BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

WOOD FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS

Is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and A. FERROUS METALS
beauty. It has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In STEEL
addition, wood has freedom from dust and corrosion, is comparatively A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and
light in weight, and is adaptable to a countless variety of purposes. refining pig iron and/or scrap steel, graded according to the carbon
content.
HARDWARES STEEL PRODUCTS:
Metal product used in construction, such as bolts hinges, locks, tools,
1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES
etc. They are classified as:
2. SHEET FITTINGS
A. FINISHING HARDWARES
Sections are made to interlock and are available in several
Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches, etc. that has a finished
shapes.
appearance as well as function, esp. that used doors, windows, and
cabinets, maybe considered part of the decorative treatment of a
3. STEEL PIPE
room or building.
Seamless or welded small diameter and electrically welded large
diameter pipe.
1. HINGE
A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about
4. REINFORCING STEEL
a pivot, consists of two plates joined together by a pin which
Made from new steel or from discarded railway.
supports a door and connect it to its frame, enabling to swing
open and closed.
5. WELDED WIRE FABRIC
Consists of parallel, longitudinal wires welded to transverse
B. ROUGH HARDWARES
wires at regular intervals.
In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as
bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
6. STEEL WIRE
Over 150,000 uses for wire including pins, needles, nails, bolts,
1. NAILS
cables, piano wires, fences.
C.W. - common wire nail with head and for strength
- box nails also used for strength
7. BOLTS AND NUTS
FIN. - finishing nails without head
Either hot forged or cold formed from wire of appropriate
- casing nail also without head
diameter.
2. SCREWS
8. STEEL STRAPPING
Classified by gauge (diameter), length head type and metallic
Used for banding columns forms to keep them from bulging
make up.
under the pressure of freshly poured concrete.
3. WASHERS
9. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
Lightweight warren-type truss made in several different styles.
4. BOLTS
Has threaded shafts that receive nuts, a hole is drilled, pushing
10. SHEET STEEL
the bolt through and adding a nut.
Black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated
roofing and siding and formed.
5. JOINERY BRACKETS
To form strong joint
11. STEEL STUDS
Lightweight, requiring minimum storage space and does not
6. LOCKSET
warp or shrinks.
A complete lock system including the basic locking mechanisms
and all the accessories, such as knobs escutcheons
12. PANS AND DOMES
plates, etc.
Manufactured for used in forming one-way and two-way ribbed
concrete floor system.
7. LARCH
A simple fastening device having a larch bolt, but not a dead bolt
B. NON-FERROUS METALS
contains no provisions for locking with a key, usually openable
ALUMINUM
with both sides.
Is a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is
very malleable; has good thermal and electrical conductivity.
CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made from materials which must contain the proper portion of
lime, silica, alumina and iron components.

GLASS TYPES OF GLASS:

A hard, brittle, inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or
1. REFLECTIVE GLASS
translucent.
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat.
 types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface,
2. ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection,
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional
and walls, windows for halls and staircases. activities.

3. CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED GLASSES 2. VARNISHES

Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough cast glasses. They Constitute a group of more or less transparent liquids which are
contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by used to provide a protective surface coating, at the same time they
a pattered roller. allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy
finish to it.
4. WIRED GLASS
A rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the 3. ENAMELS
process of manufacture. When a pigment is added to a varnish.

5. HEAT-ABSORBING PLATE GLASS 4. SHELLAC

Absorbs a significant percentage of the suns radiant energy, Only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin.
reducing the build up of heat within the building.
5. LACQUER
6. TEMPERED GLASS PLATE Made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
Produces condition that is highly resistant to breakage. finishes.

7. VITREOUS COLORED PLATE 6. STAINS

Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces.
side with vitreous color which is fire-fused to the surface.
7. FILLERS
8. LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS Used to impart colors to the wood pores and so emphasize the
Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but grain.
now finding some uses in the building industry, like glass that
can withstand firearm attack and explosions. 8. SEALERS
Seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of
9. INSULATING GLASS succeeding finish coats.
They reduce external noise but still permit the entry of natural
light. 9. SILICONE WATER REPELLANT
Protect from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi, to
destroy the surface.
PAINT AND COATINGS
1. PAINT
A mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without
coloring pigments adjusted and diluted with correct amounts and

BUILDING UTILITIES
Obtained from below ground surfaces by means of mechanical
and manual equipments. More water can be obtained depending
WATER by equipments used locality.
Combination of two elementary substances- hydrogen and oxygen
(H2O). It appears in its natural state as:
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER
LIQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 times heavier than air
1. SEDIMENTATION
SOLID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ice
2. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vapor or steam
a. Slow Process
b. Mechanical/ Rapid Process
Weight of water in liquid form:
3. FILTRATION
3.778 kg. per U.S. gallon
4. AERATION
1.000 kg. per cubic meter

THREE SOURCES OF WATER: NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

1. RAINFALL SECTION 154. GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is soft pure and good in All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a
places where is an abundant rainfall. uniform grade not less than 20 mm rise per meter length (2%), and
shall be supported or anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.00 m
2. NATURAL SURFACES (10 feet). All stacks shall be properly supported at their bases and
Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness of procurements and all pipes shall be rigidly secured, 2 inches rise per every 100 inches
good for locality near such bodies of water. length.
A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has a tendency of
3. UNDERGROUND waste separation. The water flow faster and the heavy suspended
materials are left and deposited at the bottom of the pipe.

SECTION 157. CHANGE IN DIRECTION
All change in direction shall be made by the appropriate use of 45
wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single
sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks, and short quarter
bends may be used in soil and waste lines where the change in
direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and
crosses may be used in vent pipes.
SECTION 158. PROHIBITED FITTINGS
No double hub, double tee branch shall be used on horizontal soil
waste line. The drilling and tapping of house drains, soil waste, or
vent pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends are prohibited.
SECTION 159. DEAD ENDS AVOIDED
Dead ends shall be avoided on all drainage system installation.
SECTION 173. LEAD PIPES
Joints in lead pipes between lead pipes and brass or copper pipes,
ferrules, soldering nipples, bushing or traps, in all cases on the
sewer side of the trap are in concealed joints or the inlet side of the
trap, shall be full wiped joints, with an exposed surface of the
solder to each side of the thickness at the thickest part of the joint
of not less than of an inch.
SECTION 174. LEAD TO CAST IRON, STEEL OR W.I. (Wrought Iron)
The joints shall be made water tight by the use of copper, lead, or
galvanized iron plates on flashing.
SECTION 175. ROOF JOINTS
The joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be made water tight
by the use of copper, lead or galvanized iron plates or flashings.
SECTION 176. SLIP JOINTS AND UNIONS
Slip joints will be permitted only in trap seals or in the inlet side of
the trap. Unions on the sewer side of the trap shall be ground
faced, and shall not be concealed or enclosed.
SECTION 182. TRAPS ARE REQUIRED
Each fixture shall be separately trapped by a water-seal trap placed
as near to the fixture as possible except that a set of similar fixtures
consisting of not more than 3 wash basins, or a set of 3 sinks may
connect by a single 1 inches trap. In no case shall the waste from
a bathtub or other fixture discharge into a water closet trap. No
fixture shall be double trapped.
SECTION 184. TRAP CLEAN OUTS
Each trap, except those in combination with fixtures in which the
trap seal is plainly visible and inaccessible, shall be provided with
an accessible brass trap screw of ample size.
SECTION 187. PIPE CLEAN OUTS WERE REQUIRED
A clean out easily accessible shall be provided at the upper end of
every horizontal waste or soil pipe. Also at every change of
horizontal direction, unless said change of direction is made at an
angle of not more than 22 degrees and is easily reached
conveniently with sewer rod wire.
There shall be a clean out within 5 feet inside the property line
before the house sewer connection, connected from a full-sized
branch, except for the latter, clean outs shall be of the same
nominal size as the pipes. The distance between clean out in
horizontal waste or soil lines shall not exceed 50 feet.
SECTION 190. GARAGE TRAPS
Garages, auto repair shops and greasing rack drains shall be
intercepted, force entering the sewer or septic vault by a suitable
garage trap. Similar establishment shall also be provided with such
trap, when so required by the proper authority.
SECTION 207. FIXTURES PROHIBITED
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout and other water closet
having invisible seals or unventilated space or walls not thoroughly
washed at each flush shall not be used. Long hopper water closets
or similar appliances shall not be installed.
SECTION 216. SOIL AND WASTE STACKS FIXTURE CONNECTIONS
All soil and waste stacks and branches shall be provided with
correctly faced inlets for fixture connections.
SECTION 218. ROOF EXTENSIONS
All roof extensions of soil and waste stacks shall be run full size at
least 1 foot above the roof: if the roof is used for purposes other
than weather protection, such as extension shall not be less than 8
feet above the roof level.
SECTION 220. TRAPS PROTECTED VENTS
Every fixture shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure, and air circulation assured by means of proper venting.
No crown shall be installed.
SECTION 221. DISTANCE OF VENT FROM TRAP SEAL
No trap shall be placed more than 5 feet (horizontally developed
length) from its vent.
WELLS
1. DUG WELLS
Excavated by hand.
2. DEEP WELLS
Sunk by machine.
3. DRIVEN
When water is obtained from loose formation.
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
PUMPS
Used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be
directly piped building tank/ reservoir.
WATER SUPPLY APPARATUSSES
1. LIFT PUMP
Consist of piston traveling up and down within a cylinder which is
connected with a pipe extending down into the source.
2. FORCE PUMP
Used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the
pump itself.
3. RECIPROCATING PUMP
Include class of pumps in which the piston moves to and fro,
horizontally and vertically.
A. WATER PUMPS
1. HORIZONTAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
Known as double/ single acting piston pump, adapted to all
purpose where suction lift is not over 22 ft. at sea level.
2. VERTICAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
 Suction lifts of less than 22 ft., composed of 3 vertical cylinders 5. PIPE FITTINGS
placed side by side. Equipment required for the joining of various lengths of pipe, such
as:
B. DIRECT ACTING a. COUPLINGS (for connection in straight line)
1. DEEP WELL PLUNGER PUMPS b. ELBOWS (for connection of 45 or 90)
Used when water source is more than 22ft. blow the ground. c. TEES (for 45or 90 branches for one side)
d. CROSSES (for 90 branches opposite each other)
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Posses moving parts without valves, revolving around an axis and 6. UNION
centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the water under pressure. Used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is
difficult.
3. HYDRAULIC RAMS
Automatic and require no motor, depend from water hammer for
operation. 7. BUSHING
Used as reducer if to faucet pipe.
TANKS
Used for collection of water without considerations of pressure, or for
8. PLUG
storing water under air pressure.
Close a pipe opening.
FIXTURE USED FOR TANK:
PLASTIC PIPE FITTINGS:
1. CYLINDRICAL G. I. TANK
1. POLYBUJYLENE (PB)
2. SPHERICAL PVC TANK
Used for hot and cold in-house water piping system.
3. RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
4. RECTANGULAR STEEL TANK RIVETED
2. POLYETHYLENE (PT)
5. PNEUMATIC TANK (Pressurized)
Used for service connection, in-house plumbing, distribution
6. SUCTION TANK (Constructed riveted/ welded steel plate)
main, sewer, waste disposal.
THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
1. UPFEED SYSTEM 3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (uPVC)
From normal water pressure from public water main for low-rise
buildings. PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM
Process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by means
2. PNEUMATIC TANK of a mechanical device.
From air pressure from suction tank for tall buildings which cannot
be reached by normal water pressure. MATERIALS FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION:
FLOAT VALVE 1. GALVANIZED IRON/ STEEL PIPE
Operate the pump to make up water when the level is low 2. PLASTIC/ SYNTHETIC PIPE
enough to actuate the staring switch. 3. ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE
4. ASBESTOS PIPE
3. DOWNFEED SYSTEM 5. BITUMINOUS PIPE
By gravity from overhead tanks and supported either by structural 6. VETRIFIED CLAY PIPE
frames or on the roof decks. 7. LEAD PIPE
8. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
9. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE
PIPES 10. BRASS PIPE
Water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by means of pipes. 11. COPPER PIPE
MATERIALS FOR PIPES:
1. GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.) MAXIMUM DEMAND
2. PLASTIC PIPES Maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms of unit.
3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
4. BRASS, COPPER, WROUGHT AND CAST IRON FLANGES
Consist of fittings provided with projecting rims/ flanges which are
1. SERVICE PIPE (House service) screwed over the two pipes ends to be joined.
Pipe from the public water main/ source of water supply.
VALVES
2. RISER 1. GATE VALVE
Vertical supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the 2. GLOBE VALVE
next. 3. CHECK VALVE (swing check-valve)

3. BRANCHES FAUCETS
Horizontal pipes that serves the faucets/ fixtures. 1. KEY COCK
2. COMPRESSION COCK
4. WATER MAIN 3. HOSE BIB
Public water system laid underground along the streets where the 4. SELF-CLOSING FAUCETS
house service is connected.
PRESSURE REGULATORS
 Devices for limiting the pressure of the water discharged from a c. EVAPORATION
pipe to a fixed amount. Minor problem and less probable to drain the water inside the
trap.
STORM DRAIN
Portion of the plumbing system which conveys rain/ storm water to d. CAPILLARY ACTION
a suitable terminal. Seldom happen and rarely experienced.

ROOF LEADER (Conductor/ Downspout) 3. VENTS

Connects the roof terminal to the storm drain either inside/ For admission of air and discharging of gases, soil and waste stacks.
outside leader. Two types:
a. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT
b. MAIN VENT

PLUMBING SYSTEM 4. SANITARY DRAIN

THREE GRADES OF WASTE WATER: Receive the discharges of sanitary/ domestic waste only.
1. STORM WATER a. INDUSTRIAL DRAIN
Water from rain. b. STORM DRAIN

2. GREY WATER 5. HOUSE SEWER

Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, showers, bathtubs. Portion of the horizontal drainage system which starts from the
outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer.
3. BLACK WATER
Water from human waste solid liquid, urine. SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
1. CESSPOOL
1. TRAPS
Hole in the ground with stones and bricks laid to allow raw
Only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously
contaminated sewage to leach into the under surface of the
unhealthy gases in a sanitary drainage system.
ground.
2. TRAP SEAL
2. PRIVY
Vertical distance between the clip and the crown vein of a trap. It
Concrete vault constructed for the collection of raw sewage sealed
may be lost under the following ways:
within a wooden shelter.
a. SIPHONAGE
Result of a minus pressure in the drainage system.
3. SEPTIC TANK
A receptacle/ vault used to collect organic waste discharge from
b. BACK PRESSURE
the house sewer.
Caused by a plus pressure which blows the water out of the
fixture.
 4. PUBLIC SEWER LINE 3. TERTIARY
Public sewage disposal system consisting of a sewage treatment Used to get quality-drinking water.
unit which conveys raw sewage to disposal system.

SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTES

RECYCLING OF WATER
EFFLUENT
TWO DISPOSAL METHODS:
Front flow of a sewer, septic tank.
1. INCINERATION
Controlled burning of combustible waste, reduce 70% of
SLUDGE
waste.
Any heavy, slimy deposit, sediment/ mass, as the waste resulting
from the precipitate in a sewage tank.
2. SANITARY LANDFILLS
a. TRENCH METHOD
A tractor digs a trench with a bulldozer blade and trucks. PLUMBING FIXTURES
Receptacles intended to receive water, liquid, water carried wastes
b. AREA METHOD and discharge them into the drainage system.
Used on rolling terrain where the existing slopes of the land
can be used as basin. 1. WATER CLOSET
Plumbing fixture used to convey organic body waste to the
LIQUID MUNICIPAL WASTES plumbing system.
SEWER
Designed to carry sewage from residences, business and industries 2. LAVATORY
through large conduits. Bowl/ basin for washing the face and hands.

THREE STANDARD TREATMENTS: 3. BIDET

1. PRIMARY Appears like a water closet, designed as a combination lavatory
Remove large floating or suspended particles, heavier particles which can plug the drain and collect hot and cold water.
from the sewage.
4. BATHTUBS
2. SECONDARY 5. SHOWER
Use of microorganisms to break down organic matter left in 6. KITCHEN SINK
the sewage. 7. URINAL
 Vernacular terms
Unosinotra, Alahado, flush
alternate/staggered Kapatas, foreman
Liyabe, anchor Balangkas, framework
Batidura, astragal Dos Aguas, gable roof
Medya Agua, awning Kuling, girder
Barandillas, baluster Sepo, girt
Rodapis, baseboard Canal, groove
Tirante, bottom chord Alulod o Kanal, gutter
Pie de Gallo, brace Caida, hall
Ladrillo, brick Bisagra, hinge
Kostilyahe, ceiling joists Pulgada, inches
Sinturon, collar Pendulum, king post
Larga Masa, concrete slab Piyon, laborer
Escondro, crushed stone Asinta, laying of CHB
Abang, dowel Sibe, lean-to roof
Tubo de Banada, downspout Dulang, low table
Escombro, earth fill Kantero, Mason
Alero, eaves Kanto Mesa, miter
Tabike, exterior siding Paupo, mortar
Piye, feet Kostura, mortar joints
Batidura, fillet Estanyo, Nikolite bar
Dotal, floorboards Truerka, nut
Soleras, floor joists Estopa, oakumDe Bandeha,
Guililan, floor sill panel door
Lingueta, GI strap
Suelo, flooring Tapon, plug
Hulog, plumb bob Kilo, truss
Bolado, projection Asolehos, wainscoting tiles
Reostra, purlins Bagad, wall post
Masilya, putty Pitsa, washer
Media Cana, quarter round Pasamano, window sill
Vaciada, rabbet Poleya, wiring knob
Kabilya, reinforcing bars Haspe, wood grain
Kaballete, ridge roll Tabla, wood plank
Takip Silipan, riser Plantsuela, wrought iron strap
Rimatse, rivets Palitada, plaster
Lastillas, sand and gravel Kalinya, aligned
Andanyo, scaffolding Trankilya, barrel bolt
Rebokada, scratch coat Biga, beam
Dutcha, shower Hiero, iron
Prigadero, sink Kisame, ceiling
Krokis, sketch plan Baral de Kadena, chain bolt
Estanyo, soldering bar Poste, column
Biento, spacing Kontratista, constructor
Staka, stake Kanto, corner
Madre de Escalera, closed Dish rack, bangguerahan
stringer Sumbrero Pintuan, door head
Trabe Anzo, horizontal stud Hamba Pintuan, door jamb
Pilarete, vertical stud Senepa, fascia board
Latero, tinsmith Tambak, fill
Baytang, tread
Pergola, trellis

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCING FACTORS:

MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Preserve remains of monument made partially or wholly of giant
Location of particular country.
stones found on islands or near the sea coast of the mainland.
2. GEOLOGICAL
DOlMEN
Describes the materials found in the locality.
Consists of several large stones set on end with a large covering
slab (CROMLECH).
3. CLIMATIC
PASSAGE GRAVE (TUMULI)
Prevailing weather in the country.
Megalithic tomb type, which may exist in France/ England, has
corridor lined with large stone slabs.
4. RELIGION
Emotional temperament and spiritual tendencies of a people in a
TUMULUS
particular country.
A mound of earth stones.
5. HISTORICAL
MENHIR (MONOLITHS)
Background of the people as a whole.
Single great stones set on end and arranged in parallel rows.
(religious in nature)
6. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
How the people lived and governed.
HISTORIC STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE
The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which
prevails at a certain place and time. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Record of mans effort to build beautifully, it traces the origin, Egypt consists of a narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both
growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed banks of the Nile; desert plateau.
lands and ages.
 2. GOELOGICAL
Stone is abundant; copper, tin bronze.
HYPHOSTYLE
3. CLIMATIC A large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns.
Spring and summer; climate is warm. Prevalent in ancient Egyptian and Achaemenid architecture.

4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL HYPHAETHAL

Omnipotent government; craftsmen (craftsmanship) A building which is open, or partly open to the sky.

5. RELIGION
Tombs and temples; monotheistic in theory, polytheistic in
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
practice.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Mediterranean, island of Crete.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Reeds, papyrus, palm-branch ribs plastered over with clay.
2. CLIMATIC
Rigorous cold and relaxing heat; hot summer, winter showers.
PYLON
Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple.
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
Aegean civilization of Crete and mainland Greece from earliest
SPHINX
times to about 1100 BC.
A structural form of a semi-recumbent lion with the head of a
man (Horus) - god of the rising sun.
4. RELIGION
Aegeans- nature worship.
SACROPHAGUS
An elaborate coffin for an important personage, of terra-cotta,
wood, stone, metal, or other material, decorated with painting, TEMPLES
carving, etc. and large enough to contain only the body. If larger, Chief class building in the Hellenic period; built with special regard
it becomes a tomb. to outward effects.

TOMBS: DIFERENT TYPES OF TEMPLES

MASTABA Rectangular temples are described according to:
Rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound.
A. Number of columns on the entrance front
PYRAMIDS 1. HENOSTYLE (one column)
Massive funerary structure of stone and brick with square 2. DISTYLE (two columns)
base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex. 3. TRISTYLE (three columns)
4. TETRASTYLE (four columns)
TEMPLES: 5. PENTASTYLE (five columns)
MORTUARY 6. HEXASTYLE (six columns)
For ministrations to deified pharaohs. 7. HEPTASTYLE (seven columns)
8. OCTASTYLE (eight columns)
CULT 9. ENNEASTYLE (nine columns)
For popular worship of gods. 10. DECASTYLE (ten columns)
11. DODECASTYLE (twelve columns)
ROCK-HEWN TOMB
A temple or tomb excavated in a native rock without the aid of B. By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in
masonry, or with but little masonry; usually presents an relation to the Naos.
architectural front with dark interior chambers of which sections NAOS
are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars. The principal chamber in a Greek temple containing the
statue of Deity.
OBELISK
Sacred symbol of the sun god Heliopolis; huge monoliths square 1. IN ANTIS
on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped pyramidal at the Temples have one to four columns between antae at the
summit. front. Two is the usual number.

DWELLINGS 2. AMPHI-ANTHIS
Clay models deposited of tombs indicate that ordinary dwellings Temples have one to four columns between antae at front
were of crude brick one/ two storey high with flat or arched and rear. Two is the usual number.
ceilings.
3. PROSTYLE
SERBAD Temples have a portico of columns at the front.
In ancient Egypt architecture, a closed statue chamber. In
Mesopotamia town houses, a cellar under the court yard, 4. AMPHI-PROSTYLE
ventilated and lighted by skylights, serving as living room during Temples have a portico of columns at the front and rear.
the summer month.
 5. PERIPTERAL
Temples have a single line of columns surrounding the naos. FRIEZE
6. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL The middle division of the classic entablature.
Temples have flank columns attached to the naos wall.
CORNICE
7. DIPTERAL The crowning or upper portion of entablature, also used for
Temples have a double line of columns surrounding the any crowning projection.
naos.
SOME DORIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:
8. PSEUDO-DIPTERAL 1. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Corinth.
Temples are like the last but inner range of columns is 2. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Delphi.
omitted on the flanks of the naos. 3. TEMPLE OF ZEUS, Olympia, Arigentum.
ATLANTES
THE DORIC ORDER Carved male figures serving as pillars, also called
The Doric order had a timber origin. Greek columns began as Telamones.
tapered tree trunks, the function of the square abacus and circular
echinus comprising the capital being to gather and transmit the THE IONIC ORDER
load of the entablature to the column shaft. The Ionic order is specially remarkable for its volute or scroll
capital, (derived from the Egyptian lotus). The spiral was also a
TRIGLYPHS common motif in Aegean art, Ionic order evolved from timber
Blocks with vertical channels which form a distinguishing feature forms.
in the frieze of the Doric entablature.
THE IONIC COLUMNS
MUTULES Including capital and base, and have 24 flutes separated by fillets
Projecting inclined blocks in Doric cornices, derived from the and not by arrises or sharp edges as in the Doric column.
ends of wooden beams.
FLUTES
GUTTAE The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column.
Small cones under the triglyphs and mutules of the Doric order.
FILLETS
THE DORIC COLUMN A small flat band between mouldings to separate them from
It stands without a base directly on a crepidoma, usually of three each other.
steps, and has a height including the capital, the circular shaft is
divided a rule into 20 shallow flutes or channels repeated by PLINTH
sharp arrises. The lowest square member of the base of a column.

CAPITAL THE IONIC ENTABLATURE

The crowning feature of a column or pilaster. It had only two main parts, architrave and cornice, the latter
containing large dentils in the bed-mould.
SHAFT
The portion of the column between the base and capital DENTILS
Tooth like blocks in Ionic and Corinthian cornices.
ARRIS
The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surfaces. CYMATIUM
The crowning member of a cornice generally in the form of a
FLUTES cyma (above).
The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column.
EXAMPLES OF IONIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:
ABACUS 1. TEMPLE OF THE ILLISSUS, Athens.
A slab forming the crowning member of a capital. 2. TEMPLE OF NIKE, Apteros, Athens.

ECHINUS THE CORINTHIAN ORDER

The convex or projecting moulding, resembling the shell of the This appeared in the Greek architecture in the 5th century BC as a
sea urchin, which supports the abacus of the Greek Doric decorative variant of the Ionic, the difference lying almost entirely
capital. in the column capital.

THE DORIC ENTABLATURE CORINTHIAN COLUMN

It has three main divisions: the architrave, the frieze, the cornice. With the base and shaft resembling the Ionic, tended to become
more slender, and eventually a proportion of ten diameters was
ENTABLATURE regarded as fitting. The distinctive feature is the capital, which is
The upper part of an order of architecture. much deeper than the Ionic.

ARCHITRAVE CALLIMACHUS
The beam or lowest division of the entablature, which extends
from column to column.
 Obtained the idea from observing a basket over a grave which
was placed over the root of an acanthus plant, the stems and
foliage of which grew and turned into volutes at the angle of
the tile.
CAUCOLI
Any one of the ornamental stalls rising between the leaves of
a Corinthian capital from which the volutes spring.
CORINTHIAN ENTABLATURE
Corinthian and Ionic internal columns share the same
entablature. Three parts: architrave, frieze and cornice- the
cornice is the developed type, with small dentils in the bed-
mould.
MODILLION
A projecting member or bracket to support a weight generally
formed with scrolls or volutes; when carrying the upper
members of a cornice, brackets are generally termed
modillions or consoles sometimes also termed as Ancones.
ANCONES
Consoles on either side of a doorway supporting a cornice.
EXAMPLES OF CORINTHIAN TEMPLES:
1. TEMPLES OF APPOLO EPICURIUS (Internal).
2. THE CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES, Athens.
BAS-RELIEF
Carving in low or shallow relief on a background.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Christianity had its birth in Judaea, an eastern province of the
Roman Empire. Early Christian architecture in Rome was
influenced by existing Roman art.
2. GEOLOGICAL
Regards construction and decoration, for columns and other
architectural features as well as fine sculptures and mosaics
from older buildings, were worked into basilican churches of
the new faith.
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
The early Christian period is generally taken as lasting from
Constantine to the coronation of Charlemagne (800).
4. RELIGIOUS
Christianity has inspired the building of same of the greatest
architectural monuments, Christian church was shelter to
worshippers who met for prayers and to an unseen deity and
during the unsettled conditions at the beginning of
Christianity.
ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER
BALDACHINO
A canopy supported by columns generally placed over an altar
or tomb, also known as ciborium.
APSE
The circular or multangular termination of a church sanctuary.
MOSAIC
Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stone, glass and
marble.
SOFFIT
The exposed undersurface of any overhead component of a
building such as an arch, balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or
vault.
BASILICAN CHURCHES
Basilicas or Roman Hall of Justice probably served the early
Christians as models for their churches. A Basilican Church was
usually erected over the burial place of the Saint to whom the
church was dedicated.
ATRIUM
Open forecourt surrounded by arcades.
ARCADE
A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or
detached from the wall.
NARTHEX
A long arcade entrance porch to a Christian Basilican Church.
BEMA
A raised stage reserved for the clergy.
EXAMPLES:
1. ST. PETERS BASILICAN CHURCH, Rome.
2. ST. PAOLO FUORI LE MURA, Rome.
BAPTISERIES
Separate buildings used only for the sacrament of baptism were a
feature of Early Christianity.
FONT
A basin usually of stone which holds the water for baptism.
TOMBS
An expression of the Christian faith in immortality and memorial to
the dead, led to the erection of imposing structures which were
usually domed and often enriched with lavish mosaic decorations.
EXAMPLE:
1. TOMB OF GALLA PACIDIA, Ravenna.
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after Constantine the great,
and later to Istanbul, was also called the New Rome, was
inaugurated as the capital of the Roman Empire in 330. It stood
at the junction of the Bosporus and the sea of Marmora, where
Asia and Europe are divided by only a narrow strip of water.
2. GEOLOGICAL
Byzantine architecture was further considerably influenced by
the multitude of Monolithic columns of such sizes as were
obtainable from the different quarries.
3. CLIMATIC
 Flat roofs for summer resort were combined with oriental B. COMPOUND
domes. 1. The dome is not part of the same sphere as the pendentives
and domes rises independently upon them.

2. The dome is raised n a high drum pierced with windows.

4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
The history of the Byzantine Empire from the 5th to the 11th C. SPECIAL DESIGNS
century is one of fluctuating and gradually declining fortunes. 1. MELON DOME (dome with convolutions)
Byzantium was an old Greek city, and so the new Imperial 2. SERRATED
buildings were executed by Greek craftsmen untrammeled by 3. ONION OR BULBOUS SHARP
Roman traditions.
CENTERING
5. RELIGIOUS Contemporary structure upon which the materials of a vault or
Constantinople became the capital of the first Christian Empire. arch are supported in position until the work becomes self-
(Dominical Byzantine Style) supporting.

ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER ICONOSTASIS

The character of Byzantine architecture is determined by the novel A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons (sacred
development of the dome to cover polygonal and square plans for image) are placed, separating the chancel from the space, open
churches, tombs and baptisteries. to the sky.

FRESCO EXAMPLES:
A term originally applied to painting on the wall while the 1. ST. SOPHIA, Constantinople. (Hagia Sophia = divine wisdom)
plaster is wet, but is often used for any wall painting not in oil GYMNACEUM
colors. That part of a Greek house, or a Byzantine church reserved
for women.
PENDENTIVE
The term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface 2. ST. MARK, Venice.
by means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or PIAZZA
polygonal compartment. A public open space or square surrounded by building.

DOMES ARE OF THREE TYPES: 3. GRACANICA CHURCH.

A. SIMPLE 4. ST. SOPHIA, Novgorod.
Pendentives and domes are part of the same sphere.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CANONS REGULAR ORDER:

THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS ORDERS:
6. AUGUSTINIAN ORDER (Black Canon Order)
1. BENEDICTINE ORDER (Blank Monks)
Established in 1050, they undertook both monastic and pastoral
Early 6th century houses commonly sited in towns, part of the
duties in houses often sited in towns and planned similarly to
church being devoted to offices for the laity. Founded by St.
those of the Benedictine order.
Benedict in South Italy who decreed that architecture, painting,
etc. are to be taught.
7. PREMONSTRATENSIAN CANONS (White Canons Regular)
Founded around 1100 by St. Norbert at Premontre in Picardy.
2. CLUNAIC ORDER
Founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in Burgundy.
8. GILBERTINE CANONS
An exclusively English order founded in the 20th century by St.
3. CARTHUSIAN ORDER
Gilbert of Sempringham, usually combining a house of canons of
Founded by St. Bruno in 1086, Carthusian architecture is notably
Augustine rule with another of Nuns of Cistercian rule, in
severe and unadorned. The character house, often remotely
conventual buildings separately planned, attached to a common
sited provided separate cells for the monks, generally grouped
church divided axially by a wall.
around a cloister garth, and the community served a simply-
planned church.
MILITARY ORDER:
9. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
4. CISTERCIAN ORDER (White Monks)
Founded in 1119 to protect the Holy Places in Palestine and to
Founded in 1908 at Citeaux by St. Stephen Harding and at
safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.
Clairvaux by St. Bernard. The ascetic aims of the Cistercian order
produced an architecture which was at first simple and severe. In
10. THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS
mature Cistercian planning the monks fraters or refectory was
Organized in 1113, but developed no characteristic architecture
sited at right angles to the South walk of the Cloister.
of its own.
5. SECULAR CANONS
11. THE MENDICANT ORDERS OF FRIARS
Serving principally cathedral and collegiate churches.
Founded during the 13th century and headed by the Franciscans
and Dominicans.
 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

GENERAL INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES AFFECTING ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Three types of interest concerning the needs of man. State the mans
May be divided in to two groups depending upon the sources of
existence depends upon the satisfaction of the following needs or
the inception.
desires.
1. INFLUENCE OF NATURE
1. PHYSICAL NEEDS
Climate and topography influence the life and habits of a
a. SELF-PRESERVATION: food, clothing and shelter
nation.
(Necessities, Conveniences, Comfort)
a. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE
b. REPRODUCTION
It requires only a casual study of the racial characteristics of
various nations to discover the effect of climate upon
2. EMOTIONAL NEEDS
people.
a. AESTHETICS
b. RELIGION
b. THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY
c. RECREATION
EFFECT ON PEOPLE. The topography of a country has
exerted an influence upon people and their activities which
3. INTELLECTUAL NEEDS
rivals that of climate.
a. EDUCATION
b. SCIENCE
EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE. Topography, in its broadest
c. GOVERNMENT
sense, may means the general terrain or contour of the
surface of the country.
BASIC INTEREST OF A CIVILIZED MAN
The fundamental impulses or desires on man which must be
2. INFLUENCE OF MAN
satisfied if life is to exist and civilization is to develop. These forces
The forces of nature are revealed in climate, topography and
may be called the Stimuli or Action.
natural resources and the latter elements in turn produce
nationalities and cities with outstanding characteristics and
1. PRESERVATION
individualities.
This is the most fundamental and causes man to provide
shelter and comfort and to appease hunger and thirst. It is
MANS INTEREST
also encourages the obtaining the security; security which may
It has been pointed out that the activities and interest of man are
be religious, economic or governmental.
directly responsible for the type of architecture which he
develops. There are three most typical structures of the present
2. RECOGNITION
age:
This is the desire for prestige. Pride and ambition, personal or
1. SHELTER
civic, result in the struggle for position for social status,
Used by man during his hours of rest
physical supremacy on intellectual attainment.
a. EARLY AMERICAN HOUSE
This period saw simple living and labor and materials were
3. RESPONSE
limited.
This arises from the gregarious nature of man, from his wish
for love, friendship and sociability.
b. COLONIAL HOUSE
As the fair of the colonists prospered their ideas of comfort
4. SELF-EXPRESSION
increase and the house became more elaborate.
This is the urged of man to asses himself an individual, to do
things in his own particular way. It may include interest
c. VICTORIAN HOUSE
concerned with the aesthetic-painting or architecture; the
Extravagant was the picture of the period.
intellectual education or science; or the creative-play or the
trill of new experiences.
d. CONTEMPORARY HOUSE
There was a tendency to design a place of habitation.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF MAN
1. TANGIBLES
2. FACTORY
Include such materials as those related to food, clothing, shelter
Offers a place in which work and to produce a commodity of
or transportation. Architecture, as expressed in a structure, is a
exchange.
tangible commodity and provides shelter for man and interest of
man.
3. CHURCH
Place of worship and spiritual relaxation.
2. INTANGIBLES
a. EGYPTIANS
Consist of information, such as the knowledge of law, medicine
Built a colossal and permanent way in order to preserve the
or design. The practice of architecture as a profession is thus one
bodies and to perpetuate the memories of the dead and
of the intangible commodities which the architect has to offer in
also to emphasize the supremacy of the deities.
exchange for remuneration.
 Kind of competition where dissimilarity is too pronounced.

b. GREEK CHARACTER
Temples were built on honor of gods and each temple 1. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
contained the statue of god to whom it was dedicated. Results from the purpose of the building/ the reason for its
erection.
c. CHRISTIAN
The Christian religion encourages the participation of the 2. ASSOCIATION/ ASSOCIATED CHARACTER
worshippers in personal and direct way. Comes from influence of ideas and impressions of past
experiences/ traditions.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements of 3. PERSONAL CHARACTER
design. Attribute in the life of an individual/ human quality or emotional
1. CONTRAST (Variety) appeal.
2. PROPORTION (Relationship)
3. SCALE (Size, Magnitude) PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM
4. BALANCE (Equilibrium) TRANSFORMATION OF FORM:
5. RHYTHM (Repetition) 1. DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
6. UNITY (Harmony) Altering one/ more of its dimension and still retain its family
7. CHARACTER (Expressiveness) identity.

PROPORTION 2. SUBTRACTIVE TRONSFORMATION

1. RELATIVE PROPORTION
Deals with the parts of an object and the whole example ratio
between the diameter of a classical column and its height.
2. ABSOLUTE PROPORTION
Relationship between the different parts of an object/ the whole
to various parts.
Subtracting a portion of its own volume.
AMBIGUITY
Regarding forms original identity will result if the portion
removed from its edges and drastically alters.
3. ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION
Addition of elements to its volume.

SCALE FOUR BASIC POSSIBILITIES:

1. GENERIC SCALE a. BY SPIRAL TENSION
Size of a building element relative to each other forms in its Two forms are relatively close to each other, or share a
context. common visual trait such as shape, material, color.

2. HUMAN SCALE b. BY EDGE TO EDGE CONTACT

Size of building element/ space relative to the dimensions and Two forms share a common edge.
proportions of the human body.
c. BY FACE TO FACE CONTACT
Two forms to have flat, planar surfaces that are parallel to
BALANCE each other.
1. SYMMETRICAL
a. CENTRAL AXIS d. BY INTERLOCKING VOLUME
Easiest and simplest kind in which elements are arranged in Two forms interpenetrate each others space.
precisely the same manner or either side of a central axis/line.
CENTRALIZED FORMS
b. FORMAL Consist of a number of secondary forms clustered about dominant,
Approaches absolute symmetry but lacks some of the central, parent forms.
essentials of composition.
LINEAR FORMS
c. RADIAL Consist of forms arranged sequentially in a row.
Arrangement where all the parts indicate from a center like
the spokes in a wheel. RADIAL FORMS
Compositions of linear forms that extend outward from central
2. UNSYMMETRICAL (INFORMAL) forms in a radial manner.
More subtle elusive, more difficult to attain
CLUSTERED FORMS
GRAVITATIONAL/ PITURESQUE Forms that is grouped together by proximity or sharing of a
Complete adaptation to its surroundings. common visual trait.

COMPETITION GRID FORMS

Elements compete with each other for importance. Modular forms whose relationships regulated by the three-
dimensional grids.
CONFUSION
 GRID Two or more intersecting sets of regularly-spaced parallel lines.
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM LENGTH, WIDTH AND DEPTH
A. POINT FORM AND SPACE
Point indicates a position in space. A point marks a position in SURFACE
space. A point can serve to mark: ORIENTATION
The two ends of line. POSITION
The intersection of two lines.
The meeting of line at the corner of a plane or volume. All volumes can be analyzed and understood to consist of:
The center of the field. POINTS (vertices)
LINES (edges)
A point has no dimensions. PLANES (surfaces)
POINT-GENERATED FORMS:
CIRCLE
CYLINDER
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
A. DESIGN-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
SPHERE
1. A minimum amount of time is spent on generating
programmatic information.
B. LINE
2. Design can begin at the very first meeting of client and architect.
A point is extended becomes a line with properties of:
3. There is intensive and often positive interaction between client
LENGTH
and architect.
DIRECTION
4. The review of various design schemes may help the client
POSITION
recognized new ways to accomplish their objectives.
5. Both client and architect can claim the design solution as their
Two-points describe a line that connects them.
own.
C. PLANE
B. KNOWLEDGE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
A line that extended becomes a plane with properties of:
1. Brings to bear all currently available knowledge on the design
LENGTH AND WIDTH
problem.
SHAPE
2. Develops new knowledge using the systematic methods of the
SURFACE
sciences.
ORIENTATION
3. Provides all of the information needed to design each spaces.
4. Especially useful on large, complex, or innovative projects, when
Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane.
no one has a clear grasp of the project requirements.
GENERAL TYPES OF PLANE:
C. AGREEMENT-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
OVERHEAD PLANE
1. Ensures that information is obtained for every area in which the
Can be either the roof plane, a buildings primary protection
architect has design concernsthe whole problem.
against the climatic elements, or the ceiling plane, the
2. Having a representative group develop program information
sheltering element in architectural space.
during work sessions is efficient and economical.
3. Visually displaying the programming information during the
WALL PLANE
work sessions help the participants to understand and influence
Vertical wall planes are visually the most active in defining
the program.
and enclosing space.
4. The client, users, and architect agree on the nature and scope of
the problem before design commences.
BASE PLANE
5. the costs of programming changes during design are generally
The ground plane provides the physical support and the
avoided.
visual base for building forms. The floor plane supports our
6. The design results are typically positive as evidenced in the
activities within buildings.
projects by user such as CRS and ADP.
PLANAR ELEMENT
D. VALUE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
EXTERIOR WALL PLANE
1. Tries to incorporate the best aspect and avoid the worst
The exterior wall plane of a building along with the roof
problems of all of the programming approaches.
plane, control the penetration of climatic elements into the
2. Makes certain that the most important design issues are
buildings exterior spaces. As a design element an exterior
addressed in the programming document.
wall plane can be articulated as a buildings front face or a
3. Uses systematic information gathering procedures to ensure
primary faade.
that important information is not overlooked in the
programming
INTERIOR WALL PLANE
process.
Define and encloses a buildings space or rooms. Their
4. Recognizes the importance of obtaining agreement with the
visual properties, relationship to one another, and size and
client, users, and community in open work session
distribution of openings within them determines the quality
environments.
of the space they define and the degree to which the space
will relate to the spaces around it.

D. VOLUME
A plane extended becomes a volume with properties of:
FORMS OF DESIGN STYLES
 CONSTRUCTIVISM
A passionate pleading for ideas in form and space in architecture
(anthropometrics and ergonomics) as well as in the other arts.
DE STYL
Founded by Van Doesburg, a painter, Jacobus J.P. Oud, one of the
principal aims of the movement is to construct without any
illusion, without decoration, it broke away from naturalism and
historicism and by appealing to abstraction as the means of
expressing a universal synthesis of modern times.
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
The abstraction of Modernism to the extreme and mainly worked
on the principle of exaggeration of familiar motifs. It is also known
as the New Modernism.
ECLECTISM
Usually applied to any building that incorporated a mixture of the
historical styles
ECOISM
Any form of design that minimizes destructive impacts by
integrating itself with living processes.
EXPRESSIONISM
Describe the work of those architects who prefigured the
International and Functionalist period of the Modern Movement. It
is the outward manifestation of a design through an individual
expression.
FUTURIST ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of calculation of audacity and simplicity.
FIN DE SIECLIM
Dynamic forms, whiplash lines, curving design.
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Ready-made style imported from the U.S.
L ECOLE DE BEAUX ARTS
The style turned to Gothic revival due to its brevity, idealism,
heroism and picturesqueness. Verticality was the trend.
MANNERISM
The manipulation of styles of forms achieved by the learned
juxtaposition of elements for the exclusive aim of achieving
originality or effect.
MODERNISM
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
RA 9266
1. Limit the practice of architecture to architects.
2. To retrify the use of obsolete terminologies.
3. To address the need of globalization.
RA 545
Needs of architect and architecture profession reciprocity
agreement.
Unquestionably the dominant movement in the arts, including the
architecture, since the early 20th century, but notoriously difficult to
define.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM
Bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement, this self, stimulating
style fed on particular local historical motifs and devices as well as
associative aspects of the great historical period in architecture so
beloved by the eclectics. In some cases, it is parallel to the work of
those architects normally referred to as Art Nouveau designers, but
its aspirations were much wider than those of the international
proto modernists.
NEOPLASTICISM
Relates to the theory of pure plastic art which had a pronounced
influence on Dutch architects, it consisted in the exclusive use of
the right angle in a horizontal position, and the use of 3 primary
colors contrasted with or incorporating in various canvasses the 3
non-colors: white, black and gray.
NEW BRUTALISM
Display of glass and steel.
ORGANICISM
Sympathizes with its environment which is shown in the early work
of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Praire School. It is the very antithesis
of the geometrical organized faadism of those architects who
believe that architecture should intrude on the environment in the
Classic, Neo Classic and Gothic sense.
RADICALISM
A radical shift in emphasis from the buildings of the past to the
design which met the demands of modern life.
STRUCTURALISM
Iron construction, initiated by Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace,
brought about a trend in architecture. Numerous exhibition halls,
locomotive sheds and other large-scale engineering types of
structure followed.
ULITARIANISM
Pre-fabricated system building.
RA 9266
House Bill No. 5389
Senate Bill No. 2710
Initiator:
House of Congress
Association for the Architects:
UAP (United Architects of the Philippines)
PIA (Philippine Institute of Architects)
LPA (League of the Philippine Architects)
 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
PRC (Professional Regulation Commission) Documents attach to the Agreement, and include the following:
Commission handles different professions. Drawings, Specifications, General Conditions, Special Provisions,
Other Bid Documents.
IRR (Implementing Rules and Regulations)
CIVIL CODE ARTICLE 1723
ARCHITECTURE Contract liability for the defects of the manner/ method of
Art and science of building structures. construction.
Art, science and profession of:
Planning REPETITION/ SUB-SEQUENT
Designing Architect has the same project in same location.
Constructing of building in their: Utilities, Strength, Beauty
COPYRIGHT/ OWNERSHIP
ARCHITECT Intellectual proprietary right retains by an architect for the
Professionally and academically qualified, licensed by PRC drawing/ plan he/ she prepared.
(space, form, historical contents).

SUBSTAINABLE ARCHITECT
PD 1096
(NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
Provide with the use of the present culture/ generation without
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
compromising.
1. To comply developmental goals.
2. To comply imprustructure programs of the government.
GREEN ARCHITECT
3. To adequately comply technological advances.
Land use (zoning, waste production).
2004 REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS
THE ARCHITECT OF RECORD
IMPLEMENT (action)
Plans and design of structures.
RULES (set of laws, policies, system)
REGULATIONS (to control, regulate rule)
ARCHITECT IN-CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION
Responsible and liable of construction.
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
1. Safeguard the life and property, health, public welfare.
CONSULTING ARCHITECT
2. To comply environmental management and control.
Professionally and academically qualified expertise and
3. To provide a frame work (outline/ skeleton) of minimum
specialization in architecture.
standards and requirement to regulate and control building.
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
EXCEPTIONS:
Act of conceiving, choosing and developing the type, disposition,
Traditional and indigenous family dwellings.
arrangement and proportioning.
Economic and socialized housing project.
AUTHORSHIP CONSTRUCTION TERMS
Author/ authors of architectural plans (Architect of Record). CONSTRUCTION
Includes all-on-site work done.
(excavation, site reparation, foundation, assembly of all
BOA (Board of Architecture), under PRC. requirements)

PRB (Professional Regulatory Board) DEMOLITION

Systematic dismantling of building/ any parts of building.
IAPOA (Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of
Architects) MOVING
Transfer of building from location to another.
SERVICE AGREEMENT (between owner and architect)
Dully notarized written contract equivalent to public instrument. ADDITION
Any new construction but there will be increase in floor area
ASSOCIATION and/ or increase in height.
Any formal grouping of 2 or more architects or architectural firms.
ALTERATION
ARCHITECTURAL COMPANY Work involving changes/ modification.
Same with partnership. (materials used, partitions, location/ size of openings, structural
parts, existing utilities)
ARCHITECTURAL CORPORATION
Group of professionals in architecture and allied professions. CONVERSION
Change in use/ occupancy.
CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
Document which forms the architects national code contains RENOVATION
norms and principles converting the practice of profession. Any physical change made on the building to increase the value
and quality of the building, improve the aesthetic value.
 Wood construction with fire restrictive material, one (1)- hour
REPAIR fire restrictive throughout.
Any remedial work done in any damage/ deteriorated part of the
building to restore it to original condition. 3. TYPE 3
Masonry and wood construction, one (1)-hour fire restrictive
NBCDO (NATIONAL BUILDING CODE DEVALOPMENTAL OFFICE) throughout.
BUILDING OFFICIAL
He is authorized to enforce the provisions of the National 4. TYPE 4
Building Code and its IRR in the field, as well as have Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction.
administrative control and/ or supervision over all works Wall ceiling and permanent partitions shall be incombustible in
pertinent to buildings/ structures. fire restrictive construction.
Permanent non-bearing partition with one (1)-hour fire
TECHNICAL STAFF (NBCDO) restrictive material.
Assists the Secretary in the administrations and enforcement of Fire retardant treated wood construction.
the provision of the Code and its IRR; also conducts seminar/
workshops on the Code and its IRR. 5. TYPE 5
SECRETARY (DPWH) Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction, four (4)-hour fire-
He is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the restrictive throughout.
provisions of the Code and its IRR. He also formulates policies,
plans, standards and guidelines on building design, construction, FIRE ZONE
use, occupancy and maintenance, in accordance with the Code. Areas in which only certain types of building are permitted to be
constructed within the site.
BUILDING PERMITS
The document issued to an applicant to proceed with the TYPES OF FIRE ZONES:
construction, installation, addition, alteration, renovation, 1. NON-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
conversion, repair, moving, demolition of a particular project, Rural areas.
building/ structure. Buildings are permitted without fire resistivity.
Include TYPE 1 and 2 construction.
ANCILLARY PERMITS
Permits that is supplementary to a Building Permit, such as 2. FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
Architectural and Civil/ Structural Permits. Sub-urban areas.
2-hour fire resistivity.
ACCESSORY PERMITS Include TYPE 2, 3 and 4 construction.
Permits that are issued prior to building swimming pools tombs
and mausoleums, and for activities such as ground preparation 3. HIGHLY-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
and excavation and temporary sidewalk enclosure and Urban areas.
occupancy. 3 to 4-hour fire resistivity.
Include TYPE 4 and 5 construction.
CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
Buildings proposed for construction shall be identified according to PARKING
their use of character of its occupancy and shall be classified as The parking slot, parking area and loading /unloading space
follows: requirements:
GROUP A: RESIDENTIAL DWELLING a. AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE (CAR)
GROUP B: RESIDENTIAL, HOTELS AND APARTMENTS 2.50 meters by 5.00 meters for perpendicular and diagonal
GROUP C: EDUCATION AND RESREATION parking.
GROUP D: INSTITUTIONAL 2.15 meters by 6.00 meters for parallel parking.
GROUP E: BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE
GROUP F: INDUSTRIAL b. STANDARD TRUCK OR BUS
GROUP G: STORAGE AND HAZARDOUS Minimum of 3.60 meters by 12.00 meters.
GROUP H: ASSEMBLY OTHER THAN GROUP I
GROUP I: ASSEMBLY OCCUPANT LOAD 1000 OR MORE c. ARTICULATED TRUCK
GROUP J: ACCESORY Minimum of 3.60 meters by 18.00 meters.

d. JEEPNEY OR SHUTTLE
FIRE RETRICTIVE RATING Minimum of 3.00 meters by 9.00 meters.
Materials that can withstand fire.

FIRE RESTRICTIVE TIME PERIOD RATING STREET/ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW)

Length of time a material can withstand being burned. No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access
to public space, yard or street/road oh at least one (1) of its sides.
1. TYPE 1
Wood construction. The RROW consist of three (3) different physical levels as follows:
a. RROW ABOVE GRADE
2. TYPE 2
 Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from the finished
surface of the roadway/carriageway and/or the sidewalk/arcade GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)
all the way up to the air. The total floor space within the perimeter of the permanent
external building walls.
b. RROW AT GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from natural grade TOTAL GROSS FLOOR AREA (TGFA)
line up to the finished surface of the roadway/carriageway The total floor space within the main and auxiliary buildings
and/or the sidewalk/arcade. primarily consisting of Gross Floor Area (GFA) and all other
enclosed support areas.
c. RROW BELOW GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned from the finished BUILDING BULK
surface of the roadway and/or the sidewalk all the way down Overall size of the proposed building as initially characterized by
into the ground. the expanse of its Gross Floor Area (GFA) or Total Gross Floor Area
(TGFA).
GRADE
Lowest part of the elevation of the finished surface of the ground. FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR/FLAR)
Ratio between the Gross Floor Area (GFA) of the building and the
BUILDING LINE total lot area of the lot.
Line formed by the intersection of the outer surface of the
enclosing wall of the surface of the ground. OUTERMOST FACES OF BUILDING (OFB)
The most or uppermost part of the building.
YARD
Vacant space left between the outermost face of the building and TOTAL LOT AREA (TLA)
the property line. Total lot surface area of the lot where the proposed building is
selected.
SET BACK
Measurement of the distance of the yard. PERCENTAGE OF SITE OCCUPANCY (PSO)
Quantity related to the Allowable Maximum Building Footprint
COURT (AMBF) and the Total Lot Area (TLA).
Unoccupied space of between the phases of the building line and a
yard or another court, free open and unobstructed from the UNPAVED SURFACE AREA
ground upward. Portion of the lot remained unpaved.

TYPES OF COURT:
1. INNER COURT
2. OPEN COURT
3. THROUGH COURT

LOT
Physical setting for any building or structure.

TYPES OF LOT:
1. INTERIOR LOT
2. INSIDE LOT
3. CORNER LOT
4. THROUGH LOT
5. CORNER-THROUGH LOT
6. CORNER LOT (abutting 3 or more streets, alleys, rivers, etc.)

BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL)

The maximum height to be allowed for buildings/structures based
on their proposed use or occupancy.

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL (DC)

A set of interacting regulations concerning the physical utilization
of the lot, and likewise concerning of spaces or the use/occupancy
of buildings to be introduced to the lot.

ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM BUILDING FOOTPRINT (AMBF)

Maximum portion of the lot that may be occupied by the building
at grade level.

ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF BUILDING (AMBV)

Limit of the total volume of space that can be occupied by a
proposed building that can occupy at a grade level.