve
The population of the World is now
estimated to be over 7 billion.

What is likely to happen to World population in the future?


o The map has been drawn in proportion to their
estimated populations. By 2050, it is expected that
62% of all people will live in Africa and South and
East Asia.
o LEDCs still tend to have a rising population, but it
has been found that people in MEDCs are tending
to have fewer babies.
o In fact, despite an increase in life expectancy,
some countries have a falling population e.g.
Sweden. The UN believe that population will peak
at 10 billion in 2200 and will then start to fall.

How can the way in which population has changed be modelled?


The demographic transition model (DTM) was developed for this purpose. Demography is the study of
population, transition means change and a model is something that happens in real life. It was created
following studies of European countries & places such as the USA & Japan, but it might not fit countries
that are developing rapidly today.

Stage 1: High birth and


death rates (BR and
DR). High BR due to lack
of birth control, people
marry young, children
needed to work. High DR
due to famine, disease,
lack of clean water and
poor access to medical
care/

Stage 2: High BR, but


falling DR. Same
reasons for BR, but DR
falls due better medicine,
cleaner water, better food and
sanitation.
Stage 3: DR rate continues to fall and BR starts to fall. DR continue to fall for same reasons as stage 2,
but BR fall because fewer people are needed to work on farms. Birth control available. Women in education
and marrying later.

Stage 4: Low DR and low BR. BR is now low due to birth control. Also, cost of children is high in MEDCs;
many chose to have less.

Stage 5: DR low, but up slightly and BR remains low. DR increases a little due to ageing population and
BR falls due to lifestyle- cost of children etc.

What are the main factors that change the birth and death rates?

Education and emancipation of women: women stay in education longer as a country develops they
marry later and have children later. Educated women know about birth control, so can limit the size
of their families (see Kerala case study later)
Urbanisation (the increase of the population living in urban areas): Fewer people needed on farms
so people migrate from rural to urban areas. Fewer children are needed in cities.
Farming: Mechanisation due to better technology = less people needed to work the land.

Is the DTM still of use today?

As has already been mentioned, it was based on developed countries, but LEDCs might not follow exactly
the same pattern. The medical discoveries have already been made that will reduce death rates, so
the speed of the movement between the different stages can be reduced greatly.
What does population structure mean?
This is how a countrys population is made up. It is
shown using population pyramids, which plot how
many males and females can be found at each age
category.
This a population pyramid; males are plotted to the
left of the central line and females to the right. The
individual bars represent the different age classes
see the scale on the left.

Why do the shapes of the pyramid differ?

High BR and DR. BR still high, but Becoming narrower BR low and DR low. Ageing population.
DR falling. Life at the base as BR
Concave profile. expectancy starting to fall. DR Narrow base. Life BR really low (very
increasing continues to fall. expectancy narrow base).
increase. Many MEDCs
have started to
reach this stage.

The diagram above shows this. Each stage equates to the stages on the demographic transition model, YOU
NEED TO BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE THE DIFFERENT SHAPES AND TELL WHAT STAGE OF THE DTM
THEY ARE IN.
Where is population growth a major problem?

The average age in Afghanistan is


just 17

Think, what is the pattern? What types of countries are coloured dark and what type are lighter? Developed?
Developing?

What other terms are used when considering reasons for population change?

Infant mortality the number of babies dying before they reach the age of one, per 1000 births, per year
(if this is high, death rates will be higher, but also BR as people have more children to ensure that
they have children that survive)
Fertility rate the average number of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime (higher in
LEDCs)
Life expectancy the average number of years someone can expect to live (higher in MEDCs)

What things can be done to control an expanding population?


You have two case studies for this: China and Indonesia
Case Study China: A birth control policy
Introduction: China had a rapidly rising population in the 1950s and 1960s and
this was seen as unsustainable. They didnt have enough water, food and energy
for that growth in population so in 1979 China introduced the One Child Policy.

Essentially, couples were only allowed to have one child. Those that did received
welfare benefits and financial reward; those that did not were fined. There have
been awful stories of forced sterilisation and abortions. Many of you watched the
Dying Rooms video and were horrified by what you saw.
Has it been a success?: Yes and no. On the positive side, 300 million babies have not been born as
result. One could argue that this has led to sustainable development, but there have been a number of
negative effects:

Social impacts Economic impacts


Children will need to look after older people. More old By 2020, men will outnumber women by 30 million.
peoples homes will be needed This could cause social unrest
Chinese society prefers boys. Often baby girls have
been abandoned often in orphanages
Ageing population they will need to be Chinas economy might not have enough workers to
supported financially, as healthcare costs will keep it expanding.
increase
The percentage of people over 65 will rise. 10% in
2009 will rise to 40% by 2050.

The future? The policy could change. Reports in 2009 said that couples in Shanghai were being encouraged
to have 2 children (if they were single children themselves)

Case study Indonesia: Transmigration population policy


The facts

Indonesia is a rapidly developing country in south east Asia


17,500 islands Java and Sumatra are some of the largest
Population of 240 million (4th highest populated country in the world)
Population growing at 1% a year
Birth rate of 18.1 per 1000
Death rate 6.3 per 1000 (low)

What is transmigration and why was it used?

Islands of Bali and Java were in danger of becoming overpopulated not enough resources (food,
water, jobs and housing)

in 1969 the government embarked on an ambitious project called transmigration


People were moved from densely populated islands to sparsely populated islands
People could escape from poverty of overcrowded urban slums to become land owners elsewhere
and earn money through farming
More than 2.5 million people were involved between 1979 and 1984
It was financed by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank

Recent developments

In 2006, an estimated 20,000 families took advantage of the transmigration programme


By 2010, there were about 250,000 families who wanted to move, although the government was
only able to sponsor 10,000 families at a cost of $160.5 million
Following the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010, the government offered to relocate tens of
thousands of people from Java to Kalimantan
By 2011, 2,000 people had taken up the offer, along with free transportation and two hectares of
land and living costs for 6 months

Has transmigration been successful?

The policy has resulted in the re-settlement of 20 million people, mostly to Sumatra and Kalimantan
Population pressures have continued to increase in cities such as Jakarta but the problem could
have been much worse without the transmigration policy
The effects of transmigration

Economic Environmental Social Political


Critics of the policy Blamed for Clashes have Some people have
have suggested that it accelerating the rate occurred between suggested that
has redistributed of deforestation as migrants and the local transmigration was
poverty new settlements are people of the islands encouraged to
needed increase national
security and control
people in the outer
islands
Many migrants lacked Poor use of land, Traditional land rights
the farming skills such as over were often ignored as
needed and some cultivation, has led to land ownership was
abandoned their soil erosion given to new settlers
homes and became
refugees
Settlements were There have been
often poorly planned, religious clashes
with few shops, roads between islamist
and services such as migrants and the
water, sanitation and largely local Christian
electricity population
It was very expensive
costing $7000 per
family in the 1980s

Industrialisation: another approach to coping with population pressures

Birth control programmes have led to a decline in population in Indonesia (families are encouraged
to only have two children) the transmigration programme will probably continue to decline.
As Indonesia expands its programmes of resource exploitation (minerals, timber, palm oil and
shrimp farming) and industrialisation more and more people will migrate to the outer islands looking
for work
What are the problems with an Ageing Population?
There are a number of problems associated with this:

Health and fitness older people suffer from more degenerative diseases (cancer, heart disease etc)
Housing older people need specially adapted homes (bungalows, wide doorways, lower kitchen
units for those in wheelchairs etc.)

Increase care needs old people might need to be placed in sheltered accommodation (their own
home, but with carers visits for specific needs) or nursing homes (where all needs are looked after).
This is going to cost!

Pension they will claim for longer- how are we going to afford it? Impact on the economy?
Fewer workers less young people to work and
generate income? Less income from income tax and
National Insurance will be paid to the government. How will
we pay for our old people?

What can be done about an ageing population?


The Labour government in 2009 launched a strategy called
Building a Society for All Ages. The table on the right
summarises what they have done

Coping with an ageing population in the UK

What are the issues?


There are decreasing numbers of economically active people in the population and more elderly dependents.

What can be done about it?


People are encouraged to save for their retirement in pensions and investments.
The retirement age is increasing.
Facilities such as nursing homes and care workers will be needed, perhaps in preference to schools and
nurseries, as the population gets older.
Economically active skilled and unskilled migrants could be encouraged.
What about the UK? Where do we stand in terms of our population?

Our population is ageing. The oldest old


(over 85) has risen considerably.

The average age of the UK population was 35


in 1983, but it was 40 in 2009.

Less young people will have to support


the pensioners. This is a similar situation
to that found in many other MEDCs.

The population pyramids on the right illustrates what is predicted to


happen.

It is worth noting some other key terminology here though, which is related
to the pyramids.

The lowest bars show the young dependents those under 15


years old

The middle bar between the ages of 15 and 64 are the


economically active population or working population.

The top bars over 65 years of age show the elderly dependents.

Clearly, an increase in the elderly dependents will cause problems


as the people of working age (working population) will have to support
them.

What is the dependency ratio?


This provides an actual figure to show how many people depend on the
working population.

Children (under 15) + elderly (over 65) x 100

Working population

The higher the number produced by the formula, the worse it is! In 2007,
the UK had a dependency ratio of 61.
Why do people migrate?
Migration is the movement from one place to another. This can be legal, illegal, between regions within
a country or between countries. It can be forced (refugee?) or voluntary, seasonal or permanent. Whatever
the type, the reasons for people moving are a mixture of PUSH and PULL factors.

Push Factors Pull Factors


Not enough jobs Hope of finding a job
Low wages Higher wages
Poor education/ opportunities Better healthcare
Poor healthcare Better education
War with another country Better standard of living
Lawlessness/ civil war Family links
Drought/ famine Lower crime, safety etc.

Case study of Polish migration to the UK


When: since 2004 when Poland was admitted into the European
How many: Nobody is really sure- estimates of 1 million have been suggested.
Where: Many have gone to the big cities, but also in rural areas to find work on farms.

Why: Money m a i n l y . As a r e s u l t , t h e P o l e s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s economic migrants.


Who: The Polish migrants tend mostly to be men and young (85% below 34). 30% had a degree or similar
qualification. Only 15% wanted to stay permanently. Most are seasonal workers or hadcome for a few years
to make money.

What are the impacts of this migration?


UK impacts
Hard-working workforce, often where there are skills shortages
Contribute to local economy (taxes etc) and can support
our ageing population

Tend to be young, so this helps our dependency ratio


However, crime, strain on local services (school places etc.)

Poland impacts
Money sent home stimulates growth (4 billion in 2005/6)
Lower unemployment
Labour shortages in Polish industries (try getting a plumber etc!)
People have been invited in from other countries to fill
labour shortages
However, people have started to go back as the UK economy stagnates and the Polish economy improves. The
recession resulted in roughly half of the Eastern Europeans to return home by the end of 2008.

What would be the best example to use for refugees?


War in Afghanistan has led to a great deal of migration. Even before this war with NATO soldiers, the country
had been a very hard place to live due to a number of factors:

Conflict
Poverty
Corruption
Lack of job
Afghan refugees in The Jungle
Approximately 800 Afghans were situated there in August 2009 just waiting for a chance to get into the UK (either
smuggled in or to stow away hide in lorries or on trains).
What happened?
Many were arrested and the camp destroyed, but they were simply released. Many just returned to
Northern France in an attempt to get to the UK
Changingurbanenvironmentschecklist
Iknowwhaturbanisationis.
Icandescribehowurbanisationhappensatdifferentpacesindifferent
countriesandgivereasons.
Icandescribeandidentifyonamapthedifferentareasofacity:CBD,
innercity,suburbs,ruralurbanfringe.
IknowtheissuesthatcitiesfaceandIcandescribestrategiestotackle
each.
Icandescribethecharacteristicsofsquattersettlements.
Icanexplainselfhelp,siteandserviceandLocalAuthorityinitiatives
toimprovesquattersettlements.
Casestudy!:IcandescribehowKiberahasbeenimproved.
Icanexplaintheproblemscausedbyrapidurbanisationand
industrialisation.
IcanexplainthemanagementofairandwaterpollutioninIndia.
Icandescribethecharacteristicsofasustainablecity:
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttoconservethehistoricand
naturalenvironment.
o Icangivetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbrownfieldsites.
o Icangivegiveexamplesofhowtoreducewaste.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttohaveadequateopenspace.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttohaveanefficienttransport
systemandgiveexamplesofwhatthislookslike.
o Icanexplainwhyitisimportanttoincludelocalpeopleinthe
decisionmakingprocess.
Casestudy!IcandescribehowCuritiba,Brazilisanexampleof
sustainableurbanliving.

ChangingUrbanEnvironments

Keywords

Urbanisationaprocesswhereanincreasingproportionofthepopulationlivesintownsan
citiesresultingintheirgrowth.
Ruraltourbanmigrationmovinghomefromaruralareatosettleinatownorcity.
Landusethetypeofbuildingsorotherfeaturesthatarefoundinthearea.Eg.terraced
housing,foodbanks,industrialestates,roads,parks.
Functionthepurposeofanarea.Eg.residentialuse,recreation,shopping.
CentralBusinessDistrictCBDthemainshoppingareainthecity(thetowncentre).
InnerCitytheareaaroundtheCBD.
Outercityorsuburbsthehousingareaontheedgeofthecity.
Brownfieldsitelandthathasbeenbuiltonbeforeandistobeclearedandreused.These
sitesareoftenintheinnercity.
Greenfieldsiteslandthathasnotbeenbuiltonbeforeusuallyinthecountrysideonthe
edgeofthebuiltuparea.
UrbandevelopmentCorporations(UDCs)setupinthe1980sand1990susingpublicfunding
tobuylandandimproveinnercities,partlybyattractingprivateinvestment.
CityChallengeastrategyinwhichlocalauthoritieshadtodesignaschemeandsubmitabid
forfunding,competingagainstothercouncils.Theyalsohadtobecomepartofapartnership
involvingthelocalcommunityandprivatecompanieswhowouldfundpartofthe
development.
Regenerationimprovinganarea.
Sustainablecommunitycommunity(offeringhousing,employmentandrecreation
opportunities)thatisbroadlyinbalancewiththeenvironmentandofferspeopleagood
qualityoflife.
Qualityoflifehowgoodapersonslifeisasmeasuredbysuchthingsasqualityofhousing
andenvironment,accesstoeducation,healthcare,howsecurepeoplefeelandhowhappy
theyarewiththeirlifestyle.
Parkandridescheme:abusserviceruntokeyplacesfromcarparksontheedgesofbusy
areainordertoreducetrafficflowsandcongestioninthecitycentre.Costsarelowto
encouragepeopletousethesystemtheyaregenerallycheaperthanfuelandcarparking
chargesinthecentre.
Segregationoccurswherepeopleofaparticularethnicgroupchoosetolivewithotherfrom
theseamethnicgroup,separatefromothergroups.
Selfhelpschemessometimesknownasselfassistedhelp,thisiswherelocalauthorities
helpthesquattersettlementresidentstoimprovetheirhomesbyofferingfinanceinthe
formofloansorgrantsanofteninstallingwater,sanitation,etc.
Sustainablecityanurbanareawhereresidentshaveawayoflifethatwilllastalongtime.
Theenvironmentisnotdamagedandtheeconomicandsocialfabricareabletostandthe
testoftime.

Whatarethecharacteristicsandcausesofurbanisation?

Urbanisationistheincreasingproportionofpeoplechoosingtoliveinthecity.

ThishappenedfirstinrichercountriesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Itishappeningnowinpoorer
countries.

Causesofurbanisation

Ruraltourbanmigrationmeansthemovementofpeoplefromthecountrysidetothecity.

Thishappensbecauseofpushfactorsofthecountryside:

Therearefewjobsoutsidefarming.
farmingisunreliableduetodroughtsandfloods.
Therearefewserviceseg.poorhealthcare,alackofeducation.

Andpullfactorsofthecity:

Betterjobs
Reliableincome
Betterhealthcare
Bettereducation.


Howdoesthelandvaryinurbanareas?
CBDshops,restaurants,
offices,apartments, Innercityterraced
housing


Outersuburbsdetached
housing

Innercitysemi
detachedhousing


Ruralurbanfringegolfcourses,
naturereserves,offices. Howcanweseetellthelanduseofanareaonamap?

YoucantelltheCBDby:

Touristinformationcentre
Museum
Busstation
TrainStation
Mainroadsformingaringroad
Cathedral
Parking.
YoucantelltheInnercityby:

Straightrowsofhousingformingagridpattern.
Nofrontgardens.
Smallbackyards.


Youcantellthesuburbsby:
Curvedroadswithculdesacsandcrescents.
Largebackgardens.
Frontgardens.

Youcantelltheruralurbanfringeby:

Naturereserves(seebirdsymbol)
Golfcourses
Outoftownoffices.

Whataretheissueforpeoplelivinginurbanareasinricherpartsoftheworld?

Notenoughgoodqualityaffordablehousing.
Rundowninnercity.
Toomuchtrafficandpollutionfromcaremissions.
ACBDwithrundownandunusedbuildings
Highunemploymentincertainareas.
Amixedculturewithethnicsegregation(whichmeanspeoplefromdifferentethnicgroups
livingseparately.)

Strategiestotackletheissuesofcitiesinrichcountries:

Strategy1:LondonDocklands
DevelopmentCorporation(LDDC):
DocklandswasanareainwestLondon
thathadhighunemploymentwhenthe
docksclosed.Itbecameazoneof
decline.TheLDDCusedprivate
investmenttotransformthearea.
Therewasafocusonprofitratherthan
theneedsofpeople.Wasitasuccess?

Yesthelandscapewasimproved
144kmofnewroads,762haofderelict
landwasrecalaimed,24,000new
homeswerebuilt,2700businesses
weretradingincludingAmericanExpressandTheSun
Newspapers,theyachieved94awardsforarchitectureand
conservation,85000nowatworkatDocklands

Nothenewhousingwasmainlyluxuryapartmentsthatthe
originallocalpeoplecouldnotafford,thejobsweremainly
highlyskilledandnotfortheformerdockers.Thewinebarsand
restaurantswerenotaimedatthelocalpeople.Communities
werebrokenupasoldhousingwasdemolishedandreplaced.





Strategy2:CityChallenge,Hulme,Manchester(anexampleofastrategythatwassocially
successful)

Hulmehad37.5millionspentonitthroughCityChallenge.
Someoldbuildingswerekept.

Localschoolsandparkswerebuilt.
Residentsviewsweretakenintoaccountsotheregenerationmettheirneedsbetterthan
Docklands.

Strategy3:SustainableCommunities:NewIslingtonMillenniumVillage

Housingandservicessuchasshops,healthcare,schools,plusparksandgardenshavebeen
builtwithinasmallareasothatpeopleareabletolivemoresustainablywithoutusingtheir
cars.

Arangeofhousingwasbuilt:66houses,200groundfloorapartments,60012bed
apartments,34urbanbarns.
10newshps
2pubs
MetrolinkandbusstopslinkingthedevelopmenttoManchester.
Playareas,2gardenislands,
Aprimaryschool
AHealthcarecentrewith8GPS
Anursery
Afishingclub
Avillagehall
Afootballpitch

Thedevelopmentisalsosustainablebecauseithas:
Recyclingpointstoallow50%ofwastetoberecycled.
Boreholestoprovide25litrespersecondofnaturallyfilteredwater.
Centralheatandpowertogenerate100kwofthermalenergy.

Issue3:Traffic

Aspeoplehavemoremoneytheyexpecttohaveacartobeabletohavedoortodoorservice.This
causestrafficcongestion.

Therearemanystrategiestoreducetrafficcongestion.

Strategy Advantages Disadvantages



Congestionchargingdrivers Manypeoplecannotafford Therichpeoplewillstillchoose
havetopaymoneytoenter thissouseothertransport, todrive.
CentralLondon(usually10 reducingthenumberofcars
perday) ontheroad.
Buslanesseparatelanesfor Thebusescanmovequickly Itreducestheroadspacefor
busesontheroad anddontgetheldupintraffic. cars,increasingtheproblemof
Morepeoplemightbe congestion.
encouragedtotakethebusif
journeytimeisreduced.

Oystercardspeoplehavea Itreducestheamountoftime
prepaycardtheyswipewhen thedriverneedstostopat
theygetonthebus eachbusstop.


ParkandrideschemesDrivers Thenumberofcarsonthe
parktheircaratcarparkson roadisreduced.
theoutskirtsofthecityand
takeadesignatedbusintothe
CBD.

Issue4:TheCBD.
ManyCBDshavebecomeveryrundownbecauseofoutoftown
shoppingareaslikeFossePark.Peoplecanparkforfreeandeasilyand
havearangeofshopscloseby.





TotacklethismanyCBDshavebeenregenerated.InLeicester:
TheHighcrossShoppingCentrewasbuiltandnewbusinesseswereattractedsuch
asJohnLewis,Wagamamma,NorthFace.
Anewcarparkwasbuilt.
Luxury
apartmentswere
builttoattract
young
professionals
Open
spaceswere
createdsuchas
JubileeSquare.

Issue5:MulticulturalMix

Segregationiswhenpeopleofaparticularethnicgroupchoosetolivewithothersfromthesame
ethnicgroup,separatefromotherethnicgroups.

Thecausesofthisare:

Supportfromothers.peoplefeelsafeandsecurewhentheycanassociatewithother
peoplefromthesamebackground.
Afamiliarculture
Specialistfeatureseg.agurdwaraforSikhs,amosqueformuslims,familiarfoodwillbe
availableinshops,eg.Polishfood.
Safetyinnumbers.
Employmentfactorsmigrantstendtohavelowpaidjobssoliveintheonlyareaofhousing
theycanafford.

Segregationcanbetackledby:

Increasingchildrensachievementandimprovingliteracy
whereEnglishisasecondlanguage.
Provingbasictrainingtoimproveemploymentopportunities.
Providingfacilitiesthatencouragepeopleofallethnicitiesto
meet.
Makingsuretheneedsofminoritygroupsaremet.

Whataretheissuesforpeoplelivinginsquattersettlementsinpoorpartsoftheworld?

Squattersettlementsareareasofcitiesbuiltontheoutskirtsthatarebuiltbypeoplefromany
materialstheycanfindonlandthatdoesnotbelongtothem.Theycanbeknownasfavelasor
shantytowns.

Theyexistbecausepeoplemovefromthecountryside(ruraltourbanmigration)toofastforproper
housestobebuilt.

Casestudyofasquattersettlement:Kibera,Nairobi,Kenya
800,0001millionpeoplelivein
Kibera,anareaof225ha.
Thereis1metresquaredofspaces
perperson.
100,000childrenarethoughttobe
orphansasaresultofHIV/AIDs.
Homesaremadeofwood,boards,
corrugatediron.
Pathsbetweenhousesarenarrow
andoftenhaveaditchrunningdownthe
middlewithsewageinit.
Rubbishisnotcollected.
Theareasmellsofcharcoalwhichis
usedtofuelandhumanwaste(thereisno
sewagesystem).
Astandpipeprovideswaterfor40families.Privateoperatorsalsoprovidewaterandcharge
doubletheusualrate.
Crimeisaproblem.Vigilantegroupsoffersecurityatacost.Policedontliketoenterthe
area.
Peoplemaketheirownworkintheinformalsectoreg.makingcharcoalbriquettes,mending
shoes(theyhavenocontract,sickpay,maternitypayorpension).

WhatsignsaretherethatKiberais
improving?

PracticalActionisaBritishcharity
whomakecheaproofingtilesfrom
sandandclay,naturalfibresand
lime.ThesehelpSelfHelpSchemes
Progress.
UNHabitathasprovided
affordableelectricityfor300
KenyanShillingspershack.
TheWorldBankhasprovideda
waterpipeat3KenyanShillingsfor
20litres.
Medicalfacilitiesareprovidedbycharities.
TheKenyanGovernmentandUNHabitathavehoused770familiesinblocksofflatswith
runningwater,toilets,showersandelectricity.

Howcansquattersettlementsbeimproved?

SelfhelpschemesLocalauthoritieshelpthesquattersettlementresidentstoimprovetheirhomes
byofferinggrants,loansormaterialstoreplaceflimsymaterialswithbricksandconcrete.Residents
worktogetherandprovidethelabour.Legalownershipoflandisgrantedtoencourage
improvementstotakeplace
Siteandserviceschemeslandisidentifiedandwater,sanitationandelectricityareproperly
suppliedtoindividuallymarkedplots.Peoplethenbuildtheirhomeswithwhatevertheycanafford
atthetime.

Whataretheproblemsofrapidurbanisationinpoorerpartsoftheworld?

India

Electronic waste: 4.5million new computers


a year are imported. Poor people break
down the computers to get the gold or
platinum. But the lead in the computers
makes people ill. Hospitals have seen 10 x
the normal lead levels.

Solutions:

Large companies need to take responsibility for safely disposing of electrical


goods.

Rapid urbanisation (more people moving to the city) and industrialisation (the city
having more factories have made the River Mithi very polluted:

Big industries dump their untreated


industrial waste into the river.
The airport uses it to dump untreated
oil.
800 million litres of untreated sewage
go straight into the river- every day.
It also used for dumping food, cattle
slurry, metal and old batteries- some of
which are very toxic.
Dharavi slum is next to the river and human waste enters the river here and oil
drums are washed in the river.

Now the river is so full, and the drains are blocked. And plants grow on the waste with
further clogs up the river channel that flooding is a problem.

Solutions

The river Mithi channel was dredged to make it deeper and allow it to hold more
water. But this does not make it cleaner.
Waste from factories is now being checked.
Public toilets are now being built to reduce the amount of raw sewage entering
the river.
Sanitation and drainage are improving as part of Vision Mumbai Project. This
should reduce the amount of raw sewage.

Air pollution is a big problem in Mumbai. Exhaust gases from vehicles and smoke from
burning rubbish and factories and chimneys pollute the air. And as the Indian economy
grows more and more electricity is needed from burning fossil fuels. As a result large
amounts of greenhouse gases pollute the air. Mumbais residents suffer from large
amounts of breathing problems eg. Bronchitis is common.

Solutions:

A new metro system in the city aims to encourage people to use more public
transport. By 2021 it should have 9 lines.
It city has banned diesel as a fuel in all taxis. Many of the 58000 taxis now run
on compressed natural gas which reduces greenhouse emissions.
The main roads in and out of the city have been upgraded with 55 flyovers.
Smoother running traffic should mean less congestion and pollution.
Education projects are taking place to help people understand why they
shouldnt dump rubbish in the river.

How can living be more sustainable?


Conserving the historic environment- Leicester has conserved its history and heritage
by preserving historical buildings. Many are Listed Buildings which means they cant be
knocked down. The function (purpose) of the buildings has changed but the building
itself is the same as it was.

TheGuildhallwasameetingplace
forbusinessmenin1390.Itisnowa
ThebuildingthatwasLeicesters weddingvenueandholdsghost
prisonin1790isnowachampagne toursfortourists.
bar.Drinkerscanenjoyaglassof
champagneinthecells!

TheJewryMuseumisthesiteofthe
TheOldFreeGrammarSchoolofLeicesterisa
originalRomancityofLeicester.It
hasbeenprotectedandtheCBDhas GradeIIlistedbuildingwhichisnowa
Steakhousecalled1573.Peoplecanenjoy
grownaroundit,enablingpeopleto
seeLeicestersRomanheritage dinnersurroundedbyhistory.
Conservingthenaturalenvironment

Thegreenbeltistheareaoflandaroundtheedgeofthecitythatisprotected.Developmentis
carefullycontrolledhere.

Greenbeltsstopurbansprawl(thecitygrowingoutintothecountryside)
Theyallowpeoplefromthecitytoaccessgreenspace.

Havingagreenbeltmeansotherlocationsforhousingneedtobefound.Eg.usingabrownfieldsite.

Advantagesofusingbrownfieldsites Disadvantagesofusingbrownfieldsites
Preventsurbansprawl Moreexpensivetodemolishbuildingandclear
sitethantobuildonagreenfieldsite.
Improvesderelictland. AccesscanbedifficultinaCBD.
Noneedtodevelopgreenfieldsite

Reducingandsafelydisposingofwaste

In2008theUKwasproducingenoughwastetofilltheAlbertHalleveryhour(400milliontonnes).
Thiscouldbereducedby:

Composting20%ofhouseholdwasteisgardenwaste,17%iskitchenwaste.
RecycledTherehasbeenanimprovementfrom11%recycledin2001to40%to2011.
Reducethepackagingandcarrierbagsused.
Wastecouldbeincinerated(burnt)tocreateenergybutthiswouldproducepollution.

Providingadequateurbanspaces

Manycitieshaveopenspacessuchasparks,playingfields,individualgardens.InLeicesterthereis
BraunstonePark,VictoriaParkandtheBotanicalGardens.Openspacesincitiesareimportantso
thateveryonehasaccesstogreeneryandopenspaceeveniftheydonthaveaccesstothe
countryside.Peopleneedopenspacesto:

Keepfitegjogging/dogwalkinginthepark.
Learnchildrensplayareas.
Socialisefootball

Involvinglocalpeople

Ifpeopleareconsultedandfeelinvolvedandincontroloftheirowndestinytheyaremorelikelyto
careforthebuildingstheylivein.Oneeg.isManchesterCityChallenge.Peoplecanbeconsultedby:

Surveyingopinionsbeforeputtingforwardplans.
Consultafterplanshavebeensubmitted.
Speakingtoresidentsassociations(groupsformedbypeopletohaveastrongervoice.)

Providinganefficienttransportsystem.

TobesustainableLondonneedstoreducethenumberofcars.Ithasdonethisby:
Congestioncharging
ImprovementsintheUnderground,busesandraillinkseg.tubetrainswithaircon,
buseshaveCCTV,morebusstops,morebuslanes,fareshavebeenfrozen
TheOysterCardhasbeenintroducedtoreducejourneytime.
TherewillbearailtrackinacircuitaroundLondon,liketheM25.

Casestudyofsustainableliving:Curitiba,Brazil.

Curitibarecycles2/3ofrubbish.Anythingofinterestisputintoamuseumandlibraryofthings
peoplehavethrownaway..
Thereisnorubbishcollectioninthesquattersettlementssopoorpeoplecanswaprubbish
forbusticketsorfoode.g.bananasthisiscalledtheGreenExchange.
Skyscrapersareallowedmorefloorsiftheyeitherleavegreenspaceatthebaseofthebuilding
orpaymoneytobespentonlowincomehousing.
Thereisanintegratedtransportsystemwithanetworkofbuseslinkingupallpartsofthecity.
Thebusstopsarespeciallydesignedtoberaisedsobuggiesandwheelchairscaneasilygeton
anoffandfaresareprepaid.Thismeansthebusesonlystopforafewsecondssojourneytime
ishasbeencutby1/3.
Biarticulatedbusescarry4000passengersaday.
Thetransportsystemcarriesthesamenumberofpassengersasanundergroundsystembyis
500xcheaper.

Tourism Keywords
Life-cycle model A model used to describe the changes that take place as a tourist resort
develops.
Eco Tourism - Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and the local way of life
(also known as green tourism).
National Park - An area of outstanding beauty and scenic interest. They were established to
preserve and enhance the natural beauty and so that the public can enjoy the scenery.
National parks are generally owned by farmers or private land owners but some are owned
by the National Trust. The development of a national park is limited and the planning is
controlled.
Honeypot Site - A location that attracts a large number of tourists who, due to their
numbers, puts pressure on the environment and local people.
Mass Tourism - Tourism with a large amount of people to one country or region at the same
time. This is usually an organised holiday (package holiday).
Extreme Environments - Locations with difficult environments. The development of tourism
has only recently occurred, due to a niche market, for people who want to go somewhere
different with physical challenges.
Stewardship - A commitment to look after the environment and working in a way that
conserves it.
Conservation - Managing and protecting the environment in order to maintain it for future
generations.
Adventure holidays more active, with more risk, off the beaten track, in more unusual
destinations.
Why has global tourism grown?

Social and economic factors to explain a growth in tourism


Since the 1950s people have become wealthier
People are paid more (incomes are higher) which means that more money is
available for luxuries
Most families now have two working parents whereas there only used to be
one
People have more leisure time - holiday leave time has increased from two
weeks per year in the 1950s to between four and six weeks a year
Life expectancy has risen so more people are retired many have a good
pension and can afford several trips a year and they have also have more
time to travel
Improvements in technology to explain a growth in tourism
Travel today is quick and easy motorways, airport expansion and faster jet
aircraft have all contributed to this
Flying has become cheaper and booking online is quick and easy
In 2008, the rapid rise in oil prices had an impact on the cost of flights and
more people took domestic holidays (holidays in the UK) to save money

Expansion of holiday choice to explain a growth in tourism


The 1970s saw a decline in seaside holidays due to competition from cheap
package holidays to mainland Europe, especially Spain
Packages are now available to destinations all over the world that offer a huge
variety of sights and activities
Ecotourism and unusual destinations such as Alaska are expanding rapidly

Popular tourist areas


People are attracted to cities by the culture and shopping (e.g. Paris, London and
Rome) to visit museums, art galleries, architecture, shops and restaurants

People are attracted to coastal areas by the beaches and swimming (e.g. Jamaica)

People are attracted to mountain areas by the beautiful scenery and activities like
climbing or skiing (e.g. Alps)
The importance of tourism
Tourism is seen by developing countries as one of the best ways to earn foreign
income, provide jobs and improve standards of living.
Tourism creates jobs for the local people (helps the economy grow). Many
people are employed to serve tourists such as waiters, shop assistants and
tour guides. In Antigua and Barbuda 30% of the population work in these jobs,
but in Jamaica only 8%.
Tourism also increases the income of other businesses that supply the tourist
industry.
Tourists spend their money in pounds, US dollars or euros. This foreign
exchange is essential to poorer countries as it can be used to buy goods and
services from abroad.
Many governments tax visitors to help pay for the extra services they use
such as water supply, drainage, electricity and roads.
Extra jobs are created indirectly. Hotels buy some produce from local
suppliers to feed the visitors.
Many small businesses have been started up to serve the tourists themselves
and supply the services they demand. These include taxis, bars and
restaurants, builders and maintenance workers.
Developing countries are more dependent on the income from tourism (15% of
Kenyas GNP compared with 3% of the UKs GNP)
France has had more tourists than any other country for a number of years
French tourism includes every type of holiday such as city breaks, holiday
cottages, camping and skiing.
The USA earns more than any other country from tourism, and has the
second largest number of visitors visitors from Europe see a trip to the USA
as being special so would stay for longer and spend more.
Example of an economy which has benefitted from tourism Dubai
Dubai is one of the United Arab Emirates. It is easily accessible from Europe,
Asia and Africa with 120 airlines flying to the destination.
Hotel revenue was up by 22% in 2008 compared to 2007.
Around 2.8 million people visited in 2000, 4.9 million in 2003 and 5.4 million in
2004. These numbers are predicted to grow to 15 million by 2015, which
would make Dubai one of the worlds top tourist destinations.
It is famous for its duty free shopping malls with huge department stores and
markets. Prices are reasonable with a huge variety.
Emirates airlines (based in Dubai) carries millions of long-haul passengers to
hundreds of destinations and many stop-over in Dubai as part of their trip.
Sightseeing is popular the markets, the zoo, the dhow-building yards
(traditional boats). Water sports, and especially diving, are growing in
popularity. Excursions out from the city centre allow the visitor to see the
desert and its wildlife. Bird watching trips take visitors to the wetland mudflat
areas, where there are 400 species.

How we manage tourism in the UK


Why do people visit the UK?
Historical landmark (Big Ben in London)
Churches and cathedrals (St Pauls cathedral in London)
Theatres
Shopping (Bullring, Birmingham)
Museums (Imperial War Museum, London)
The growth of tourism in the UK
There were 32 million visitors to the UK in 2008 and 16 million of them were in
London. The UK made 114 billion in 2008 and 1.4 million people were employed.
More than 100 new hotels opened in the UK between 2004 and December 2005
creating more jobs and income
The London eye is the most visited attraction in the UK, with 3.7 million visitors each
year. An estimated 1.1 million people visited the UK for the Royal Wedding in 2011.

What factors can affect tourism?


Weather (in 2007 a wet summer day was blamed for a drop in overseas
visitors.)
Terrorism (the bombings in the 7th of July 2005 was blamed for a drop in
visitors).
The exchange value (if the pound is low Britain is cheaper to visit)
Media coverage (if the coverage of the UK is negative this will make less
people visit)
The tourist life cycle model (The Butler model):
The lifecycle model says that any tourist resort starts on a small scale, develops into
something more significant, then either goes into decline or makes changes to its
attractions. There are 6 stages:
1. Exploration - small number of visitors are attracted to the area by something
particular such as good beaches, and attractive landscape, historical or cultural
features. Local people have not yet developed many tourist services
2. Involvement - local people start providing facilities for the tourist such as
accommodation, food, transport, guides and other services for visitors.
3. Development - more and more visitors come as more facilities are built such as
build hotels and leisure complexes and advertise package holidays. There are more
job opportunities for local people.
4. Consolidation - Tourism is a still a big part of the local economy, the number of
tourist begin to level off. Some hotels and facilities are becoming older and
unattractive so the type of customer also declines.
5. Stagnation - visitors have peaked, facilities are no longer as good and tourists
have had a negative impact on the local environment.
6. Rejuvenation or decline:
Rejuvenation: If the area is rejuvenated more visitors would be attracted to the area
by the new facilities.
Decline: Fewer people come as the area is less attractive. The area is either shut
down or it is run-down.

UK tourism Case Study


Blackpool, a UK coastal tourist resort
Blackpool is located on the Lancashire coast in the NW of England
Blackpool became a major tourist centre during the 19th century and attracted
people from the northern industrial towns factory workers could increasingly
afford a holiday, travelling by train to the nearby coast.
Blackpool peaked between 1900 and 1950 however when peoples
disposable income increased (more money left over after paying bills) they
preferred to try something different.
Package holidays abroad created huge competition for Britains seaside
resorts
Blackpools summer weather can be unreliable so was also a disadvantage
Blackpool in decline
Blackpool did attract some private investment and grants from the council to
upgrade hotels, turn outdoor pools into indoor leisure centres and increase
car parking provision.
Many smaller failing hotels turned into self-catering holiday flats
Blackpools attractions still made it different to other UK seaside resorts - The
Blackpool Tower, gives fantastic views up and down the Lancashire coast.
The tower includes the Tower Ballroom, famous for national ballroom dancing
competitions and the Tower circus
The town upgraded its zoo and a Sealife centre was built. The Blackpool
illuminations a light show has been upgraded several times with advanced
technology.
Blackpool should have been quicker to compete with package holidays.
Eventually it lost most of its holiday business and now relies on day trippers
and stag and hen parties. This isnt popular with the towns residents and the
towns image.
Blackpool today
Millions have been spent improving Blackpool as part of the Blackpool
Masterplan.
Blackpool is promoting itself as a shopping and conference centre and as an
ideal short break destination. In 2008 a new Debenhams opened.
In 2010, Blackpool council purchased the famous winter gardens.
How has Blackpool tried to cope with large numbers of tourists?
Impact Strategy Effectiveness?
Anti-social behaviour caused Think/Challenge scheme 85% of licensees agree that
by excessive amounts of licensees must challenge Think/Challenge is a very
alcohol: Blackpool has 130 anyone who looks under 25 to effective way of reducing
licensed premises within its 1 show ID underage drinking sales to
square mile town centre; it has young people in 2007 fell by
become a popular destination 30%
for Stag and Hen party
weekenders
Operation Handshake 50% of licensees agree that
scheme Police stop Stag Operation Handshake is
and Hen party coaches on the effective, although 25% think it
way into Blackpool and advise isnt as the sole purpose of
passengers of the dangers of people coming is to get drunk
excessive drinking and nothing the Police will say
will change that!
Traffic congestion caused by The numerous people who A reduction of the number of
cars entering the town: arrive by rail and coach (and visitors arriving by car has
Blackpool has a population of an increasing number who occurred, reducing accidents
approx. 150,000, but has 17 arrive by air) are encouraged and air pollution in the town
million visits each year to remain loyal to that form of centre
transport by improvements to
the coach and train station
(and the airport).
Improvements have also been
made to the electric tram
system to encourage people
to use these rather than cars
16 new Flexitrams were
introduced in 2011
A Safe Cycle Network has Blackpool has been selected
been introduced around the by Cycling England as a Cycle
town as well as a Hire-a-Bike Town
Scheme (introduced in 2009)

Cheap, poor quality A new Blackpool Quality Since their introduction in


accommodation which Standard Mark has been 2004, the Blackpool Tourism
encourages a lower class of introduced aimed to improve Awards have attracted an
tourists e.g. Stag and Hen hotel and other annual increase in both the
weekenders accommodation an awards quality and quantity of entries:
system has been introduced to over 170 entries for the 16
recognise the best provision in categories were received in
the tourist industry 2011.
Why do so many countries want
mass tourism?
Mass tourism
Mass tourism Involves large numbers of tourists visiting the same destination at the
same and is usually an organised holiday such as a package holiday.
Advantages and disadvantages of mass tourism
ADVANTAGES
1) Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas - in the initial construction of the
resorts, in travel, in food provision and in other service related industries.
2) Local people benefit directly from employment
3) Roads, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. all need improving to accommodate
the tourists - local people also benefit from these infrastructure developments.
4) Transport facilities are developed
5) The local tax base increases so the local government/council can invest in
schools, healthcare and social services.
6) Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures- this
causes cultural understanding
DISADVANTAGES
1) TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved - this
can result in a lot of profits leaving the country. I.e. Hilton building a hotel in Kenya
2 Jobs can be seasonal - especially in beach and skiing based resorts. People can
therefore find themselves out of work in the close season.
3) Tourists consume huge amounts of resources including food and water - this type
of tourism is particularly unsustainable in this manner.
4) Tourists introduce new values and cultures - this causes loss of cultures as they
may become westernised.
5) Land is lost from farming to tourist developments.
Case Study Kenya
700 000 visit Kenya per year.
Reasons:
Tribe culture, wildlife and safaris.
Warm climate (sunshine all year round)
Beautiful scenery (savannah, forest beaches etc.)
Impacts of the tourism
Positive Economic
Tourism contributes to 15% of the countys GDP
In 2003, 219 000 people worked in the tourist industry
Negative Economic
Only 15% of the money earned goes to the locals as most is lost to
international companies such as holiday companies i.e. Thomson
Positive Social
The culture and customs of the native tribes are preserved because things
like traditional dancing are often displayed for tourist.
Negative Social
Some Muslim people in Kenya are offended by the way a female tourist
dresses, i.e. Not covering their shoulders or knees.
Positive Environmental
Tourists are charged to enter a national park. This money is used to maintain
the national park which helps to protect the environment and wildlife.
Negative Environmental
Safari vehicles have destroyed the vegetation and caused soil erosion.
Wild animals have been poached or scared away which affects reproduction
How Kenya is trying to reduce the negative impacts of tourism?
Walking and horseback tours are being promoted over vehicle safaris.
Alternative activities that are less damaging than safaris are also being
encouraged i.e. climbing.
How is Kenya trying to maintain tourism?
Kenya have launched an advertising campaign in Russia called Magical
Kenya
Kenya wildlife service plans to spend 8 million to improve roads.
Visa fees for adults were cut by 50% in 2009 to make it cheaper to visit.

Extreme Environments
An extreme environment is one in which there exist difficult environmental
conditions for human survival.
They include deserts, ice sheets, mountains and rainforests.
All activities involved in these environments include an element of risk, and
often include a lot of physical exertion.
Tourist activities count as extreme tourism includes rock climbing, white water
rafting, bungee jumping, ice walking and paragliding. Younger, adventurous
people are often the target market, so called DINKS (Dual Income No Kids!)
because they have the fitness and cash for such activities.
Reasons why they are becoming popular:
Element of risk and danger.
Wildlife only seen in these areas.
Some scenery can only be seen in extreme environments.
Improvement in transport has made it quicker and easier to get to some of
these destination.
Last chance to see it before it becomes extinct/disappears
TV and advertising is making the destination more popular.

Extreme EnvironmentCase Study Antarctica


Antarctica covers around 14 million M2. The number of tourist visiting Antarctica
each year is rising. 7413 in 1996 and 46000 in 2007. Tourists are attracted to the
stunning scenery.
Impacts of Tourism
Tourists can disturb wildlife which scares penguins in particular and affects
breeding patterns which leads to lower numbers of penguins.
They can introduce a non-native species or disease that could wipe out
existing species.
The environment is also incredibly sensitive. It can take many hundreds of
years for rubbish to decompose because of the extremely low temperatures.
The food chain is also delicate because most of the marine life rely upon Krill
as their primary source of food and with pollution from ships entering
Antarctica this can affect the numbers of krill.
Many ships have run aground and had accidents - oil spills are an increasing
hazard. Waste from tourist boats is also a problem, and by law ships are
required to discharge waste well away from the edges of Antarctica.
How Antarctica is protected
The Antarctica Treaty is an international agreement that is used to protect and
conserve the area and its plant and animal life. 47 countries have signed it.
There are no longer any nuclear tests and dumping of radioactive waste.
The number of passengers on each boat has been limited to 500.
Visitors cannot visit SSSI (sites of special scientific interest) which contain vulnerable
wildlife (penguin breeding grounds)
Permits must also be obtained before you visit and tells the visitor how they can
minimise their impact on visiting Antarctica.
Any environmental damage in Antarctica is a punishable offence for any British
citizen.
How can tourism become more
sustainable?
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of present
generations without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own
needs."
Ecotourism
Environmentally friendly tourism where the people involved seek to protect the
environment as much as possible and to allow for some level of education as
well.
Profits go back into protecting the environment
Tourism is small scale, with low visitor numbers
Environmental approaches to accommodation and food. For example, an
ecotourism lodge in Puerto Maldonado in Peru, where tours of the Amazon
forest take place for tourists staying in small wooden huts there is limited
electricity and waste is dealt with on site, and the food at the resort is sourced
locally.
Stewardship is careful management of the environment on a large
scale across regions, nations and even internationally. All developments are
planned sustainably.
Conservation is more local in its nature allowing local people to be involved.

Kenya Ecotourism Case Study


of the wildlife in Kenya is found outside of the game parks, much of it on
land owned by the Masai
The Masai were once driven off the land to make way for wild animals in the
parks the Masai were seen as a nuisance
The vegetation is now healthier, the wildlife is more plentiful outside the parks
than before, and the tourist potential of Masai land has increased
Three tented camps, owned and run by Kenyans, have been set up in Kimana
on an important migration corridor for wildlife between Amboseli and Tsavo
National Park
The Masai are paid rent for use of their land of about 1000 per year.
Close to the entrance of the Mara Park, 156 Masai have joined their plots
together in return for not grazing their cows and chopping down wood, they
rent their land out for a number of tented camps and ecolodges
Each Masai land owner receives about 70 a month from the owners. Some
young Masai men make money as tourist guides
Masai communities involved in ecotourism are financially better off. The social
benefits are more children being sent to school and better healthcare.
Some are said to be wasting their income on alcohol
Most adult Masai are unable to read and write, which leaves them vulnerable
to cheating tour operators with contracts
Outside the tourist camps, the Masai need to carry on with their traditional
way of life, planting crops and keeping cattle, activities that do not fit well with
encouraging wildlife.

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