Professional Documents
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EQUIPMENTS
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 2
VOLTAGE
Operating/Service Voltage U (kV):
Voltage across the equipment terminals.
example : 22kV, 3.3kV,
Rated Voltage Ur (kV) : (nominal Voltage)
Max rms (root mean square) value of the voltage that
equipment can withstand under normal operating conditions.
Rated voltage (Ur) is always greater than the operating
voltage.
Rated voltage associated with an insulation level
Examples : Rated voltage 7.2kV, 17.5kV, 12kV and 24kV
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- Industrial Division July 2009 3
VOLTAGE
Insulation level Ud (kV rms, 1 minute) and Up (kV peak)
Definition: the electric withstand of equipment to switching under operation
over voltages and lightning impulse.
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 4
IEC Standard Voltage
28 12 75
38 17.5 95
50 24 125
70 36 170
Ud Ur Up
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- Industrial Division July 2009 5
Standard
Schneider MV equipment is conformity with list 2 of the series 1
table IEC 60 071 and 60 298.
Rated Rated lightning Rated power- Normal
Voltage impulse frequency operating
withstand voltage withstand voltage
1.2/50us 50Hz voltage
.
kV rms kV peak 1minute kV rms kV rms
list 1 list 2
7.2 40 60 20 3.3 to 6.6
12 60 75 28 10 to 11
17.5 75 95 38 13.8 to 15
24 95 125 50 20 to 22
36 145 170 70 25.8 to 36
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- Industrial Division July 2009 6
Derating of the switchgear related to the altitude
2500
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- Industrial Division July 2009 7
Standard
Insulation level corresponds to a distance in air which
guarantees withstand without a test certificate.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 8
Current
The rms value of current that equipment can withstand
when current flow without exceeding the temperature rise
allowed in standards.
Temperature rises authorized by the IEC according to the
type of contacts.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 9
OPERATING CURRENT : I (Ampere)
Calculate from the load power.
Actual current passes through the equipment.
generally customer provide its value
calculate if we know the power of the load
Exercise:
A switchboard with a 630kW motor feeder and a 1250kVA
xmer feeder at 5.5kV, cos = 0.85 and motor efficiency =
90%
How many ampere the operating current of Transformer
and Motor?
In motor = 86.44 A
The answer
In Trafo = 131.22A
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- Industrial Division July 2009 10
Short Circuit Current
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- Industrial Division July 2009 11
Short Circuit Current
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- Industrial Division July 2009 12
Minimum short-circuit current: Isc (kA rms.)
Corresponds to a short circuit at one end of the fault point.
This value allows us to choose the setting of thresholds for over
current protection devices(F50/F51) and fuses
Example: Isc: 23 kA rms
Ith Isc
source load
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- Industrial Division July 2009 13
Maximum short-circuit current: Ith (kA rms. 1 s or 3 s)
Corresponds to a short circuit in upstream terminals of the
switching device,
express in : kA for 1s or 3 s
thermal withstand of the equipment = Ith
Example: Ith: 31.5 kA rms. 1 s or 3 s
It Isc
h
source load
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- Industrial Division July 2009 14
Peak Value of the max. short circuit current (kA peak)
Value of the initial peak in the transient period
I dynamic (kA peak) is equal to :
2.5 x Isc at 50 Hz (IEC)
2.6 x Isc at 60 Hz (IEC)
2.7 x Isc (ANSI) times the short circuit current calculated at a given
point in the network.
Example: Isc : 25kA Idyn: 2.5 x 25= 63.75kA peak (IEC 60 056)
Idyn: 2.7 x 25= 67.50kA peak (ANSI), 25kA at
a given point
This value determines the breaking capacity and making (closing)
capacity of CBs and Switches, as well as the electro dynamic withstand of
busbars and switchgear.
Isc value based on IEC: 8 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40- 50 kA rms
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- Industrial Division July 2009 15
Frequency fr (Hz)
2 different frequency use in the world:
50 Hz in Europe
60 Hz in the USA
several countries use both frequencies indiscriminately
Instrument Voltage Transformer rated 50 can operate at 60Hz
Instrument Current Transformer rated 50 can operate at 60Hz.
But CT with rated 60Hz can not be operated at 50Hz.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 16
Introduction to MV equipments
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- Industrial Division July 2009 17
DIFFERENT ENCLOSURE TYPE (AIS)
LSC2B
metal clad
LSC2A
compartment
GIS
LSC1
Block type
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- Industrial Division July 2009 18
MV Switchgear to IEC 62271-200
Fully enclosed in metal enclosure and having some current carrying capacity
Loss of Service
Continuity Maintainability of
Class (LSC) LSC 2A one functional
Several levels of
Safe access to unit allowing
Architecture based on service continuity compartment
safe compartment during maintenance normal service of
access With power flow in the remaining
busbar and the other units of the
units switchboard
MV Cables must be (busbar in a
LSC 2B earthed separate
Maintainability of Safe access to compartment)
defined parts compartment
with no need of With power flow in busbar
cable and the other units
disconnection MV Cable in separate MOTORPACT
(separate cable compartment
compartment) Cable of unit under
maintenance can remain
energized
LSC 1
Metal enclosed
MCSET or NEX not of LSC2 class
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- Industrial Division July 2009 19
MV Switchgear to IEC 62271-200
Fully enclosed in metal enclosure and having some current carrying capacity
MCset or PIX
3.110 Shutter
Electrical and
Part of metal-enclosed switchgear and Partition Class PI mechanical
controlgear that can be moved from a safety according
position where it permits contacts of a Partitions or shutters may to IEC 60466 or
be partially or totally of 60137
removable part, or moving contact of a Definition insulating material
disconnector to engage fixed contacts,
to a position where it becomes a part of
the enclosure or partition shielding the
fixed contacts.
Motorpact
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 20
MV Switchgear to IEC 62271-200
Fully enclosed in metal enclosure and having current carrying capacity
Internal Arc Class Personnel IAC classified Safety in case of
IAC safety in case No projection of parts internal fault
Classification based on of internal arc towards accessible during service
consequences of internal arc on sides condition
personnel safety No ignition of indicators Demonstrated by
type tests
(completely
defined by the
standard)
Motorpact
Accessibility Types IAC not classified
complies with
A : restricted to authorized
AFLR type No tests performed to
personnel only. assess behavior of
enclosure under arc
B : unrestricted, including
conditions
general public.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 21
SWITCHGEAR FUNCTION
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 22
STANDARDS DISTRIBUTION
FEEDERS (AIS)
The MCset range meets the following international standards:
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 23
STANDARDS MOTOR
STARTER / MCC (AIS)
Motorpact meets IEC standards
IEC 62271-1 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 1: Common
specifications
IEC 62271-200 AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated
voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
IEC 60470 High voltage alternating current contactors and contactor
based motorstarters
IEC 60282-1 High voltage fuses: limiting fuses
IEC 62271-102 Alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 60044-1 Instrument transformers - Part 1: current transformers
IEC 60044-2 Instrument transformers - Part 2: inductive voltage transformers
IEC 60044-8 Instrument transformers - Part 8: electronic current transformers
IEC 61958 High-voltage prefabricated switchgear and controlgear
assemblies - Voltage Presence Indicating Systems
IEC 60076-11 dry-type transformers
Other specifications
IACS International Association
of Classification Societies
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- Industrial Division July 2009 24
STANDARDS DISTRIBUTION
FEEDERS (GIS)
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 25
SF6 and Vacuum
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 26
SF6 and Vacuum are two modern breaking
techniques used in Medium Voltage.
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 27
Equivalent reliability of SF6 and Vacuum CB s
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 28
Minimum maintenance for SF6 and Vacuum
installed circuit-breakers
Operating mechanism:
is based on the same technology, whatever the technique,
and is a component with high mechanical endurance
(10,000 operations minimum).
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- Industrial Division July 2009 29
Installation security: assets of SF6.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 30
Installation security: assets of SF6.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 31
U source side
U load side
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- Industrial Division July 2009 32
U source side
U load side
45 kV
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- Industrial Division July 2009 33
Installation security: assets of SF6.
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 34
Safety of people related to the switchboards
which the circuit breakers are integrated.
Schneider Electric
- Industrial Division July 2009 35
A COMPARISON OF SF6 AND VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS
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- Industrial Division July 2009 36
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- Industrial Division July 2009 39
DIELECTRIC WITHSTAND
depends on 3 parameters:
The Dielectric strength of the medium
The Shape of the parts
The distance :
ambient air between the live parts
insulating air interface between the live parts
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- Industrial Division July 2009 40
Dielectric Strength of air depends on ambient
conditions:
Pollution reducing the insulating performance by a
factor <10. Pollution may occur from external dust, lack of cleanliness,
breaking down of an internal surface, pollution & humidity causes
electrochemical conduction which will worsen discharge phenomena.
Condensation reducing the insulating performance by a
. factor 3
Pressure related to the altitude, derating performance.
Humidity % of humidity can cause a change in insulating
performances. (liquid always leads to a droop in performance)
Temperature temp. increases can cause decreases
insulation performance. Thermal shock can be the cause of the micro
fissuration which can lead very quickly to insulator breakdown. Insulator
expands by 5 and 15 times more than a conductor.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 41
The Shape of the parts
It is essential to eliminate any peak effect to avoid disastrous effect on the
impulse wave withstand in particular and on the surface ageing of insulator.
Air Ionization Generate Ozone Breakdown of insulator surface or skin
Note : the table above does not include any increase which could be required to take account of
design tolerances, short circuit effects, wind effects, operator safety, pollution, etc.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 42
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
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- Industrial Division July 2009 43
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- Industrial Division July 2009 44
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- Industrial Division July 2009 45
Current transformer
Metering transformer applications
Instrument transformers are necessary to provide values
that can be used by these devices which can be analogue
devices, digital processing units with a microprocessor,
after analogue/digital conversion of the input signal (e.g.:
Sepam or Power Logic System).
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- Industrial Division July 2009 46
Characteristics Of Current Transformer:
Based on standard IEC 60044-1.
Insulation
Characterized by the rated voltage:
of the insulation, which is that of the installation (e.g.: 24 kV)
of the power frequency withstand 1 min (e.g.: 50 kV)
of the impulse withstand (e.g.: 125 kV).
Rated frequency
50 or 60 Hz.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 47
Characteristics Of Current Transformer:
Based on standard IEC 60044-1.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 48
Characteristics Of Current Transformer:
Based on standard IEC 60044-1.
Accuracy load
The value of the load on which is based the metered current accuracy
conditions.
Accuracy power Pn
Apparent power (VA) that the CT can supply on the secondary for the
rated secondary current for which the accuracy is guaranteed
(accuracy load).
Usual values 5 - 7.5 - 10 - 15 VA (IEC).
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- Industrial Division July 2009 49
Characteristics Of Current Transformer:
Based on standard IEC 60044-1.
Accuracy class
Defines the limits of error guaranteed on the transformation ratio and
on the phase
shift under the specified conditions of power and current. Classes 0.5
and 1 are used
for metering class P for protection.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 51
magnetization curve (for a given temperature and frequency).
This magnetization curve (voltage Vo, magnetizing current function Im) can be divided into 3
zones:
1 - non-saturated zone: Im is low and the voltage Vo (and therefore Is) increases virtually
proportionately to the primary current.
2 - intermediary zone: there is no real break in the curve and it is difficult to situate a precise
point corresponding to the saturation voltage.
3 - saturated zone: the curve becomes virtually horizontal; the error in transformation ratio is
high, the secondary current is distorted by saturation.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 52
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- Industrial Division July 2009 53
Metering CT
This requires good accuracy (linearity zone) in an area close to the normal service current; it
must also protect metering devices from high currents by saturating earlier
Protection CT
This requires good accuracy at high currents and will have a higher precision
limit (linearity zone) for protection relays to detect the protection thresholds that
they are meant to be monitoring.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 54
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- Industrial Division July 2009 55
Safety
The CT secondary is used at low impedance (virtually in short circuit).
The secondary circuit should never be left open, since this would
mean connecting across an infinite impedance. Under these conditions,
hazardous voltages for personnel and equipment may exist across the
terminals.
Terminal marking
CT connection is made to the terminals identified according to the IEC:
P1 and P2 on the MV side
S1 and S2 on the corresponding secondary. In the case of a double
output, the first output is identified by 1S1 and 1S2, the second by 2S1
and 2S2.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 56
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- Industrial Division July 2009 57
CT for metering
Accuracy class
A metering CT is designed to send as accurate an image as possible of
currents below 120% of the rated primary.
Accuracy guaranteed from load 25% and 100% of the accuracy power.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 58
CT for metering
Safety factor: FS
In order to protect the metering device connected to the CT from high currents
on the MV side, instrument transformers must have early saturation
characteristics.
The limit primary current (Ipl) is defined for which the current error in the
secondary is equal to 10%. The standard then defines the Safety Factor FS.
:
This is the multiple of the rated primary current from which the error
becomes greater than 10% for a load equal to the accuracy power.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 59
CT for protection
Accuracy class
A protection CT is designed to send as reliable an image as possible of the fault current
(overload or short circuit).
IEC standard 60044-1 determines the maximum error for each accuracy class in the
phase and in the module according to the indicated operating range.
For example for class 5P the maximum error is y 5% at the accuracy limit current
and y 1% at the rated current.
Standardized classes are 5P and 10P. The choice depends on the application.
The accuracy class is always followed by the accuracy limit factor.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 60
Accuracy limit factor: FLP
A protection CT must saturate at sufficiently high currents to enable sufficient
accuracy in the measurements of fault currents by the protection device whose
operating threshold can be very high.
The limit primary current (Ipl) for which current errors and phase shift
errors in the secondary do not exceed values in the table below
In practice this corresponds to the linearity limit (saturation curve) of the CT.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 61
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- Industrial Division July 2009 62
If and are not known, use
approx value cos : 0.8 and =
0.8
Capacitor Feeder :Derating
coefficient of 30% to take into
account of temp. rise due to
capacitor harmonic
Bus section
The greatest value of current that
can flow in the bus section on a
permanent basis.
Ips = In bus
Standardized values :
10-12.5-15-20-25-30-40-50-60-75-80
and their multiples and factors
CT must be able to withstand 120%
the rated current
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- Industrial Division July 2009 63
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Example:
A thermal protection device for a motor has a setting range of between 0.6 and 1.2 x Ir (CT).
In order to protect this motor, the required setting must correspond to the motors rated current.
If we assume that Ir for the motor = 45 A, the required setting is therefore: 45A
If we use a 100/5A CT, the relay will never see 45A , because: 100A x 0.6 = 60A > 45A.
If we use a 75/5A CT, the relay will see , 75 x 0.6 = 45 A
The range of setting will be: 0.6 < 45/75 < 1.2 . This CT is suitable.
Each CT must be able to withstand short circuit current both thermally and dynamically until the
fault is effectively cut off.
Ith = Ssc / (U x V3), Ssc = power short circuit MVA
When the CT is installed in a fuse protected, the Ith = apprx. 80 Ir.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 64
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- Industrial Division July 2009 65
INSIDE MV CURRENT TRANSFORMER
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- Industrial Division July 2009 66
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RATED PRIMARY VOLTAGE (Upr)
According to the design, VT will be connected :
Phase to earth 22.000V/V3 / 110V/V3, where Upr = U/V3
Phase to phase 22.000 / 110V, where Upr = U
RATED OUTPUT
The apparent power output that VT can supply the secondary
circuit when connected at rated primary voltage and connected to
the nominal load.
It must not introduce any error exceeding the values guaranteed
by the accuracy class . (S = V3. U. I in 3 phase circuit)
Standardized value are:
10-15-25-30-50-75-100-150-200-300-400-500 VA
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- Industrial Division July 2009 70
ACCURACY CLASS
The limits of errors guaranteed in terms of transformation ratio and phase under the specified
conditions of both power and voltage.
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- Industrial Division July 2009 71
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- Industrial Division July 2009 72
INSIDE MV VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
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- Industrial Division July 2009 73
INDEX PROTECTION OF THE SWGR
INDEX PROTECTION
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- Industrial Division July 2009 74
INDEX PROTECTION- first index
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- Industrial Division July 2009 75
INDEX PROTECTION: second index
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- Industrial Division July 2009 76
INDEX PROTECTION : third index
Definitions
The protection mentions correspond to impact energy
levels expressed in joules
hammer blow applied directly to the equipment
impact transmitted by the supports, expressed in terms
of vibrations therefore in terms of frequency and
acceleration
The protection indices against mechanical impact can
be checked by different types of hammer: pendulum
hammer, spring-loaded hammer or vertical free-fall
hammer (diagram below).
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- Industrial Division July 2009 77
PROTECTION INDEX: third index
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- Industrial Division July 2009 78
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