BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

WOOD FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

Is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and A. FERROUS METALS
beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In STEEL
addition, wood has freedom from dust and corrosion, is comparatively A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and
light in weight, and is adaptable to a countless variety of purposes. refining pig iron and/or scrap steel, graded according to the carbon
content.
HARDWARES STEEL PRODUCTS:
Metal product used in construction, such as bolts hinges, locks, tools,
1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES
etc. They are classified as:
2. SHEET FITTINGS
A. FINISHING HARDWARES
Sections are made to interlock and are available in several
Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches, etc. that has a finished
shapes.
appearance as well as function, esp. that used doors, windows, and
cabinets, maybe considered part of the decorative treatment of a
3. STEEL PIPE
room or building.
Seamless or welded small diameter and electrically welded large
diameter pipe.
1. HINGE
A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about
4. REINFORCING STEEL
a pivot, consists of two plates joined together by a pin which
Made from new steel or from discarded railway.
supports a door and connect it to its frame, enabling to swing
open and closed.
5. WELDED WIRE FABRIC
Consists of parallel, longitudinal wires welded to transverse
B. ROUGH HARDWARES
wires at regular intervals.
In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as
bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
6. STEEL WIRE
Over 150,000 uses for wire including pins, needles, nails, bolts,
1. NAILS
cables, piano wires, fences.
C.W. - common wire nail with head and for strength
- box nails also used for strength
7. BOLTS AND NUTS
FIN. - finishing nails without head
Either hot forged or cold formed from wire of appropriate
- casing nail also without head
diameter.
2. SCREWS
8. STEEL STRAPPING
Classified by gauge (diameter), length head type and metallic
Used for banding columns forms to keep them from bulging
make up.
under the pressure of freshly poured concrete.
3. WASHERS
9. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
Lightweight warren-type truss made in several different styles.
4. BOLTS
Has threaded shafts that receive nuts, a hole is drilled, pushing
10. SHEET STEEL
the bolt through and adding a nut.
Black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated
roofing and siding and formed.
5. JOINERY BRACKETS
To form strong joint
11. STEEL STUDS
Lightweight, requiring minimum storage space and does not
6. LOCKSET
warp or shrinks.
A complete lock system including the basic locking mechanisms
and all the accessories, such as knobs escutcheons
12. PANS AND DOMES
plates, etc.
Manufactured for used in forming one-way and two-way ribbed
concrete floor system.
7. LARCH
A simple fastening device having a larch bolt, but not a dead bolt
B. NON-FERROUS METALS
contains no provisions for locking with a key, usually openable
ALUMINUM
with both sides.
Is a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is
very malleable; has good thermal and electrical conductivity.
CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made from materials which must contain the proper portion of
lime, silica, alumina and iron components.

GLASS TYPES OF GLASS:

A hard, brittle, inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or
1. REFLECTIVE GLASS
translucent.
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat.
 types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface,
2. ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection,
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional
and walls, windows for halls and staircases. activities.

3. CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED GLASSES 2. VARNISHES

Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough cast glasses. They
contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by
a pattered roller.
4. WIRED GLASS
A rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the
process of manufacture.
Constitute a group of more or less transparent liquids which are
used to provide a protective surface coating, at the same time they
allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy
finish to it.
3. ENAMELS
When a pigment is added to a varnish.

5. HEAT-ABSORBING PLATE GLASS 4. SHELLAC

Absorbs a significant percentage of the suns radiant energy, Only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin.
reducing the build up of heat within the building.
5. LACQUER
6. TEMPERED GLASS PLATE Made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
Produces condition that is highly resistant to breakage. finishes.

7. VITREOUS COLORED PLATE 6. STAINS

Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces.
side with vitreous color which is fire-fused to the surface.
7. FILLERS
8. LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS Used to impart colors to the wood pores and so emphasize the
Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but grain.
now finding some uses in the building industry, like glass that
can withstand firearm attack and explosions. 8. SEALERS
Seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of
9. INSULATING GLASS succeeding finish coats.
They reduce external noise but still permit the entry of natural
light. 9. SILICONE WATER REPELLANT
Protect from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi, to
destroy the surface.
PAINT AND COATINGS
1. PAINT
A mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without
coloring pigments adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and

BUILDING UTILITIES
WATER
 Combination of two elementary substances- hydrogen and oxygen
(H2O). It appears in its natural state as:
LIQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 times heavier than air
SOLID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ice
GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vapor or steam
Weight of water in liquid form:
3.778 kg. per U.S. gallon
1.000 kg. per cubic meter
THREE SOURCES OF WATER:
1. RAINFALL
Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is soft pure and good in
places where is an abundant rainfall.
2. NATURAL SURFACES
Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness of procurements and
good for locality near such bodies of water.
3. UNDERGROUND
Obtained from below ground surfaces by means of mechanical
and manual equipments. More water can be obtained depending
by equipments used locality.
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER
1. SEDIMENTATION
2. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
a. Slow Process
b. Mechanical/ Rapid Process
3. FILTRATION
4. AERATION
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
SECTION 154. GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a
uniform grade not less than 20 mm rise per meter length (2%), and
shall be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.00 m
(10 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and
all pipes shall be rigidly secured, 2 inches rise per every 100 inches
length.
A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has a tendency of
waste separation. The water flow faster and the heavy suspended
materials are left and deposited at the bottom of the pipe.
SECTION 157. CHANGE IN DIRECTION
All change in direction shall be made by the appropriate use of 45
wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single
sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks, and short quarter
bends may be used in soil and waste lines where the change in
direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and
crosses may be used in vent pipes.
SECTION 158. PROHIBITED FITTINGS
No double hub, double tee branch shall be used on horizontal soil
waste line. The drilling and tapping of house drains, soil waste, or
vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends are prohibited.
SECTION 159. DEAD ENDS AVOIDED
Dead ends shall be avoided on all drainage system installation.
SECTION 173. LEAD PIPES
Joints in lead pipes between lead pipes and brass or copper pipes,
ferrules, soldering nipples, bushing or traps, in all cases on the
sewer side of the trap are in concealed joints or the inlet side of the
trap, shall be full wiped joints, with an exposed surface of the
solder to each side of the thickness at the thickest part of the joint
of not less than of an inch.
SECTION 174. LEAD TO CAST IRON, STEEL OR W.I. (Wrought Iron)
The joints shall be made water tight by the use of copper, lead, or
galvanized iron plates on flashing.
SECTION 175. ROOF JOINTS
The joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be made water tight
by the use of copper, lead or galvanized iron plates or flashings.
SECTION 176. SLIP JOINTS AND UNIONS
Slip joints will be permitted only in trap seals or in the inlet side of
the trap. Unions on the sewer side of the trap shall be ground
faced, and shall not be concealed or enclosed.
SECTION 182. TRAPS ARE REQUIRED
Each fixture shall be separately trapped by a water-seal trap placed
as near to the fixture as possible except that a set of similar fixtures
consisting of not more than 3 wash basins, or a set of 3 sinks may
connect by a single 1 inches trap. In no case shall the waste from
a bathtub or other fixture discharge into a water closet trap. No
fixture shall be double trapped.
SECTION 184. TRAP CLEAN OUTS
Each trap, except those in combination with fixtures in which the
trap seal is plainly visible and inaccessible, shall be provided with
an accessible brass trap screw of ample size.
SECTION 187. PIPE CLEAN OUTS WERE REQUIRED
A clean out easily accessible shall be provided at the upper end of
every horizontal waste or soil pipe. Also at every change of
horizontal direction, unless said change of direction is made at an
angle of not more than 22 degrees and is easily reached
conveniently with sewer rod wire.
There shall be a clean out within 5 feet inside the property line
before the house sewer connection, connected from a full-sized
branch, except for the latter, clean outs shall be of the same
nominal size as the pipes. The distance between clean out in
horizontal waste or soil lines shall not exceed 50 feet.
SECTION 190. GARAGE TRAPS
Garages, auto repair shops and greasing rack drains shall be
intercepted, force entering the sewer or septic vault by a suitable
garage trap. Similar establishment shall also be provided with such
trap, when so required by the proper authority.
SECTION 207. FIXTURES PROHIBITED
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout and other water closet
having invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly
washed at each flush shall not be used. Long hopper water closets
or similar appliances shall not be installed.
SECTION 216. SOIL AND WASTE STACKS FIXTURE CONNECTIONS
All soil and waste stacks and branches shall be provided with
correctly faced inlets for fixture connections.
SECTION 218. ROOF EXTENSIONS
All roof extensions of soil and waste stacks shall be run full size at
least 1 foot above the roof: if the roof is used for purposes other
than weather protection, such as extension shall not be less than 8
feet above the roof level.
SECTION 220. TRAPS PROTECTED VENTS
 Every fixture shall be protected against siphonage and back- 3. RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
pressure, and air circulation assured by means of proper venting. 4. RECTANGULAR STEEL TANK RIVETED
No crown shall be installed. 5. PNEUMATIC TANK (Pressurized)
6. SUCTION TANK (Constructed riveted/ welded steel plate)
SECTION 221. DISTANCE OF VENT FROM TRAP SEAL
No trap shall be placed more than 5 feet (horizontally developed
THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
1. UPFEED SYSTEM
length) from its vent.
From normal water pressure from public water main for low-rise
buildings.
WELLS
1. DUG WELLS 2. PNEUMATIC TANK
Excavated by hand. From air pressure from suction tank for tall buildings which cannot
be reached by normal water pressure.
2. DEEP WELLS FLOAT VALVE
Sunk by machine. Operate the pump to make up water when the level is low
enough to actuate the staring switch.
3. DRIVEN
When water is obtained from loose formation. 3. DOWNFEED SYSTEM
By gravity from overhead tanks and supported either by structural
frames or on the roof decks.
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
PUMPS
Used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be PIPES
directly piped building tank/ reservoir. Water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by means of pipes.
MATERIALS FOR PIPES:
1. GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
WATER SUPPLY APPARATUSSES 2. PLASTIC PIPES
1. LIFT PUMP
3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
Consist of piston traveling up and down within a cylinder which is
4. BRASS, COPPER, WROUGHT AND CAST IRON
connected with a pipe extending down into the source.
1. SERVICE PIPE (House service)
2. FORCE PUMP
Pipe from the public water main/ source of water supply.
Used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the
pump itself.
2. RISER
Vertical supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the
3. RECIPROCATING PUMP
next.
Include class of pumps in which the piston moves to and fro,
horizontally and vertically.
3. BRANCHES
Horizontal pipes that serves the faucets/ fixtures.
A. WATER PUMPS
1. HORIZONTAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
4. WATER MAIN
Known as double/ single acting piston pump, adapted to all
Public water system laid underground along the streets where the
purpose where suction lift is not over 22 ft. at sea level.
house service is connected.
2. VERTICAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
5. PIPE FITTINGS
Suction lifts of less than 22 ft., composed of 3 vertical cylinders
Equipment required for the joining of various lengths of pipe, such
placed side by side.
as:
a. COUPLINGS (for connection in straight line)
B. DIRECT ACTING
b. ELBOWS (for connection of 45 or 90)
1. DEEP WELL PLUNGER PUMPS
c. TEES (for 45or 90 branches for one side)
Used when water source is more than 22ft. blow the ground.
d. CROSSES (for 90 branches opposite each other)
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
6. UNION
Posses moving parts without valves, revolving around an axis and
Used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is
centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the water under pressure.
difficult.
3. HYDRAULIC RAMS
Automatic and require no motor, depend from water hammer for
7. BUSHING
operation.
Used as reducer if to faucet pipe.
TANKS
Used for collection of water without considerations of pressure, or for 8. PLUG
storing water under air pressure. Close a pipe opening.

FIXTURE USED FOR TANK: PLASTIC PIPE FITTINGS:

1. CYLINDRICAL G. I. TANK 1. POLYBUJYLENE (PB)
2. SPHERICAL PVC TANK Used for hot and cold in-house water piping system.
 2. POLYETHYLENE (PT) 2. GREY WATER
Used for service connection, in-house plumbing, distribution Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bathtubs.
main, sewer, waste disposal.
3. BLACK WATER
3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (uPVC) Water from human waste solid liquid, urine.

PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM 1. TRAPS

Process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by means Only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously
of a mechanical device. unhealthy gases in a sanitary drainage system.

MATERIALS FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION: 2. TRAP SEAL

1. GALVANIZED IRON/ STEEL PIPE Vertical distance between the clip and the crown vein of a trap. It
2. PLASTIC/ SYNTHETIC PIPE may be lost under the following ways:
3. ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE a. SIPHONAGE
4. ASBESTOS PIPE Result of a minus pressure in the drainage system.
5. BITUMINOUS PIPE
6. VETRIFIED CLAY PIPE b. BACK PRESSURE
7. LEAD PIPE Caused by a plus pressure which blows the water out of the
8. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE fixture.
9. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE
10. BRASS PIPE c. EVAPORATION
11. COPPER PIPE Minor problem and less probable to drain the water inside the
trap.
MAXIMUM DEMAND
Maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms of unit. d. CAPILLARY ACTION
Seldom happen and rarely experienced.
FLANGES
Consist of fittings provided with projecting rims/ flanges which are 3. VENTS
screwed over the two pipes ends to be joined. For admission of air and discharging of gases, soil and waste stacks.
Two types:
VALVES a. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT
1. GATE VALVE b. MAIN VENT
2. GLOBE VALVE
3. CHECK VALVE (swing check-valve) 4. SANITARY DRAIN
Receive the discharges of sanitary/ domestic waste only.
FAUCETS a. INDUSTRIAL DRAIN
1. KEY COCK b. STORM DRAIN
2. COMPRESSION COCK
3. HOSE BIB 5. HOUSE SEWER
4. SELF-CLOSING FAUCETS Portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the
outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer.
PRESSURE REGULATORS
Devices for limiting the pressure of the water discharged from a
pipe to a fixed amount.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
1. CESSPOOL
Hole in the ground with stones and bricks laid to allow raw
STORM DRAIN
contaminated sewage to leach into the under surface of the
Portion of the plumbing system which conveys rain/ storm water to
ground.
a suitable terminal.
2. PRIVY
ROOF LEADER (Conductor/ Downspout)
Concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw sewage sealed
Connects the roof terminal to the storm drain either inside/
within a wooden shelter.
outside leader.
3. SEPTIC TANK
A receptacle/ vault used to collect organic waste discharge from
the house sewer.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
THREE GRADES OF WASTE WATER:
1. STORM WATER
Water from rain.
4. PUBLIC SEWER LINE 3. TERTIARY
Public sewage disposal system consisting of a sewage treatment Used to get quality-drinking water.
unit which conveys raw sewage to disposal system.

SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTES

RECYCLING OF WATER
EFFLUENT
TWO DISPOSAL METHODS:
Front flow of a sewer, septic tank.
1. INCINERATION
Controlled burning of combustible waste, reduce 70% of
SLUDGE
waste.
Any heavy, slimy deposit, sediment/ mass, as the waste resulting
from the precipitate in a sewage tank.
2. SANITARY LANDFILLS
a. TRENCH METHOD
A tractor digs a trench with a bulldozer blade and trucks. PLUMBING FIXTURES
Receptacles intended to receive water, liquid, water carried wastes
b. AREA METHOD and discharge them into the drainage system.
Used on rolling terrain where the existing slopes of the land
can be used as basin. 1. WATER CLOSET
Plumbing fixture used to convey organic body waste to the
LIQUID MUNICIPAL WASTES plumbing system.
SEWER
Designed to carry sewage from residences, business and 2. LAVATORY
industries through large conduits. Bowl/ basin for washing the face and hands.

THREE STANDARD TREATMENTS: 3. BIDET

1. PRIMARY Appears like a water closet, designed as a combination lavatory
Remove large floating or suspended particles, heavier particles which can plug the drain and collect hot and cold water.
from the sewage.
4. BATHTUBS
2. SECONDARY 5. SHOWER
Use of microorganisms to break down organic matter left in 6. KITCHEN SINK
the sewage. 7. URINAL
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Preserve remains of monument made partially or wholly of giant INFLUENCES:
stones found on islands or near the sea coast of the mainland. 1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Egypt consists of a narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both
DORMEN banks of the Nile; desert plateau.
Consists of several large stones set on end with a large covering
slab (CROMLECH). 2. GOELOGICAL
PASSAGE GRAVE (TUMULI) Stone is abundant; copper, tin bronze.
Megalithic tomb type, which may exist in France/ England, has
corridor lined with large stone slabs. 3. CLIMATIC
Spring and summer; climate is warm.
TUMULUS
A mound of earth stones. 4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
Omnipotent government; craftsmen (craftsmanship)
MENHIR (MONOLITHS)
Single great stones set on end and arranged in parallel rows. 5. RELIGION
(religious in nature) Tombs and temples; monotheistic in theory, polytheistic in
practice.
HISTORIC STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE
The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
prevails at a certain place and time. Reeds, papyrus, palm-branch ribs plastered over with clay.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PYLON

Record of mans effort to build beautifully, it traces the origin, Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple.
growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed
lands and ages. SPHINX
A structural form of a semi-recumbent lion with the head of a
INFLUENCING FACTORS: man (Horus) - god of the rising sun.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Location of particular country. SACROPHAGUS
An elaborate coffin for an important personage, of terra-cotta,
2. GEOLOGICAL wood, stone, metal, or other material, decorated with painting,
Describes the materials found in the locality. carving, etc. and large enough to contain only the body. If larger,
it becomes a tomb.
3. CLIMATIC
Prevailing weather in the country. TOMBS:
MASTABA
4. RELIGION Rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound.
Emotional temperament and spiritual tendencies of a people in a
particular country. PYRAMIDS
Massive funerary structure of stone and brick with square
5. HISTORICAL base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex.
Background of the people as a whole.
TEMPLES:
6. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MORTUARY
How the people lived and governed. For ministrations to deified pharaohs.
 8. OCTASTYLE (eight columns)
CULT 9. ENNEASTYLE (nine columns)
For popular worship of gods. 10. DECASTYLE (ten columns)
11. DODECASTYLE (twelve columns)
ROCK-HEWN TOMB
A temple or tomb excavated in a native rock without the aid of B. By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in
masonry, or with but little masonry; usually presents an relation to the Naos.
architectural front with dark interior chambers of which sections NAOS
are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars. The principal chamber in a Greek temple containing the
statue of Deity.
OBELISK
Sacred symbol of the sun god Heliopolis; huge monoliths square 1. IN ANTIS
on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped pyramidal at the Temples have one to four columns between antae at the
summit. front. Two is the usual number.

DWELLINGS 2. AMPHI-ANTHIS
Clay models deposited of tombs indicate that ordinary dwellings Temples have one to four columns between antae at front
were of crude brick one/ two storey high with flat or arched and rear. Two is the usual number.
ceilings.
3. PROSTYLE
SERBAD Temples have a portico of columns at the front.
In ancient Egypt architecture, a closed statue chamber. In
Mesopotamia town houses, a cellar under the court yard, 4. AMPHI-PROSTYLE
ventilated and lighted by skylights, serving as living room during Temples have a portico of columns at the front and rear.
the summer month.
5. PERIPTERAL
Temples have a single line of columns surrounding the naos.
HYPHOSTYLE 6. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL
A large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns. Temples have flank columns attached to the naos wall.
Prevalent in ancient Egyptian and Achaemenid architecture.
7. DIPTERAL
HYPHAETHAL Temples have a double line of columns surrounding the
A building which is open, or partly open to the sky. naos.

8. PSEUDO-DIPTERAL
GREEK ARCHITECTURE Temples are like the last but inner range of columns is
INFLUENCES:
omitted on the flanks of the naos.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Mediterranean, island of Crete.
THE DORIC ORDER
2. CLIMATIC The Doric order had a timber origin. Greek columns began as
Rigorous cold and relaxing heat; hot summer, winter showers. tapered tree trunks, the function of the square abacus and circular
echinus comprising the capital being to gather and transmit the
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL load of the entablature to the column shaft.
Aegean civilization of Crete and mainland Greece from earliest
times to about 1100 BC. TRIGLYPHS
Blocks with vertical channels which form a distinguishing feature
4. RELIGION in the frieze of the Doric entablature.
Aegeans- nature worship.
MUTULES
Projecting inclined blocks in Doric cornices, derived from the
TEMPLES ends of wooden beams.
Chief class building in the Hellenic period; built with special regard
to outward effects.
GUTTAE
Small cones under the triglyphs and mutules of the Doric order.
DIFERENT TYPES OF TEMPLES
Rectangular temples are described according to:
THE DORIC COLUMN
It stands without a base directly on a crepidoma, usually of three
A. Number of columns on the entrance front
steps, and has a height including the capital, the circular shaft is
1. HENOSTYLE (one column)
divided a rule into 20 shallow flutes or channels repeated by
2. DISTYLE (two columns)
sharp arrises.
3. TRISTYLE (three columns)
4. TETRASTYLE (four columns)
CAPITAL
5. PENTASTYLE (five columns)
The crowning feature of a column or pilaster.
6. HEXASTYLE (six columns)
7. HEPTASTYLE (seven columns)
SHAFT
 The portion of the column between the base and capital DENTILS
Tooth like blocks in Ionic and Corinthian cornices.
ARRIS
The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surfaces. CYMATIUM
The crowning member of a cornice generally in the form of a
FLUTES cyma (above).
The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column.
EXAMPLES OF IONIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:
ABACUS 1. TEMPLE OF THE ILLISSUS, Athens.
A slab forming the crowning member of a capital. 2. TEMPLE OF NIKE, Apteros, Athens.

ECHINUS THE CORINTHIAN ORDER

The convex or projecting moulding, resembling the shell of the This appeared in the Greek architecture in the 5th century BC as a
sea urchin, which supports the abacus of the Greek Doric decorative variant of the Ionic, the difference lying almost entirely
capital. in the column capital.

THE DORIC ENTABLATURE CORINTHIAN COLUMN

It has three main divisions: the architrave, the frieze, the cornice. With the base and shaft resembling the Ionic, tended to become
more slender, and eventually a proportion of ten diameters was
ENTABLATURE regarded as fitting. The distinctive feature is the capital, which is
The upper part of an order of architecture. much deeper than the Ionic.

ARCHITRAVE CALLIMACHUS
The beam or lowest division of the entablature, which extends Obtained the idea from observing a basket over a grave which
from column to column. was placed over the root of an acanthus plant, the stems and
foliage of which grew and turned into volutes at the angle of
FRIEZE the tile.
The middle division of the classic entablature.
CAUCOLI
CORNICE Any one of the ornamental stalls rising between the leaves of
The crowning or upper portion of entablature, also used for a Corinthian capital from which the volutes spring.
any crowning projection.
CORINTHIAN ENTABLATURE
SOME DORIC TEMPLES IN GREECE: Corinthian and Ionic internal columns share the same
1. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Corinth. entablature. Three parts: architrave, frieze and cornice- the
2. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Delphi. cornice is the developed type, with small dentils in the bed-
3. TEMPLE OF ZEUS, Olympia, Arigentum. mould.
ATLANTES
Carved male figures serving as pillars, also called MODILLION
Telamones. A projecting member or bracket to support a weight generally
formed with scrolls or volutes; when carrying the upper
THE IONIC ORDER members of a cornice, brackets are generally termed
The Ionic order is specially remarkable for its volute or scroll modillions or consoles sometimes also termed as Ancones.
capital, (derived from the Egyptian lotus). The spiral was also a
common motif in Aegean art, Ionic order evolved from timber ANCONES
forms. Consoles on either side of a doorway supporting a cornice.

THE IONIC COLUMNS EXAMPLES OF CORINTHIAN TEMPLES:

Including capital and base, and have 24 flutes separated by fillets
and not by arrises or sharp edges as in the Doric column.
FLUTES
The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column.
1. TEMPLES OF APPOLO EPICURIUS (Internal).
2. THE CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES, Athens.
BAS-RELIEF
Carving in low or shallow relief on a background.

FILLETS
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
A small flat band between mouldings to separate them from
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
each other.
Christianity had its birth in Judaea, an eastern province of the
Roman Empire. Early Christian architecture in Rome was
PLINTH
influenced by existing Roman art.
The lowest square member of the base of a column.
2. GEOLOGICAL
THE IONIC ENTABLATURE
Regards construction and decoration, for columns and other
It had only two main parts, architrave and cornice, the latter
architectural features as well as fine sculptures and mosaics
containing large dentils in the bed-mould.
 from older buildings, were worked into basilican churches of
the new faith.
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
The early Christian period is generally taken as lasting from
Constantine to the coronation of Charlemagne (800).
An expression of the Christian faith in immortality and memorial to
the dead, led to the erection of imposing structures which were
usually domed and often enriched with lavish mosaic decorations.
EXAMPLE:
1. TOMB OF GALLA PACIDIA, Ravenna.

4. RELIGIOUS
Christianity has inspired the building of same of the greatest
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
architectural monuments, Christian church was shelter to
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
worshippers who met for prayers and to an unseen deity and
Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after Constantine the great,
during the unsettled conditions at the beginning of
and later to Istanbul, was also called the New Rome, was
Christianity.
inaugurated as the capital of the Roman Empire in 330. It stood
at the junction of the Bosporus and the sea of Marmora, where
ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER
Asia and Europe are divided by only a narrow strip of water.
BALDACHINO
A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar
2. GEOLOGICAL
or tomb, also known as ciborium.
Byzantine architecture was further considerably influenced by
the multitude of Monolithic columns of such sizes as were
APSE
obtainable from the different quarries.
The circular or multangular termination of a church sanctuary.
3. CLIMATIC
MOSAIC
Flat roofs for summer resort were combined with oriental
Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stone, glass and
domes.
marble.

SOFFIT
The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a
4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
building such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or
The history of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th to the 11th
vault.
century is one of fluctuating and gradually declining fortunes.
Byzantium was an old Greek city, and so the new Imperial
BASILICAN CHURCHES buildings were executed by Greek craftsmen untrammeled by
Basilicas or Roman Hall of Justice probably served the early Roman traditions.
Christians as models for their churches. A Basilican Church was
usually erected over the burial place of the Saint to whom the 5. RELIGIOUS
church was dedicated. Constantinople became the capital of the first Christian Empire.
(Dominical Byzantine Style)
ATRIUM
Open forecourt surrounded by arcades. ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER
The character of Byzantine architecture is determined by the novel
ARCADE development of the dome to cover polygonal and square plans for
A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or churches, tombs and baptisteries.
detached from the wall.
FRESCO
NARTHEX A term originally applied to painting on the wall while the
A long arcade entrance porch to a Christian Basilican Church. plaster is wet, but is often used for any wall painting not in oil
colors.
BEMA
A raised stage reserved for the clergy. PENDENTIVE
The term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface
EXAMPLES: by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or
1. ST. PETERS BASILICAN CHURCH, Rome. polygonal compartment.
2. ST. PAOLO FUORI LE MURA, Rome.
DOMES ARE OF THREE TYPES:
BAPTISERIES A. SIMPLE
Separate buildings used only for the sacrament of baptism were a Pendentives and domes are part of the same sphere.
feature of Early Christianity.
B. COMPOUND
FONT 1. The dome is not part of the same sphere as the pendentives
A basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism. and domes rises independently upon them.

TOMBS 2. The dome is raised n a high drum pierced with windows.

C. SPECIAL DESIGNS
 1. MELON DOME (dome with convolutions) EXAMPLES:
2. SERRATED 1. ST. SOPHIA, Constantinople. (Hagia Sophia = divine wisdom)
3. ONION OR BULBOUS SHARP GYMNACEUM
That part of a Greek house, or a Byzantine church reserved
CENTERING for women.
Contemporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or
arch are supported in position until the work becomes self- 2. ST. MARK, Venice.
supporting. PIAZZA
A public open space or square surrounded by building.
ICONOSTASIS
A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons (sacred 3. GRACANICA CHURCH.
image) are placed, separating the chancel from the space, open 4. ST. SOPHIA, Novgorod.
to the sky.

CANONS REGULAR ORDER:

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 6. AUGUSTINIAN ORDER (Black Canon Order)
THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS ORDERS:
Established in 1050, they undertook both monastic and pastoral
1. BENEDICTINE ORDER (Blank Monks)
duties in houses often sited in towns and planned similarly to
Early 6th century houses commonly sited in towns, part of the
those of the Benedictine order.
church being devoted to offices for the laity. Founded by St.
Benedict in South Italy who decreed that architecture, painting,
7. PREMONSTRATENSIAN CANONS (White Canons Regular)
etc. are to be taught.
Founded around 1100 by St. Norbert at Premontre in Picardy.
2. CLUNAIC ORDER
8. GILBERTINE CANONS
Founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in Burgundy.
An exclusively English order founded in the 20th century by St.
Gilbert of Sempringham, usually combining a house of canons of
3. CARTHUSIAN ORDER
Augustine rule with another of Nuns of Cistercian rule, in
Founded by St. Bruno in 1086, Carthusian architecture is notably
conventual buildings separately planned, attached to a common
severe and unadorned. The character house, often remotely
church divided axially by a wall.
sited provided separate cells for the monks, generally grouped
around a cloister garth, and the community served a simply-
MILITARY ORDER:
planned church.
9. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
Founded in 1119 to protect the Holy Places in Palestine and to
4. CISTERCIAN ORDER (White Monks)
safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.
Founded in 1908 at Citeaux by St. Stephen Harding and at
Clairvaux by St. Bernard. The ascetic aims of the Cistercian order
10. THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS
produced an architecture which was at first simple and severe. In
Organized in 1113, but developed no characteristic architecture
mature Cistercian planning the monks fraters or refectory was
of its own.
sited at right angles to the South walk of the Cloister.
11. THE MENDICANT ORDERS OF FRIARS
5. SECULAR CANONS
Founded during the 13th century and headed by the Franciscans
Serving principally cathedral and collegiate churches.
and Dominicans.
 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
THE ARCHITECTURE OF MAN
1. TANGIBLES
GENERAL INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE Include such materials as those related to food, clothing, shelter
Three types of interest concerning the needs of man. State the mans
or transportation. Architecture, as expressed in a structure, is a
existence depends upon the satisfaction of the following needs or
tangible commodity and provides shelter for man and interest of
desires.
man.
1. PHYSICAL NEEDS
2. INTANGIBLES
a. SELF-PRESERVATION: food, clothing and shelter
Consist of information, such as the knowledge of law, medicine
(Necessities, Conveniences, Comfort)
or design. The practice of architecture as a profession is thus one
b. REPRODUCTION
of the intangible commodities which the architect has to offer in
exchange for remuneration.
2. EMOTIONAL NEEDS
a. AESTHETICS
b. RELIGION
INFLUENCES AFFECTING ART AND ARCHITECTURE
c. RECREATION
May be divided in to two groups depending upon the sources of
the inception.
3. INTELLECTUAL NEEDS
a. EDUCATION
1. INFLUENCE OF NATURE
b. SCIENCE
Climate and topography influence the life and habits of a
c. GOVERNMENT
nation.
a. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE
BASIC INTEREST OF A CIVILIZED MAN
It requires only a casual study of the racial characteristics of
The fundamental impulses or desires on man which must be
various nations to discover the effect of climate upon
satisfied if life is to exist and civilization is to develop. These forces
people.
may be called the Stimuli or Action.
b. THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY
1. PRESERVATION
EFFECT ON PEOPLE. The topography of a country has
This is the most fundamental and causes man to provide
exerted an influence upon people and their activities which
shelter and comfort and to appease hunger and thirst. It is
rivals that of climate.
also encourages the obtaining the security; security which may
be religious, economic or governmental.
EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE. Topography, in its broadest
sense, may means the general terrain or contour of the
2. RECOGNITION
surface of the country.
This is the desire for prestige. Pride and ambition, personal or
civic, result in the struggle for position for social status,
2. INFLUENCE OF MAN
physical supremacy on intellectual attainment.
The forces of nature are revealed in climate, topography and
natural resources and the latter elements in turn produce
3. RESPONSE
nationalities and cities with outstanding characteristics and
This arises from the gregarious nature of man, from his wish
individualities.
for love, friendship and sociability.
MANS INTEREST
4. SELF-EXPRESSION
It has been pointed out that the activities and interest of man are
This is the urged of man to asses himself an individual, to do
directly responsible for the type of architecture which he
things in his own particular way. It may include interest
develops. There are three most typical structures of the present
concerned with the aesthetic-painting or architecture; the
age:
intellectual education or science; or the creative-play or the
1. SHELTER
trill of new experiences.
Used by man during his hours of rest
 a. EARLY AMERICAN HOUSE BALANCE
This period saw simple living and labor and materials were 1. SYMMETRICAL
limited. a. CENTRAL AXIS
Easiest and simplest kind in which elements are arranged in
b. COLONIAL HOUSE precisely the same manner or either side of a central axis/line.
As the fair of the colonists prospered their ideas of comfort
increase and the house became more elaborate. b. FORMAL
Approaches absolute symmetry but lacks some of the
c. VICTORIAN HOUSE essentials of composition.
Extravagant was the picture of the period.
c. RADIAL
d. CONTEMPORARY HOUSE Arrangement where all the parts indicate from a center like
There was a tendency to design a place of habitation. the spokes in a wheel.

2. FACTORY 2. UNSYMMETRICAL (INFORMAL)

Offers a place in which work and to produce a commodity of
exchange.
3. CHURCH
Place of worship and spiritual relaxation.
a. EGYPTIANS
Built a colossal and permanent way in order to preserve the
bodies and to perpetuate the memories of the dead and
also to emphasize the supremacy of the deities.
More subtle elusive, more difficult to attain
GRAVITATIONAL/ PITURESQUE
Complete adaptation to its surroundings.
COMPETITION
Elements compete with each other for importance.
CONFUSION
Kind of competition where dissimilarity is too pronounced.

b. GREEK CHARACTER
Temples were built on honor of gods and each temple 1. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
contained the statue of god to whom it was dedicated. Results from the purpose of the building/ the reason for its
erection.
c. CHRISTIAN
The Christian religion encourages the participation of the 2. ASSOCIATION/ ASSOCIATED CHARACTER
worshippers in personal and direct way. Comes from influence of ideas and impressions of past
experiences/ traditions.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 3. PERSONAL CHARACTER

Concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements of Attribute in the life of an individual/ human quality or emotional
design. appeal.
1. CONTRAST (Variety)
2. PROPORTION (Relationship)
3. SCALE (Size, Magnitude)
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM
4. BALANCE (Equilibrium) TRANSFORMATION OF FORM:
5. RHYTHM (Repetition) 1. DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
6. UNITY (Harmony) Altering one/ more of its dimension and still retain its family
7. CHARACTER (Expressiveness) identity.

2. SUBTRACTIVE TRONSFORMATION
PROPORTION Subtracting a portion of its own volume.
1. RELATIVE PROPORTION AMBIGUITY
Deals with the parts of an object and the whole example ratio Regarding forms original identity will result if the portion
between the diameter of a classical column and its height. removed from its edges and drastically alters.

2. ABSOLUTE PROPORTION 3. ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

Relationship between the different parts of an object/ the whole Addition of elements to its volume.
to various parts.
FOUR BASIC POSSIBILITIES:
SCALE a. BY SPIRAL TENSION
1. GENERIC SCALE Two forms are relatively close to each other, or share a
Size of a building element relative to each other forms in its common visual trait such as shape, material, color.
context.
b. BY EDGE TO EDGE CONTACT
2. HUMAN SCALE Two forms share a common edge.
Size of building element/ space relative to the dimensions and
proportions of the human body. c. BY FACE TO FACE CONTACT
 Two forms to have flat, planar surfaces that are parallel to Compositions of linear forms that extend outward from central
each other. forms in a radial manner.

d. BY INTERLOCKING VOLUME CLUSTERED FORMS

Two forms interpenetrate each others space. Forms that is grouped together by proximity or sharing of a
common visual trait.
CENTRALIZED FORMS
Consist of a number of secondary forms clustered about dominant, GRID FORMS
central, parent forms. Modular forms whose relationships regulated by the three-
dimensional grids.
LINEAR FORMS
Consist of forms arranged sequentially in a row. GRID
Two or more intersecting sets of regularly-spaced parallel lines.
RADIAL FORMS
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM buildings exterior spaces. As a design element an exterior
A. POINT wall plane can be articulated as a buildings front face or a
Point indicates a position in space. A point marks a position in primary faade.
space. A point can serve to mark:
The two ends of line. INTERIOR WALL PLANE
The intersection of two lines. Define and encloses a buildings space or rooms. Their
The meeting of line at the corner of a plane or volume. visual properties, relationship to one another, and size and
The center of the field. distribution of openings within them determines the quality
of the space they define and the degree to which the space
A point has no dimensions. will relate to the spaces around it.
POINT-GENERATED FORMS:
CIRCLE D. VOLUME
CYLINDER A plane extended becomes a volume with properties of:
SPHERE LENGTH, WIDTH AND DEPTH
FORM AND SPACE
B. LINE SURFACE
A point is extended becomes a line with properties of: ORIENTATION
LENGTH POSITION
DIRECTION
POSITION All volumes can be analyzed and understood to consist of:
POINTS (vertices)
Two-points describe a line that connects them. LINES (edges)
PLANES (surfaces)
C. PLANE
A line that extended becomes a plane with properties of:
LENGTH AND WIDTH
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
A. DESIGN-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
SHAPE
1. A minimum amount of time is spent on generating
SURFACE
programmatic information.
ORIENTATION
2. Design can begin at the very first meeting of client and architect.
3. There is intensive and often positive interaction between client
Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane.
and architect.
4. The review of various design schemes may help the client
GENERAL TYPES OF PLANE:
recognized new ways to accomplish their objectives.
OVERHEAD PLANE
5. Both client and architect can claim the design solution as their
Can be either the roof plane, a buildings primary protection
own.
against the climatic elements, or the ceiling plane, the
sheltering element in architectural space.
B. KNOWLEDGE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
1. Brings to bear all currently available knowledge on the design
WALL PLANE
problem.
Vertical wall planes are visually the most active in defining
2. Develops new knowledge using the systematic methods of the
and enclosing space.
sciences.
3. Provides all of the information needed to design each spaces.
BASE PLANE
4. Especially useful on large, complex, or innovative projects, when
The ground plane provides the physical support and the
no one has a clear grasp of the project requirements.
visual base for building forms. The floor plane supports our
activities within buildings.
C. AGREEMENT-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
1. Ensures that information is obtained for every area in which the
PLANAR ELEMENT
architect has design concernsthe whole problem.
EXTERIOR WALL PLANE
2. Having a representative group develop program information
The exterior wall plane of a building along with the roof
during work sessions is efficient and economical.
plane, control the penetration of climatic elements into the
 3. Visually displaying the programming information during the
work sessions help the participants to understand and influence
the program.
4. The client, users, and architect agree on the nature and scope of
the problem before design commences.
5. the costs of programming changes during design are generally
avoided.
6. The design results are typically positive as evidenced in the
projects by user such as CRS and ADP.
The style turned to Gothic revival due to its brevity, idealism,
heroism and picturesqueness. Verticality was the trend.
MANNERISM
The manipulation of styles of forms achieved by the learned
juxtaposition of elements for the exclusive aim of achieving
originality or effect.

D. VALUE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

1. Tries to incorporate the best aspect and avoid the worst
problems of all of the programming approaches.
2. Makes certain that the most important design issues are
addressed in the programming document.
3. Uses systematic information gathering procedures to ensure
that important information is not overlooked in the MODERNISM
programming Unquestionably the dominant movement in the arts, including the
process. architecture, since the early 20th century, but notoriously difficult to
4. Recognizes the importance of obtaining agreement with the define.
client, users, and community in open work session
environments. NATIONAL ROMANTICISM
Bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement, this self, stimulating
style fed on particular local historical motifs and devices as well as
FORMS OF DESIGN STYLES associative aspects of the great historical period in architecture so
CONSTRUCTIVISM
beloved by the eclectics. In some cases, it is parallel to the work of
A passionate pleading for ideas in form and space in architecture
those architects normally referred to as Art Nouveau designers, but
(anthropometrics and ergonomics) as well as in the other arts.
its aspirations were much wider than those of the international
proto modernists.
DE STYL
Founded by Van Doesburg, a painter, Jacobus J.P. Oud, one of the
NEOPLASTICISM
principal aims of the movement is to construct without any
Relates to the theory of pure plastic art which had a pronounced
illusion, without decoration, it broke away from naturalism and
influence on Dutch architects, it consisted in the exclusive use of
historicism and by appealing to abstraction as the means of
the right angle in a horizontal position, and the use of 3 primary
expressing a universal synthesis of modern times.
colors contrasted with or incorporating in various canvasses the 3
non-colors: white, black and gray.
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
The abstraction of Modernism to the extreme and mainly worked
NEW BRUTALISM
on the principle of exaggeration of familiar motifs. It is also known
Display of glass and steel.
as the New Modernism.
ORGANICISM
ECLECTISM
Sympathizes with its environment which is shown in the early work
Usually applied to any building that incorporated a mixture of the
of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Praire School. It is the very antithesis
historical styles
of the geometrical organized faadism of those architects who
believe that architecture should intrude on the environment in the
ECOISM
Classic, Neo Classic and Gothic sense.
Any form of design that minimizes destructive impacts by
integrating itself with living processes.
RADICALISM
A radical shift in emphasis from the buildings of the past to the
EXPRESSIONISM
design which met the demands of modern life.
Describe the work of those architects who prefigured the
International and Functionalist period of the Modern Movement. It
STRUCTURALISM
is the outward manifestation of a design through an individual
Iron construction, initiated by Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace,
expression.
brought about a trend in architecture. Numerous exhibition halls,
locomotive sheds and other large-scale engineering types of
FUTURIST ARCHITECTURE
structure followed.
The architecture of calculation of audacity and simplicity.
ULITARIANISM
FIN DE SIECLIM
Pre-fabricated system building.
Dynamic forms, whiplash lines, curving design.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Ready-made style imported from the U.S.

L ECOLE DE BEAUX ARTS

 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
Responsible and liable of construction.
RA 9266 CONSULTING ARCHITECT
1. Limit the practice of architecture to architects.
Professionally and academically qualified expertise and
2. To retrify the use of obsolete terminologies.
specialization in architecture.
3. To address the need of globalization.
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
RA 545
Act of conceiving, choosing and developing the type, disposition,
Needs of architect and architecture profession reciprocity
arrangement and proportioning.
agreement.
AUTHORSHIP
RA 9266
Author/ authors of architectural plans (Architect of Record).
House Bill No. 5389
Senate Bill No. 2710
BOA (Board of Architecture), under PRC.
Initiator:
House of Congress
PRB (Professional Regulatory Board)
Association for the Architects:
UAP (United Architects of the Philippines)
IAPOA (Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of
PIA (Philippine Institute of Architects)
Architects)
LPA (League of the Philippine Architects)
SERVICE AGREEMENT (between owner and architect)
PRC (Professional Regulation Commission)
Dully notarized written contract equivalent to public instrument.
Commission handles different professions.
ASSOCIATION
IRR (Implementing Rules and Regulations)
Any formal grouping of 2 or more architects or architectural firms.
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL COMPANY
Art and science of building structures.
Same with partnership.
Art, science and profession of:
Planning
ARCHITECTURAL CORPORATION
Designing
Group of professionals in architecture and allied professions.
Constructing of building in their: Utilities, Strength, Beauty
CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
ARCHITECT
Document which forms the architects national code contains
Professionally and academically qualified, licensed by PRC
norms and principles converting the practice of profession.
(space, form, historical contents).
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
SUBSTAINABLE ARCHITECT
Documents attach to the Agreement, and include the following:
Provide with the use of the present culture/ generation without
Drawings, Specifications, General Conditions, Special Provisions,
compromising.
Other Bid Documents.
GREEN ARCHITECT
CIVIL CODE ARTICLE 1723
Land use (zoning, waste production).
Contract liability for the defects of the manner/ method of
construction.
THE ARCHITECT OF RECORD
Plans and design of structures.
REPETITION/ SUB-SEQUENT
Architect has the same project in same location.
ARCHITECT IN-CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION
 COPYRIGHT/ OWNERSHIP TECHNICAL STAFF (NBCDO)
Intellectual proprietary right retains by an architect for the Assists the Secretary in the administrations and enforcement of
drawing/ plan he/ she prepared. the provision of the Code and its IRR; also conducts seminar/
workshops on the Code and its IRR.
SECRETARY (DPWH)
PD 1096 He is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the
(NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
provisions of the Code and its IRR. He also formulates policies,
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
plans, standards and guidelines on building design, construction,
1. To comply developmental goals.
use, occupancy and maintenance, in accordance with the Code.
2. To comply imprustructure programs of the government.
3. To adequately comply technological advances.
BUILDING PERMITS
The document issued to an applicant to proceed with the
2004 REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS
construction, installation, addition, alteration, renovation,
IMPLEMENT (action)
conversion, repair, moving, demolition of a particular project,
RULES (set of laws, policies, system)
building/ structure.
REGULATIONS (to control, regulate rule)
ANCILLARY PERMITS
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
Permits that is supplementary to a Building Permit, such as
1. Safeguard the life and property, health, public welfare.
Architectural and Civil/ Structural Permits.
2. To comply environmental management and control.
3. To provide a frame work (outline/ skeleton) of minimum
ACCESSORY PERMITS
standards and requirement to regulate and control building.
Permits that are issued prior to building swimming pools tombs
and mausoleums, and for activities such as ground preparation
EXCEPTIONS:
and excavation and temporary sidewalk enclosure and
Traditional and indigenous family dwellings.
occupancy.
Economic and socialized housing project.
CONSTRUCTION TERMS CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
CONSTRUCTION
Buildings proposed for construction shall be identified according to
Includes all-on-site work done.
their use of character of its occupancy and shall be classified as
(excavation, site reparation, foundation, assembly of all
follows:
requirements)
GROUP A: RESIDENTIAL DWELLING
GROUP B: RESIDENTIAL, HOTELS AND APARTMENTS
DEMOLITION
GROUP C: EDUCATION AND RESREATION
Systematic dismantling of building/ any parts of building.
GROUP D: INSTITUTIONAL
GROUP E: BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE
MOVING
GROUP F: INDUSTRIAL
Transfer of building from location to another.
GROUP G: STORAGE AND HAZARDOUS
GROUP H: ASSEMBLY OTHER THAN GROUP I
ADDITION
GROUP I: ASSEMBLY OCCUPANT LOAD 1000 OR MORE
Any new construction but there will be increase in floor area
GROUP J: ACCESORY
and/ or increase in height.

ALTERATION FIRE RETRICTIVE RATING

Work involving changes/ modification. Materials that can withstand fire.
(materials used, partitions, location/ size of openings, structural
parts, existing utilities) FIRE RESTRICTIVE TIME PERIOD RATING
Length of time a material can withstand being burned.
CONVERSION
Change in use/ occupancy. 1. TYPE 1
Wood construction.
RENOVATION
Any physical change made on the building to increase the value 2. TYPE 2
and quality of the building, improve the aesthetic value. Wood construction with fire restrictive material, one (1)- hour
fire restrictive throughout.
REPAIR
Any remedial work done in any damage/ deteriorated part of the 3. TYPE 3
building to restore it to original condition. Masonry and wood construction, one (1)-hour fire restrictive
throughout.
NBCDO (NATIONAL BUILDING CODE DEVALOPMENTAL OFFICE)
BUILDING OFFICIAL 4. TYPE 4
He is authorized to enforce the provisions of the National Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction.
Building Code and its IRR in the field, as well as have Wall ceiling and permanent partitions shall be incombustible in
administrative control and/ or supervision over all works fire restrictive construction.
pertinent to buildings/ structures. Permanent non-bearing partition with one (1)-hour fire
restrictive material.
 Fire retardant treated wood construction. Lowest part of the elevation of the finished surface of the ground.

5. TYPE 5 BUILDING LINE

Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction, four (4)-hour fire- Line formed by the intersection of the outer surface of the
restrictive throughout. enclosing wall of the surface of the ground.

FIRE ZONE YARD

Areas in which only certain types of building are permitted to be Vacant space left between the outermost face of the building and
constructed within the site. the property line.

TYPES OF FIRE ZONES: SET BACK

1. NON-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES Measurement of the distance of the yard.
Rural areas.
Buildings are permitted without fire resistivity. COURT
Include TYPE 1 and 2 construction. Unoccupied space of between the phases of the building line and a
yard or another court, free open and unobstructed from the
2. FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES ground upward.
Sub-urban areas.
2-hour fire resistivity. TYPES OF COURT:
Include TYPE 2, 3 and 4 construction. 1. INNER COURT
2. OPEN COURT
3. HIGHLY-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES 3. THROUGH COURT
Urban areas.
3 to 4-hour fire resistivity. LOT
Include TYPE 4 and 5 construction. Physical setting for any building or structure.

TYPES OF LOT:
PARKING 1. INTERIOR LOT
The parking slot, parking area and loading /unloading space
2. INSIDE LOT
requirements:
3. CORNER LOT
a. AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE (CAR)
4. THROUGH LOT
2.50 meters by 5.00 meters for perpendicular and diagonal
5. CORNER-THROUGH LOT
parking.
6. CORNER LOT (abutting 3 or more streets, alleys, rivers, etc.)
2.15 meters by 6.00 meters for parallel parking.
BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL)
b. STANDARD TRUCK OR BUS
The maximum height to be allowed for buildings/structures based
Minimum of 3.60 meters by 12.00 meters.
on their proposed use or occupancy.
c. ARTICULATED TRUCK
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL (DC)
Minimum of 3.60 meters by 18.00 meters.
A set of interacting regulations concerning the physical utilization
of the lot, and likewise concerning of spaces or the use/occupancy
d. JEEPNEY OR SHUTTLE
of buildings to be introduced to the lot.
Minimum of 3.00 meters by 9.00 meters.
ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM BUILDING FOOTPRINT (AMBF)
STREET/ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW) Maximum portion of the lot that may be occupied by the building
No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access at grade level.
to public space, yard or street/road oh at least one (1) of its sides.
ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF BUILDING (AMBV)
The RROW consist of three (3) different physical levels as follows: Limit of the total volume of space that can be occupied by a
a. RROW ABOVE GRADE proposed building that can occupy at a grade level.
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from the finished
surface of the roadway/carriageway and/or the sidewalk/arcade GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)
all the way up to the air. The total floor space within the perimeter of the permanent
external building walls.
b. RROW AT GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from natural grade TOTAL GROSS FLOOR AREA (TGFA)
line up to the finished surface of the roadway/carriageway The total floor space within the main and auxiliary buildings
and/or the sidewalk/arcade. primarily consisting of Gross Floor Area (GFA) and all other
enclosed support areas.
c. RROW BELOW GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from the finished BUILDING BULK
surface of the roadway and/or the sidewalk all the way down Overall size of the proposed building as initially characterized by
into the ground. the expanse of its Gross Floor Area (GFA) or Total Gross Floor Area
(TGFA).
GRADE
FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR/FLAR)
Ratio between the Gross Floor Area (GFA) of the building and the
total lot area of the lot.

OUTERMOST FACES OF BUILDING (OFB)

The most or uppermost part of the building.

TOTAL LOT AREA (TLA)

Total lot surface area of the lot where the proposed building is
selected.

PERCENTAGE OF SITE OCCUPANCY (PSO)

Quantity related to the Allowable Maximum Building Footprint
(AMBF) and the Total Lot Area (TLA).

UNPAVED SURFACE AREA

Portion of the lot remained unpaved.