A Lykeioy Kee Anorganos Xhmeia Hlektrolytes

3o
- - -
3.1
(1-39) .
1. ;:
.
. 2
. pH = 7
. 2.
2. :
. + . 2
. 2 .
.
3. pH = 12 , :
.
.
.
. .
4. , Arrhenius, :
.
. 2
. +
. 2.
5. , Arrhenius, :
.
.
.
. .
6. :
. . .
. . .
7. 3 , Arrhenius, :
. aOH
.
. +
. .
1
8. Ca(OH)2 , Arrhenius, :
. Cl
.
.
. .
9. : HCl, H2O, NH3, H2SO4 HClO, Arrhenius :

. NH3 HCl . HCl, H2SO4 HClO
. H2SO4, H2O HClO . H2SO4, HClO NH3.
10. : HCl, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, NH3, H2S

NaOH, 2 :
. H2SO4, HN3 NH3 . H2S, H2SO4 HCl
. Ca(OH)2, NH3 NaOH . H2S, HCl NH3
. .
11. : H 2SO4, , Ca(OH)2, HClO3, HBr

NH3 2 :
. H2SO4, HClO3 HBr . NH3, Ca(OH)2
. H2SO4, , Ca(OH)2 HClO3 . Ca(OH)2 .
12. : HCl, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2O , Na H2 :

. HCl H2SO4 . HCl, H2SO4,Ca(OH)2 H2O
. Ca(OH)2 . H2O, HCl H2SO4.
13. ,
:
. .
. . .
14. :
. .
. . .
15. : nO, Al2O3 SnO :

. .
. . .
16. :
.
.
.
. .
2
17. :
.
. ,
.
. .
18. :
.
.
.
. .
19. :
.
.
.
. .
20. :
. ,

.
. ,
. , .
21. :
. ,
.
.
. .
22. : H2SO4, H2O, 2O5 NH3 a :

. H2SO4 . 2O5 H2O
. H2SO4 2O5 . H2SO4, 2O5 NH3
23. : 2SO4, SO3, Ca(OH)2, BaO NH3 HCl :

. SO3, Ca(OH)2 BaO . 2SO4 NH3
. 2SO4, Ca(OH)2 BaO . Ca(OH)2, BaO NH3.
24. :
. , : , NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Ba(H)2
. , : , NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Ba(H)2
.
. .
3
25. Zn HCl:
.
.
. ,
. , .
26. H2SO4 , :
.
.
.
. .
27. H2SO4 :
.
.
.
. .
28. AgNO3 HCl , :

.
.
.
. .
29. CO2 NaOH, :

.
.
.
. C2 .
30. N2O5 NaOH, :

.
.
.
.
. .
31. 25 OH, :
. 3 3 . 3
. 3 . 3 .
32. Cu(OH)2 :
.
. ,
.
. , .
4
33. : Na2O, KNO3, SO3, Ca(OH)2 Ba, :
. Na2O, SO3 Ba . 3, Ca(OH)2 Ba
. Na2O SO3 . Ca(OH)2 Ba.
34. : SO2, NH3, NaOH, H2S, CO2, CaO, NH4Cl H2SO4,

:
. H3, 2S, H2SO4 CO2 . NH3, H2S, CO2 NH4Cl
. SO2 CO2 . SO2, NH3, H2S CO2.
35. , , : CuO, SO 3, KCl

. ;
. .
. , . , .
36. 4Cl , :
.
. 4
. KCl
. .
37.
:
.
.
. ,

. .
38. C + O2 CO2, :
. .
. C . C .
. C
39. pH . :
. CO2
. , SO 2 2.
.
. .
5
3.2
1. 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 :
1 : pH = 6, 2 : pH = 13, 3 : pH = 14, 4 : pH = 7 5 : pH = 0.
2. :
: , :
: , :
: .
, , , pH.
3. Cu AgNO 3
. HCl,
. Cl
-.
Cu, Ag, Fe H .
3.2
1. ()
():
() ()
Na2O
H2SO4
P2O5
l2O3
O
O3
Ca(OH)2
2. () ():
() ()
HClO3 ( )
Na2SO4 ( )
Ca(OH)2 ( )
O ( )
HClO2 ( )
Na2S ( )
Na2SO3 ( )
HClO ( )
HCl ( )
3. +
- :

6

4. +
- :
Fe2O3 CO2 SO3 CaO Al2O3 P2O5 ZnO K 2O

-

5. + ,
:
Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Ag+
-
OH
Cl-
PO43-
6. + ,
.
Ba2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ Ag+
2-
SO4
S2-
CO32-
7. () pH
().
() ()
NaO 12
Cl 7
NaO 2
CaCl2 0,5
Cl 14
8. () (),
:
() ()
NaO Al(NO3)3
Pb(NO3)2 (NH4)2S
CuSO4 CaCl2
H2SO4 HCl
( : CaSO4, PbCl2, Al(OH)3 CuS ).
9. ()
():
() ()
7
Fe AgNO3
Al HCl
Cu FeCl3
Ca AlCl3
10. () (),
.
() ()
H2SO4 H2O
CO2 Ca(OH)2
NaHCO3 CaCl2
CaO HCl
11. , , , : H2, 2, H3, SO2, CO2.

To A S, B aOH
4Cl, ,
Fe
HCl.
(I) ().
() ()
H2
O2
3
SO2
CO2
12. ()
().
() ()
H2SO4 CaCO3

Ca(HCO3)2.
3.4
8
1. , Arrhenius, .........................
........................................................ .
2. ............................
................... ...................... .
3. ...................... ,
p ................. 7, ...................... ,
..................... .....................
................... .
4. , Arrhenius,
................. .
5. ...........................
.................................. .
6. ............... ,
pH, ................................... 7, .................
.......................... .............. .
7. .................................. ................. .................

................. , SO3 ................. .
8. ................. ,
................. ................. ,
................. , .................
................. .
9. .................... ..................... .................

......................... MxAy, x ................................. y
................................. , ..............................
.
.............................................. ,
.................................. .
10. ................. .................

................. , :
Zn + HCl ........... + ..........
Fe + ........... Fer2 + ..........
9
11. ,
:

FeCl2 Ca(ClO)2 NaH2PO4

12. :
. HCl + NaOH ........ + ........
. Zn + HCl ........ + ........
. H2SO4 + BaCl2 ........ + ........
. NaCl + AgNO3 ........ + ........
13. :
. FeS + ............ H2S + FeCl2
. ............. + CaO CaCl2 + H2O
. Na2CO3 + ............ CaCO3 + ............
. NaOH + .............. NaCl + NH3 + .............
14. :
. ............ + H2O H2SO4
. ............ + H2O NaOH + H2
. ............ + H2O NaOH
. ............ + ............ NH3
15. :
. Fe(OH)3 + ............. Fe(NO3)3 + H2O
. BaO + H3PO4 ............ + ............
. NH3 + ............. (NH4)2SO4
. Ca(OH)2 + N2O5 ............. + .............
. CO2 + .............. Na2CO3 + H2O
. P2O5 + ............ H3PO4
16.
:
SO3 P2O5 N2O5 CaO K2O BaO
17. :
H2CO3 Al(OH)3 HNO3 Ca(OH)2 H2SO4 KOH
18.

.
K2O Fe(OH)2 CaCO3 NH3 Na
10
H2SO4
HCl
H3PO4
19. :
Fe(OH)3 H2SO4 H3PO4
CO2 CuO N2O5
20. C + O2 CO2 C .......................... ...................... ................... ,

........... ..................................... ................ ................ .
C .................. ............................. , .................. .........,
..................................... ........................... C, .............................. .
3.5
1. pH ; ; pH ,
;
2. ; ;
3. , Arrhenius;
4. ; ;
5. :
.
.
.
. .
6. ; .
7. :
.
.
. .
8. , (CuSO 45H2O).
9. .
.
10. ;
.
11
11. ;
.
12. ( HNO 3 2SO4) ;

.
13. :
) )
) )

14. HCl.
; ;
15. :
. .
. .
3.6
1. Arrhenius;
: ) + , )
) ;
.
2. Arrhenius;
: ) -
) ;
.
3. ;

.
4. pH ;
pH ; pH
.
5. i) :
. , . . ;
ii) ;
iii) .
6. i) :
, ,
.
ii) ;
.
7. : N2O5, NaOH, H2O, HClO3.
12
.
.
.
.
8. : CaCl2, K3PO4, Ca(NO3)2 Al2(SO4)3.

. JUPAC.
.
.
9. i) :
.
.
.
.
ii) .
iii)
. .
10. , ,

.
. .
. .
. .
11. 2 , 2 2
. ,
.
12. i) :
.
.
.
.
ii)
.
13.
.
. .
. .
14.
:
. FeS HCl
ZnCl2
. 2SO4 CaCl 2 - Na 2 CO 3 .
13
. ( 4)2SO4 aOH
HCl.
15. 1, 2 3 Na2CO3, 2SO4
Ca()2.
i) :
. 1 2
. 2 3
. 1 3.
ii) .
16. : KCl, 2SO4
Na2SO4. CaCl2.
i) ,
.
ii)
.
17. :
. ,
.
. CuSO4 ,
.
. Ag2SO4.
i)
.
ii)
.
18. :
, a, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, H, Cu, Hg, Ag
: CuCl, AgCl PbCl 2,
: PbSO4, aSO4 CaSO4. ,
: HCl, H2SO4 a2SO4.
i) BaCl 2,
.
ii) .
iii)
Pb(NO3)2.
19. Ca(OH) 2 (),
() .
.
. .
. ;
. .
20. AlCl3 (CH3COO)2Mg ,

.
14
(CH3COO)3Al MgCl2; ,
.
21. SO 2
. SO 2

.
( ).
i) .
ii) ;
22. CaCl 2 Ca2+ Cl-,

CaCl2 . Na 2SO4
a+ SO42-.
CaSO4 Ca2+ SO42- ,
a+ Cl-.
: CaCl2 + Na2SO4 2NaCl + CaSO4,
, :
Ca2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) CaSO4(s)
:
. PbCl2, FeS, BaSO4 Al(OH)3 ,
. 2S CO2
. .
i)
:
. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) PbCl2 + 2HNO3
. FeCl2(aq) + K2S(aq) 2KCl + FeS
. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2NaCl + BaSO4
. Al2(SO4)3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) 3BaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3
. Na2S(aq) + H2SO4(aq) H2S + Na2SO4
. K2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2KCl + H2O + CO2
. NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3 + H2O
. Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4 + 2H2O
ii) ,
.
iii) :
. (NaHCO3) ;
. AgNO 3 NaCl CaCl 2
HCl, ;
. ;
3.7 -
. ,
.
15
1. .
2. (3) .
3.
.
4. pH.
5. HCl pH = 9.
6. pH NaOH pH HCl.
7. .
8. HCl H2.
9. , .
10. + .
11. Zn HCl .
12. .
13. .
14. 5g 5g HCl
.
15. .
16.
.
17. Cl Ca(OH)2 ,
HCl AgNO3 .
18. .
19. Na pH = 4.
20. .
21. CuSO4
.
16
22. .
23. () .
24. (BaO) .
25. N2O5 pH > 7.
26.
, .. SO2 2.
27.
.
28. pH 5 6
, .. pH 7.
29. H3PO4 Ca(OH)2.
3.8.
1. (3) ,
:
3 + 2 4+ + OH-
i) Arrhenius 3:
. ,
. , 4+
. , OH-
. , OH-.
ii) :
3 ................................ ........................... ,
........................ , 3 ........................... , :
3 + 2S4 ...........
2. () (),
.
() ()
2S3
............
HJ ........................
............
17
JO3 ........................
H2S
............ ........................
2S4
............
HCN ........................
HClO3
3. i) ()
().
() ()
FeCl3 K2SO4
Na2S4 AgNO3
Ca(NO3)2 CaCl2
ii)
.
FeCl3 + ............ ............ + ............
Na2S4 + ............ ............ + ............
Ca(NO3)2 + ............ ............ + ............
iii) ;
;
4. 1, 2 3 : CuSO 4, FeSO4
ZnSO4. B 1 , 2
3 .
.
i) 1, 2 3
() ().
() ()
1 CuSO4
2 FeSO4
3 ZnSO4
ii) 1 ..........................
................ , 3 ..................... ....................... .
5. 1, 2 3 : AgNO 3, HCl
NO3. 1 BaCl2, 2 Pb (NO3)2
3 Ca(OH)2, .
i) ()
().
() ()
1 AgNO3
2 HCl
18
3 HNO3
ii) 1 .........................................
............................................................. . 3
........................................ ........................................................ .
iii)
.
6. ,
Arrhenius: ........... ....................................................................................................................... ................................
....................................................................................... ................................................................................................
.................... .
. ( ).
. . (...)
. . (...)
. . (...)
. . (...)
.
7. Arrhenius HNO3 :
.
.
.
. +
i) .
ii) .
iii) HNO3 pH 7; .
8. : Fe2O3, SO3, CO2, P2O5, K2O, FeO, SO2 N2O5.

i) JUPAC .
ii) .
iii)
.
9. i)
.
.
. (...)
. . (...)
. . (...)
.
. (...)
ii) ,
.
10. 1, 2, 3 : H2SO4,
g2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3. :
19
2 , 1
3 .
. 1 ...................... , 2
........................ 3 ................... .
. .
11. i) .

ii) : ) , )
.
iii)
.
iv) , pH:
. 7 . > 7 . < 7 . 7.
12. , : ,
.
()
() ()
. . . .
i) , , ()
().
() ()
CO2
Al2O3
H2O
CaO
ii) ;
.
13. :
. CO2 NaOH . 2SO4 Ca(OH)2
. 3 NH4Cl . 2SO4 Na2CO3
i) .
ii) .
14. i)
, .
Na3PO4 K2CO3 Ca(ClO3)2 Al(NO3)2 (NH4)3PO4

ii)
+, Na+, NH
4
NO
3
, ClO
3
,
20

.
15. i) .
NaOH Ca (OH)2 Al(OH)3 NH3 Mg(OH)2 KOH
ii) .
iii) :
. : ...............................................................
. : .............................................................
iv) ,
pH:
. 7 . > 7 . < 7 . 7

16. i) :
Ba O N2O5 K2O Al2O3 SO3 ZnO

ii) :
. : ......................................................................
. : ....................................................................
. : .....................................................
iii) :
................................................................................................................
: .........................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
iv) HCl; .
17. , , , ,
. 25 + H2O
. + CaCO3 B + H2O +
. + NaOH + H2O
. + H2SO4 E + H2O +
i) , , ,
ii)
iii) ()
().
() ()
.
.
21
.
.
18. , , ,
, .
: , , .
i) JUPAC , , .
ii) .
iii) ()
().
() ()

19. HCl
.
.
i) .
ii) :
. KOH, KCl H2O . Cl, KOH H2O
. , Cl H2O . Cl, Cl H2O.
.
20. .
NaCl
Cu CoCl2 KNO3 CuSO4 Fe (NO3)3 FeSO4 K2SO4 KJ
(NO3)2

i)
; .
ii) , ,
.
Na2SO4 Co FeCl3 FeJ2 CuCl2 NaJ FeJ3 KCl
(NO3)2

21.
Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg
.
FeSO4 CuSO4 Ag2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 Fe (SO4)3 MgSO4

22

i) N
:
.
.
. ()
. .
.
ii) (CuSO4) Fe-Cu-Ag, :
. ,
. , ,

.
. .

.
3.9.

: - ( - )
:
: .................................................. : ............................................
: ........ : .........: ...................... : .......................
:
1. :
.
. 2
. 2
. .
.
2. H2SO4 rrhenius :
.
.
.
. +
. .
.
3. :

............................................. , ............ ............................ ,
23
...................................... ,
.................................................... . , ..........................................
................................... .
4. .
. .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. , +.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
5. pH;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
6. i)
JUPAC.
NaOH Fe(OH)2 NH3 Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

ii)
.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
B
: - ( - )
:
: .................................................. : ............................................
: ........ : .........: ...................... : .......................
:
1. :
.
. 2
. 2
24
. .
.
2. NaOH Arrhenius :
.
.
.
. -
. .
.
3. .
............................. ,
............................ ......................... ,
............................................... , ....................................... .
, ..................................
............... .............................. .
4. .
.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. , -.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
5. pH ;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
6. i)
JUPAC.
H2S HNO2 H2SO4 H3PO4 HJ

ii)
.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
25

. . .

1 / 1 min A 2

-
2 / 1 min A - 2

Arrhenius
3 - 2 min B - 3

4 - - 4 min B ) 4

) -
,
..
5 2 min A 3
pH

6 5 min 6
-

: - - - -
:
: .................................................. : ............................................
: ........ : .........
: .......................................
: ..........................
26
1
: (1-4), .
:
1. : Na2SO4, SO3, Ba(OH)2, Na2CO3, CaO 3 HCl :
. Ba(OH)2, Na2SO4 Na2CO3
. CaO, Na2SO4 3
. Na2CO3, CaO, Ba(OH)2 3
. Na2SO4, CaO, Ba(OH)2 SO3.
2. KCl :
.
.
.
. .
3. Na pH :
. pH = 7, . pH < 0, . 0 pH < 7, . pH > 7
4. :.
.
.
.
. .
5. :
H3 NaOH HNO2
Fe2O3 SO3
6. :
g, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg
()
():
() ()
Zn HCl
Fe ZnCl2
Mg AgNO3
Cu FeCl3
Al AlCl3
2
1. .
. .
27
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. (CaCO3) 2g HCl 2g .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2. H 2SO4 3.
SO 2 NO2
.
. SO 2 H2SO4.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. (CaCO 3)
;
.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3
i) , , , :
. Ca + H2O ............ + H2
. ........... + .......... NaOH + CaSO4
. NaOH + ........... Na3PO4 + H2O
. ............. + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + ............ + H2O
ii) , , ()
().
() ()

iii) , , .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
28
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

: - - - -
:
: .................................................. : ............................................
: ........ : .........
: .......................................
: ..........................
1
: (1-4), .
:
1. : BaCl2, SO3, NH4Cl, H2S, CaO NH3 NaOH :
. BaCl2, NH4Cl NH3
. SO3, NH4Cl H2S
. SO3, H2S NH3
. SO3, CaO H2S.
2. Ca(NO3)2 :
.
.
.
. .
3. SO3 pH :
. pH > 14, . pH < 7, . 7 < pH 14, . pH = 7
4. H
:
.
.
29
. ,

. .
5. :
Al(OH)3 H2SO4
P2O3 KOH N2O3
6. :
Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg
()
().
() ()
Mg HCl
Cu PbCl2
Al ZnCl2
Zn AlCl3
Pb AgNO3
2
:
1. .
. .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. 10g H 2SO4
10g .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2. H 2SO4 3.
SO 2 NO2
.
. SO 2 H2SO4.
30
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
. ; .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
3
i) , , , :
. N2O5 + H2O ............
. ............. + ............. KOH + CaCO3
. Ba (OH)2 + ............. Ba2 (PO4)3 + H2O
. ............. + N4Cl CaCl2 + ............ + H2O
ii) , , ()
().
() ()

iii) , , .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

. . .

1.1 / 12 min 1

.
1.2 / 12 min A 1
.
1.3 / 12 min 1
31

pH .
1.4 / 12 min 1
.
1.5 - 12 min . 2

1.6 / 12 min 2

.
2.1 - 6 min 1,5
-
.
2.1 - 6 min 1,5
-
.
2.2 8 min SO2 1,5
H2SO4 .
2.2 8 min 1,5

.
3.i) 14 min 2

.
3.ii) / 14 min . 2
3iii) 14 min 2

32

A Lykeioy Kee Anorganos Xhmeia Hlektrolytes

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A Lykeioy Kee Anorganos Xhmeia Hlektrolytes

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3o

9. : HCl, H2O, NH3, H2SO4 HClO, Arrhenius :

10. : HCl, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, NH3, H2S

11. : H 2SO4, , Ca(OH)2, HClO3, HBr

12. : HCl, H2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2O , Na H2 :

15. : nO, Al2O3 SnO :

22. : H2SO4, H2O, 2O5 NH3 a :

23. : 2SO4, SO3, Ca(OH)2, BaO NH3 HCl :

28. AgNO3 HCl , :

29. CO2 NaOH, :

30. N2O5 NaOH, :

34. : SO2, NH3, NaOH, H2S, CO2, CaO, NH4Cl H2SO4,

35. , , : CuO, SO 3, KCl

11. , , , : H2, 2, H3, SO2, CO2.

7. .................................. ................. .................

9. .................... ..................... .................

10. ................. .................

20. C + O2 CO2 C .......................... ...................... ................... ,

12. ( HNO 3 2SO4) ;

8. : CaCl2, K3PO4, Ca(NO3)2 Al2(SO4)3.

20. AlCl3 (CH3COO)2Mg ,

22. CaCl 2 Ca2+ Cl-,

25. N2O5 pH > 7.

29. H3PO4 Ca(OH)2.

8. : Fe2O3, SO3, CO2, P2O5, K2O, FeO, SO2 N2O5.

NaOH Fe(OH)2 NH3 Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

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