Pi of The Circle Vol 6

Humbly Dedicated to
LORD SHIVA
Work on Pi was humbly started on Maha Shivaratri Festival Day
in February 1998 and ended in February 2017 again on Maha
Shivaratri Festival Day (24th Feb, 2017)
CONTENTS
S. No. Title Page No.
1. An Alternative to Pythagorean Theorem 1
2. Experiment based mathematical equation 3
3. Is Pi really a transcendental number ? 8
4. A break through : no more pi for circle 12
5. Calculation of S1 and S2 segmental areas from half of the 15

area of the triangle
6. Better Explained : 119th Method 18
7. Calculation of S1 and S2 segmental areas from half of the 29

area of the triangle
8. Origin of the original Pi value 32
9. A Litmus test to identify the real Pi 37
10. Demarcation of length of Circumference and Area of the 42

Inscribed Circle with the Square
11. 124th Mathematical Truth on Pi 51
12. 126th Mathematical Truth on Pi 53
13. A Study to Show Equality Between Diagonal and 56

Circumference
14. 127th Method 59
15. Cosmic Pi value 61
16. Derivation of Cosmic Pi Value from Corner Circle 66
17. Is Circle and its Pi, Algebraic or Transcendental ? 71
18. Touchstone method to identify real Pi 74
19. Analysis of Pi 3 length 81
20. Constructional unity of Geometry 86
21. Simplest formula to find length of semi circle from triangle 92

22. Unbelievable ! the existence of cosmic Pi in a triangle 97
23. To find an arc length applying Pythagorean Theorem, 101

indirectly
24. Derivation of Cosmic Pi from 8 Radii 105
25. A study to relate circumference, diagonal and perimeter of 109

square
26. Square constant shovels away circle area from square area 113
27. To find square area from corner circle area 116
28. Demarcation of perimeter and area of circle in the square 121
29. Pulse test to identify the real Pi value 130
30. Derivation of official Pi 3.141592 from Cosmic Pi 132

3.14644660941
31. The circle finds area of the triangle 136
32. Octagon: an Embodiment of Cosmic Pi, Whole 139
33. Hippocratess Challenge to the transcendence of Pi of CLF 143

Lindemann
34. A good-for-pressurized-study to find Pi 3 arc in the 150

circumference
35. Area of circle having straight-line boundary 156
36. 149th Proof for the presence of Cosmic Pi and its Pi 3 163
37. Theoretical identification of Pi 3 arc adopting only- 165

possible-exact-trisection-of-an-angle of 900
38. Number 1 has its roots in square root 2 171
39. Square-Circle composite construction rejects official Pi 178

3.1415926
40. Perimeter of circle and Pi from four corner lengths 181
41. Computation of arc length from the dimensions of Triangle 185

42. Arithmetic Definition of Diameter of the Circle 189
43. 3.14159265358 decides 3.14644660941 as the number 193
44. Association of Cosmic Pi and clear cut Divisional Units of 195

Perimeter of Square
45. Golden Ratio from Square via Arbelos, Circle and Constant 198
Cosmic Pi
46. Altitude theorem, Squaring a Rectangle, Pythagorean 204

theorem are within the limits of Circle and finding Arc
length
47. Eudoxus Archimedes Exhaustion Method (Limit Pi) 210

Further refined
48. The subconscious analysis of cosmic Pi 216
49. Circle-square nexus is equated to an algebra formula 218
50. The actual limit pi from one polygon 222
51. The unexpected discovery of cosmic Pi from the never 227

expected traditional Pi
52. Neglected root 2 for 4 millennia kept the real Pi in darkness 228
53. The unthinkable idea: unit area of circle cosmic Pi proved 235
possible
54. Square & Hexagon identify the presence of cosmic Pi 243

AN ALTERNATIVE TO PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
(Latest Indian Contribution to Mathematics)
Pythagorean theorem got life with the introduction of 2 for diagonal by

Hippasus of Metapontum although this theorem was known two centuries earlier,
to Baudhayana (800 B.C) of India.
Here is an alternative to find the length of the

diagonal of a square with the help of its inscribed
circle. It is most unexpected and looks unmathematical.
1. Square ABCD : Side = AB = a

2. Diagonal : BD = AC = 2 a
3. Inscribe a circle with the square
4. Diameter = EF = d = side = a
14 2
5. Circumference = d = a, where =
4
= 3.14644660941 (discovered in March 1998 after 26-year search, on-and-off,
from 1972).
6. One way of finding the length of diagonal = AB2 + BC2 = AC2
7. Alternative way is
14a 4a = diagonal length ( 2 a)

14 2
14a 4a = 2a where a = d
4
The alternative method tells us two things. They are circumference (d = a)

and diagonal ( 2 a = 2 d) are related (unknown till now) to the core, although both
appear different superficially, because, diagonal is a straight line and circumference
14 2
is a curve. Secondly, this relation also tells us, that, is the true value, and
4
not 3.14159265358 believed (no other way) as number in the last twenty centuries
by millions of mathematicians taking the help of polygon. To any mathematician,
this unthinkable relation between diagonal and circumference, looks strange/ odd/
wrong. But, this author, a Zoology teacher, strongly believed (excused for this
statement) by his 118 geometrical methods, after 18-year, 24-hour-a-day, constant
study and search, this relation is normal for the sole reason that the above
construction is very basic, very natural and hence not strange/ odd/ wrong and
further unquestionably a real one and an unique revolutionary concept. The only
qualification this author possesses is his knowledge in Mathematics is Big Zero and
is the reason why that NATURE has chosen a non-mathematician who will receive
gratefully unprejudiced, to reveal this fundamental truth to the world, clouded for
so long, unfortunately. (My dear Professor I would appreciate your comments, Sir).
1) Review Report on IS PI REALLY A TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBER ?
1
2) Comments of California University Professor on An Alternative to Pythagorean Theorem
2
EXPERIMENT BASED MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
Our high school education never ends without knowing mathematical

Pi and its value 22/7. Archimedes (240 B.C.) of Syracuse, Greece has given
this value to Pi. 22/7 is equal to 3.1428527 In scientific calculations much
accurate Pi value 3.1415926 is being used. Both the values are
14 2
approximations. The exact value is 3.1464466 = . You may do this
4
experiment involving the students. If one does it error-free, the result would
be equal to 14d exactly i.e. the sum of 14 lengths of the diameter of the wheel/
cap chosen in the following experiment. The following two mathematical
truths appear very very simple. How much effort is there, do you know Sir ?
This author had spent 26 years from 1972, to see the first truth (in
March, 1998). The truth is
2r 2r 7r 2r
6r + = 2r ; r = r
2
2 2 4
Millions of mathematicians, in the last 2500 years, had tried but failed to
get the above formulae without and with radius alone for circumference and
area of circle, similar to 4a and a2 in square, 3a and 1/2 ab in triangle.
The following second mathematical truth is seen now after 18 years of
study and search which is much simpler than the first. And it is in the form of
an equation:
4 d + 2d = 14d where d = diameter of circle
14d 2d 14 2
then = =
4d 4
14 2
There are two convincing proofs for the above value in Siva
4
method (Page 25) and Jesus method (Page 27) and are found in Vol. II, Pi of
the Circle (www.rsjreddy.webnode.com)
The above second mathematical truth of December 2015 has an
experimental proof for it. As in Science, anybody can do this experiment.
EXPERIMENT: Materials required: Wheel or cap, pocket calculator, straight
edge (scale), set-square, and A4 size paper.
3
Procedure:
1) Let us take a wheel or round cap of convenient size.
2) Place the cap on the extreme corner of A4 paper (to superscribe a square
in the next step 4) and draw the circumference of the cap on the paper.
3) Superscribe a square on circle with the help of a set-square. Draw two

diagonals to get the centre of the circle.
4) Measure the diameter of the circle drawn on the paper of four directions
(horizontal, vertical and along with the two diagonals).
5) Take the average of four readings of the above diameter of the wheel/
cap.
6) Fold a ribbon of paper of narrow width, just round the circumference of

the wheel / cap, one full round only.
7) Cut the piece of the ribbon of paper and measure its length (d) with
straight edge (scale).
8) Multiply four times the value (no folding again Sir) and we get 4 d.
9) With pocket calculator find out square root two of the (average) diameter
of the wheel/ cap, 2d .
10) The sum of 4 lengths of circumference (4d) and square root two of the
diameter ( 2d ), will be equal to the sum of the 14 lengths of the

(average) diameter of the same circle (wheel/ cap), 14d.
Precaution: If the correct diameter is obtained the result would be nearing

correct. The measurement of the circumference by folding a paper around a
cap / wheel may give values 0.1 cm. accuracy).
My dear Professor I would appreciate your comments. If I did not spend 18

years day and night would you Sir, have seen this truth ? Be kind ! Comments
please.
4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH 3 SAMPLES OF WHEEL (14-04-2016)
Mathematical Equation = 4 d + 2 d = 14d
S. Small wheel Medium wheel Big wheel

No. (on stool) (with hand) (around the body)
A) Expected values
1. Diameter = a) 16.6 cm 44.4 cm 176.1 cm
b) 16.6 44.3 174.7
c) 16.6 44.5 175.2
d) 16.6 44.4 176.2
Average diameter 16.6 44.4 175.55
2. Square root 2 of 23.4759451353 62.7910821692 248.265190874
diameter = 2a = 2d
3. 14a = 14d = 232.4 621.6 2457.7
B) Experimental Values
4. Average diameter 16.6 44.4 175.55
(S.No.1)
5. Circumference = d = a 52.3 139.8 552.3
(Measured value)
6. 4 times of circumference 209.2 559.2 2209.2
= 4 x a = 4a
7. Square root 2 of 23.4759451353 62.7910821692 248.265190874
diameter = 2a = 2d of
S. No. 2
8. S. No. 6 + S. No. 7 = 232.675945135 621.991082169 2457.465190874
9. Value of S. No. 3 Expected Experimental Expected Experimental Expected Experimental
(Expected) and Value of 232.4 232.67 621.6 621.99 2457.7 2457.46

S. No. 8 (Experimental)
5
Fig-1: Measuring the Diameter of the Big wheel
Fig-2: Measuring the Perimeter of the Big wheel
Author with 3 metallic wheels
6
Comments
7
IS PI REALLY A TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBER ?
Pi is a mathematical constant. It represents as a ratio of circumference
of a circle to its diameter. Circle is a curve. Hence, the length of the
circumference of circle is very difficult to measure with a straight edge. By
folding a tape around a wheel we can measure the circumference. However,
its exact length is impossible to arrive at, with a tape. We can measure the
length only approximately.
Circle and sphere are basic geometrical entities. The Universe consists
of celestial bodies (which are visible) and radiation (which is invisible except
light). All the celestial bodies are spherical in shape. The celestial bodies
mainly consists of planets, stars etc. So, sphere is a basic and an Universal
physical body. When the spherical bodies thus were created as beginning and
an end, the constant Pi was also created along with the planets and stars. It
implies that the Creator knew Pi value, if at all, Pi was a necessity.
Arithmetic and geometry were the beginning approaches with the onset
of human civilization. The Eastern countries were proficient in Mathematics
in the ancient days. Squaring a circle, Pythagorean theorem, the number zero,
were all known to Indians much earlier to other parts of the world.
From the days of Eudoxus, Pi number has been obtained by adopting
Exhaustion method where circle and polygon are involved. The value i.e.,
3.1415926 of polygon is attributed to circle as Pi of the circle, based on the
logic of limit. This number is called a transcendental number from 1882 by
C.L.F. Lindemann. He came to this conclusion based on the Eulers equation:
e to the power i Pi plus one, is equal to zero. Five numbers e, i, Pi, one and
zero are involved in the equation. Some say they are unrelated numbers. But,
the supporters of the Eulers equation say there lies beauty in the equation.
There are also people who criticize the above equation and calling Pi as a
transcendental number. Prof. Underwood Dudley is one such Professor who
does not accept Eulers equation and based on which calling Pi as a
transcendental number. Moreover, Eulers equation accepts Pi radians 180
degrees and rejects Pi constant 3.14. Is Lindemann right to give
transcendental status to Pi constant (3.14) when the Eulers equation itself
becomes wrong with it ? Or, are we to accept Pi radians (180 degrees) and Pi
constant (3.14) are identical/ equal/ same ? Does Mathematics accept this
equality between Pi radians and Pi constant as one ?
8
In the mean time, a real Pi value was discovered. And the value is (14
root 2)/4 = 3.1464466 It is obtained by 118 geometrical methods (where as
the present Pi number 3.1415926 can be obtained from only one geometrical
method involving limit principle). All the 118 geometrical methods can be
studied from the book Pi of the Circle available in the website
www.rsjreddy.webnode.com. The new value is an algebraic number. It is an
exact number. Squaring a circle is possible with the new Pi value only.
The world is yet to decide on the discovery of the new Pi value.
Surprisingly, the new Pi value has also helped to find out the length of the
diagonal of a square which hither to is obtained using Pythagorean theorem
only. When a circle is inscribed with the square, the circumference of circle,
calculates the exact length of the diagonal of its superscribed square with the
equation 14a 4 Pi a = root 2 of a (where a = d = side of square = diameter of
circle). Thus, the diagonal of a square can now be calculated not only with
applying Pythagorean theorem and also with the help of an inscribed circle
with the square. In other words, the new Pi value has given a chance of an
alternative to Pythagorean theorem also. This is the latest contribution from
India to Mathematics, besides, the true Pi value (14 root 2)/4. The world has
to accept one day the new Pi value 3.1464466 which is an exact, algebraic
number and this number also calculates the diagonal of a square as an
alternative to Pythagorean theorem. To conclude: the present Pi number of
polygon 3.1415926 is a transcendental number, an approximate number,
and says squaring a circle an impossible concept. And also, the present
number 3.1415926 never allows us to think that diagonal of a square and the
circumference of its inscribed circle as related ones, inseparable like as matter
and energy. May be, 3.1415926 of polygon a transcendental number, but,
this 3.14159265358 definitely and unequivocally is not a Pi number, at all.
As Pi constant 3.14 is rejected by Eulers equation in its fold, it is
unmathematical to call Pi constant a transcendental number, based on Eulers
equation. Bowing down my head, every Honourable Professor of Mathematics is
requested to rectify this magnificent mistake in Mathematics, immediately.
RD Sarva Jagannadha Reddy

rsjreddy134194@gmail.com
9
Review Report on IS PI REALLY A TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBER ?
10
11
I. A BREAK THROUGH : NO MORE PI FOR CIRCLE
The area / circumference of a circle can be calculated without using

constant.
7r 2r
Area = r
2 4
2r 2r
Circumference = 6r + where r is radius
2
When the new formulas are equated to r2 and 2r we get value equal to
14 2
. It is impossible to derive 3.14159265358 from a formula as above
4
with radius alone. This number has failed all the great mathematicians of the
past in this regard, and is a clear proof that 3.14159265358 is not a real
value.
II. TWO SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL WAYS OF CALCULATING AREA/

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLE
1. Area Method:
Draw a circle with center 0 and

radius a/2. Diameter is a. Draw 4
equidistant tangents on the circle. They
intersect at A, B, C and D resulting in ABCD
square. The side of the square is also equal
to diameter a. Draw two diagonals. E, F, G
and H are the mid points of four sides. Join
EG, FH, EF, FG, GH and HE. Draw four arcs
with radius a/2 and with centres A, B, C
and D. Now the circle square composite system is divided into 32 segments
and number them 1 to 32. 1 to 16 are of one dimension called S1 segments and
17 to 32 are of different dimension called S2 segments.
12
ABCD = Square; Side = a, EFGH = circle, diameter = a, radius = a/2

Area of the S1 segment = 6 2 a 2 ; Area of the S2 segment = 2 + 2 a 2 ;
128 128
6 2 2 2+ 2 2
Area of the square = 16S1 + 16S2 = 16 a + 16 a = a
2
128 128
Area of the inscribed circle = 16S1 + 8S2 =
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
d 2 a 2 14 2 2
General formula for the area of the circle = = a ; where a = d= side =
4 4 16
diameter
14 2
=
4
2. Circumference method:
Draw a square. Draw two diagonals. Inscribe a circle. Side =
a, Diagonal = 2 a, Diameter is also = a = d.
1) Straighten perimeter of the square. Perimeter = 4a
Perimeter Sum of the lengths of two diagonals = 4a 2 2a = esp

esp = end segment of the perimeter of the square.
2) Straighten similarly the circumference of the inscribed circle
3 diameters plus some length, is equal to the length of the circumference.

Let us say circumference = x.
Circumference 3 diameters = x 3a = esc
esc = end segment of the circumference of the circle.
3) When the side of the square is equal to a, the radius of the inscribed
circle is equal to a/2. So, the radius is 1/8th of the perimeter of the square.
4) The above relation also exists between the end segment of the
circumference of the circle and the end segment of the perimeter of the
square.
13
Thus, as radius (a/2) of the inscribed circle is to the perimeter of the
square (4a), i.e., 1/8th of it, so also, is the end segment of the
circumference of the circle, is to the end segment of the perimeter of the
square.
So, the end segment of the circumference
=
end segment of the perimeter of the square
8
esp 4a 2 2a 14a 2a
esc = = x 3a = x = =
8 8 4
circumference
5) Circumference of the circle = d = a (where a = d = diameter)
14a 2a 14 2
a = =
4 4
14 2
Above three ways give us one Pi value = 3.1464466... The present number
4
3.14159265358. representing polygon is taken as the value of , applying the logic
of limit. It is a logic and not a proof. Just because millions of mathematicians have
been believing it for the last 2000 years, it does not gain the status of proof and
become a truth. Moreover, this number does not fit in, with the circle, any where and
in any way, in the circle.
R.D. SARVA JAGANNADHA REDDY, e-mail: rsjreddy134194@gmail.com

For other 113 methods: PI OF THE CIRCLE at www.rsjreddy.webnode.com
14
CALCULATION OF S1 AND S2 SEGMENTAL AREAS FROM HALF OF
THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
(119th method for yet another mathematical truth on Pi)
1. Square = ABCD
Side = a
2. Inscribe a circle
Diameter = a
3. Divide circle square
composite construction
into 32 segments.
4. 16 segments are called
S1 segments.
S2 segments.
6. In the circle, there are
16S1 segments + 8 S2
segments.
7. Area calculation of S1 and S2 segments.
8. To calculate the areas of S1 and S2 segments the line segment FG is
taken into consideration.
9. And also, triangle HFC is taken into consideration.
Square area a2
10. Area of HFC triangle = =
16 16
a2 1 a2
11. Half the area of HFC triangle = =
16 2 32
2a
12. OC =
2
2 2
13. EF = FG = a
4
2 1
14. OE = GC = a
2
15
15. Multiply FG with the side (a) of the square
2 2 2 2 2
= FG x Side = aa = a
4 4
2 2 2
16. Divide a with the number 32 (segments)
4
2 2 2 1 2 2 2
= a = a
4 32 128
The circle square composite construction is divided into 16S1+16S2
segments in such a way that there is a simple, systematic, symmetrical
and orderly method involved in dividing all the 16 triangles (for
example HFC) into S1 and S2 segments.
2 2 2
This fixed quantum of area = a is either added or subtracted
128
a2
to and from the half of HFC triangle area . When this fixed
32
2 2 2 a2
quantum of a is added to half of the HFC triangle we
128 32
get an area equal to S1 segment. And the same fixed quantum
2 2 2 a2
a is subtracted from the half of HFC triangle area , we
128 32
get an area equal to S2 segment. (A personal opinion: Though this
method was discovered around June 1998, and has been observed many
thousands of times very very very keenly, studied and searched with
hope after hope, and thought for hours together, unfulfilled, for this
kind of truth to be seen. It took this author, next 18 years, to materialize
now (on Monday 12th September, 2016), the one that is, in the division
of HFC triangle involved and related, into S1 and S2 segments. For this
very kind and unexpected gesture and blessings to the mathematical
community, I bow down repeatedly and prostrate before this NATURE
and praise in ecstatic tearful joy.)
16
2 2 2
17. Area of S1 segment = Half of HFC triangle + a
128
a2 2 2 2 6 2 2
= + a = a
32 128 128
2 2 2
18. Area of S2 segment = Half of HFC triangle a
128
a2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2
= a = a
32 128 128
19. Area of the square = 16S1 + 16S2

6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 16 a = a
2
= 16
128 128
20. Area of the inscribed circle = 16S1 + 8S2
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
= 16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
d2 a2 14 2 2
Area of Circle = = = a
4 4 16
14 2
=
4
Post Script
As circle and square are algebraic entities having finite magnitudes,
their areas and perimeters, have to be represented by finite numbers only.
The present official Pi number 3.1415926 is a transcendental number and in
fact it represents polygon either inscribed and or circumscribed, this
3.1415926 number, does not find its existence in the circle, or in the square,
or in the circle square composite construction. Further, 3.1415926 is
incompatible with any line-segment of the above construction. Hence, it is
not a Pi number at all.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy
E-mail: rsjreddy134194@gmail.com, svuniversity517@gmail.com
17
BETTER EXPLAINED : 119th METHOD
(16S1 and 16S2 Segmental areas from Half of Square area)
Reference Figure
1. Square = ABCD, Side = a, Diagonal = AC = BD = 2 a
2. Inscribe a circle, Diameter = a, O = centre
a
3. Radius = OF = OG =
2
a 2a
4. Triangle = FOG, Hypotenuse = FG = OF x 2 = 2=
2 2
5. DE = EF = GH = CH
Side Hypotenuse EH FG 2a 1 2 2
= = =a = a
2 2 2 2 4
2 2
So, CH = a
4
2 2 2+ 2
6. HB = Side CH = CB CH = a a = a
4 4
2+ 2
So, HB = a
4
7. Demarcation of area of 16S1 segments and 16S2 segments.
18
Part I (16S2 segments)
8. Triangle HAB = Sum of the areas of 16S2 segments
1 1 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
AB BH = a a = a
2 2 4 8
a 2+ 2
9. Triangle HJB, JB = , BH = a
2 4
1 1 a 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
Area of HJB = JB BH = a = a
2 2 2 4 16
10. Triangle HJB = Sum of the areas of 8S2 segments which are outside the
circle and within the ABCD square.
11. Area of Circle
2 + 2 2 14 2 2
= Square area 8S2 segments = a 2 a = a
16 16
12. Area of HAJ triangle = HAB triangle area HJB triangle area
(S.No.8) (S.No.9)
2+ 2 2 2+ 2 2 2+ 2 2
= a a = a
8 16 16
13. So, Triangle HAJ = Sum of the areas of 8S2 segments which are inside
the circle surrounded by 16S1 segments of circle.
Part-II (16S1 Segments)

14. S.No. 8 is repeated here
2+ 2 2
Triangle HAB = a
8
15. Area of HADC
= Square area HAB triangle
(a2) (S.No. 8)
2+ 2 2 6 2 2
= a2 a = a
8 8
16. Area of HADC = Sum of the areas of 16S1 segments of circle
6 2 2
= a
8
Part-III
Half square + Fixed quantum of area = 16S1 segments
Half square Fixed quantum of area = 16S2 segments
17. Square area = ABCD = a2
a2
18. Half square area = ADC = ABC =
2
19
19. Fixed quantum of area = 16S1 Half square area
= HADC area Half square area
(S.No. 16)
6 2 2 a2 2 2 2
= a = a
8 2 8
Fixed quantum of area is that of triangle CAH, and is a shaded one.
CA = 2 a = diagonal
2 2
CH = a
4
11 + 2 2
AH = a
8

where AH is obtained from the triangle HAB, where AB = a, and
2+ 2
BH = a .
4
Applying Pythagorean theorem the value of AH is obtained.
Finally, Fixed quantum of area (shaded area) can also be obtained using
Herons formula
s (s a )(s b )(s c )
a+b+c
s=
2
From the Herons formula also we get CAH, Fixed quantum of area as
2 2 2
a = 0.0732233047.
8
2 2 2
20. Fixed quantum of area = Shaded area ACH = a
8
21. Half Square area = 16S2 + Fixed quantum of area
(ABC) (HJB + HAJ = HAB)
= Triangle HAB + Shaded area ACH
(S.No. 14)
2 + 2 2 2 2 2 a2
= a + a =
8 8 2
Conclusion: The area of the circle JADCH is bounded here by straight lines and it is another
way of squaring a circle.
Acknowledgements:
This author thanks Prof. Richard Mclntosh, University of Regina, Canada, who has
been constantly improving this authors work, of late, by his unending e-mail comments
step by step patiently for its, to-this-stage. It does not mean Sir, that it has his approval.
20
Comments
LONDON, 2003 July Pg.368
21
22
23
24
25
26
9) This Pi number has been referred in the following book
How Round Is Your Circle ?
by John Bryant and Chris Sangwin, Princeton University Press, Princeton and
Oxford, 2008
27
10)
11)
28
CALCULATION OF S1 AND S2 SEGMENTAL AREAS FROM HALF OF
THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
(119th method for yet another mathematical truth on Pi)
1. Square = ABCD
Side = a
Diameter = a
3. Divide circle square
composite construction
into 32 segments.
S1 segments.
S2 segments.
6. In the circle, there are
16S1 segments + 8 S2
segments.
7. Area calculation of S1 and S2 segments.
8. To calculate the areas of S1 and S2 segments the line segment FG is
taken into consideration.
9. And also, triangle HFC is taken into consideration.
Square area a 2
10. Area of HFC triangle = =
16 16
a2 1 a2
11. Half the area of HFC triangle = =
16 2 32
2a
12. OC =
2
2 2
13. EF = FG = a
4
2 1
14. OE = GC = a
2
29
15. Multiply FG with the side (a) of the square
2 2 2 2 2
= FG x Side = aa = a
4 4
2 2 2
16. Divide a with the number 32 (segments)
4
2 2 2 1 2 2 2
= a = a
4 32 128
The circle square composite construction is divided into 16S1+16S2
segments in such a way that there is a simple, systematic, symmetrical
and orderly method involved in dividing all the 16 triangles (for
example HFC) into S1 and S2 segments.
2 2 2
This fixed quantum of area = a is either added or subtracted
128
a2
to and from the half of HFC triangle area . When this fixed
32
2 2 2 a2
quantum of a is added to half of the HFC triangle we
128 32
get an area equal to S1 segment. And the same fixed quantum
2 2 2 a2
a is subtracted from the half of HFC triangle area , we
128 32
get an area equal to S2 segment. (A personal opinion: Though this
method was discovered around June 1998, and has been observed many
thousands of times very very very keenly, studied and searched with
hope after hope, and thought for hours together, unfulfilled, for this
kind of truth to be seen. It took this author, next 18 years, to materialize
now (on Monday 12th September, 2016), the one that is, in the division
of HFC triangle involved and related, into S1 and S2 segments. For this
very kind and unexpected gesture and blessings to the mathematical
community, I bow down repeatedly and prostrate before this NATURE
and praise in ecstatic tearful joy.)
30
2 2 2
17. Area of S1 segment = Half of HFC triangle + a
128
a2 2 2 2 6 2 2
= + a = a
32 128 128
2 2 2
18. Area of S2 segment = Half of HFC triangle a
128
a2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2
= a = a
32 128 128
19. Area of the square = 16S1 + 16S2

6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 16 a = a
2
= 16
128 128
20. Area of the inscribed circle = 16S1 + 8S2
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
= 16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
d2 a2 14 2 2
Area of Circle = = = a
4 4 16
14 2
=
4
Post Script
As circle and square are algebraic entities having finite magnitudes,
their areas and perimeters, have to be represented by finite numbers only.
The present official Pi number 3.1415926 is a transcendental number and in
fact it represents polygon either inscribed and or circumscribed, this
3.1415926 number, does not find its existence in the circle, or in the square,
or in the circle square composite construction. Further, 3.1415926 is
incompatible with any line-segment of the above construction. Hence, it is
not a Pi number at all.
31
ORIGIN OF THE ORIGINAL Pi VALUE
(120th method on Pi)
The present value is 3.1415926 It has been derived by two methods.

They are geometrical method and method of infinite series. Its origin is from
polygon both inscribed and circumscribed. The geometrical method was
started by Eudoxus. It was refined and made more scientific by Archimedes
(240 BC). His value is 22/7 (less than) for . The method of infinite series was
adopted by Madhava of Kerala, India in 1450 and independently, by John
Wallis of England and James Gregory of Scotland in 1660. So, infinite series
is the only method adopted now in computing the value. Geometrical
method of Eudoxus and Archimedes has remained the only one geometrical
method available even now. We have no second geometrical method to
compute value.
This author has started his work going back to the geometrical method
(which was left in 1450 by Madhava), unknowingly, as this author was a
Zoology Lecturer, when he asked himself one day in 1972, a question What
was the necessity of Pi constant for the computation of area and perimeter of
circle, when this similar constant was not used in the case of square, triangle
and trapezium. He thought and thought and came to the conclusion that it
was possible to calculate the area and perimeter of the circle without using Pi
constant. He studied, searched next 26 years on-and-off and finally succeeded
in March, 1998. Two formulas were derived for area and circumference
without , similar to a2, 4a, for square and 3a and ab for triangle.
7r 2r
Area = r
2 4
2r 2r
2
But, when the values for the area and for circumference were equated to
14 2
r2 and 2r, was obtained. He was shocked to see that this value
4
14 2
=3.1464466 was not same as 3.1415926 from the 3rd decimal place
4
onwards. He felt very confused why there was such a difference. Is new Pi
32
value right or wrong then ? This second question made this author to start
work afresh again and he is now still studying it choosing a new concept of
relation between circle and its superscribed square. The basic idea prevailing
in the mathematics community is that square and square root 2 have no
place in circle.
The circle and square are two basic geometrical entities. Circle has
curvature and square is made of straight lines. The diagonal of the square is
represented by 2 , which was introduced by Hippasus of Metapontum.
This study helps us to understand that there is no difference between
circle and its superscribed square.
In Fig.1 we find the diameter of the inscribed circle is
equal to the side of the superscribed square. So, both
side of square and diameter of circle are equal to a.
There are four components: 1. Perimeter of square, 2.
Circumference of circle, 3. Diameter and 4 diagonal.
Only the length of the circumference is yet to be
settled.
This study since 1972, has given an
opportunity to understand circumference of circle also. From the discovery of
14 2
as value in March 1998, it has become clear that the circumference
4
of the inscribed circle is not different from the diagonal of its superscribed
square. Because, both diagonal and circumference are within the boundary of
four sides of the square.
33
In the Fig.2 we find a tangent on the circle just touching the
circumference. When four tangents are drawn, they intersect at 4 points
creating a square. In the Fig.3 we get a square but the length of the diameter
of the circle is less than that of the side of the square.
We concentrate on Fig.1 and try to derive the exact interrelationship
that exists between circle and its superscribed square. Here is a simple way to
understand it. And however, it can be verified experimentally too. Let us
imagine that we have straightened the perimeter (4a) of the square.
As the circle is on the side of the square, yes, ON the perimeter of the
square, (then only side = diameter), the circle by its
wheel-nature, let us say, rotates, on the
straightened perimeter of 4a distance of the square.
For the circles one full rotation starting from
say at B, the distance that the circle covers is equal
to sum of the lengths BA + AD + DC + CH, and
stops at point H, for its one full rotation, no less
and no extra.
a 2a
AB = a, OF = , FG =
2 2
2 2
DE = EF = GH = HC = a
4
So, the total length for the circle (wheel) to finish one full turn is equal to
2 2 14 2
BA + AD + DC + CH = a + a + a+ a = a
4 4
It is this authors speculation only. This was the situation in March,
1998.
Part-II
The above speculation has been proved real with the later work from
March 1998 till today, by 119 methods. All are geometrical methods. The
120th present method is also an imaginative one but ending in the derivation a
14 2
formula which supports the March 1998 discovery of , it origin and
4
true nature.
How ?
34
The circle instead of rotating one full turn on the perimeter (equal to 4a)
of its superscribed square, let us say, it rotates 4 full turns, on the straightened
length of the square whose length is equal to 14a (sum of 14 sides). In other
words, the distance for the circle to finish exactly on the 14 sides of the
straightened square is 4 turns of circle (wheel) only. But, it does not reach an
expected destination. How much balance of distance that the circle needs
after completing 4 full turns ? 18 years of study has given the real picture.
The circle (wheel) reached its destination of 14a distance of the straightened
square, after four full turns (4a), on taking further, the help of one diagonal
length ( 2 a) of its superscribed square. The circle reached exactly with a
clear ending point (terminal point of 14a) by its 4 turns plus with the help of
fellow one diagonal length of its superscribed square. It can be represented,
the above imaginative exercise, in the following equation.
Four circles full turns + one diagonal length = sum of 14 sides of square
4 a + 2a = 14a
As we are unable to measure the length of the circumference with a
straight-edge, the above equation solves the 2000-year old unsolved problem.
So,
4 a + 2a = 14a
4 a = 14a 2a
14a 2a
=
4a
14 2
=
4
This is the origin of the true/ real/ original value. This 120th way of
understanding also supports the value of diagonal usually obtained from the
Pythagorean theorem. It is enough, if one knows the side of the square, to
arrive at the correct length of the diagonal of the square, without going for
Pythagorean theorem (provided the diameter of the inscribed circle and side
of the superscribed square, must be exactly equal). Further, the exact value
alone can give the exact diagonal length.
Here is the method:
14a 4a = diagonal length
35
14 2
where =
4
14 2
As has earlier been derived from 119 methods it has been confirmed
4
14 2
that the real value is . In this 120th method the interrelationship
4
between the circle and its superscribed square has thus been proved right. It
14 2
is clear now, that, = 3.1464466 is the original value. What is the
4
basis:
Circle-square composite entity has 4 components. They are
1. Side and perimeter of square
2. Diagonal of square
3. Diameter of circle and
4. Perimeter of circle (circumference) are interrelated
The only one that is not known exactly is the length of circumference.
As the interrelationship among the four components is quite understood now
how they are related by the above equation, we have to necessarily accept the
existence of relationship between circle, square and square root 2, as one and
the same geometrical entities, and not circle and square (as believed now), like
the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth.
36
A LITMUS TEST TO IDENTIFY THE REAL Pi
(121st geometrical proof on Pi)
It is impossible to understand the circle, if one takes circle alone for

study. Hence, in this study, circle is inscribed with a square, and thereby the
diameter of circle and the side of superscribed square are equal i.e. a. This
equality in lengths of diameter and side made us to understand circle very
easily.
Side, diagonal and diameter are straight lines. Circumference is a
curve. The length of the circumference is calculated by d = a, where a = d =
side= diameter. The circumference cannot be measured using a straight-edge.
This paper is the outcome of strenuous study for 18 years. As a result,
120 geometrical constructions as proofs are submitted to the world. All of
them are brought under one title Pi of the Circle and this book is available
free of cost either from the author by on-line (rsjreddy134194@gmail.com or
svuniversity517@gmail.com) or can be downloaded from the website:
www.rsjreddy.webnode.com)
The basic idea in this work is that a circle is inscribed with a square.
Secondly, it is realized after study that there is no difference between circle
and square, and 2 of square. Square root 2 is also part and parcel of the
circle. If circle is associated with triangle 3 , and 5-gon polygon is associated
with circle, 5 appear automatically. It shows clearly that 2 , 3, 5 appear
depending upon the number sides of polygon, square ( 2 ), 3-gon ( 3 ), 5-gon

( 5 ) associated with circle. So, a surd is part and parcel of circle.
So, with the above basic concept of similarity between circle and square
this paper has come into life. In the circle-square composite construction there
are 4 basic components: perimeter of square (4a), diagonal ( 2 a), diameter (a)
and circumference (a) of the inscribed circle.
37
All the 4 components are very much related among each other. Till
now there are no particular theorems in literature understanding their
interrelationships. Whatever is written below is entirely new.
This paper has become an undeniable necessity because, there are many
values for constant. Here five values are referred. People, especially
students are confused in choosing and using one value. Hence, in this paper
the real value can be identified by an equation. It will be like a litmus test.
The equation is
( 3 ) ( 4a + 2 2a ) = a
Square = ABCD
Side = a
Circle = JEHF
Centre = O
Diameter = EF
Side = diameter = a
Perimeter of square = 4a
Two diagonals = 2 2a
Diameter EF = a
Circumference JEHF = a
We start with all known
values for the above four
components. However, as five
values are there proposed, the
above equation judges, which
value is the real value. There is nothing artificial. Everything is natural. The
process consists of incorporating each value in the equation one at a time
and then we see which value gives the correct diameters length.
The five values are

22
1. = 3.142 of Archimedes (This is proved wrong. The upper limit of
7
is raised now to 3.147. (copy enclosed at the end)

2. 3.141 official value
3. 3.143. proposed by Gugawale Lakshman
4. 3.144. proposed by many using Golden ratio
38
14 2
5. 3.146. to be exact of this author.
4
Calculations:
Testing equation : ( 3 ) ( 4a + 2 2a ) = a
Let us say a = 1
1. (3.141 3 ) (4 + 2 2 ) = 0.141 x 6.82842712474 = 0.9628082
2. (3.142 - 3) (4 + 2 2 ) = 0.142 x 6.82842712474 = 0.96963665
3. (3.143 - 3) (4 + 2 2 ) = 0.143 x 6.82842712474 = 0.97646507
4. (3.144 - 3) (4 + 2 2 ) = 0.144 x 6.82842712474 = 0.9832935

14 2 2 2
5.
4
( )
3 4 + 2 2 = (
4+2 2 = 1 )
4
14 2
The value equal to when involved in the above calculation,
4
14 2
the correct length of diameter is obtained. It means is the original
4
value. (500 pages Pi of the Circle of this author is just a sprouting seed.
Innumerable truths are hiding and they can be seen by mathematicians
having intuitive faculty)

rsjreddy134194@gmail.com
svuniversity517@gmail.com
39
CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
by Edwards Jr and David Penney (1985)
2nd Edition, Pg No. 295
40
Comments
41
Demarcation of length of Circumference and Area of the
Inscribed Circle with the Square
(122nd Mathematical truth on Pi)
A circle is inscribed with the square. Thereby, side of the square and
diameter of the circle are same i.e. a. Square is a straight line. Whereas,
circle is a curve. Though both appear different superficially, circle and square
are related in very simple way.
The circle-square composite construction, broadly can be divided into
two entities: circle and area outside circle. Circles area is represented by
d 2 a 2
= , where d = diameter = side = a. Area of the square = a2.
4 4
a2 4 2
The difference is = a =
2
a
4 4
From the beginning, we have been representing constant, as equal to 3
plus = 3+. There is unanimity in the value of 3 diameters. Uncertainty persists
1
even now with the plus part of 3 diameters. Mathematicians say 3 + ,
7
1
3+0.1415926, 3+0.143, 3+0.144. This worker says, 3 + 0.1464466 = 3 +
4+2 2
1
= 3+ . Which number is actual value then ?
6.82842712474
To clear this confusion, the following simple procedure is adopted, and
the real is identified. So, now, the circle-square composite construction is
divided into three entities which are rectangles. They are
1. Circle
2. Square minus Circle
3. In circle, plus part over and above 3 diameters.
This author has been questioned by many people, how is it possible a

curved circle can be converted and equated to a straight-line entities such as
42
square, rectangle, triangle, trapezium ? What is the reason for this question by
them ? It is because circle and its , are considered as transcendental entities,
to be represented by transcendental number like, 3.1415926
The answer by this author to the above question is
1. 3.1415926 is not number
2. number is an algebraic number
3. There is no difference between square and circle, though they look
different superficially.
14 2
4. The real number is = 3.1464466
4
5. This number is an algebraic number.
6. With this number a length equal to it, is obtained, and the process is
called rectification of circumference of circle.
7. With the real number known, squaring a circle, circling a square,
conversion of circle into rectangle, triangle, trapezium are also a reality
and have been done by this author.
8. When these are before us very clearly seen, this author sets aside
3.1415926 as number.
Coming to the point, the above three pats are demarcated in the square
and are as follows. Two parts are represented in terms of constant. To
divide the square, in terms of , this worker took 18 years to study and
understand. He failed thousands of times in this effort. The sum of these
three parts, is equal to the area of the square (a2).
3 2 4 2 3 2
a + a + a = a
2
4 4 4
43
1. Square = ABCD, side = a
2. Circle, FM = Diameter = a
3. Parallel side = EH = a
4. Centre = O
a
5. Radius = OF = OG =
2
6. Triangle = FOG
a 2a
7. Hypotenuse = FK = Radius x 2 = OF x 2 = 2 =
2 2
8. DE = EF = GH = CH = JK
Side Hypotenuse 2a 1
9. GH = = a
2 2 2
44
2 2
= a
4
2 2
10. HB = Side HC = a a
4
2+ 2
= a
4
11. The ABCD square is divided into three rectangles and are
1. ALJD Rectangle
2. KHCJ Rectangle and
3. LBHK Rectangle
12. Rectangle 1: ALJD
Side = AB = a
13. N is midpoint of AB
a
14. So, AN = NB =
2
a
15. Bisect NB into NL and LB =
4
a a 2 a + a 3a
16. Now, AL = AN + NL = + = =
2 4 4 4
3a 3 2
17. Area of ALJD = DA x AL = a = a
4 4
18. Rectangle 2: KHCJ
3a
19. AL = EK =
4
3a 4 a 3a a
20. KH = Side EK = a = =
4 4 4
2 2
21. CH = JK = a
4
22. Area of Rectangle KHCJ = JK x KH
2 2 a 2 2 2
a = a
4 4 16
45
23. Rectangle 3: LBHK
a
24. LB = = KH
4
2 2 2+ 2
25. LK = BH = CB CH = a a = a
4 4
26. Area of LBHK rectangle
a 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
= LB x BH = a = a
4 4 16
2+ 2 2
So, LBHK = a
16
Part-II
27. Area of the inscribed circle is equated to the sum of areas of two
rectangles. The two rectangles are ALJD and KHCJ
3 2 2 2 14 2 2
ALJD + KHCJ = a2 + a = a
4 16 16
28. Area of Square Circle
= Square (ALJD + KHCJ)
area area
14 2 2 2+ 2 2
= a2 a = a = Area of the rectangle 3, LBHK
16 16
29. Now, let us equate the areas of three rectangles with values
represented in terms of constant.
3 2 4 2 3 2
a + a + a = a
2
4 4 4
30. Area of Circle
3 2 3 2 14 2 2
a + a = a
4 4 16
(From the above equation S.No. 29) (S.No. 27 of two rectangles)
a2 14 2 2
= = a
4 16
46
14 2
=
4
31. Area of Square minus Circle
a2 4 2
a2 = a = Area of rectangle 3 LBHK
4 4
4 2 2+ 2 2
a = a
4 16
(S.No. 26 of Rectangle LBHK)
14 2
=
4
Part-III
32. In the above Part-I and Part-II, the area of the square is divided into
three rectangles. out of 3 rectangles, two rectangles are equated to the
area of circle. The remaining rectangle, is equated to the area outside
the circle.
33. In this Part-III, one can demarcate the length of the circumference
( d a ) of the inscribed circle also. The demarcation is done on the
perimeter of the square (4a).
Sides = BA + AD + DC + CH
2 2 14 2
=a+a+a+ a = a
4 4
This length is equal to the circumference of the circle d = a.
14 2
a = a
4
14 2
=
4
34. If one observes the Figure, CH length is the key length
2 2
CH = = 0.1464466
4
47
In the geometry of circle, millions of mathematicians have struggled for
many centuries, to decide the correct length, over and above 3
diameters of circumference of circle.
This author has been questioned by all the mathematicians What is the
proof to say BA + AD + DC + CH = d.
This answer is :
14 2
1. This is the first construction from which was seen, in March
4
1998.
2. It was not concluded as equal to d at the beginning.
14 2
3. However, has been taken as equal to and after many
4
constructions thereby formed an important guidance for further
study. Later study, all agreed with that assumption, and finally
believed by this worker, as equal to . This explanation has not
satisfied the people. The problem is that the proof is very complex.
How ?
1) The 4 sides of square (as perimeter) and
2) The 2 diagonals of square are the outcome of curved nature of
circle
We can see the end result only. The process-step by step-that is
involved, is beyond the comprehension of this author, who is a
Zoology Lecturer. It may not be irrelevant here to cite this example:
We see a just born baby. This is the end result. We know, the baby
had stated from a fertilized egg. Next steps involve: division,
differentiation, morphogenesis, etc. all come under gestation.
Thus, question is a very complex process. Similarly, Because of this
complexity, this author says Sorry for not giving a proof for
BA + AD + DC + CH = d.
48
22
Many values have been given. However, two remained. They are
7
and 3.1415926 Super computer has been approached. Much time was
1
spent on discussion. Archimedes has said
7
1
= 0.142857
7
William Shanks spent 25 years to get more decimals of Pi equal to
3.1415926 Exhaustion Method of Eudoxus of 450 BC has remained
the sole and Classical method from the inception of human civilization
till today.
At last the Nature revealed in March 1998, the real plus part of over
and above 3 diameters of circle. And is
1 1
= = 0.1464466094
4 + 2 2 6.82842712474
The Nature has also cautioned us that constant is not indispensable
in finding the area and circumference of a circle. Here the two
formulas.

Area = r 7r 2r
2 4
2r 2r
2
On seeing these two formulas a local research scholar of Sri Padmavathi

Mahila University, Tirupati and a local Professor, Dr.P.V. Arunachalam of Sri
Venkateswara University, Tirupati, have rightly commented that there is no

difference actually between r2 and r 7r 2r (This Professor, of course
2 4
does not accept this Pi value). In one formula r2 is multiplied by and in the
49
7 2
other formula r2 is multiplied by a fixed quantum . It means that
2 4
this formula is not without . Pi still exists in the formula, they say.
Further, the areas of square a2 (a x a), triangle 1/2 ab (half of a x b).
Here a fixed quantum is 1/2. And in circle, r2 is multiplied by a fixed
quantum, represented by a symbol . This similarity among square, rectangle,
triangle and circle takes us to the ultimate reality, that, all these geometrical
entities have common characteristics, because, they are ONE and the same.
This worker requests every mathematician to join with him and praise
the Nature for, at least now, the real nature of Circle is revealed to the world.
50
124th Mathematical Truth on Pi
Square = ABCD
Side = AB = a
Diagonal = AC = BD = 2 a
Circle = FGHJ
Diameter = EF = a
Circumference = FGHJF = a
FG + GH + HJ = 3 diameters = 3a
JF = Circumference 3a = a 3a
Here is yet another truth of relationship that exists among the
constituent entities:
Perimeter of square = (4a)
(
Two diagonals = 2 2a )
Circumference = a
Circumference (a) 3 diameters (3a) = a 3a
Diameter = a
51
14 2
This relationship gives the new value . It is impossible and
4
22
unthinkable too, to derive either of Archimedes or 3.1415926 of the
7
Mathematical world which are being followed now.
The equation is
Perimeter of square (4a) two diagonals (2 2 a)

= 8 (circumference (a) 3 diameters (3a)
ABCD (AC + BD) = 8 (FGHJF FGHJ)
= 4a - 2 2a = 8 ( a 3 a )
The length that results, from the sum of two diagonals when deducted
from the perimeter of the square, is equal to, the eight times of the length,
over and above 3 diameters of the circumference.
14 2
also exists in the above relation which is its 124th way of its
4
presence in the square circle nexus.

(This author shares with you what he has seen. In the name of Justification of
the equation, 1) Why should the above relation among the constituent entities
are there, 2) How should they relate among themselves, and 3) What made
them to co-exist in such a way, are all beyond the comprehension of this
author and cannot beg The Nature to reveal them.)
52
126th Mathematical Truth on Pi
This author when submitted 124th mathematical truth to the world on
4th October, 2016 (reproduced in Part II of this paper). One Professor of
Canada, while making comments on 124th method has sent his equations on
14 2
the existence of new value equal to in the square-circle nexus.
4
However, he strongly supported 3.1415926 as value.
A square-circle composite construction is a very

compact geometrical entity. This entity is very
natural, very simple and very clear. A Human
body consists of many organ-systems. There
exists a cooperation and co-ordination among
these organ systems of the body, morphologically, anatomically and
functionally.
Similarly, in the square-circle nexus, perimeter of square (4a), perimeter
of circle (a), diagonal ( 2a ), and diameter / side (a), are in perfect lay-out
pattern. May be, circle and square can exist independently. But, at the same
time, they co-exist as if both circle and square are one and the same. It implies
that the dimensions of square and circle can be calculated taking the help of
any one component or all the above four components put together, in definite
proportions of each component.
We cannot say that the relationship between circumference and

diagonal is wrong, as some have pointed out on the ground, that, one is a
straight-line entity and the other one is, a curvature. In Human body, some
bones are rod like, some other bones are semi-spherical at their tips of joints.
One more example, the axon of a nerve is cylindrical or tube like, where as,
53
the eye ball is spherical. The pupil of the eye is circular. Though the diameter
of the pupil of the eye is very small, but still, the pupil allows sky (reflected
light rays of it) to fall on the retina (screen) and give the visual perception to
us. Indeed, it is fantastic that a big sky (many light years of distance)
accommodates itself on a very small screen inside the eye ball.
So, in Nature, nothing is incompatible with the other. The Ultimate

Reality is, that the entire creation is, one and the same, though they may
appear different superficially at first sight. Unity in Diversity is the Law of
Nature. Here, circumference and diagonal are not different too.
To conclude; Perimeter of square (4a), Perimeter of circle (a), Diagonal
( 2a ) and Diameter / Side (a) are interdependent. This is one example of the
intelligence of the Cosmic Mind, for us to see and enjoy. The Creator is a
mathematician, an engineer, an architect, a doctor and what not,
EVERYTHING. We do not know, the gender of Creator. He or She or
It ?
Coming to the point: The new truths of the Professor are as follows: As
they support this new value, they are numbered as 125th and 126th truths.
Perimeter of square 2 Diagonals + 24 Diameters = 8 Circumferences
4a 2 2a +24a = 8 a
and
7 Perimeters of Square 2 Diagonals = 8 Circumferences
7(4a) 2 2a = 8a
All these four components are arranged in a fixed frame work. After seeing
the above truths of the Professor, one can say confidently, that the real alone
can be derived from different combinations of perimeters of square and circle,
diagonal and diameter. Here is another example, to drive to the point.
54
We can represent 6 in many ways
1+1+1+1+1+1 = 6
1+5 = 6
3+3 = 6
82 = 6
Similarly, in the present, square circle composite construction, the four
components are interdependent. Different combinations, each of 1. Diameter
of circle, 2. Perimeter of square, and 3. Diagonal of square give the ONE
VALUE for the length of the perimeter of the circle. It is exact too. You may
also try.
Some other people argued that this association between circle and
square is wrong. They pointed out, 3.1415926 has no place here. It is not to
14 2
be seen here. It is value. And is not a number. Why ? The
4
answer is: We know pretty well that 3.1415926 has been given the status of
value. It is a borrowed one, where from ?, from polygon, applying the
concept of limit. Is it right then, to argue, that this association between
circle and square is wrong, just because 3.1415926... of polygon is not to be
seen in circle square composite construction ? Error is somewhere (in
choosing 3.1415926) but circle square nexus is questioned. Does this
argument is tenable and looks right ?
55
A Study to Show Equality Between Diagonal & Circumference
(127th Mathematical Truth on Pi)
Introduction
There are two values : 22/7 and 3.1415926 in vogue. Why ?
Archimedes has said is less than 22/7. Is it right then to use 22/7 as in our
calculations ? So, less than becomes equal.
Inscribed polygon in the circle has given 3.1415926 It is the value that
represents inscribed polygon using 3 . Limit principle is applied here and
attributed to circle as of the circle. Inscribed polygon consists of many sides
which are lengths derived from 3 . In other words, circle situated outside
the polygon is a perfect curve. But, the sides of the polygon are not perfect
curves, but, straight line of varying sizes depending upon n-gon. This makes
us, to question, in equating polygon and circle. No doubt, at infinity they may
be same. But, for our daily calculations and even for astronomical calculations
eight decimals of value is sufficient. When this so, and is a fact, 3.1415926
is a questionable choice for constant.
The same number 3.1415926 is also
obtained using circumscribed polygon
about a circle. What has been said about
inscribed polygon in a circle also applies
to this circumscribed polygon (CP). The
sides of the CP are straight lines,
surrounding the perfect curve of circle.
The sides are the units of length derived
from using 3.
The value of this author is based on 2 . Now, the question is which
value is real ? Is it 3.1415926 derived from using 3 or 3.1464466 derived
from using 2 ? Surprisingly, the sum of 3 and 2 is equal to
3.14626436993
56
3 = 1.73205080756
2 = 1.41421356237
3.14626436993
No doubt, that 3.1415926 has gained very popularity for twenty
centuries. So far so good. The problem with 3.1415926 is as follows:
1. It represents polygon.
2. It is a transcendental number.
3. It says squaring a circle is impossible.
4. The length of the circumference i.e. can not be rectified.
5. Till 1660, 3.1415926 was derived geometrically and 3 was (is) used.
6. From 1660, with the advent of infinite series 3.1415926 has been
dissociated from the circle.
7. From 1660, use of 3 or any surd is prohibited with the derivation
of 3.1415926 and became a transcendental number.
8. 3.1415926 has been dissociated not only from circle but also from
square, triangle and any polygon.
9. In spite of dissociation of circle, and square or any polygon, from
3.1415926, mathematicians did not stop the study of squaring a
circle. They have proved theoretically squaring circle is cent per cent
possible with the use of straight edge and compass only.
10. It means squaring is not impossible.
11. When circle is inscribed or circumscribed in / about a circle that
means circle is a finite entity having finite magnitude to be
represented by a finite number. Any surd is an exact number. For
example.
2 2 =2
When it is written in its decimal form it cannot give 2
1.41421356237 x 1.41421356237 = 1.99999999
57
12. When 3.1415926 was derived solely with 3 till 1660, all of a
sudden, how can the same number 3.1415926 becomes a dead
enemy to a surd from 1660 ?
14 2
13. Area method (This author started believing as value from
4
the following method.)
ABCD = Square; Side = a, EFGH = Circle, diameter = a, radius = a/2

6 2 2 2+ 2 2
Area of the S1 segment = a ; Area of the S2 segment = a
128 128
6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 16 a = a
2
Area of the square = 16 S1 + 16S2 = 16
128 128
Area of the inscribed circle = 16S1 + 8S2=
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
d 2 a2 14 2 2
General formula for the area of the circle = = a ;
4 4 16
where a= d = side = diameter
58
14 2
=
4
14. If 3.1415926 is the real value let anybody try to fit this number in
the above two formulas
15. 16 S1 + 16 S2 = Square area = a2 Equation-1
a 2
16 S1 + 8 S2 = Circle area = Equation-2
4
When solved these two equations we get the above two formulas for
S1 & S2
16. 3.1464466 is derived totally from the circle
a 2
16 S1 + 8 S2 = Circle area =
4
17. If this study is a guess-work what are the real values for S1 and S2
segments ?
18. If 3.1415926 is the real value, it must find a place in the line-
segment of the circle-square composite construction. If not ?
127th Method
Square, side = a
Diagonal = 2a
Circumference = a
Diameter = a = side = a
Perimeter of circle can be obtained in 5 steps.

Step-1: Deduct two diagonals from the perimeter of square
4a 2 2a
Step-2: Divide Step 1 into two
4a 2 2a
2
59
Step-3: Subtract Step 2 from perimeter of square
4a 2 2 a
4a
2
Step-4: Divide Step 3 by 4
4a 2 2 a 1
4a
2 4
Step-5: Deduct Step 4 from perimeter of square which gives perimeter of
circle
4 a 2 2 a 1
4a 4a
2 4

14 2
= a
4
14 2
a = a
4
14 2
=
4
So, diagonal and circumference, though differ superficially at first sight, they
are same to the core. is naturally derived from this natural geometrical
construction. It is not created by this author, and nobody can do it. No
human being however great he might be, he is simply helpless and a mortal
being before This Infinite Nature.
60
COSMIC Pi VALUE
This paper consists of three figures. In Fig.1 a circle is inscribed with

the square.
2a
Outer square ABCD, side = a, Inner square EFGH, Side =
2
a
Circle, Diameter = EG = a, Radius OK =
2
a 2a
Radius OG = , OJ = GJ =
2 4
a 2a 2 2
JK = Radius (OK) OJ = = a
2 4 4
In Fig. 2, regular hexagon is inscribed in the circle.
a
Radius = OK =
2
a
Side = KL = Radius =
2
a
Perimeter of hexagon = 6 = 3 a
2
The Fig.3 is the combination of Fig.1 and Fig.2
61
1. The length of the circumference of the inscribed circle is not known.
2. Perimeter of outer square ABCD = 4a
2a
3. Perimeter of inner square EFGH = 4 = 2 2a
2
4. Perimeter of Circle = C = a = ? The circle is in between inner square
and outer square. So, the length of the circle must be in between.
2 2a < C < 4a
a
5. The length of each side of the hexagon is equal to . So, the
2
perimeter of the hexagon is equal to 3a.
6. As the circle is located outside the hexagon, the length of the circle
must be greater than the length of the hexagon
C > 3a
7. From the above two diagrams it is clear now that the perimeter of
the circle is
2 2 a < 3a < C < 4 a

8. Now, it is much more clear that the perimeter of the circle is greater
than 3a and lesser than 4a.
62
9. To find out the correct length of circle we have to necessarily search
for one or more line-segment(s) available in the 3 diagrams.
10. We have two line segments. They are JK and CG.
2 2 2 1
JK = a and CG = a
4 2
11. Four CG lengths push the circle inward from 4a perimeter of big
square ABCD.
12. Similarly, four JK lengths push the circle outward from 2 2a
perimeter of smaller square EFGH.
13. Thus, at eight points the circle pushed inwards by four line
segments and also pushed outwards by another four line segments
in the mutually opposite directions. This way the circle maintains a
fixed distance from the centre to the circumference which we call
radius. And this is the main reason for the curvature of the circle.
14. The length of the curvature is very very impossible to measure.
15. Hence, from Eudoxus of 400 BC we depend on limit concept.
16. In support of limit principle Calculus came into life.
17. So, our knowledge has failed to measure the curvature of circle. We
have been compromised with 3.1415926 as the perimeter of circle.
18. All people, since 400 BC, have solely been depending upon
Exhaustion method of geometrical construction.
19. Hippocrates of Chios (450 BC) squared lunes, semi circle + lune, full
circle + lune and gave an inclination to the world that was an
algebraic number. Of course, he never mentioned value at
anywhere. Later generations of mathematicians had conveniently
forgotten his great contributions to the circle. Things would have
been better, if, either Euclid or Archimedes took seriously the work
of Hippocrates, then the journey of real would have been on a
right path. We missed it.
20. This author strongly believes that we made a blunder in neglecting
Hippocratess squaring of circle.
63
21. We have paid price for that How ? We are made blind to the real .
22. The Nature has waited, for 22 centuries since Arichimedes time, if
any mathematician questions in Class room teaching on Pi equal to
3.1415926 and open his eyes and look for a Second geometrical
construction, in computation of real value.
23. No student and no teacher raised his/ her voice against the present
thinking on .
24. Dissatisfied with the prevailing situation in the Class-rooms. The
Nature, chose a dullard and a non-mathematician in this author in
1972, infused in him patience, for 26 years, and made him not to get
disturbed when he would be called at times, idiot in his interaction
with the professionals, in future.
25. As this author is a big zero in mathematics he is least influenced by
the theorems of the book Elements (of Geometry).
26. Thus, this author is totally blind to theorems /proofs/ statements /
deductions/ logic / mathematical philosophical different isms etc.
27. In this situation of his loneliness of mathematics and ignorance in
14 2
mathematics, he has been searching for the existence of =
4
3.1464466 in how many ways, we can find, in various geometrical
14 2
constructions. So far, 127 ways of have been revealed to
4
him. This is the 128th form of its existence.
14 2
28. This author wonders the simplicity of
4
2 2 14 2
3a + JK = 3a + a = a
4 4
14 2
Circumference = a = a
4
64
14 2
=
4
29. Without any difficulty, the bit of length over and above 3a, is seen
in JK line-segment. When this Nature reveals value in so simple a
way, we are questioning the justification, in choosing JK length and
refuse it. The JK length, is the tail-end part of the circumference, over
and above 3 diameters.
2 1
30. The GC length a is outside the circle and is part of the
2
diagonal ( 2a )
When we divide GC length by 2 we get JK length.
2 1 1 2 1 2 2
a = a = a
2 2 2 2 4
Conclusion:
1. Side and diagonal of a square can exist only as straight lines.
2. Circumference can exist either as a straight line or a curve.
3. No more Super Computers we need to compute Pi value.
4. Pi is very simple and is not as big as we think.
5. Pi is as old as the Physical Universe. All planets and stars are spherical.
14 2
Some Professors have rightly said that as Cosmic Pi. A
4
certificate to it from us for its correctness is superfluous. Human
intelligence is nothing before Cosmic Mind.
6. Pi transcends (is beyond) Proof-oriented analysis.
7. Pi is as small as an Atom and as big as Sky.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (24 Oct, 2016)

65
Derivation of Cosmic Pi Value from Corner Circle
In the figure there are two circles inscribed with the two squares.
1. Big square ABCD, side = 1

2. Small square = Corner square = CEFG
2 2
Side = FG =
4
3. Big Circle, Diameter = KF = 1
66
2 2
4. Small circle = Corner Circle, HJ = Diameter =
4
5. Parallel side of the ABCD square = LG = 1
O = Centre
1
OM = OF = Radius =
2
Triangle = MOF
Hypotenuse = MF
1 2
MF = OM x 2 = 2=
2 2
Parallel side Hypotenuse LG MF 2 1 2 2
FG = = = 1 =
2 2 2 2 4
6. So, side of the small square CEFG
2 2
= FG = = Diameter = HJ
4
7. The corner circle has an interesting relation with the diagonal AC of
the big square.
8. When the side of the big square is equal to 1, the diagonal of it is
equal to 2 .
9. The length of the circumference of the big circle inscribed with the
big square ABCD is = x diameter = x 1 =
Where, diameter KF = 1 = Side AB = 1
10. The length of the circumference of the small circle inscribed with the
small square CEFG is = x diameter
2 2
Where, diameter =
4
11. So, there are two circles and naturally there are two different
diameters.
Diameter of big circle = 1
2 2
Diameter of corner circle =
4
12. There exist an interesting relationship among the following 4
67
1. Circumference of Corner Circle
2. Diameter of Corner Circle
3. Diagonal (AC = BD) of Big Square equal to 2 and

15
4. A rational number = 1.875
8
The above four factors are related exactly by the following
equation:
15
13. Circumference of Corner Circle + Diagonal of Big Square =
8
Circumference = d
15
= ( x diameter) + 2 =
8
15
= d + 2=
8
2 2 15
= + 2 =
4 8
14 2
=
4
15
14. is a rational number
8
is an algebraic number (A transcendental number like 3.1415926
does not fit itself with any line-segment)
2 is an irrational number
15. This paper explains the interrelationship between two squares of
different sizes.
16. And also, this paper explains the interrelationship between two
circles.
17. The corner circle is part and parcel of the superscribed square of the
big circle.
18. 4 + 2 2 times of Small Square = Big Square
19. Similarly, 4 + 2 2 times of Small Circle = Big Circle
68
20. To get the side of small square the procedure we adopted in S.No. 5
is
Side hypotenuse 2 1 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
21. Instead of the above procedure the following formula gives side of
the small square direct.
Side of the Big Square a
22. = = Side of the Small Square
4+2 2 4+2 2
1 2 2
When side = a = 1, then = =
4+2 2 4
The perimeter of the Big Circle is equal to sum of the 3 sides of the
Big Square and one side of the Small Square
2 2 a 14 2
3a + a = 3 a + = a
4 4+2 2 4
This author saw this equation in March 1998 for the first time. He
did not Create this number.
1 22
23. Archimedes has said the circumference is, 3 + = . He has said
7 7
1
(-3) is less than .
7
1
= 0.14285714285
7
24. Official Pi says
3 = 0.14159265358
2 2
25. But the new Pi says, it is, = 0.14644660941
4
2 2 1 1
i.e. = =
4 4 + 2 2 6.82842712474
1
26. There is no line-segment either for Archimedess = 0.142857...
7
or
for official Pi = 0.14159265358
1
Only new Pi has a line-segment for
6.82842712474
69
It is a visual proof indeed.
27. Mathematical world is yet to decide
22 14 2
or 3.1415926 or is correct.
7 4
The first two values are the outcome of human intelligence. The last
one has originated spontaneously. It was only found and not born in
March 1998. It was there in existence before March 1998 also. So it
doesnt need any proof for its correctness.
Acknowledgements
Mr. K. Suresh Babu of Tirupati (Nellore) has been suggesting for some time,
14 2
to derive Cosmic Pi value , from the Corner Circle also. Hence, this
4
paper has come to life. This author is grateful to Mr. K. Suresh Babu for
14 2
giving this opportunity to see 129th truth of the existence of in a circle,
4
which itself is part of the superscribed square of the Big Circle in the above
15 2 2
format of equation: d + 2 = , where d =
8 4
70
Is Circle and its Pi, Algebraic or Transcendental ?
Introduction
It has been believed by Rene Descartes that the lengths of curved lines
cannot be discovered by human minds. Newton was also the first to give a
method for recognizing the transcendence of Curves.
The distinction between algebraic and transcendental may also be
applied to numbers. Numbers like 2 are called algebraic numbers because
they satisfy polynomial equation with integer coefficients. In this case, 2
satisfies the equation x2 = 2. All other numbers are called transcendental.
Rene Descartes and James Gregory attempted to prove that is
transcendental. However, the problem was too difficult for 17th century
methods. The transcendence of was not successfully proved until 1882,
when Carl Lindemann adopted a proof of the transcendence of e found by
Charles Hermite in 1873. Are e and same to adopt the proof of the
transcendence of e to ?
In simple words, the definition of a transcendental number, is, that it is,
not algebraic. Pi is the ratio of the circumference and diameter of a circle.
Straightedge and compass are the Euclidean tools. A circumference can be
straightened. When a circle is inscribed with the square we see diagonal and
circumference together in the square. Diagonal is represented by 2 though
we can not measure the exact length of the diagonal with the straightedge.
This author very strongly believes that there is no difference between
diagonal and circumference. Hence, both entities should be represented by
2 . When, circumference should rightly be represented by 2 , the
circumference becomes an algebraic entity and not a transcendental entity.
The concept of transcendence to , became strong because of two reasons:
1. Circumference can not be measured exactly with straightedge and
2. Squaring a circle became an impossible and unsolved geometrical
problem.
This author, however, disagrees with the above two points. He believes
that the actual reason for the impossibility of squaring a circle is the
acceptance of 3.1415926 as value based on limit concept. So, 3.1415926
can be called a limit Pi.
The real definition is
Circumference of circle
=
Diameter of the same circle
71
In the case of limit , 3.1415926 as value is obtained from the
following:
Perimeter of polygon ( = 3.1415926...)
=
Diameter of circle ( 1)
So, the limit is not pure, then What it is ? It is a hybrid of polygon and
circle.
Even if circumference is accepted as transcendental, how can we divide
it by diameter, which is non-transcendental ?
Transcendental circumference
i.e. =
Non transcendental diameter
What we are actually doing is, we divide perimeter of polygon by the
diameter of circle, but the definition of is, dividing the circumference of the
circle by the diameter of the circle itself.
To conclude, both the circumference and diameter are algebraic and
inevitably is also algebraic. The exact length of the circumference can be
measured now from March, 1998 similar to the measurement of a diagonal of
a square, without using a straightedge.
Further, that 3.1415926 in fact, is derived by using 3 , in polygon, as
its perimeter or as its area, however, we call 3.1415926 as transcendental.
So, its origin is from the use of 3 , but it gets the status of transcendental.
The term transcendental came with the introduction of infinite series. So,
3.1415926 can be obtained both by geometrically, with 3 , and the same
number, without any change, by adopting infinite series without 3 .
When derived geometrically it becomes algebraic and when derived with the
use of infinite series it becomes transcendental. Very interesting indeed.
Secondly, the transcendence to was based on Eulers equation
ei + 1 = 0
in the equation is not constant 3.14, but
radians 1800. The Eulers equation accepts
radians 1800, but the resulting status of
transcendence is thrust on constant 3.14. It
is too, very interesting.
So, constant (3.14) = radians (1800).
Both are same or equal or identical. Is it ?
72
130th Method
1. Square ABCD, Side = AB = a
Area = a2
2. Triangle ABE
AB = a, EF = a,
1 1 1 a2
Area = ab = AB EF = a a =
2 2 2 2
3. Inscribe a circle with the square ABCD
Centre = O
Diameter = FE = a
a 2
Area =
4
4. Circle area triangle area
a 2 a 2 a 2 2a 2 a 2
= = = ( 2) = x
4 2 4 4
5. Square area Circle area
a 2 4a 2 a 2 a 2
=a 2
= = (4 ) = y
4 4 4
2 2
a a a2
6. x + y = ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) =
4 4 2
The individual areas of square, triangle and circle are aligned
ingeniously that there exists, a certain order maintained by the three. This is
possible only when all the three are of one category either algebraic or
transcendental. As all the three are overlapping with each other, this indicates
all the three are algebraic and no possibility of any one, especially circle, to be
a transcendental entity. So, this equation
Square a 2
( Circle Triangle ) + ( Square Circle ) = =
2 2
tells us that all the three: square, circle and triangle are algebraic.
If the impossibility of measuring direct by straightedge (even after
circumference is straightened) of the circumference is the reason; the same
difficulty exists in measuring the exact length of diagonal of a square. 129
methods in the last 18 years have proved that there is no difference between
diagonal and circumference although both appear different superficially at
first sight. But circle and diagonal are finite entities having terminal ends,
and having thus finite magnitude, to be represented by a finite number 2
of diagonal to circumference also. It is a radical proposition.
73
TOUCHSTONE METHOD TO IDENTIFY REAL PI
(131st Mathematical Truth on Pi)
1. Square : ABCD
Side = AB = a
2. Circle, Centre = O
Diameter = KL = a = 1
74
3. Divide circle square composite construction into 32 segments. 16S1
segments and 16S2 segments. Square has thus 16S1 + 16S2 = 32 segments
16S1 + 16S2 = Area of Square = a2
4. Circle has 24 segments
a 2
16S1 + 8S2 = Area of Circle =
4
5. Area of S1 and S2 segments
16S1 + 16S2 = a2 .. Equation (1)
a 2
16S1 + 8S2 = .. Equation (2)
4
By solving we get the following formulas.
a2
Area of S1 segment = ( 2 )
32
a2
Area of S2 segment = ( 4 )
32
6. Area of one S1 + one S2 segments = Area of triangle
7. Square has 16 such triangles (for example: MNB)
a2 1
So, each triangles area = = Where a = 1
16 16
When side = a = 1, square area = 1 x 1 = 1
1
Triangle area = = 0.0625
16
8. So, the sum of S1 and S2 segments is equal to triangle = 0.0625
a2 1
S1 + S2 = Triangle MNB = = = 0.0625
16 16
Part-II
9. Square ABCD
Side =AB = a = 1
a 1
Radius OF = OG = =
2 2
75
(Repeated for convenience)
11. Hypotenuse =FG
a 2a
FG = OF x 2 = 2 =
2 2
Side Hypotenuse
12. DE = EF = GH = HC =
2
EH FG 2a 1 2 2
= = a = a = 0.14644660941
2 2 2 4
2 2
13. So, CH = a = 0.14644660941, where a = 1
4
2 2 2+ 2
14. HB = Side CH = a a = a = 0.85355339059
4 4
15. Construct a triangle CHJ, where
2+ 2
HJ = HB = a
4
2 2
CH = a
4
16. Area of CHJ triangle
76
1 1
ab = HJ CH
2 2
1 2+ 2 2 2 1
= = 0.0625
2 4 4 16
1
17. So, area of CHJ triangle =
16
18. In S.No. 7 we have seen the triangle which consists of one S1 and one S2
1
segments, is also equal to = 0.0625
16
a2 1
19. Therefore, S.No. 7 of MNB triangle = = of Fig. 1 = S.No. 17 of CHJ
16 16
Triangle of Fig. 2
= MNB Triangle = CHJ Triangle
20. In Fig.1, MNB triangle
a2 a2 1
S1 + S2 segments = ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) =
32 32 16
1
21. In Fig.2, CHJ triangle is also equal to
16
22. From the earlier 130 methods, in the last 18 years, it has been proved
beyond doubt, that
CH = - 3 and
HB = 4 -
23. Let us construct a triangle CHJ
( 3)
H (4 ) J
A line equal to is real. This is the specialty of this work.
1
So, area of CHJ triangle = CH HJ
2
1 1
= ( 3) ( 4 ) = = Area of the CHJ triangle
2 16
Just because, that 3.14159265358 has said rectification of
circumference is impossible, the existing truth cannot be taken as false.
For example, some say even now the Earth is flat and not spherical.
77
Part-III
24. We have official value 3.14159265358 and Cosmic Pi value
14 2
= 3.14644660941
4
25. Let us work out which value agrees with the area of CHJ triangle =
1
= 0.0625
16
26. Official Pi value 3.14159265358
- 3 = 3.14159265358 3 = 0.14159265358
4 - = 4 3.14159265358 = 0.85840734642
Let us see now whether these two lengths give us area of the triangle as
1
equal to
16
The equation of S.No. 23
1 1
( 3) ( 4 ) = area of the triangle
2 16
1
= x 0.14159265358 x 0.85840734642 = 0.06077208701
2
So, it disagrees with the area of the triangle.
14 2
27. Let us repeat with the Cosmic Pi value = 3.14644660941
4
- 3 = 3.14644660941 3 = 0.14644660941
4 - = 4 3.14644660941 = 0.85355339059
Let us see now whether these two lengths give us area of the triangle as
1
equal to
16
The equation of S.No. 23 is
1 1
( 3 ) ( 4 ) = Area of the triangle = = 0.0625
2 16
1 1
= x 0.14644660941 x 0.85355339059 = 0.0625 =
2 16
So, it agrees with the area of the triangle CHJ
28. S1 segment and S2 segment are areas
Whereas, CH and HJ are lengths
29. The that agrees with CHJ triangle area, is the real
78
30. Summary
1. Areas of 16S1 segments + 16S2 segments = Area of square
2. Areas of 16S1 segments + 8S2 segments = Area of circle
1
3. Areas of one S1 segment + one S2 segment = Area of triangle =
16
4. Sum of the lengths of ( 3) and (4 ) = 1
1
5. ( 3) and (4 ) when multiplied = , where should be the real
8
value.
6. Cosmic is an algebraic number
7. Cosmic has been derived from 130 geometrical constructions.
8. Cosmic rectifies circumference length i.e. a straight line equal to
Cosmic is true.
9. Cosmic , squares a circle
10. Cosmic , circle a square
11. Cosmic , squares an arbelos of Archimedes
12. Cosmic can be equated to a triangle
13. Cosmic can be equated to a rectangle
14. Cosmic gets life from the line segments which are natural.
15. Cosmic was seen in March 1998.
16. Cosmic was in existence even before March 1998 also.
17. Cosmic is eternal as it is associated with Planets and Stars which
are spherical.
18. Cosmic is associated with an atom and also with celestial bodies,
hence;
19. Cosmic is, as small as an atom and as big as Sky.
20. Cosmic is associated with 2
21. Cosmic can also be derived using 3, 5 in association with 2

22. Cosmic is simple. Simple calculator is enough.
79
14 2
23. Cosmic is exact when it is
4
24. Cosmic is, non-terminating in its decimal form: 3.14644660941
25. Cosmic exists not only in circle it also exists in square.
26. Cosmic exists either in area or in a length.
27. Cosmic calculates area of the circle
28. Cosmic calculates length of the circumference of the circle.
29. Cosmic disappears as Constant from circle also. Here are the two
formulas where Cosmic does not appear as separate entity.
7r 2r
1. Area = r
2 4
2r 2r
2. Circumference = 6r + where r is radius
2

80
Analysis of Pi 3 length
(132nd Mathematical Truth on Pi)
Here is a simple analysis whether Pi 3 length is real or not ?
Fig.1 A square
Side = a
Area = a2
Fig.2 A square with two diagonals
Diagonal = 2a
Fig.3 A circle inscribed with a square
2 2
CH = a = a 3a
4
81
Fig.4 A rectangle &
Fig.5 One side = Perimeter of square + 2 Diagonals = 4a + 2 2a
= 4a +2 2a
Second side = Perimeter of circle 3 diameters
2 2
a 3a = a
4
2 2
(
Area of the rectangle = 4a + 2 2a ) a = a2
4
Fig.6 Square a rectangle
AC = 4a + 2 2a
2 2
CH = a
4
2 2
CH = CE = a
4
2 2
(
AE = AC + CE = 4 + 2 2 a + ) a
4
82
D = Mid point of AE
Draw a semicircle with centre D
CF = Perpendicular line on AE at C
CF is obtained y applying Altitude theorem
2 2
CF = AC CE = ( 4a + 2 )
2a
4
a = a

Square = CGJF
Side = CF = CG = GJ = JF = a
Area = a x a = a2
Square of Fig.1 = Square of Fig.6
2 2
( )
In Fig. 6, the sides of the rectangles are 4a + 2 2a and a
4
2 2
Where a is equal to 3
4
83
As the area of the square is restored again equal to a2 with two different
2 2
( )
side lengths 4a + 2 2a and
4
a , these two lengths must be correct,

2 2
particularly, CH = 3 = a is correct.
4
Further, as circle is inscribed with the square, this circle cannot be
treated as an isolated one from square. Circumference has identified itself in
the perimeter of the square. This is a new concept. We know very well for
the last 20 centuries that bit of length over and above 3 diameters of
circumference is equal to 0.14159265358 It is universally accepted that this
0.14159265358 is a transcendental number. However, the Nature has shown
2 2
this bit in the perimeter of the square i.e. CH length a =
4
0.14644660941 We need not search for it. The curve cannot be measured. It
is dead easy to identify that bit of length (d 3d). It happened in March,
2 2
1998. From then, till today, the study has confirmed that a = a3a.
4
There is no single theorem to specify a 3a in the perimeter of the
superscribed square. It is not transcendental but algebraic.
D C

Circle
1. Square
F E
2. Perimeter of square = ABCD

Perimeter of circle BADCE
Part-II A B
2 2
Prof. Richard Mclntosh of Canada has equated = 0.14644660941 (3)
4
equal to 16.7556567555 degrees.
84
2 2
d 3d = d
4
2d 2d
4d (Perimeter)
This 3 length has a clear cut relation with

1) perimeter of square (4a),
2) Two diagonals (2 2a ),
3) Diameter (d = a) and
4) Circumference (a = d).
The following relation may be seen.
3 in degrees =
(
45 Square perimeter ( 4a ) 45 both Diagonals 2 2a )
14 2
One Circumference length = d =
4
Where d = 3600
( 45 4 ) ( 45 2 2 ) 180 127.279220613
= = = 16.7556567555
14 2 3.14644660941
4
This clear, very simple and exact relation shows that 0.14644660941 is the
real length of circumference over and above 3 diameters. Because of Professor
Richard Mclntoshs suggestion this author could see yet another
mathematical truth and for which this author is grateful to the great
Professor.
85
CONSTRUCTIONAL UNITY OF GEOMETRY
(133rd Mathematical Truth on Pi)
1. Semicircle, center = O
Diameter = AB = a
a
Radius = OA = OB = OC =
2
a 2a
BC = OC x 2 = 2=
2 2
2. Thus, the semicircle consists of diameter, ACB length and BC length.
14 2
3. How does Cosmic Pi exists can be understood in yet another
4
way, if one sees their interrelationship in right perspective.
AB BC 2a 1
4. Step 1. = a
2 2 2
2a 2a 1 2 2
= = a
2 2 4
5. Step 2. Add 3 diameters to the Step 1
AB BC
3AB +
2
2 2
= 3a + a
4
6.
a
Step 3. Half of Step 2 is equal to the length of semicircle =
2
86
AB BC 1
ACB = 3AB +
2 2
d a 2 2 1 14 2
Semi circle = = = 3a + a = a
2 2 4 2 8
d a 14 2
= = a
2 2 8
14 2
=
4
It is a very simple truth for the real Pi. To see this Cosmic truth we have
waited many centuries. Many great minds had struggled to find it. So,
let us thank and Praise the Nature that we are a blessed lot, by seeing
the great geometrical truth which eluded millions of people in the past
since human civilization.
The circle is high above the known theorems.
Part-II Semicircle = Triangle
7. Semicircle = ABC
Centre = O
Diameter = AB = a
a
Radius = OA = OB = OC =
2
14 2
8. Perimeter of the semicircle = a
8
of Fig. 1 is same in the Fig.2 also.
9. Let us construct a triangle whose area is

also equal to the area of the ABC semi
circle.
10. To calculate the area of semicircle: when
diameter = a
a2
Area of the circle =
4
87
a2
Area of the Semi circle =
8
14 2
value obtained from S.No. 6 =
4
14 2 1 14 2 2
Area = aa = a
4 8 32
11. To get a triangle equal to the semicircle in area, we have to obtain a line
14 2
segment for = . The following are the steps.
4 16
12. AB = diameter = a
a
OC = OB = Radius =
2
a 2a
BC = OC 2 = 2 =
2 2
2a
OE = EC = BE =
2
a 2a 2 2
ED = OD OE = = a
2 4 4
2 2
13. FB = ED = a
4
2 2
14. AF = AB FB = a a
4
2+ 2
So, AF = a
4
15. Bisect AF
2+ 2
AF GF + GA = a
8
16. Bisect GA
2+ 2
GA GH + HA = a
16
2+ 2
17. So, AH = a
16
88
18. BH = AB AH
It is known for the last 18 years from earlier 132 methods of this another
a
that BH =
4
2+ 2 14 2
BH = a a = a
16 16
14 2 a
So, BH = a =
16 4
19. Draw OJ perpendicular to AB
a 14 2
OJ = BH = = a
4 16
20. Triangle = AJB
AB = a
14 2 a
OJ = a =
16 4
1 1 1 14 2 14 2 2
Area = ab = OJ AB = a a = a
2 2 2 16 32
21. Thus Area of the Semi circle = Area of the triangle
Part-III
14 2 2
22. Area of Semicircle = Triangle = a
32
14 2 2
23. From this step, area of the full circle equal to a is
16
considered and equated to rectangle
AB = PH = a
14 2
AP = BH = a of S.No. 18
16
14 2 14 2 2
Area of Rectangle = AB x AP = a a = a
16 16
Full circle area = Rectangle area
89
Part-IV
Rectangle = Square = Full Circle
14 2
24. BH = BR = a
16
14 2 30 2
25. AR = AB + BR = a + a = a
16 16
30 2
26. So, AR = a
16
27. V is the mid point of AR
28. Draw a semicircle with centre V
29. Draw a perpendicular line on AR at B which intersects semicircle at T.
30. BT can be obtained applying Altitude theorem.
14 2 14 2
AB BR = a a = a
16 4
90
14 2
So, BT = a
4

14 2
BT is the side of the Square BSUT = a
4

2
14 2 14 2 2
Area of the square = a = a
4 16

14 2 2
31. Square area = Rectangle area = Circle area = a
16
32. To conclude:
In the Part I : Cosmic Pi value derived
Part II : Semi circle = Triangle
Part III : Circle = Rectangle
Part IV : Rectangle = Square
It means ultimately that
Circle = Triangle = Rectangle = Square
Let us consider Is there any scope now to raise an argument that circle
is algebraic or transcendental ?
No truth is revealed in its full colours at the outset. Only, speck of
truth revealed at a time, punctuated by a long waiting. Further, treading on
beaten track does not help understanding a new truth. If existing theorems
were sufficient this Cosmic Pi would have been seen by the author of
Elements Euclid himself. This author is neither an inventor nor a
discoverer, but an adamant observer. He waited from 1972 to March 1998
14 2
to observe this truth: . Another 18 years, it has been studied, in spite
4
of his ignorance in the intricacies of Mathematics.

91
SIMPLEST FORMULA TO FIND LENGTH OF SEMI CIRCLE
FROM TRIANGLE
(134th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Introduction
Although this author has been struggling for the last 18 years to find
new relations between different line-segments for the presence of Cosmic Pi,
the following one is perhaps the (most) simplest of all known, so far.
One eighth of perimeter of the right angled triangle, when deducted
from two diameters (= 2 sides of triangle) of semi circle gives the exact
length of its inscribed semicircle.
Perimeter of triangle
Semi circle = 2 Diameters of circle
8
2a + 2a a
= 2a =
8 2
For the infinite joy experienced on seeing this simple truth this author
prostrates before The Creator of this Universe, because feelings like thanks,
indebtedness, gratefulness etc. are very insufficient.
This formula is as simple as the perimeter of the triangle (3a). To the
papers sent earlier, this author received comments that 3.146 of Cosmic Pi is
higher than 22/7 = 3.142 of Archimedes, and also higher than 3.141 of
circumscribed polygon about a circle. Hence 3.146 is wrong.
Line-segment is the soul of Geometry.
For any number to get sanctity, it should have a line-segment in circle
or in circle-square or in circle-triangle composite constructions. We are yet to
see a line-segment representing 3.142857 of Archimedes. So, it has come out
from the imagination of Archimedes. However, we take this as standard even
now.
The number 3.1415926 derived from the circumscribed polygon
about a circle also does not have a backing of a line-segment. One can see a
regular polygon having 6 sides (of 3 ), 5 sides (of 5 ) or there may be much
more. But the value 3.1415926 represents polygon having large number of
sides. We are yet to see how does circumscribed polygon looks like, is being
about the circle, with so many sides. So, this number also is present in our
calculations. No physical existence of it. 3.1415926 is also obtained using
infinite series. It is purely based on our mental caliber.
92
Thus, the above two numbers 3.142 and 3.1415926 are without line-
segments. When a line-segment is the soul of Geometry, any value without
such line-segments are dead-ones. Calculations may be cent per cent correct.
However, they remain in our imagination only.
3.1415926 representing polygons in and about circle are like close
neighbours. The value (3.1415926) of one entity made common for both.
So, inscribed polygon moves towards circle and circumscribed polygon
moves towards same circle, ultimately becomes circle. This is the concept of
limit equal to 3.1415926 Thermodynamics Law says Matter/ Energy
neither created nor destroyed. So, what happened to the circle when crushed
by both the polygons under our imagination. When polygon merges with
circle, does merged one remain equal to circle of before merging ?
At one place, we say circle is in between two polygons looking like a
Sandwich. And we also say polygons become circle at infinity. Are both
views convey one meaning ? We have to answer it ? It is easy to criticize this
14 2
author by questions. Let us not forget that , a Cosmic , as small as an
4
atom and as big as Sky. It is infinite. It was there, before March 1998 and it
will be there, tomorrow. So, it is eternal.
Method:
Here are two formulas to find out the length of the semi circle.
1. Triangle CAB
Side =AB = AC = a
Hypotenuse =BC = 2a
Perimeter = AB + AC + BC = a + a + 2a = 2a + 2a
2. Centre = O
Semi circle = DEF
Diameter = DF = a
a
Radius = OD = OF = OE =
2
a
Perimeter = DEF = =?
2
3. Semicircle is thus related to the right angled triangle CAB.
4. There are 4 important parts in this construction. They are
1. Sides of the triangle = AB and AC
93
2. Hypotenuse = BC = 2a
a
3. Radii = OD, OE and OF =
2
a
4. Semicircle = =?
2
5. There are two ways explained here to find out the unknown length of
the semicircle.
6. One way is
Deducting certain lengths .
Perimeter of triangle
= ( AB + AC )
8
AC + AB + BC
= ( AB + AC )
8
a + a + 2a
= (a + a)
8
a
DEF Semi circle = =
2
2a + 2a
2a
8
7. Another way is
Adding certain lengths to 3
Radii
8. There are 3 corner lengths
AE, BF and CD. And each
length =
Hypotenuse Diameter
2
Each corner length =
BC FD 2a a
=
2 2
2a a
3 Corner lengths = 3
2
9. Step-1 : 3 corner lengths
94
2a a 3 2a 3a
= 3 =
2 2
10. Step-2 : Divide step 1 by 2
3 2a 3a
=
2 2
11. Step-3 : Divide step 2 by 6
3 2a 3a 1
=
2 2 6
=
2a a
=
(
2 2 a )
4 2 8
12. Step-4:
a
Radius = OE = OF = OD =
2
Add step 3 to 3 Radii
2 2 3a 14 2 a
Semicircle = a + = a =
8 2 8 2
13. In Siva method Circle-Square composite construction is divided into

1. 16S1 + 16S2 segments. The sum of 32 segments is equal to the area of
the square. Similarly, inscribed circle has a clear cut 16S1 + 8S2
segments. Area of this circle from 16S1 + 8S2 segments give us
14 2 2
a
16
2. The formulas are derived based on the concerned line-segments. It
is a clear proof that
6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 16 a = a
2
16
128 128
When the above equation is a clear proof for Square area, the following
equation to circle should also be a proof.
a 2
16S1 + 8S2 =
4
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
95
14 2
It is enough to show that Cosmic =
4
With this Siva proof this author has continued his study next 18 years.
14 2
He has been confirming that as Cosmic value. In every
4
method (running 132 methods) one can not find answer for Why, What
and How ? in each step.
1. What they (line-segments) associate for ?
2. Why they (line-segments) relate in such a way ?
3. How can they (line-segments) align in such a way
4. What made them (line-segments) to present there ?
5. What purpose they (line-segments) serve there ?
6. Why should a straight line associate with a curve ?
7. Does a straight line can be compared to a curve ?
8. How do circle and square are related ?
9. How do circle identify itself in the perimeter of the square ?
These questions lead us no where.
So, Siva Method is more than enough as a Proof for Cosmic
14 2
=
4
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (2nd Nov, 2016)

96
UNBELIEVABLE ! THE EXISTENCE OF COSMIC Pi IN A
TRIANGLE
Introduction
Hippocrates of Chios (450 BC) has squared a lune, a semicircle + lune,
and a full circle + lune conveying the message to the world that is an
algebraic number. It has been tried to derive value from his work. It has
become impossible. The reason is, disappears from the calculations at the
end. We call this phenomenon as lunes are independent of .
Hippocratess squaring of lunes alone are famous. He was ignored
when coming to the concept of squaring a circle. His work thus remained as
theoretical propositions. He was such a great mathematician his books on
Geometry were the base for the Euclids Elements. He is popularly called
the Founding Father of Mathematics.
After the discovery of the Cosmic in March 1998, the theoretical-based
squaring of lunes, semicircle + lune, full circle + lune were made practical
constructions. The Cosmic gained attention from Mathematics Professors,
14 2
only then, after analyzing Hippocrates work, with new value .
4
Some Professors of University of Patra, Patra, Greece, took the work of this
author to include in their text books. This happened in 2001 and a letter was
sent, to that effect, to this author.
From then onwards, it has become clear that only the real can square a
cicle. Without knowing value, squaring a circle is impossible. In the days of
Hippocrates, the value was 3 of the Holy Bible.
Afterwards, Archimedes came. He modified the Exhaustion method of
Eudoxus (410 BC) and gave 22/7 to . This led to the official , 3.1415926
This buried the idea of squaring a circle to some extent. With the views of
97
James Gregory (1660) of Scotland and C.L.F. Lindemann (1882), the concept:
Squaring a circle has been buried permanently.
In such a situation, prevailing during first half of 1998, the work of
14 2
Hippocrates was made practical by . This helped to resurrect the
4
14 2
dead concept of squaring a circle to life again. It is because, is the
4
true value and is an algebraic number.
From the foregoing, it is clear that only the real value is the deciding
factor. So, circle was misunderstood till March 1998.
14 2
This author saw for the first time in Gayatri Method in March
4
1998. He believed this number as , around June same year. He confirmed it
to be true after the support of the work of Hippocrates.
From then on, it has become an ambition to this author, to derive
14 2
from a triangle or any straight-line-bounded geometrical
4
construction. He attempted thousands of times constructing diagrams. He
failed. Now, on 2nd November 2016, his long-drawn ambition is satisfied. He
prostrates before the Creator of the Universe.
135th Method:
1. Semicircle
Center = O
AB = Diameter = a
a
OA = OB = BF = Radius =
2
Hypotenuse AC = Radius x 2 = OC x 2
a 2a
= 2 =
2 2
98
2a
2. OE = AE = EC =
4
a
3. Radius OD =
2
4. DE = Radius OE = OD OE
a 2a 2 2
= = a
2 4 4
5. Bisect DE
2 2 2 2
DH = HE = a a
4 8
2 2
6. DH = FG = a
8
7. OG = OB + BF + FG
a a 2 2 2 2 10 2
= + + a = a + a = a
2 2 8 8 8
8. Join CG = Hypotenuse
9. Triangle = COG
a
OC =
2
10 2
OG = a
8
1
Area of the COG triangle = ab
2
99
1 1 a 10 2 10 2 2
= OC OG = a = a
2 2 2 8 32
10. Triangle area = Semi circle area Shaded area
10 2 2
= a = Semicircle area Shaded area
32
So here shaded area = CAO triangle
11. Area of CAO triangle
1 1 1 2a 2a 2a 2 a2
ab = EO CA = = =
2 2 2 4 2 16 8
10 2 2
12. a = Semicircle area Shaded area
32
a2
Where, shaded area =
8
a 2
Semi circle area =
8
10 2 2 a2 a2
a =
32 8 8
10 2 2 1 2
= a = a
32 8
14 2
=
4
To see, this great truth is unbelievable, indeed. So, at last, a triangle
COG is seen fortunately, at the mercy and grace of God, an Infinite
Being, is very kind to us, the human beings on This Earth.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (3rd Nov, 2016)

100
Hippocrates of Chios (450 BC)
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)1
TO FIND AN ARC LENGTH APPLYING PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM, INDIRECTLY
Introduction
An Arc is a curve. We have been trying for 3 thousands years since
Rhind Papyrus time to square a circle. Here circle is a curve and square is a
straight-line. It means equating a curve to a straight line is not a new
concept. In this method hypotenuse of MBN triangle is equated to the arc
length CDB of sector CABD. MN length is obtained applying Pythagorean
theorem. So, it amounts to, that this arc length is, calculated using
Pythagorean theorem.
1. Triangle CAB
Side = AB = AC = a
Hypotenuse = BC = 2a
2. Draw an arc CDB with centre A and radius = AB = AC = a
Sector = ACDB
1
Arc length = 1/4th of Circumference = (2r)
4
r
= where radius = a, r = a
2
a
= =?
2
3. AD = radius = a
1
This author adores Hippocrates of Chios and Hippasus of Metapontum (who introduced 2)
101
2a
AE = EC = EB =
2
2a 2 2
DE = AD DE = a = a
2 2
2 2
So, DE = a
2
4. Bisect DE
2 2
EF = FD = a
4
5. Bisect FD
2 2
FG = GD = a
8
6. AB = a, H = Midpoint of AB
a
AH = HB =
2
a
7. GJ = = AH = HB
2
a 2 2 6 2
8. JD = GJ + GD = + a = a
2 8 8
102
6 2
So, JD = a
8
6 2 2+ 2
9. AJ = AD JD = a a = a
8 8
2+ 2
10. Bifurcate AJ = a
8
2+ 2
AK = KJ = a
16
6 2 2+ 2
11. DK = JD + KJ = a + a
8 16
14 2
= a
16
12. DK = AL
14 2
So, AL = a
16
13. Draw a perpendicular on AC at L which intersects BC at M.
14 2 14 2 2
AL x 2 = a 2 = a = MB
16 16
14 2 2
14. MB = a
16
14 2 2
15. BN = MB = a
16
16. Triangle = MNB
MN = Hypotenuse ?
14 2 2
MB = BN = a
16
17. Hypotenuse can be obtained by applying Pythagorean theorem
MB2 + BN2 = MN2
103
2 2
14 2 2 14 2 2
= a + a = MN 2
16 16
2 2
14 2 2 14 2 2 14 2
MN = a + a = a
16 16 8
14 2
18. MN length = a
8
a
19. So, MN length = CDB arc length =
2
a 14 2
20. In S.No. 2, we have seen arc length is equal to = MN = a
2 8
a 14 2
= = a
2 8
14 2
=
4
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (9th Nov, 2016)

104
DERIVATION OF COSMIC Pi FROM 8 RADII
Introduction
Line segment is the soul of Geometry. A line may be either a straight
line or a curve. A point is that which has no part. A line is breadth-less
length. And a straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
We have another line called a curve.
In this work the length of a curve is equated to a straight line. No
particular theorem says conversion of a curve or equalizing a curve to a
straight line. What is a curve then ? A curve is a line having every point
slanting on itself maintaining a fixed distance from the visible or invisible
central point and (that line) either with two terminal ends or no ends. If the
line has two terminal ends the curve is called an Arc. And if the line has no
ends, the curve is called a Circle.
14 2
Prof. Richard Mclntosh has said Cosmic Pi as hybrid Pi as it
4
is mostly derived from circle-square composite construction. There are some
earlier methods also where circle alone was chosen to derive Cosmic Pi. Yet
another method is submitted now and it is because of Prof. Richard
Mclntoshs suggestive truth and hence this author has been ignited to see this
method, the light of the day and for which this author is indebted to this great
Professor although while opposing this Pi, and supporting official Pi,
indirectly, helps in enriching the strength of the Cosmic Pi, unknowingly/
knowingly.
Prof. Johan Viaene of Belgium, Prof. Surendra Nath Majhi of India
have named this March 1998 Pi as Cosmic Pi. As it has been associated
exactly with square, triangle, rectangle, trapezium, arbelos of Archimedes, 3
, 5 , Pythogorean theorem, Golden ratio, bilateral symmetry of human being,
Planets, Stars (of their spherical shape) Atoms at the microscopic level, it
2
105
becomes universal in its presence. And it was present even before March
1998, it will be there in future and thereby it is eternal. No petty and mortal
being can destroy this Infinite Pi.
Method:
Circle
Centre = O
Diameter = FB = d
d
Radius = OA, OB, OC, OD, OE, OF, OG and OH = 8 radii = =r
2
2d
Join G and A = GA = Hypotenuse =
2
Triangle = GOA
2d
OK = KG = KA =
4
d 2d 2 2
KH = OH OK = = d
2 4 4
Circumference = 2r
New formula with radius only, for circumference.
106
( OG + OH ) GA

(2radii)
OA + OB + OC + OD + OE + OF +
2r ( )

2
(6 radii)

2r 2r 14 2
= 6r + = r
2 2
Standard formula for Circumference = 2r
2r 2r
New formula ,, = 6r +
2
When both are equated we get value
2r 2r 14 2
2r = 6r + = r
2 2
14 2
r
2
=
2r
14 2
=
4
OR
OA + OB + OC + OD + OE + OF = 6r = 3d
Circumference = 3d + OJ
2 2
Where = OJ = d
4
2 2
= 3d + d
4
14 2
= d = d
4
14 2
=
4
Circle is as old as the Universe. We have been using 2r as the formula
for Circumference of circle, where constant is used. The constant is equal
to 3.14159265358 This number is obtained geometrically and by infinite
series.
107
We have been trying simultaneously to get a formula for circumference
with radius alone and without constant. It was shown for us by The Nature
in March 1998, after a on-and-off-study by this author, for 26 years, since 1972.
2r 2r
The formula is 6r + where r is radius. This formula is homologous
2
with a2, 4a of square and 3a and ab of triangle.
1. Is it non-mathematical to have a formula for circumference with radius
alone, like side of a square ?
2. 3.14159265358 is incompatible with radius, why ?
It has recently been called by some Professors that 3.14159265358 as
limit Pi.
3. Is limit Pi or a formula with radius, preferable, then ?
4. Radius is a Cosmic entity. How can we ignore it ?
5. 3.14159265358 got its life by the human intelligence.
6. Is Radius or 3.14159265358 is Supreme ?
7. Radius and Pi are like two sides of a coin.
8. It is universally accepted that 3.14159265358 is an approximation.
And, its implies, there should be an exact value in the place of
3.14159265358 Being an exact Pi, 3.14644660941 now occupies that
empty place.

108
A STUDY TO RELATE CIRCUMFERENCE, DIAGONAL AND
PERIMETER OF SQUARE
1. Square = ABCD
Side = AB = a
Diagonal = AC = BD = 2a
Parallel Side = EH
2. Circle
Center = O
Diameter = NG = Side = a
Radius = OF = OG
3. Triangle = FOG
2a
Hypotenuse =
2
a 2a
OF 2 = 2=
2 2
4. DE = EF = GH = HC
Side Hypotenuse EH FG
DE = =
2 2
2a 1 2 2
= a = a
2 2 4
5. DE = JA = AK = LB = BM = HC = CR = PD
Thus, there are DE lengths which are 8 in number.
3
109
6. From the earlier 137 methods, it has been confirmed that DE and other 7
equal lengths are equal to 3.
7. A circle can create a square
4 equidistant lines on the Circle intersect at H points. The intersecting
points are A, B, C and D, thus creating a square ABCD.
8. 4 parallel sides EH, JM, PK and RL create 4 corner squares.
9. With the creation of ABCD square, two diagonals AC and BD are also
created.
10. So, finally, the circle has created
1. Big square
2. Two diagonals
3. Four corner squares and
4. Eight DE lines
5. Four FG, GS, SN and NF line segments
11. It is, therefore, clear that circle is related to the above five components.
110
12. All lengths are known except the length of the circumference = a=d
13. The entire geometrical construction is perfectly interrelated and hence
the unknown length of circumference can be arrived at from the rest of
line segments. There are no specific theorems available to accept this
idea.
14. The new relation between
3 diameters + 3 length = d = a is very clear.
It is repeated here once again that two diagonals are created because of
the creation of square from circle.
15. How do
1) the circumference (3a+(-3)a),
2) diagonals ( 2 a) and
3) diameter = side = a, are related ?
Here is a simple equation
2 2a + 8 ( 3 ) a = 4a
2 2
i.e. Two diagonals ( 2 2a ) + 8 sides of corner squares = 8 a
4
= Perimeter of square (4a)
PR, HM, LK and JE in the perimeter of outer square ABCD and FG, GS,
NS and NF in the perimeter of inner square NSGF are same. Each is
2a
equal to .
2
16. Let us observe the diagram very keenly : the 8 corner sides of the 4
small corner squares are the outcome of circle only.
So,
2 2a + 8 ( 3 ) a = 4a
14 2
=
4
111
2 2a = PR + HM + KL + JE
2a
= 4 = 2 2a
2
8 ( 3 ) a = DE + JA + AK + LB + BM + HC + RC + PD
2 2
= 8 a
4
2 2
= 2 2a + 8 a = 4a
4
( )
= 2 2a + 2 2 2 a = 4a
( )
= 2 2a + 4 2 2 a = 4a
4a = 4a
17. Based on these facts, new theorems have to be written so that the circle
can be understood rightly, atleast, here after.

112
SQUARE CONSTANT SHOVELS AWAY CIRCLE AREA FROM
SQUARE AREA
(Richard Mclntosh Method / 139th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Introduction
Circle and square though appear different but they are same. Many
methods are available for the derivation of Cosmic Pi and are based on Circle-
Square composite constructions. Prof. Richard Mclntosh, University of
Regina, Canada, in his communication on Tuesday Nov 8, 2016, via email, has
said: To get something new, replace the little squares by little circles, so no more
little squares. Look for new mathematics. The calculations still involve root (2), but
they will be new. Pi is connected to circles. It would be nice to eventually get rid of
all the squares.
Thus, this Honourable Professor has suggested to this author to get rid
of all the squares. In obedience to his highly valuable suggestion, this author
followed a few steps in the suggested direction but, surprisingly, after
travelling some steps, has landed in the square only and, totally confined with
square for analysis, to identify the presence of the Cosmic Pi.
1. Square ABCD
Side = AB = a
Side x Side = a x a = a2
Square of the diagonal
Square area =
2
4
113
2a 2a
= = a2
2
It is just to show that diagonal too has a significant role, of course, a
round about / superfluous method to find area of square. The main
intension here is to project diagonal prominently for the next step where
it is a sole monarch.
D C
E F
O
A B
2. Circle : Centre = O
Diameter = a = side = a
a 2
Area of circle = =?
4
3. To calculate the area of the inscribed circle, a new constant called Square
Constant is introduced. This constant is based on the diagonal and side
of the square.
Seven diagonals Side
Square Constant =
Eight diagonals
7 2a a 7 2 1
= =
8 2a 8 2
4. The area of the circle is equal to the product of the square area and the
above Square Constant.
a2 7 2 1
Circle area = = ( a 2 Square Cons tan t ) = a2
4 8 2
114
a2 7 2 1
= = a2
4 8 2
14 2
=
4
From this method we can conclude, that circle is related to the diagonal.
It is a natural relation. We cannot break the bond between square and
circle. We may question why diagonal is related to the circle. May be the
circle and square exist separately i.e. isolated or inscribed and or
superscribed / circumscribed. But, if 4 equi-distant lines are drawn on
circle these 4 lines intersect at 4 points creating a new square. Two
diagonals can be drawn automatically next. This indicates that the
appearance of square with its two diagonals which are created thus,
because of circle only. In other words, square and its diagonals are
originated because of circle also.
We may further ask how does straight-lined square take origin
from circle, which is a curve ? The answer is that is the ingenuity of the
Cosmic mind. Let us see two more examples: we have diamond, coal
and graphite. All these three substances are entirely different by
outward appearance and characteristics, but, fundamentally they are
made up of carbon. Second example is, human hair and lens in the eye
ball are different, but, lens and hair, both are made up of a protein.
Lens is transparent and the hair is opaque. This analogy tells us, such
skill in the Creation is common and is seen in the existing
geometrical bond between side, diagonal of a square and
circumference of a circle also. Any truth which is new to us looks
always odd, because, the new truth either contradicts or modifies or
better than the past and believed as truth, though it is false.
115
TO FIND SQUARE AREA FROM CORNER CIRCLE AREA
(2nd Richard Mclntosh Method** / 140th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
5. Square = ABCD
Side = AB = a = 1
Diagonal = AC = 2a = 2
Area = a x a = a2 = 1
6. Big circle, Center = O
Diameter = EF = a = Side = a = 1
7. Corner Circle
5
This author adores Hippocrates of Chios and Hippasus of Metapontum (who introduced 2 )
** Prof. Richard Mclntosh has been advising this author to get rid of squares and try for new method with a
corner circle as tangent to the big circle. Hence this method is thought of.
116
Center = G
Diagonal Diameter
Diameter = FC =
2
AC EF 2a a 2 1
= = =
2 2 2
2a a 2 1
So, Diameter of Corner Circle = =
2 2
8. From the earlier 139 methods it has been observed the presence of
14 2
as value.
4
14 2
9. The world of mathematics question calling = 3.14644660941 as
4
value not because the method adopted is wrong but this
3.14644660941 is larger than 3.14159265358 of the circumscribed
polygon about a circle. It means that the value of circle should be lesser
than that of circumscribed polygon.
While calculating the perimeter of the circumscribed polygon about
1
a circle we start with radius length, say = 0.5 . Let us compare
2
circumscribed polygon about a circle, to a cap on the mouth of a bottle. It
means that the diameters of cap and bottle-mouth are not same.
However, in the calculations we take both the diameters as equal.
Suppose, radius is 0.5 to start with, the same radius length 0.5 is used, Is it
right ? It should be greater than radius, say for example 0.5 + 0.009 =
0.509. If the calculation of circumscribed polygon is started with 0.509,
we may get right value and it will remain outside the circle. If both cap
and mouth of bottle have same diameter, cap will no more, a cap. This
may be studied. Otherwise we will be believing a false as truth. If
circumscribed polygon ultimately becomes a circle, what happens to the
existing circle ? When polygon turns into a circle does it mix with the
earlier circle and become one bigger circle ? If so, what would be the size
of the Circle ? Does Thermodynamics Law works here ? Because, matter
/energy neither created nor destroyed. Does Mathematics above physical
laws of Nature?
117
10. As the objection is universal, this author has thought of a different
approach this time, in addition to the advise of Prof. Richard Mclntosh to
convince the World that 3.14644660941 is that correct value. How ?
Here is a simple approach.
11. In this method a corner circle whose area is calculated using known
14 2
Cosmic Pi value =3.14644660941 and official value:
4
3.14159265358
12. Using this area-value of the corner circle, the area of the ABCD square
is arrived at.
13. As there is official value 3.14159265358 and the Cosmic Pi value,
which value is correct and has to be judged. The real or true value
alone gives the exact area of the ABCD square. Hither to, this author
has been calculating area of the circle with the help of square. It is a very
complex process. It is a tough job to put it on paper. But a simplified
process is selected here. In this paper the reverse approach is adopted, i.e.
square area is calculated from the known circle area.
14. Step 1
Let us find out the area of the corner circle using both the values.
Official value 3.14159265358
2 a 2 1
Diameter = FC = =
2 2
value = 3.1415926358
2
a 2 2 a 1
Area = = 3.14159265358 x x
4 2 4
1
= 3.14159265358 x 0.04289321881 x
4
= 0.03368825526
15. Cosmic Pi value = 3.14644660941
2
a 2 2 a 1
= 3.14644660941
4 2 4
118
1
= 3.14644660941 x 0.04289321881 x
4
= 0.03374030571
16. Corner circle and ABCD square have a perfect relation with each other.
When corner circle area is raised by a certain number, the ABCD square
can be arrived at.
17. We have to satisfy two conditions they are
1. Area of the corner circle should necessarily be correct.
2. The number by which circle area should be raised must have base in
the line segments of the ABCD square.
18. Area of the corner circle
1. With official value = 0.03368825526
2. With Cosmic value = 0.03374030571
19. The number by which corner circle area should be raised is as follows:
32 ( 46sides + 31diagonals )
=
97 sides
=
(
32 46a + 31 2a )
97a
=
(
32 46 + 31 2 )
97
= 29.6381428232
Let us call this as a square number.
20. So, the area of the corner circle must be multiplied by the square number
29.6381428232 to get the area of the ABCD square equal to 1
Square area = Corner Circle area x Square number.
With official value = Area 0.03368825526
0.03368825526 x 29.6381428232 = 0.99845732086
Official value has failed to give the exact area of ABCD square.
With Cosmic value = 0.03374030571 x 29.6381428232 = 0.999999999
14 2 2 1 2 1 1
With Exact Cosmic value =
4 2 2 4
14 2 3 2 2 1 46 31 2
Corner circle area = =
4 4 4 64
119
46 31 2
So, the exact area of Corner circle =
64
Then, let us find out Area of ABCD square
Corner Circle x Square number (S.No.15)
(
46 31 2 32 46 + 31 2
=1
)
64 97
14 2
So, the Cosmic has given the correct area of the ABCD
4
14 2
square. This is a clear proof that the Cosmic is the real value.
4
This author is grateful to Prof. Richard Mclntosh for advising this author
to search for a new method where corner circle is a tangent to the big
circle. Otherwise, there is no scope for the world to see this truth. This
author would have been a blind person to this great truth, otherwise.
(This author has been pressurized to find the error in the 3.14159265358
of circumscribed polygon. This author may be excused. He has no right
and has no intension also, to find errors in the others methods).
Some people are finding fault with 139 methods. When a non-
14 2
mathematician like this author could see the presence of in so
4
many geometrical constructions, why pundits could not see at least one
geometrical construction for the presence of 3.14159265358 ? This
author is neither a creator, nor an inventor, nor a discoverer but an
14 2
adamant observer of for its presence.
4

120
DEMARCATION OF PERIMETER AND AREA OF CIRCLE IN
THE SQUARE
(141st Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Introduction
Yes, till now we believed that the inscribed circle with a square, though
related structurally, nothing to do with the calculation of the length of
circumference from the individual lengths of side, diagonal and perimeter of
square. However, there are two references relating circle with a polygon.
Square is a 4-gon regular polygon. One relation is Exhaustion method of
Eudoxus, Archimedes and later generation of mathematicians. The second
reference is squaring a circle or circling a square.
As the circle is a curve its length has been obtained based on limit
concept. It has been well standardized upto 1660, and from this year the
concept of limit was taken over by the advent of infinite series. Thus, from
both the methods i.e. geometrical and infinite series one value
3.14159265358 has been well established beyond doubt as the of the circle.
However, we cannot deny the facts. What are the facts ? They are
1) 3.14159265358 is a borrowed number calculated from the perimeter and
area of a polygon. And the second fact is: infinite series conveniently forgets
radius of the circle in the calculation process while arriving 3.14159265358
This is how, till now, the number 3.14159265358 though unconnected
with circle or its radius, has become famous and we have been celebrating Pi
Day Functions every year, as if this is the real number of circle. It has not
stopped at this level. This number already left circle. And from 1882 it has
become a transcendental number and left polygon too. So, now this
6
121
3.14159265358 is above circle and polygon i.e. it is above geometrical
identity of it. It has become a very special number.
So, with these successive developments, this number 3.14159265358
has come to an end of its cycle of birth and death. 3.14159265358 is mirror
image of real number. Unfortunately the mirror is a broken one. So, the
image became distorted.
The Nature gave good mirror to this author who observed for 26 years
on-and-off since 1972, to reflect the real number. Here again, unfortunately,
the mirror has a very thin layer of dust of ignorance on it. 3.14644660941
no doubt the real one, but its total personality became unclear due to the
ignorance in mathematics of this author. He may be excuse for this deficiency.
Here, this author requests the pundits of mathematics to request the Nature to
reveal what is the Real number. How it looks like. The 141st method is yet
another approach in the study of the relation between circle and square for the
derivation of the real number.
Method:
1. Square = ABCD
Side = AB = a
Diagonal = AC = 2a
Diagonal 2a
AO = =
2 2
Bisect AO
2a
2. AG = GO = Quarter Diagonal =
4
3. F is the mid point of BC side
a
CF = FB =
2
2a
4. AG = FH =
4
5. Diameter =EF = Side = AB = a
Center = O
Draw a circle
122
Perimeter of circle = d = a = ?
6. Circumference of circle = Perimeter of circle
= d = 3 diameters + ( 3 diameters)
7. A diagonal connects two corners of the square. Diagonal is a straight
line.
8. Similar to diagonal circumference is also present in the square.
Circumference is a curve. This is one difference between diagonal and
circumference.
Diagonal Circumference
1. Diagonal has two terminal 1. Circumference has no ends. It is
ends A and C endless-entity.
2. Diagonal is represented by 2. Circumference also should
2 necessarily be represented by 2
3. Diagonal alone does not 3. Circumference though end-less
enclose a certain extent of still encloses a certain quantum of
area. area. In this aspect a circle is
similar to its superscribed square.
4. Diagonal has finite 4. As circle encloses a finite area,
magnitude and hence to be circle is also a finite entity, having
represented by a finite finite magnitude and to be
number. represented by a finite-number
(exactly) similar to diagonal.
5. Although circumference is an end-less construction it can mutate
(transform) into a straight line. For example, a thread around a cylinder
can be both a straight-line with two terminal ends and also can be a
curve with no terminal ends.
Just because circumference is end-less, it can not be construed as
transcendental entity. The circumference has lost the status of
transcendence by enclosing a finite extent of area within its boundary.
The circumference with its concept of endless-entity at one time (when
exists on paper) and non-endless-entity at another time (when it is around a
cylinder) sends a Cosmic Message to us, that:
Everything is God
God is Everything
Everything Originated from Nothing
then ultimately
123
God is Nothing
When this is true
Everything is Nothing
When Everything is Nothing
there is only one thing that is Nothing
What is that ?
that is SPACE
So, SPACE is Nothing
and this Nothing is
Transcendental entity
SPACE is no matter
Matter is finite
SPACE is INFINITE
It is a misnomer to call that constant 3.14 as transcendental based on Eulers

equation.
ei + 1 = 0
where is 1800. This equation rejects constant 3.14 and accepts 180, a finite
number. However, the transcendence status is thrust on rejected constant
3.14. The number 180 which was introduced by us, decides transcendence of
. Interesting indeed. We say it is the beauty of equation. Pi radians 1800 is
the shadow of real Pi. i" is an imaginary number. The product of 1 and 0
= 1 x 0 = 0. But in Eulers equation, 180 x imaginary number (some call it as
meaningless number) becomes a significant number. This is another beauty of
the equation.
2a
9. AG = FH =
4
a
10. BF =
2
2a
FH =
4
a 2a 2 2
BH = BF FH = = a
2 4 4
2 2
11. So, BH = a
4
Here is a new formula for circumference without .
124
12. Circumference = 7 Radii Quarter diagonal
7a 2a 14a 2a
= =
2 4 4
14 2
d = a = a
4
14 2
=
4
14 2
13. Where do we find this length equal to . We find here on the
4
perimeter of the square
a
Side = a = 2 radii = 2 =a
2
7a
= 3 sides + half of side
2
a a 7a
In this diagram = FB + BA + AD + DC = + a + a + a = + 3a =
2 2 2
14. Quarter diagonal
2a
AG = FH =
4
125
a 2a 2 2
15. HB = BF FH = = a
2 4 4
16. 7 Radii Quarter diagonal = Circumference
7a 2a 14 2
= a
2 4 4
2 2
Final length of the circumference = HB +BA+AD+DC = a + 3a
4
Part II Area of the Inscribed Circle
17. H in the BC side of square, plays yet another significant role in deciding
the quantum of area of the inscribed circle in the square.
18. The shaded area in the square consists of two triangles.
Triangle COF and Triangle FOH
Area of COF
1 1 a a a2
CF OF = =
2 2 2 2 8
Area of FOH
1 1 a 2a 2 2
OF FH = = a
2 2 2 4 16
19. The sum of areas of two triangles
a2 2 2 2 + 2 2
COF + FOH = + a = a
8 16 16
2+ 2 2
20. So, shaded area = a
16
21. The unshaded area is equal to the area of the inscribed circle.
Unshaded area = Square area Shaded area
2 + 2 2 14 2 2
= a2 a = a
16 16
a 2 14 2 2
Area of circle = = a
4 16
14 2
=
4
126
22. Perimeter of square = 4a
Area of square = a2
14 2
Perimeter of inscribed circle = a
4
14 2 2
Area of inscribed circle = a
16
23. The same H in the BC side of square decides perimeter of circle on one-
hand and area of circle on the other.
24. A square and inscribed circle composite construction is divided broadly
into a circle and an area outside the circle but within the perimeter of
square. These two areas are equated to shaded and unshaded areas.
Circle = Blank area (unshaded area)
Square Circle = Shaded area
25. Circle outside area
a 2 4 2
= Square area Circle area = a 2 = a
4 4
26. Shaded area = Circle outside area
(S.No. 19)
2+ 2 2 4 2
a = a
16 4
14 2
=
4
27. It is being questioned all these 18
years since March 1998, that where
is the Proof to call is equal to
14 2
.
4
The following Area Method called
Siva method is a proof. But it is not
accepted as proof. Hence this
submission again here.
127
16S1 segments + 16S2 segments = Square area = a2
a 2
16S1 segments + 8S2 segments = Circle area =
4
6 2 2
Where S1 segment = a and
128
2+ 2 2
S2 segment = a
128
6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 16 a = a
2
16S1 + 16S2 = 16
128 128
6 2 2 2 + 2 2 14 2 2
16S1 + 8S2 = 16 a + 8 a = a
128 128 16
Whoever disbelieves the above value for S1 and S2 segmental areas
can disprove them. If it is impossible to disprove the above values for
segmental areas, they must be taken as right values for segments. If one
insists for a proof, what is a proof then ? And What is a truth ? Are both
proof and truth the same ? Or, are both different ? A proof is a tool / a
path to use / follow it. What for ? to reach the goal of truth.
The above two equations
16S1 + 16S2 for square and
16S1 + 8S2 = for circle
are two paths.
What is truth then ?
16S1 + 16S2 of square must give the exact area of the square which is
equal to a2.
6 2 2 2+ 2 2
a + 8 a = a
2
16
128 128
By the above values we are getting the exact area of the square. That
means quantum specified for S1 and S2 are correct and they are two
constituent truths. Area of the square equal to 1, and is correct and is
the ultimate truth.
28. Based on the ultimate truth, the unknown area of circle is arrived at.
29. So, only a truth begets truth: similar to life begets life.
128
30. Accepting 16S1 + 16S2 = a2 = 1 and Eg.1
a 2 14 2 2
rejecting 16S1 + 8S2 = = a Eg.2
4 16
has been happening in the last 18 years in the mathematical world.
31. Here is an incident that occurred in an intuitive mind.
It was a huge gathering under open sky. Arguments for and against
went on, on many subjects. One subject dominated. It was: How to prove the
existence of God ? Scientists, Engineers, Doctors, Botanists, Zoologists,
Physicists, Cosmologists, atheists, theists, artists, saints, religious people,
poets, mathematicians were involved in the heated arguments.
Difference of opinion remained. One day a Light as cool as moon-
Light, in the human form, appeared in the midst of the above gathering. Most
of them in the gathering left the place concluding God exists. Some argued
among themselves in the presence of this Light and convinced and went
away.
However, one individual was not convinced with the arguments of
fellow human beings. He was insisting that he wants a proof for His
existence.
The Human form started clearing the questions, enquiries, doubts,
objections, arguments, of that individual. He was not convinced. Then he
was shown many miracles, many impossible things for others, as possible
things for Him, before this individual. Yet, he was not convinced. The only
word repeated incessantly was a proof (of His Existence).
Suddenly, the Light disappeared, then that individual had realized and
convinced that God exists. Who is he ? He is a mathematician.
He found proof in HIS absence.

129
PULSE TEST TO IDENTIFY THE REAL Pi VALUE
(142nd Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
To know the condition of a person doctor tests the pulse of the person.
Similarly, this 142nd method by an equation identifies the true value from
the false values.
D C
Square = ABCD
Side = AB = 1
Perimeter = 4
Circle
Center = O
E F
O
Diameter = EF = 1 = d
Perimeter of circle = d = x 1 =
= 3 diameters + 3
A B
As the diameter of circle and side of the superscribed square are equal i.e. 1,
the real value can be identified. At present we have 3.14159265358 as
14 2
value. A new value was observed in March 1998.
4
This new value is called by some as Cosmic because it is 140-strong
geometrical methods. Here is the equation to identify the real from other
false values.
Perimeter of square ( 4 )
= = 32 ( 3 )
Perimeter of square ( 4 ) Perimeter of circle ( )
4
= = 32 ( 3 )
4
7
130
The two values are
14 2
1. = 3.14644660941
4
2. 3.14159265358
4 4
= = = 4.65979236627
4 3.14159265358... 0.85840734642
4.65979236627
= 0.14561851144
32
= 3 of official is = 0.14159265358
So, 3 from equation and 3 of 3.14159265358 are not same. It is not
real .
14 2
Let us now test the Cosmic = 3.14644660941
4
4 4 16
= = =
14 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
4
4 4
16
2+ 2 = 16 1 1 2 2
= = =
32 (
32 2 + 2 )
2 2+ 2 ( ) 4+2 2 4
14 2 2 2
3 = 3=
4 4
2 2 14 2
So, the 3 from equation and 3 of Cosmic value 3=
4 4
2 2
are same.
4
14 2
It means, this Pulse Test chooses Cosmic value as the true value.
4
131
DERIVATION OF OFFICIAL Pi 3.141592
FROM COSMIC Pi 3.14644660941
(143rd Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
14 2
Cosmic equal to can be obtained purely from the radius of
4
circle. And it can be obtained from the diagonal of the superscribed square
and also it can be obtained from the perimeter of the superscribed square.
The official value 3.14159265358 can be otbained geometrically from
one method called Exhaustion method of Eudoxus of 410 BC. It was refined
by Archimedes. And it was further refined and the present value
3.14159265358 is obtained. From 1660, infinite series came and this value is
now has grown to an astronomical dimension of trillions of its decimals.
Simple arithmetic approach using Cosmic 3.14644660941 gives six
decimal places of official , 3.14159265358
Arithmetic approach-1 (for 5 decimals of official )
9
3+
200
14 2
Where =
4
14 2
9
4 2526 9 2
= 3+ = = 3.14159009742
200 800
Arithmetic approach 2 (for 6 decimals of official )
6 2 6

512
8
132
14 2 6 2 6
=
4 512
899 67 2
= = 3.14159254424
256
To get 5 or 6 decimals of 3.14159265358, it is a tedious and lengthy process
in the normal course. For example Up to the seventh decimal place, the
approximation with a 10,000 sided regular polygon perimeter is correct.
Part-II
Derivation of Cosmic
1. Square = ABCD
Side = AB = 4 + 2 2
Perimeter = 4 ( 4 + 2 2 )
2. Circle
Center = O
Diameter = LH = Side = AB = 4 + 2 2
3. Parallel side = EJ = 4 + 2 2
4. Triangle = FOH
Diameter 4 + 2 2
OF = OH = Radius = =
2 2
4+2 2 4 2+4
Hypotenuse = FH = OF x 2= 2 = = 2+2 2
2 2
So, FH = 2 + 2 2
133
5. DE = EF = HJ = JC = Parallel sid e H y potenu se
2
=
(4 + 2 2 ) (2 + 2 2 ) = 1
2
So, CJ = 1
6. GK is also equal to CJ
CJ = GK = 1
7. So, Diameter = Side = 4 + 2 2 = d = a

It is found that quarter circumference has a clear-cut relation with
corner length = HC, when the side = diameter = 4 + 2 2

d 19 Corner length
FKH = C ircu m ference = = + 3
4 4 4 Side
Corner length = D iagonal D iam eter = A C L H

2 2
8. Diagonal = Side x 2 = (4 + 2 )
2 2= 4 2 +4
9. Diagonal = 4 2 + 4
134
10. Corner length =
( ) (
Diagonal Diameter 4 2 + 4 4 + 2 2
=
)
2 2
So, Corner length =

(4 ) (
2 +4 4+2 2 )= 2
2
Corner length 2 2 1
11. = =
Side 4+2 2 2
12. In this 143rd method corner length HC is taken into consideration in
calculating arc length FKH which is 1/4th of Cicumference
FKH = C ircu m ference = d

4 4
13. It is a very tough job to understand the relation between the FKH arc
length and corner length HC when the diameter = side is equal to
one= 1 or of any value.
After a deep study, The Nature has revealed that this relation
between FKH arc and corner length HC can be understood well only
when the side = diameter is equal to 4 + 2 2 . Geometrical length
equal to 4 + 2 2 can be easily obtained.

d 19 Corner length
14. FKH = C ircu m ference = = + 3
4 4 4 Side
Where d = 4 + 2 2
Corner length = 2 (S.No. 10)
=
(
4 + 2 2 ) = 19 + 2
3
4 4 4 + 2 2
=
(
4 + 2 2 ) = 19 + 3 2

4 4 4+2 2
14 2
=
4
135
THE CIRCLE FINDS AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
Introduction
We have 1/2ab as the formula for calculating area of a triangle. If the
3 2
triangle is an equilateral triangle, the general formula for area is d
4
where d is side of the triangle.
In this paper an alternative method is adopted. A circle is inscribed
with the triangle. A new constant called Triangle constant is derived. The
product of area of the circle and triangle constant gives area of the triangle.
Method:
1. Triangle ABC
9
This author adores Hippocrates of Chios, he foresaw the algebraic nature of Pi by squaring circle and
Hippasus of Metapontum (who introduced 2)
136
Side = AB =BC = CA = d
2. Inscribe a circle with center O.
d
Radius = OD = OE =
2 3
d
Diameter =
3
d 2d
Chord = DE = OD x 2 = 2 =
2 3 2 3
3. Area of the circle = r2
14 2
Cosmic is used here because it is the true value. It is based
4
on the line-segments of circle.
14 2 d d 14 2 2
= d
4 2 3 2 3 48
3 2
4. To find the area of equilateral triangle the general formula is d
4
5. In this paper, circle calculates area of the triangle. For this a new
constant, Triangle constant is introduced.
4 Perimeter of Triangle
6. Triangle constant =
14 ( Diameter of circle ) 2 ( Chord DE )
4 3d 12d 12
= = =
14d 2d 14d 2 2d 14 2 2
2
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
12 3
= = 1.65143511644
14 2
12 3
7. Triangle constant =
14 2
14 2 2
8. Area of the circle = d
48
137
9. Area of the triangle = Circle area x Triangle constant
14 2 2 12 3 3 2
= d = d
48 14 2 4
10. Thus area of the triangle can be calculated newly from the area of its
inscribed circle.
11. It is possible only when area of the circle is correct.
12. It implies, that the value used here is also correct.
14 2
13. So, the Cosmic is the real
4
14. A triangle formula in terms of is shown below to calculate area of the
3 2
triangle d . The formula is
4
3 2 3 2
d = d
14 2 4
14 2
=
4

138
OCTAGON: AN EMBODIMENT OF COSMIC Pi, WHOLE
(Mclntosh Bailey Method**/ 145th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
From the earlier 144 methods it has been known that one can identify a
length equal to 3, in the perimeter of the supserscribed square having unit
side. The diameter of the circle is also equal to 1.
When the diameter of the circle is equal to 1, the length of the
circumference is equal to . This is an inevitable condition. Only when
circumference is equal to , then, the length CH in the perimeter of the ABCD
square here is equal to 3.
To find the perimeter of the octagon inscribed in a circle there is a
general formula in terms of radius
No. of sides of polygon = 8
Angle at center = 450
1
Radius of circumscribed circle = r =
2
Side = r (2 2 )
1
=
2
(2 2 )
10
Hippasus of Metapontum (who introduced 2 )

** Some Honourable Professors have advised this author to approach root 5, Golden ratio, leaving Square-Pi
bond from study. They wished / blessed this author .. continued at the end of the paper in foot note.
139
(By Courtesy)
VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
H. Kustner and H. Kastner
Method:
1. Square = ABCD
Side = AB = 1
Diagonal = AC = 2
Parallel side = EH = 1
2. Circle
Center = O
Diameter = JK = 1
1
Radius = OF =
2
3. Inscribe an octagon
with the circle
4. Triangle FOG
1
Radius = OF = OG =
2
1 2
Hypotenuse = FG = OF x 2 = 2 =
2 2
5. Parallel side = EH = 1
140
Parallel Side Hypotenuse
DE = EF = GH = HC =
2
EH FG 2 1 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
2 2
6. So, CH = =3
4
CH is equal to 3 only when the circumference is equal to Cosmic =
14 2
4
Circumference = d = a = x 1 =
7. Triangle HGK
2 2 2
HK = , GH =
4 4
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
GK = GH + HK = + =
4 4 2
2 2
8. So, GK =
2
GK is the side of the octagon.
9. Perimeter of the Octagon
2 2
= 8 =4 2 2
2
10. General formula for Octagon
=r (2 2 ) where r =
1
2
1
= 2 2
2
11. When the side of the octagon is equal to 3 from his earlier study and
2 2
its length is represented by
2
then is as follows:
1
3 = Side of inscribed Octagon with a circle, where radius =
2
141
2 2
3 =
2
14 2
=
4
12. This shows that side of the octagon is an embodiment of Cosmic when
1
the radius of the circumscribed circle is equal to .
2
13. Archimedes has given a range for , using polygons.
10 1
3 <<3
71 7
14. 262 sides of the polygon is perhaps the maximum number of sides that
could be achieved in getting the official or limit equal to
3.14159265358
15. Surprisingly the Nature has been kind to us and hence made easy for us to
choose Octagon and find out the hiding Cosmic Pi in a different form
( 3 )
16. This shows that a straight line of side and diagonal of a square (4-gon) and
side of an octagon circumscribed by a circle having radius , are
interchangeable, similar to physical phenomenon

Energy
Matter

Where E = mc2, is famous
Continued from Foot note in the 1st page:

long life of 120 years. This author understands that people are very curious to see
new mathematical truths from India. In obedience to their valuable advise, this author
left his high-road of studying Cosmic Pi and started entering the nearby woods. By
the mercy of God this author could see fortunately this 145th mathematical truth and is
before you Sirs. Hence, this author is grateful to Prof. Richard Mclntosh and Prof.
David H. Bailey for their timely advise and is named hence this truth in their
Honour.
142
Hippocratess Challenge to the transcendence of Pi of CLF Lindemann
Hippocrates of Chios (450 BC) is honoured with The Founding Father

of Mathematics. His book was the base for Euclids Elements (of Geometry).
He is famous for squaring lunes. Although he squared
a semicircle + 3 lunes = trapezium
&
a circle + lune = triangle + hexagon
This work has been ignored. In some books he was laughed at saying his
squaring of circle was false. It is a great work, may be theoretical in his
14 2
treatment. Fortunately, March 1998 Pi called Cosmic Pi, equal to has
4
made his work practical. Seventeen years ago, some Professors of University
of Patra, Patra, Greece, welcomed happily and included in their mathematics
books this practical oriented analysis with Cosmic Pi. Recently, his work has
been published Ref. IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM), e-ISSN: 2278-
5728, p-ISSN:2319-765X. Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (May-Jun. 2014), PP 39-46
www.iosrjournals.org
In this 146th mathematical truth his
Semicircle + 3 lunes = trapezium
is doubled and studied.
Circle + 6 lunes = hexagon
11
143
There is a reference of his work in the book Journey through Genius authored
by William Dunham and is reproduced here. This author thanks Prof.
William Dunham and publishers Penguin Group.
Process
1. The diagram of Prof. Dhunham consists of

1. A big circle
2. Inscribed hexagon
3. Six segments
4. Six Lunes and
5. A small circle having diameter AB.
2. Area of six lunes + Area of circle on AB = Area of hexagon
3. Squaring a circle broadly means
Circle = square or Triangle or Rectangle or Trapezium. It need not be
circle to a square only.
d2
4. Area of the big circle = = where d = 1
4 4
5. Area of the inscribed hexagon. Hexagon consists of 6 triangles
3 2
Area of each triangle = d
4
1
Side = d =
2
3 1 1 3
= =
4 2 2 16
144
145
3 3 3
6. 6 Triangles = hexagon = 6 =
16 8
d2
7. Area of semicircle =
8
1
d=
2
1 1 1
=
2 2 8 32

Semi circle =
32
8. There are six sectors in the big circle,

Area of big circle =
4
1
Sector area = =
4 6 24
9. Segment = Sector Triangle
3 2 3 3
= =
24 16 48
10. Lune = Semicircle Segment
2 3 3 6 3
= =
32 48 96
6 3 36 3 6
11. Six lunes = 6 =
96 96
3 3
12. Area of hexagon =
8
13. Area of circle on AB
= Area of hexagon Area of 6 lunes
3 3 36 3 6
= =
8 96 16
14. In other words, the sum of the area of circle on AB and the area of six
lunes is equal to the area of hexagon. Hence, it (circle, of course in
association with lune) is squared.
Circle on AB + 6 lunes = Hexagon
146
36 3 6 3 3
+ =
16 96 8
15. In 1882 C.L.F. Lindemann said that constant is transcendental
number.
16. Then, what is the value of constant ? The answer is 3.14159265358
17. There is a theorem : The quadrature of the circle is impossible. Let us

assume, for the sake of eventual contradiction, that circles can be
squared. We get out our compass and easily construct a circle having
radius r = 1. Its area is thus r2 = . If circles are quadrable, we employ
our compass and straight-edge. And let us call the length of the
squares side, x. Then we see that
= Area of circle = Area of square = x2
and so the length x = would be constructible with compass and

straight-edge.
18. In the derivation of 3.14159265358 we start with a hexagon (6-gon) or

with a square (4-gon) and double the sides at every step until we reach
10,000 sides to get seven decimals of 3.1415926 as perimeter of the
polygon.
There is a least scope to get a length equal to 3.1415926. So, it is a fact

that 3.1415926 cannot be obtained in a single step. As long as this is
impossible, we cannot get a length equal to . In other words,
3.1415926 does not possess a structural/ geometrical line to expect
squaring a circle, as a next step.
19. 3.1415926 represents perimeter of the polygon of many sides

constitute the perimeter. So, 3.1415926 also has its base in a straight
line.
20. It means, that 3.1415926 has no base in the curve.
147
14 2
21. Cosmic Pi too has base in the straight-line such as side,
4
diagonal of a square. Because of this facility, 3.1464466 has a straight
line as its physical basis.
22. C.L.F. Lindemann is right in calling 3.1415926 as transcendental

number but unfortunately it is a limit Pi of polygon and it is not a Pi of
the circle.
14 2
23. is the of the circle. It is derived from the total area of the
4
circle and hence it is the real , with a clear proof of deriving this
number from total circle area.
14 2
24. is obtained from a single step and hence it has a clear cut line
4
segment.
25. So, exists in a line-segment and is called an algebraic number.
26. Official 3.1415926 is an outcome of lengthy calculations. It exists

in our imagination and does not exist in a line.
14 2
27. Cosmic Pi whole or part of it, exists in circle or in a part of
4
circle called an arc.
28. As 3.1415926 has not originated with the employment of compass

and straight-edge, squaring a circle with that number, using compass
and straight-edge is also impossible. It is like expecting a snail to run
fast without its origin in cheetah. Energy comes from matter, because
matter originated from energy, and hence matter is a potential energy.

148
Pi Stone, Dept. of Mathematics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati,
Andhra Pradesh, India (donated by this author)
149
A GOOD-FOR-PRESSURIZED-STUDY TO FIND Pi 3 ARC IN THE
CIRCUMFERENCE**
(4th Prof. Richard Mclntosh Method/ 147th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Prof. Richard Mclntosh of University of Regina, Canada has been

insisting that he wish to see an arc equal to Pi 3 in the circumference. This
proof is not complete. You must identify on your circle, the little arc whose length is
exactly equal to Pi 3. Find the two points on the circumference of the circle that
span this little arc. You cannot claim that this little arc has length (2 root(2))/4
unless you construct this little arc on the circumference of the circle-24th Nov, 2016.
God is very kind and this Honourable Professors wish is fulfilled now in this
article. This author is grateful to him for, on his pressure only, this author also
got an unexpected and unthinkable opportunity and is happy now to see this
new mathematical truth on Cosmic Pi. To be frank, this idea never came to
this author who is a dullard and non-mathematician too.
Method:
1. Square = ABCD, Side = AB = 1
Diagonal AC = 2
2. Inscribed a circle with center O
1
Radius = OF = OG =
2
4. Triangle FOG
Hypotenuse = FG = Radius x 2
1 2
= OF x 2 = 2 =
2 2
5. DE = EF = GH = CH = 3
Where diameter = 1 and perimeter of circle =
Parallel side Hypotenuse
3 = CH =
2
12

** Archimedes, the kinsman and friend of Hieron II, King of Syracuse and once he was under pressure to find
out the purity of gold used in the Crown for the King. He found it.
150
EH FG 21 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
2 2
6. MT = CH =
4
Part-II: Area of Circle in the Square
d2 a2
7. Area of circle = =
4 4
Where a = side = diameter = d = a = 1

So, Area of circle =
4
8. Shaded area in Fig. 1 = Fig.2 and is equal to area of the circle.
9. K and J are the midpoints of AB & CD sides
1
AK = KB = DJ = JC =
2
10. L and M are the midpoints of KB and JC
1
11. JM = MC = TH = KL = LB =
4
2 2
12. So, CH =
4
1
TH = MC =
4
Area of the smaller rectangle = THCM
2 2 1 2 2
MT x TH = =
4 4 16
13. Rectangle ALMD
AD = 1
3
AL = MD =
4
Area of ALMD = AD x AL
3 3
1 =
4 4
14. Area of the Shaded area (in Fig.1 = Fig.2)
Rectangle ALMD + THCM
151
3 2 2 14 2
= + =
4 16 16
14 2
So, the Shaded area =
16
= Area of the circle
2 2
15. CH = 3 =
4
16. Rectangle LBHT
TL = HB = Side CH = CB CH
2 2 2+ 2
= 1 =
4 4
1
TH = = LB
4
Area of LBHT = TL x LB
2+ 2 1 2+ 2
= =
4 4 16
17. So, unshaded area = Rectangle LBHT which is the area equal to outside
the inscribed circle of Fig.1.
Shaded area + unshaded area = Square area
14 2 2 + 2
+ =1
16 16
Part-III
Demarcation of Perimeter of Circle = Circumference = in the Perimeter of
ABCD Square
18. Circumference = d = x 1 =
= BA + AD + DC + CH
2 2 2 2 14 2
=1+1+1+ = 3+ = =
4 4 4
Where CH = 3 (this happens only when diameter is 1)
Part-IV
Identification of 3 arc in the circumference
19. CH length in the perimeter of square is a straight line. As Prof. Richard
Mclntosh rightly wanted in the enrichment of mathematics to see the
arc of 3 in the circumference, the following procedure is adopted.
20. K is the midpoint of AB = 1
152
21. Join KH
KH intersects circumference at R
22. Draw line PN passing through R
1
PN = TH =
4
23. PNCM is a small square and is the
1
corner square. So MP = PN = NC = CM =
4
1 1 3
24. When MP = then PL = (Side MP = 1 ) =
4 4 4
3
So, PL = RS =
4
Part-V
Triangle KBH is equal to outside area of circle = Rectangle LBHT
2+ 2
25. LB=HT =
4
26. Triangle HKB
1
KB =
2
BH = Side CH
2 2 2+ 2
=1 =
4 4
Area of the triangle HKB
1 1
= ab = KB BH
2 2
1 1 2+ 2 2+ 2
= = (Refer Step. 16)
2 2 4 16
Part-VI
27. We see demarcated area of circle, i.e. shaded area as the combination of
two rectangles ALMD + THCM
28. THCM area and CH = 3 are isolated components. And the area is
3
over and above area.
4
153
3 1
29. Similar to Step 28 where (M and T = : ). 3 = GH = CH = Straight
4 4
line and 3 arc = GR are continuous entities.
30. 3 arc length can be demarcated in the circumference as equal to GR
3 3
which is also beyond = SR, similar to MT .
4 4
31. It means, that CH in the square ABCD, is equal to RG arc in the
circumference.
32. So, to conclude

MT = GH = CH of ABCD square = GR arc of circle
2 2
=3=
4
Part-VII
2 2
Length GR is related to its area
4
33. ABCD square is divided into two equal halves by the AC diagonal
1
2= .
2
1 1 1
Area of ABC (Big Triangle) = x AB x BC = x1x1=
2 2 2
34. KBH (small triangle)
1 1
Area of KBH = ab = x KB x BH
2 2
1 1 2+ 2 2+ 2
= =
2 2 4 16
35. ABC - KBH = x
1 2+ 2 6 2
= =x
2 16 16
36. Area x KBH = y
6 2 2+ 2 42 2
= = =y
16 16 16
154
42 2 42 2 2 2
37. Double y = 2y = 2 = =
16 8 4
38. So, the value after so many deductions among three areas and
2 2
multiplication at the end with 2, we get finally the number .
4
2 2
39. The above series of processes finally result in which is equal to
4
3 of CH and also GR length.
2 2
40. Thus, it is not wrong if one says GR arc is equal to = 3 (Here
4
one has to stop a moment and observe keenly the lay-out where G is at
3 3
the Centre of Reference) and MT for and RS for
4 4
GH = 3 = CH = Straight line and GR = 3 = Arc.
41. In circle, the constant is related both to the line as perimeter of circle
d 2
(d) and also related to the extent of area .
4
2 2
42. In the Part VII, we have seen GR = as a line, and the same
4
2 2
as the area too.
4
43. To conclude: the point G in Fig.2, forms a straight line with H and also
2 2
forms an arc with R and both are equal to = 3.
4
155
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)*
AREA OF CIRCLE HAVING STRAIGHTLINE BOUNDARY
Part-I : Fig-1
1. Square = ABCD, side = a

Circle = Center = O, Diameter = Side = a
a
Radius = OF = OG =
2
*
156
3. Triangle = FOG
a 2a
Hypotenuse = OF x 2= 2=
2 2
4. K and J are mid points of AB and DC sides
5. R and L are mid points of KB and JC
3a
6. AR = DL =
4
a
LC = RB =
4
7. Area of ABCD square = a x a = a2
8. Square is broadly divided into six rectangles. And they are ARLD,
MHCL, NUHM, PTUN, QSTP and RBSQ
9. Let us find out areas of above six rectangles.
10. Rectangle 1 : ARLD
3a
Sides AD x AR = a
4
3a 2
Area =
4
11. Rectangle 2 : MHCL
Sides LM x MH
Where LM = DE = EF = GH = HC
Parallel side Hypotenuse EH FG
= =
2 2
2a 1 2 2
LM = a = a
2 2 4
Area of Rectangle 2 = Sides LM x MH
2 2 a 2 2 2
= a = a
4 4 16
12. Rectangles 3, 4, 5 and 6 consist of 4 rectangles of equal area each.
Side = HU, UT, TS and SB
157
HU = UT = TS = SB
2 2 2+ 2
= Side CB CH = HB = a a = a
4 4
HB is bisected twice into four equal parts
2+ 2 2+ 2
a a , each.
4 16
Area of each Rectangle = Sides MH x HU
a 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
= a = a
4 16 64
13. Finally, the sum of the areas of all these rectangles must be equal to area
of ABCD square = a2
Rectangles 1 + 2 + 3 (= 4 Rectangles)
3a 2 2 2 2 2+ 2 2
= + a + 4 a = a
2
4 16 64
14. Area of the inscribed circle
3a 2
= Rectangle ARLD =
4
+
2 2 2
Rectangle MHCL = a
16
3a 2 2 2 2 14 2 2
= + a = a
4 16 16
15. Area outside the circle is called 4 corner areas.
2+ 2 2
Rectangle = NUHM = a
64
2+ 2 2
16. So, each corner area = NUHM rectangle = a
64
158
Part-II: Fig.2
17. Square ABCD = Side = AB = a

Area = a2
Circle = Diameter = VG = Side = a
Centre = O
19. Triangle = FOG
a 2a
FG = Radius = 2=
2 2
2a
FG = Hypotenuse =
2
20. DE = EF = GH = CH =
2
EH FG 2a 1 2 2
= = a = a
2 2 2 4
159
2 2
21. So, CH = a
4
2 2 2+ 2
HB = Side BC CH = a a = a
4 4
2+ 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
22. Bisect HB twice = a a a
4 8 16
2+ 2 14 2
23. CL = Side CB LB = a a = a
16 16
14 2
LB = a
16
LB = QA
24. Draw a parallel line connecting Q and L
25. Divide AB side into 4 equal parts.
a
And each part =
4
26. Finally, the ABCD square consists of two types of rectangles. They are
DQLC and QABL.
27. QABL is further divided into 4 equal rectangles.
28. Rectangle 1: DQLC
14 2 14 2 2
Sides : DQ x QL = a a = a
16 16
29. Rectangle 2: QABL
2+ 2 2+ 2 2
Sides QA x AB = a a = a
16 16
30. QABL is divided 4 equal rectangles
2+ 2 2 1 2+ 2 2
a = a
16 4 64
14 2 2
31. Area of the circle = Rectangle DQLC = a
16
32. Each corner area outside circle
160
2+ 2 2
= Rectangle QARP = a
64
Part-III: Fig.3
33. Square ABCD : Side = AB = a

Area = a2
34. Circle : Diameter = VG
a
Center = O, Radius = OF = OG =
2
35. Parallel side = EH = Side = a
36. Triangle = FOG
a 2a
Hypotenuse = Radius x 2 = OF = 2 =
2 2
37. DE =EF = GH = HC =
2
EH FG 2a 1 2 2
= = a = a
2 2 2 4
161
2 2 2+ 2
38. HB = CB CH = a a = a
4 4
39. J is the midpoint of AB
a
AJ = JB =
2
40. Square ABCD consists of two entities. They are JADCH and triangle
HJB.
41. Triangle HJB
1 1
Area = ab = BH JB
2 2
1 2+ 2 a 2+ 2 2
= a = a
2 4 2 16
42. Area of JADCH = Square area HJB
2 + 2 2 14 2 2
= a2 a = a
16 16
14 2 2
43. Area of circle = JADCH = a
16
2+ 2 2
44. 4 corner areas outside the circle = = a
16
14 2 2
45. To conclude: Area of the inscribed circle equal to a is
16
obtained from all the three methods explained in Part I, II and III
separately with Fig.1, Fig.2 and Fig.3
a 2 14 2 2
= a
4 16
14 2
=
4
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (8th Dec, 2016)

162
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)
149th Proof for the presence of Cosmic Pi and its Pi 3

14 2
Here is yet another truth about Cosmic Pi equal to =
4
2 2
3.14644660941 and its 3 is equal to = 0.14644660941
4
163
The equation is
Diameter
1. = Diameter Quarter Perimeter of Circle
32 ( 3 )
=
d
32 ( 3 ) {
= d
d
4 }
= 8 ( 3 )( 4 ) = 1
2+ 2
2. Square area = Area of circle x
4 2
a2 2 + 2
= a2 =
4 4 2
where a = d = Side = Diameter
32 ( 3 )
3. Square area = Circle area x
{32 ( 3 )} 1
a 2 32 ( 3 )
= a2 =
4 {32 ( 3 )} 1
where a = d = Side = Diameter
From the above truths, we can understand that 3 plays a significant role in
creating an interesting geometrical entity : Circle. Its importance is so
valuable in arriving the area of a superscribed square about a circle also.

164
Theoretical identification of Pi 3 arc adopting only-

possible-exact-trisection-of-an-angle of 900
(5th Prof. Richard Mclntosh Method**/ 150th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Introduction
The Trisection of an arbitrary angle is an unsolved geometrical

problem. However angle of 900 can be trisected exactly and was done by this
author (he did it without knowing earlier of its presence in the literature). The
second unsolved geometrical problem is the Duplication of Cube. An
3
approximate side whose cube is 2 is obtained geometrically. And the value
31 + 14 2 2
is a = 1.25994779 = 2.0001273445, where a is the side of the
32
square. And the third unsolved geometrical problem is Squaring a Circle and
Circling a Square. These two problems are no more unsolved problems. God
has been very kind to us. They were also analysed applying higher
mathematics by Prof. Constantin Karapappopulos (2000), University of Patra,
Greece (Squaring a circle), and Prof. Gernot Hoffmann (2005) of Emden,
Germany.

** On the valuable advice of Prof. Richard McIntosh this non-mathematician searched in his line of thinking
and fortunately could see now, at least this much. And hence, this method is named in his Honour.
165
166
167
168
Method:
1. Square ABCD, Side = AB = a = 1 (= 10.0 Cms)

Diagonal = AC = BD = 2
Diameter = JG = 1
1
Radius = OF = OG =
2
3. Triangle = FOG
1 2
= OF x 2= 2=
2 2
Side Hypotenuse
4. DE = EF = GH = CH =
2
EH FG 2 1 2 2
= = 1 = = 0.14644660941
2 2 2 4
Part II: 3 arc
5. To get 3 arc, it is rather a very tough job. As this author has been
repeatedly and rightly forced, this author humbly submits, yet another
process involved here, in getting 3.
24 12 2
6. Step-1: Getting a Diameter equal to =d
14 2
7.0294372516
= = 0.55852189184
12.5857864377
7. Step-2: As the length equal to 0.55852189184 is very difficult (this author
has searched day and night for this length), a length equal to, in
between 5.5 and 5.6 Cms is drawn using straight-edge and is JC length
in Fig.2, is chosen to move forward.
8. Step-3: Draw a circle with Centre O and radius OJ = OC in Fig.2.
24 12 2 1
Radius =
14 2 2
9. Step-4: Perimeter of circle = d
14 2
=
4
169
14 2 2 2
3= 3 =
4 4
14 2 24 12 2
d = = 63 2
4 14 2
Circumference d 63 2
10. = =
4 4 4
d 6 3 2
11. So, arc = CK = =
4 4
12. Angle KOC = 90 0
90
13. Trisect KOC angle = 900 = = 300
3
14. To trisect an angle 900, take the OK = OC radius length with compass,
and at first taking centre C draw an arc, which intersects KC arc at L.
Then, in the second step with same radius OK = OC, now taking center
K draw another arc which intersects KC arc at H.
At the end KC arc is now divided into CH, HL and LK each 300.
d 1 d 6 3 2 1 6 3 2 2 2
15. CH = HL = KL = = = = =
4 3 12 4 3 12 4
(This author spent without wasting a minute, incessantly, the day he was
advised by Prof. Richard Mclntosh, daily from 7 AM to 11 PM. Hence this
author is grateful to this Honble Professor for he could see this Truth.)

170
NUMBER 1 HAS ITS ROOTS IN SQUARE ROOT 2

(6th Prof. Richard Mclntosh Method**/ 151st Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Square and circle are basic geometrical entities. Square is made of

straight line and circle is made of an arc. A straight line has two terminal
ends. There are two types of arcs, an arc with terminal ends and an arc
without terminal ends. The arc without terminal ends is called a circle. A
circle is thus also can be called as endless arc.
In this paper two basic geometrical lengths are identified. They are
3) length. The values for these basic lengths or
quarter diagonal and (
elementary lengths are
2
Quarter diagonal = = 0.35355339059
4
2 2
3 length = = 0.14644660941
4
Why, the above lengths are called basic lengths ?. We have in the
number system 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0. All these numbers (except zero) are
the multiplication of 1. In Geometry square and circle are basic entities. In
both of them Side in the square and Diameter in the circle, are represented by

** This author has been advised to define an arc length. He could see this truth because of highly valuable
advise of Prof. Richard Mclntosh, and hence this author expresses his gratefulness to him and name
this paper in his Honour.
171
1. So, the number 1 or unit is taken as a generalized or common, chosen value
to understand any geometrical concept.
Hence, a side / diameter whose value is 1, has the above basic
2 2 2
geometrical units. These two basic units have 2 in them and .
4 4
Hence, this author believes that 2 is the hidden root of number system
starting from side = Diameter = 1.
An attempt is made here to define the arc length. An arc length is a line
with its every point align slantingly, maintaining a constant distance, with
center.
Method:
1. Square : ABCD, side = AB = 1
Diagonal : AC = BD = 2
Circle : Diameter = JK = 1
1
Radius = OF = OK =
2
2. Triangle = FOK
Hypotenuse = FK = Radius x 2
1 2
= OK x 2= 2=
2 2
DE = EF = KH = HC =
2
EH FK 2 1 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
2
4. GL = EM = NP = QH =
2
172
2
Half diagonal =
2
2 2
5. CH = - 3 =
4
6. CH = CG = LD = DE = MA = AN = PB = BQ
= 8 ( 3) lengths
2 2
- 3 length =
4
7. Half side is the combination of one Quarter diagonal and one 3
length.
1
Half side = = Quarter diagonal + ( 3)
2
1 2 2 2
= = +
2 4 4
8. So, each side equal to 1 has two quarter diagonals and two 3 lengths
173
2 2 2
2 + 2 =1
4 4
9. To conclude: Each side of the square or diameter of its inscribed circle,
is made out of
two quarter diagonals
+
two 3 lengths
Part-II Perimeter of Square
10. The perimeter of ABCD square has
2 2 2
8 + 8 =4
4 4
Part-III Perimeter of Circle
11. The perimeter of the circle, i.e. the length of the circumference is equal
to 3 diameters + one 3 length
As diameter is equal to side of its superscribed square
Each diameter = two quarter diagonals + two 3 lengths
3 diameters has
Six quarter diagonals + six - 3 lengths
2 2 2
6 + 6 =3
4 4
12. Perimeter of circle = d = x 1 =
3 diameters + - 3 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 + 6 + = 6 +7
4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 14 2
= 6 + 7 =
4 4 4
174
13. To conclude:
Side has : two quarter diagonals + two 3 lengths
Square perimeter has : 8 quarter diagonals + 8 - 3 lengths
Circle perimeter has : 6 quarter diagonals + 7 - 3 lengths
Part-IV: Unit side from 3 length
14. Square: Side = AB = 1
15. Circle: Diameter = JG = 1 = side
1
Radius = OF = OG =
2
Center = O
16. Parallel side = EH = AB = 1
17. Triangle = FOG
1 2
Hypotenuse = FG = Radius = OF x 2 = 2=
2 2
18. DE = EF = GH = CH =
2
175
EH FG 2 1 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
2 2
19. CH = 3 =
4
Take a side of square equal to 8 ( 3)
20. Square : Side = AB = 8 ( 3) of Fig.2
2 2
= 8 (
= 2 2 2 = 42 2)
4
21. Let us repeat the above process of Part-IV here
42 2
Side = Diameter = 4 - 2 2 , Radius = =2 2
2
Circle : Center = O
Parallel side = 4 2 2
176
Triangle = FOG
Hypotenuse = Radius x (
2 = 2 2 ) 2 = 2 2 2
22. DE = EF = GH = HC
Parallel side Hypotenuse EH FG
= =
2 2
=
(4 2 2 ) (2 2 2 ) = 32 2
2
CH of Fig. 3 = 3 2 2
23. Side = BC = 4 2 2
( ) (
BH = Side CH = 4 2 2 3 2 2 = 1 )
24. Conclusion:
Side of the square and diameter of the circle and length of the
circumference are made up of two basic geometrical units: Quarter
2 2 2
diagonal and 3 length . As 2 is the basis for these
4 4
elementary lengths, it is clear that 2 is observable direct in the
diagonal and hidden in side / diameter and perimeter of circle (length
of circumference) which are represented as beginning by 1 and
multiples of these number.
As the relation between matter and energy, at the Micro-Cosmic
level and Cosmic level, so also the square and circle are related at the
two dimensional level. With this clarity, the arc length is define here.
An arc length is a line with its every point align slantingly,
maintaining a constant distance with center. A circle is an arc with no
terminal ends (endless arc).

177
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)**
SQUARE-CIRCLE COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

REJECTS OFFICIAL Pi 3.1415926
Official equal to 3.1415926 is obtained geometrically by Exhaustion
14 2
Method. Cosmic equal to = 3.1464466 is also obtained geometrically.
4
However, the following construction rejects one value and supports another
value. This author very strongly believes from Area method only that
14 2
, as value. This happened around June 1998. From then onwards
4
till today 151 methods have been studied for the presence of, yes Sir, for the
14 2
presence of as value. These three are facts. 1. 18 long years have
4
been studied, non-stop; 2. Rupees one million has been spent; 3. He is a non-
mathematician. He is like a donkey, can walk, but cannot run, like a horse
(i.e. analyse his study applying higher mathematics).
1. Square: ABCD, side = AB = 1

Circle : Diameter = Side = 1
2. Perimeter of square = 4 x 1 = 4
Perimeter of circle = d = x 1 =
3. Diagonal = AC = BD = 2
**
This author adores Hippocrates of Chios and he foresaw the algebraic nature of Pi by squaring circle and
178
2 2
4. CH = =3
4
5. Here is an equation
Perimeter of square Perimeter of circle
= = 3+2 2
3 length 3 length
4
= = 3+2 2
3 3
6. Thus, in the above equation we have 2, 3, 4, 2 , and 3. All are

related with each other.
7. In the Fig. 1 too we have line segments for all the above. It is impossible
to explain their relation. How ? Why ? and What for ?
179
8. In other words, the above equation is not an outcome of human
imagination, but it is a geometrical truth backed by a square-circle
composite construction. It is, natural, basic and simple in its nature.
14 2
9. Cosmic , can be seen of its presence in this equation.
4
4
= = 3 + 2 2 = 6.82842712474.
3 3
10. Let us see, limit which is the official equal to 3.1415926 whether
satisfies the above equation
official = 3.1415926
3 = 3.1415926 3 = 0.1415926
4 3.1415926
= 6.0625159789
0.1415926 0.1415926
11. So, 3.1415926 dos not find a place for it by way of 3 sides + 2 diagonals
in the above construction.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (22nd Dec, 2016)

180
PERIMETER OF CIRCLE AND Pi FROM FOUR CORNER

LENGTHS
Circle is an endless-arc. Circle has acquired this nature of arc because

of its every point on the arc length (circumference) align slantingly itself
maintaining constant distance with center O.
2. When a square is superscribed with the circle, the side of it is equal to

the diameter of the circle.
Side = Diameter = AB =EF = 1
181
3. The circle intersects two diagonals at 4 points : E, H, F, G.
4. AC and BD are the two diagonals AC = BD = 2
Diagonal Diameter AC EF 2 1
5. Corner lengths = = =
2 2 2
2 1
6. 4 corner lengths = 4 = 2 2 2
2
7. Square = KLMN : 4 corner lengths of Fig. 1 = Side
Side = KL = 2 2 2 = 0.82842712474
8. Inscribe a circle with the square
Diameter = VR = 2 2 2
Radius = OQ = OR = 2 1
9. Parallel side = PS = KL = 2 2 2
182
10. Triangle = QOR
Hypotenuse = QR = Radius x 2
= OQ x 2= 2 1 2 = 2 2 = 0.58578643763

11. NP = PQ = RS = SM =
2
=
PS QR
=
(
2 2 2 2 2) (
=
3 2 4 )
= 0.12132034355
2 2 2
3 2 4
So, MS = = 0.12132034355
2
3 2 4 3 2 4
12. SL = Side
2
= ML MS = 2 2 2 (2
)

2
= = 0.70710678119
2
2
13. Bisect SL = twice
2
= SL
ST + TL
TU+UL
2 2 2
=

= 0.17677669529
2 4 8
2
So, UL =
8
2
13. (
MU = Side UL = ML UL = 2 2 2 ) 8
15 2 16
= = 0.65165042943
8
183
14. Perimeter of the circle of Fig.2
15 2 16 15 2 16
= 4 x MU = 4 x = = 2.60660171775
8 2
Perimeter of the circle of Fig.2

15. =
Diameter KL
15 2 16
2 15 2 16 15 2 16 14 2
= = = =
2 2 2 (
2 2 2 2 )
4 2 4 4
14 2
16. equal to = 3.1464466 is derived from Fig. 2. Again this Fig.2
4
is based on Fig.1.
17. In Fig. 1, Diameter = 1, So, perimeter of circle = x diameter = x 1 =
18. To conclude, corner lengths are created by the circle with the
superscribed square in Fig. 1
The same corner lengths when used as the circles diameter and
side of the KLMN square in Fig.2, we get circumference of the circle of
15 2 16
Fig.2 = 4 x MU = 4 x
8
19. In Step No. 14 we have seen the ratio of the perimeter of the circle of
15 2 16
Fig.2 and its diameter 2 gives the Cosmic equal to
2 2 2
14 2
= 3.14644660941
4

184
Computation of arc length from the dimensions of Triangle

An arc is a curve. It is very impossible to measure its length directly

with any geometrical instrument. The alternative way is to fix the curve in the
midst of straight lines whose lengths can be calculated. This is what is done
here. As 153 methods earlier have confirmed that Cosmic is equal to
14 2
= 3.1464466 now measuring the arc length has become much easier.
4
It has been questioned often that this Pi worker has been doing his work
having Cosmic in mind and trying to deduce the same number and calling it
as number. Yes, Sir, this author has been doing what the honourable
Professors have raised as an objection.
This author who is 70+ now and spent on this number 26 long years
since 1972 (when the author was 26 then) upto March 1998, to obtain two
formulas for the area and perimeter of circle with no constant altogether.
7r 2r
Area = r
2 4
2r 2r
2
The above formulas are one proof that area and perimeter of circle can
be obtained without constant altogether. Because, we have for may
centuries r2 and 2r where is inevitable.
By the grace of God, he was shown by Him that area and perimeter of
circle are possible without , yes, Sir, without constant.
185
When the above two formulae are equated to r2 and 2r, value can be
14 2
obtained and is equal to .
4

Area = r 7r 2r = r2
2 4
2r 2r
Circumference = 6r + = 2r
2
It is an exact value. With simple pocket calculator (we need not go for
Super Computer) the value in decimal system is
14 2
= 3.1464466
4
It is a shocking truth to the world of mathematics. Why ? we have been

believing for 2000 years that is equal to 3.1415926 It is a transcendental
number. Further, it says squaring a circle impossible. It was fixed in our
mind all the above 3 characteristics of as final:
1. number = 3.1415926 approximate number even of its trillion of

decimals.
2. Nature of number : transcendental and
3. Squaring a circle is impossible.
However, the Cosmic is totally against above 3 characteristics of .
14 2
1. number : Exact :
4
2. An algebraic number
3. Squaring a circle
Circling a square and
Squaring an Arbelos of Archimedes, are all have now become very
common geometrical concepts.
Further, this author from Area method believes with no ioata of doubt that
Cosmic is the true value of , around June, 1998.
With this background work, this author since around June 1998 till
today (i.e. nearing 19 years) has been searching, searching and searching
different ways, how best, we can understand, the presence of Cosmic . For
186
any new thing to be truth, it must qualify itself the test of validity and
reliability. Cosmic has succeeded in obeying for above two requirements.
Yet another method now is submitted again for the presence of Cosmic
14 2
equal to .
4

2. Circle: Center = O
Diameter = Side = JK = 1
Diagonal 2
3. OB = =
2 2
4. E = mid point of side AB
1
AE = EB =
2
Diagonal 2
5. OF = FB = =
4 4
1
6. BL = Radius =
2
1 2 2 2
7. LF = FG = Radius BL BF = =
2 4 4
2 2
8. LF = FG =
4
1
9. OL = GB = OB OG = Half diagonal
2
2 1 2 1
= =
2 2 2
10. Finally, we have a triangle FEB
2
FE = FB =
4
2 2
FG =
4
1
EB =
2
2 1
GB =
2
187
1
11. The FEB triangle has in it an arc EG. It is th of the perimeter of the
8
circle whose diameter = 1
d = x 1 =

12. So the arc length EG is equal to
8
13. After a deep study it has been found that the following formula gives
value for the arc length EG
EF GB 3EB
14. EG Arc length = +
8 4
2 2 11 3 1
= +
4 2 8 4 2
=
2 2 3
+ =
( )
2 2 + 12 14 2
=
32 8 32 32

When this is equated to
8
14 2
=
8 32
14 2
then becomes
4
15. Arc length could be possible with the line segments by which it is
surrounded.

188
Arithmetic Definition of Diameter of the Circle

(2017 New Year Gift / 155th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that

passes through the center of the circle and whose end points lie on the circle.
It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle.
The above definition is configurational in its nature. It is incomplete. In

this paper yet another definition for diameter is submitted to the World of
Mathematics. This is possible because of the Cosmic which is the real
value.
14 2
Cosmic = = 3.1464466
4
From the literature it is clear that 2 was

introduced by Hippasus of Metapontum
(500 BC) for the diagonal of a square.
To find the length of the diagonal of a

square multiply the length of one side by the
square root of 2.
Square root of 2 was not created by Hippasus. It was revealed to him

by the Nature.
189
This author in his 151st method had shown any straight line equal to 1 is
composed of two basic geometrical or elementary lengths. They are Quarter
Diagonal of square and - 3 length of its inscribed circle. It conveys that
square and circle are analogous to the relation between matter and energy.

Energy
Matter

Circle
Square

In each unit side of square and in the diameter of its inscribed circle
there are 2 Quarter diagonals + 2 ( 3) lengths
2 2 2
2 + 2 =1
4 4
It is an additive form of arithmetic definition. From the above

equation, it is also clear, that square root of 2 is the root of number 1 and
number system: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 which are the multiples of number 1.
Yet another attempt is made here to understand the diameter of a circle

arithmetically.
In the Fig.2 we observe the circle

has 4 straight lines each one is equal to
diameter AB = 1
AB + FC + GD + HE = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
And also, the circle has 4
2
chords, and each chord is equal to
2
190
2
BD + DA + AG + GB = 4 =2 2
2
In the circle we have thus
4 diameters + 4 chords and their sum is equal to 4 + 2 2
In the Fig.3, there is a circle inscribed with

the square ABCD.
Side = 1 = Diameter = 1
Perimeter of square = 4
Diagonals = AC, BD = 2
2 Diagonals = 2 x 2=2 2
Perimeter of square + 2 diagonals = 4 + 2 2
So, either in Fig.2 or in Fig.3 the circle is associated with 4 + 2 2
From the above geometrical line segments yet another attempt is made
here to define a diameter arithmetically.
Diameter of the circle is defined as the product of 4 + 2 2 and 3 length
( 4 + 2 2 ) ( 3 ) = Diameter
( 4 + 2 2 ) ( 3) = 1
The above multiplicative arithmetic definition of diameter of the circle
is based on the true value of only. Wrong numbers chosen as would be
rejected by the above geometrical constructions.
191
Till now, we have been following configurational definitions of a
14 2
diameter of the circle. And with the revelation of Cosmic equal to
4
by the mercy of God, we are able to see now, not only outward form of
diameter, and also the real or true nature of unit straight lines, such as side of
the square and diameter of the circle.
With this, the definition of unit side of the square and unit diameter of
the circle is complete. So, configurational (outward form) definition and
additive / multiplicative arithmetic definition (inward nature)
2 Quarter Diagonals + 2 ( 3) lengths = 1 (of 151st Method)
( 4 + 2 2 ) ( 3) = 1 (present method)
take us to the true nature of basic line segments in Geometry. Let us Thank
God for His Blessings and it is the 2017 NEW YEAR GIFT TO THE WORLD.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (31st Dec, 2016)

192
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)***
3.14159265358 decides 3.14644660941 as the number

D C
2a
a
a
E F
o
2a 4a
A a B
1. Square : Side = AB = a
2. Circle : Centre = O, Diameter = EF = Side = a
3. Perimeter of square = 4a
4. 2 diagonals = 2 2a
5. Perimeter of circle = a
Let us assume that the following equation is true in the above construction
(Perimeter of square 2 Diagonals) = 8 (Perimeter of circle 3 Diameters)
(4a 2 2a ) = 8 (a 3a)
***
193
What is the basis for assuming that the above equation is true and exists in the
construction ? Official value is chosen as the guiding factor.
Official value = 3.14159265358
(4a 2 2a ) = 8 (3.14159265358 3)a
(4 2 2 ) = 8 x 0.14159265358
4 2.82842712474 = 1.1327410864
1.17157287526 1.1327410864
We know very well that official value is an approximate value. And we
know also from March 1998 that Cosmic value is real value and exact value
14 2
Cosmic value = = 3.14644660941
4
Let us repeat the above process
(4 2 2 ) = 8 (3.14644660941 3)
4 2.82842712474 = 8 x 0.14644660941
1.17157287526 = 1.17157287528
(or)

( 4 2 2 ) = 8 14 4 2
3

2 2
4 2 2 = 8
4
42 2 = 42 2
So, official value 3.14159265358 itself agrees that it fails to associate with
every dimension of the above geometrical construction.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (31st Dec, 2016)

194
Association of Cosmic Pi and clear cut Divisional Units of

Perimeter of Square
22
There are two official values for , and 3.14159265358 Cosmic
7
value was discovered in March 1998 in India. From then onwards the
presence of Cosmic has been searched non-stop. In this series of study the
following is the 156th method to find the presence of Cosmic either in the
circle alone and / or in the circle and square composite construction.
195
Method:
Diagonal = AC = BD = 32 2
2. Circle : Center = O
Diameter : MG = Side = 32
4. Triangle = FOG
5. Radius = OF = OG = 16
6. Hypotenuse = FG
= Radius x 2 = OF x 2 = 16 2
7. DE = EF = GH = CH
=
2
EH FG 32 16 2
= =
2 2
= 16 8 2
8. From the earlier 155 methods it has been confirmed that CH length is
equal to ( 3)a where a is Side of the Square and Diameter of the
inscribed Circle.
CH = ( 3) a
When a = 32
CH = 32 ( 3)
9. CH = 32 ( 3) = 16 8 2
10. In this simple paper, side = Diameter is equal to 32. What is the reason
in taking this value 32 ?
The reasons is, it is found that the perimeter of the ABCD square can be
divided in a clear cut segments which are interesting to look at them.
196
11. So, CH = 16 8 2
then HB = Side BC CH = ( 4 ) a
( )
= 32 16 8 2 = 16 + 8 2
= ( 4 ) a = 16 + 8 2 = ( 4 ) 32 = 16 + 8 2
12. Bisect HB twice

HB HJ + JK + KL + LB
16 + 8 2
HJ = JK = KL = LB = = 4+2 2
4
13. CL = Side BC LB
( )
32 4 + 2 2 = 28 2 2
14. Perimeter of the circle = 4 x CL = 4 x (28 2 2 )
= 112 8 2 = 100.68629150
a = 100.68629150
15. The value for the perimeter of the circle a can also be written in terms
of and is as follows:
100.68629150 = 100 + {8 ( 3 )} 1 4 = a
16. Finally, we can represent the perimeter of square ABCD

BA + AD + DC + CH + HJ + JK + KL + LB = 128
Perimeter of square = 4a = 4 x 32 = 128
( ) ( ) ( ) (
32 + 32 + 32 + (16 8 2 ) + 4 + 2 2 + 4 + 2 2 + 4 + 2 2 + 4 + 2 2 )
= 128
( )
= 100 + {8 ( 3 )} 1 4 + 4 4 + 2 2 = 128
Here, the Cosmic alone can participate as its contributory part in the
above equation. It means that the Cosmic is the true value.
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (4th Jan, 2017)

197
Golden Ratio from Square via Arbelos, Circle and Constant

Cosmic Pi
Many mathematicians are unsatisfied with two numbers 22/7 and

3.1415926 and hence a few more numbers have been proposed.
Section-I
1
1. Square : ABCD, Side = AB = 1, AE =
2
BD = Diagonal = 2
Rectangle: ABFE
1
BE = Diagonal, EG =
2
5 1
GB = Golden Ratio =
2
2. Semicircle : Center = O, Diameter = EF = 1
5 1
3. EH = Golden Ratio = GB = .
2
5 1 3 5
4. HF = Diameter EH = 1 =
2 2
5. Draw semicircle on EH with center K
6. Draw semicircle on HF with center L
198
7. Draw a perpendicular line on EF at H which intersects EF largest
semicircle at J.
8. HJ can be obtained applying altitude theorem
= EH HF = Golden Ratio HF
5 1 3 5
= = 52
2 2
Part I: Area of Circle with its Diameter EF
9. This worker humbly submits that the following entire process is an

outcome of his deep study for 19 years since March 1998. Hence, this
worker can not explain in simple words for the questions: Why, What
and How ? He may be excused.
10. Square area = Side = AB = 1, Area = 1 x 1 = 1
199
Square area
11. Circle area =
Perimeter of square
1
Half of 7 times of side th diagonal of BD
4
where
Perimeter of square 16
is a constant =
1 14 2
Half of 7 times of side th Diagonal of BD
4
14 2
12. Area of circle =
16
Part-II: Derivation of Cosmic
d 2
13. Traditional formula for area of circle =
4
Diameter = 1
14 2
Area of circle =
16
d 2
= = 1 1 =
4 4 4
14 2
= =
4 16
14 2
=
4
Part-III: Area of Arbelos of Archimedes
14 2
14. Cosmic =
4
15. Area of the circle with diameter HJ (perpendicular line on EF) is equal
to the area of Arbelos of Archimedes
d 2 14 2
16. where Cosmic =
4 4
HJ = d = 5 2 (Step 8)
200
14 2 1 14 2
= 52 52 = 52
4 4 16
14 2
So, area of Arbelos = 52
16
Part-IV: Derivation of Golden Ratio
14 2
17. Area of Arbelos = 52
16
Perimeter of square
18. Area of Arbelos x
1
Half of 7 times of side th Diagonal of BD
4
14 2 4
5 2
16 7 2
2 4
14 2 16
= 5 2 = 5 2
16 14 2
5 2 + Square area
19. =Area equal to Golden Ratio, where square area=1
2
=
( )
5 2 +1
=
5 1
2 2
5 1
20. Ultimately we can derive area equal to Golden Ratio = and steps
2
involved are
Step-1: To find the area of the circle from square area.
Step-2: To derive Cosmic from the above area of the circle.
Step-3: To find area of the Arbelos.
Step-4: To derive area equal to Golden ratio from the area of the arbelos
From the above study we understand that square circle cosmic
arbelos Golden ratio are all related in their clear-cut understanding
proportions.
201
Section-III : Squaring a Rectangle
21. Rectangle BCDA

Side BC = AD = 1
5 1
Side AB = DC = = Golden Ratio (obtained from the Fig.1)
2
Area of Rectangle = Side x Side = BC x AB
5 1 5 1
= 1 =
2 2
5 1
22. AD = 1, DF = Golden Ratio =
2
5 1 5+1
AF = AD + DF = 1 + =
2 2
202
23. E = Mid point of AF
24. Draw a semicircle with center E
25. Draw a perpendicular line at D on AF which intersects semicircle at G.
26. Apply Altitude theorem
5 1 5 1
AD DF = 1 = = Side of the square
2 2
Side of the square = 0.78615137775
Section-III: Real Pi Number ?
5 1
27. In literature we find some say that 4 is value
2
5 1
=4 = 3.144605511
2
Thus there are the following values proposed as values
22
1. Archimedess value = = 3.142 (less than from 240 B.C)
7
2. Official value = 3.141 (in vogue for 2000 years)
3. Lakshman Gogawales value = 3.143
4. value based on Golden Ratio = 3.144
14 2
5. Cosmic value = = 3.146 (discovered in March 1998 and
4
backed by 157 geometrical proofs)
Which number is real value ? Mathematics is famous for its exactness.
One number is real and the other numbers are approximations.

203
Altitude theorem, Squaring a Rectangle, Pythagorean

theorem are within the limits of Circle and finding Arc
length
Square and circle are basic geometrical entities. Circle is a curve. Circle
has no terminal ends and hence circle is called an endless-arc. The
geometrical constant is said to be a transcendental entity, although
Hippocrates of Chios (450 BC) has squared a circle.
The following study also supports that Hippocrates is right as Cosmic

is an algebraic number. In fact Hippocrates did not know the value of .
However, he squared a circle.
1. Altitude theorem
It states that the

geometric mean of the
two segments equals the
altitude. If h denotes
the altitude in a right
triangle and p and q the
segments on the
hypotenuse than the
204
theorem can be stated as h = pq or in terms of areas: h2 = pq.
1. Semi circle. Center = O, Diameter = AB = 1
Draw a perpendicular line at O which intersects semi circle at C. Its
1 1 1
length is equal to AO OB = = . The OC perpendicular line is
2 2 2
limited by the arc of ACB i.e. semi circle. Official says the length of
3.1415926
the semi circle as equal to = = 1.5707963 and also says this
2 2
number representing semi circle is a transcendental number.
1
Line segments AO, OB, OC are each equal to . These are bounded by
2
semi circle and the doubt is how can the arc of semicircle, limits OA, OB
and OC finite lengths, if the arc itself is a transcendental number. The
arc (semicircle) has two terminal ends A and B and hence, it is a finite
entity and must have finite magnitude to be represented by a finite
number !
To conclude, Altitude theorem got its existence because of circle.
2. Pythagorean theorem
Triangle COB, OC = OB = Sides
Hypotenuse CB
OC2 + OB2 = BC2
So, Pythagorean theorem also

exists within the limit of
semicircle.
Here is an alternative to Pythagorean theorem. The cosmic of the inscribed

circle with a square calculates diagonal.
205
The equation is
14a 4 a = 2a
Where a = side of the square
2a = Diagonal
a = Perimeter of the inscribed circle
14 2
= It must be real i.e. cosmic =
4
(Official is limit . It represents not circle. It

represents polygon totally.)
Let us analyse above revolutionarily mathematical equation
when a = 1
14 2
14 4 = 2
4
So, diagonal length is correct. So, the perimeter of the inscribed circle
calculates correct length. This revolutionary equation will become one day
as famous as E = mc2 of Albert Einstein.
3. Squaring a Rectangle
Rectangle ACDB
Side AC = DB = 3.6 = BE
Side AB = CD = 6.4
Area of ACDB rectangle = AC

x CD = 3.6 x 6.4 = 23.04
AB = 6.4, BE = 3.6
AE = AB + BE = 6.4 + 3.6 = 10
206
F is the mid point of AE.
Draw a semicircle with center F and radius = AF = FE = 5
Draw a perpendicular line on AE at B which intersects semicircle at G.
On applying Altitude theorem we get BG length
AB BE = 6.4 3.6 = 4.8
So, BG length is the side of the square whose area is equal to the area of ACDB
rectangle
6.4 x 3.6 = 23.04

4.8 x 4.8 = 23.04
So, in this construction also the semicircle plays a significance role in squaring
a rectangle.
4. Arc length
Diameter = AB = d
Midpoint = O = center
Draw a semicircle with center O and
a
radius OA =
2
Triangle COB
a
Sides OC = OB =
2
a a 2a
Hypotenuse = BC = Radius x = x 2 =
2 2 2
2a a
OE = EB = EC = ; Radius = OD =
4 2
a 2a 2 2
DE = Radius OE = = a
2 4 4
207
DE 2 2 1 2 2
= a = a
2 4 2 8
5. God has been kind to us. We are able to see the length of the arc ACB =
semi circle, from the visible two kinds of line segments only. Though this
diagram is not new to us but now we are fortunate the same diagram
calculates its arc length.
Till March 1998, the world has been believing limit equal to
3.14159265358 But on that day the world also had seen the real value. It is
exact and algebraic. It can be found in the line segments by which arc ACB is
associated with naturally. We were under the strong influence of Exhaustion
method of Eudoxus of Cnidos (410 BC) and Archimedes of Syracuse (240 BC)
that gave 22/7 = 3.14285714 as value. It was later refined and
3.14159265358 has been taken an accurate, transcendental, squaring a circle
impossible and such concepts as once for all became FINAL and no need to
reconsider it, it has been the strong opinion in the world.
14 2
After the discovery of real value, called, Cosmic value : =
4
3.14644660941 this author had realized what was wrong with
3.14159265358 the World of Mathematics is still refuses to accept this
Cosmic value even after 19 long years. This 71 year old humble worker is
being bitterly criticized at every opportunity with the words intoxicated
wrongly by this Cosmic value. He decided long ago that he had been
answerable to The Nature only, and hence he has been continuing working on
Cosmic undisturbed 19 years.
The word geometry pertain to the Earth. But, all other planets and all
stars are spherical too. In all these celestial bodies is an inevitable
associating concept. Hence, the word geometry may be very narrow in its
meaning and to be replaced by an apt word Cosmometry or such other
term that covers entire physical universe of planets and stars. Cosmos consists
208
of 1. Celestial bodies which are made up of matter and are spherical in shape
and 2. Electromagnetic radiation. Even every kind of radiation propagate in
the form of wave lengths. There also we find the concept of arc = wave
length.
The circle is an arc with no terminal ends i.e. endless-arc. Wave length
when joined would also become a circle.
6. The simplest formula to find the length of the ACB arc length is as follows:
3 Radii + Half ED = Semicircle
ED
OA + OB + OC +
2
a a a 2 2 3a 2 2
= + + + a = + a
2 2 2 8 2 8
( )
12 + 2 2 14 2
= a = a
8 8
With pocket calculator we get the value as equal to = 1.57322330471
And, whereas official says = 1.57079632679
7. We have seen above that Altitude theorem, squaring a rectangle and

Pythagorean theorem are all based on concerned line segments. This author is
unable to understand why Cosmic value 1.57322330471 based on
concerned line segments is unacceptable to the mathematics community. The
world of Mathematics barring two dozen people in the world ignore Cosmic
value and ill treats this humble worker. Cosmic is real and limit is a
shadow of Cosmic .
In the past Exhaustion method of Eudoxus of Cnidos was refined by
Archimedes and later generation of mathematicians. Similarly, Cosmic may
be taken up for study and decided in favour or rejected. One humble
submission Sirs : No theorem exists for the Cosmic . New statements/
theorems/ approaches/ attitude, alone will help to see a new truth.

209
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)****
Eudoxus Archimedes Exhaustion Method (Limit Pi)

Further refined
(Bailey McIntosh Method**/ 159th Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Eudoxus of Cridos (410 BC) has introduced Exhaustion method to

obtain limit value. Archimedes of Syracuse (240 BC) has refined the above
method. Later generations of mathematicians have further refined
Archimedess method and have said that limit value as equal to 3.1415926
Their formula to derive value is based on the following formula:
Perimeter of inscribed Polygon

Diameter of Circle
In the following diagram the hexagon has been chosen Diameter of the
circle is equal to 1. Perimeter of the hexagon is equal to 3.
Perimeter of hexagon 3
1. = =3
Diameter of circle 1
2. In the above diagram OG is the minimum length of the hexagon from
center O. And OC (Radius) is the maximum length from center O of
the same hexagon.
****
** Two honourable Professors have been advising this author to change from his stereotyped approach of
circle-square nexus. They are great, and hence, this author has mended himself. So, this author is
grateful to Prof. David H. Bailey and Prof. Richard J McIntosh and this method is named in their
Honour.
210
3. The perimeter of hexagon is divided by the maximum length of
1
hexagon OC (Radius) x 2 = 2 = 1.0 = Diameter.
2
1
4. OC = = 0.5 = Radius
2
3
OG = = 0.43301270189
4
There is a gap between OJ and OG.
1 3 2 3
OJ OG = = =0.06698729811
2 4 4
3
5. OG = HC =
4
6. In between OJ and HC the arc (JC) of the circle gradually decreases the
gap between hexagon and circle. Finally the gap becomes zero, at C.
7. OJ
HC
211
1 3

2 4
2 3
8. JG =
zero 0 at C
4
9. In between we have many perpendicular lines on AB at P, Q, R and S
the length of each perpendicular line can be calculated applying
Altitude theorem.
Length of perpendicular line (h) = pq
10. Instead of taking AB diameter = 1.0 and dividing perimeter of hexagon

3, here the above formula is modified.
11. O is the mid point of AB
1
AB = 1.0, AO = OB = = 0.5
2
1 1
12. OH = = HB = = 0.25
4 4
1
13. AP = 0.55, AQ = 0.6, AR = 0.65, AS = 0.70 and AH = 0.75 (where AO=
2
=0.5)
14. But, the degree of curvature of the JC arc can not be understood with
just above 6 perpendicular lines:
OJ, PK, QL, RM, SN and HC
15. The OH length must be further divided many more times to
understand the degree of curvature of the JC arc.
16. Thus, finally it has been assumed very many imaginary perpendicular
lengths in between OH are chosen which can not be drawn in the
diagram and hence not shown in the diagram.
17. AO = 0.50; AP = 0.55; AQ = 0.60; AR = 0.65; AS = 0.70; AH=0.75
One imaginary perpendicular line in between SH with Cosmic in
mind is chosen and is
p = 0.7092 on AB (between SH)
212
q = 0.2908 on AB (between SH)
p + q = 0.7092 + 0.2908 = 1.0
perpendicular line, h = pq
= 0.7092 0.2908 = 0.45413143471

18. It is a very very tough job to choose the exact perpendicular line that
can give Cosmic value. The formula to derive actual perimeter of the
circle from polygon we have to change the value of denominator.
How ?
3
19. When OG is equal to the length of the perimeter of the hexagon is
4
equal to 3.
3
20. The perimeter of hexagon is 3 when OG is which is a minimum
4
length between polygon and center O.
3
(OG) 3 (perimeter)
4
21. At what perpendicular line the perimeter of the polygon would be
either exactly equal to or nearing the length of perimeter of circle
(Cosmic ) ?
3
22. (OG) 3 (perimeter)
4
? Cosmic (), Here ?= pq
pq
then 3
3
4
4 pq 3
=
3
4 0.7092 0.2908 3
=
3
213
4 0.45413143471 3
=
3
= 3.14631487294
OR
Now, maximum length between polygon and circle i.e. OC is studied.
Repeated for convenience
Perimeter of hexagon ( 3 )
23. = cosmic = 3.1464466
correct diameter = ?
24. = Nearing perpendicular line is in between QR

AR = 0.65 on AB
AS = 0.70 on AB
p = 0.65076 on AB
q = 0.34924 on AB
One imaginary perpendicular line in between R and S is chosen.
h= pq = 0.65076 0.34924 = 0.47672992605

1
25. When radius = = 0.5 the perimeter of hexagon = 3
2
26. Diameter = 1.0 is high value in the denominator.
214
The denominator must be less than 1.0. How much ?
The answer is, an approximation only
= 2 pq
= 2 0.65076 0.34924
Perimeter of hexagon ( = 3 )
=
2 0.47672992605
3
= = 3.14643557711
0.9534598521
Perimeter of polygon
27. The above study shows that is the main reason
Diameter of circle
why value is 3.1415926 of 10,000 sides of polygon, which is lesser
14 2
than the real value, called cosmic = = 3.14644660941
4
Perimeter of polygon
28. So, the correct formula should be
Less than unit diameter ( = 1.0 )
29. The quantum of Less than unit diameter (= 1.0) depends on the
number of sides of the inscribed polygon.
30. More the sides of the polygon in the numerator, the value of diameter in
the denominator is much more nearer to the unit value.
31. But, the diameter in the denominator never reaches unit value = 1.0. It
should always be less than 1.0. But in practice we use the following
formula
Perimeter of the inscribed polygon ( from 4 or 6 sides to 10,000 sides )
only one value of diameter = 1.0 is used
Hence 3.14159265358 is actually the lesser value compared to the real

value, Cosmic = 3.14644660941

215
THE SUBCONSCIOUS ANALYSIS OF COSMIC PI
(160h Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
Please ! do not laugh at this author. As usual (for a call) every day
midnight between 1 AM and 3 AM, this author woke up today on Thursday
26 January 2017. He slept after a moment and went into a dream. In his
dream he was a mathematics teacher in some institution and slept. He woke
up at about 5 AM and he got a clue for a formula. By 3 PM the clue became a
formula and is:
1 + 1 25
+
64 1 8
Using different competing values, calculations are done with the above
formula.
Computing values 1 + 1 25
+
64 1 8
3.14159265358 1 3.14159265358 + 1 25
+ = 3.14672877698
64 3.14159265358 1 8
Official value
3.1435935396 1 3.1435935396 + 1 25
+ = 3.14672387923
64 3.1435935396 1 8
Gogawales value
216
3.144605511 1 3.144605511 + 1 25
+ = 3.1467214052
64 3.144605511 1 8
Golden Ratios value
Cosmic value 1 3.14644660941 + 1 25

+ = 3.1467169094
64 3.14644660941 1 8
14 2
= 3.14644660941
4
The resulting values obtained from using above subconscious formula,

all resemble Cosmic value 3.1464460941 upto its 3rd decimal place.

E-mail: rsjreddy134194@gmail.com
217
CIRCLE-SQUARE NEXUS IS EQUATED TO AN

ALGEBRA FORMULA
(161st Mathematical Truth on Cosmic Pi)
When a circle is inscribed in a square the square is divided into two

parts. Circle and circles outside area (shaded area) Fig.1.
The shaded area in Fig.2. is a rectangle. It is equal to the circles outside

area of Fig.1.
1. Fig.1 : Square ABCD, Side AB = S = 1

Circle, Center = O, Diameter EF = S = 1
Circle = Unshaded area
Circles outside area = Shaded area
2. Fig.2: Square ABCD, Side = AB = S = 1
Diagonal AC, BD = 2
Inscribe a circle in the square

Diameter = EF = S = 1
1
Radius = OH = OJ =
2
3. Parallel side = GK = S = 1
4. Triangle HOJ, Hypotenuse = HJ
218
5. Hypotenuse = HJ = Radius x 2 = OH x 2
1 2
= 2=
2 2
6. DG = GH = JK = KC = ML =
Parallel side Hypotenuse 2 1 2 2

= 1 =
2 2 2 4
2 2
7. So, LM = CK =
4
8. Side BC = S = 1
2 2
CK =
4
2 2 2+ 2
KB = Side BC CK = 1 =
4 4
2+ 2
9. So, KB = = MN
4
3
10. AN = = DL
4
1
11. NB = LC =
4
12. Rectangle = Shaded area = MNBK
2+ 2 1 2+ 2
Area of rectangle = MN x NB = =
4 4 16
2+ 2
Rectangle area =
16
13. Fig.1
Area of square = Side x Side = S x S = S2 = 1 x 1 = 1
d2 s2
Area of inscribed circle = =
4 4
Where S = d = Side = diameter = 1
219
s 2 4
Square area Circles area = S
2
=1 = where s2 = 1
4 4 4
Part II
14. Shaded area of Fig.1 = Shaded rectangle of Fig.2
4 2+ 2
Step 12
4 16
4 2+ 2 14 2
= = , then = =
4 16 4
Part III : Squaring a MNBK rectangle
15. Fig.3 Rectangle BNMK = Shaded area

Fig.1 = Fig.2 = Fig.3 of Shaded area
2+ 2
16. BK = NM = of step. 9
4
1
BN = KM = = KP
4
2+ 2 1 3+ 2
17. BK + KP = + =
4 4 4
18. Q is the mid point of BP
220
19. With center Q and radius BQ draw a semicircle on BP
20. Draw a perpendicular on BP at K which meets semicircle at R
KR = BK KP Altitude theorem
2+ 2 1 2+ 2
= = = 0.46193976624
4 4 4
21. KR is the side of the square and it means that
Area of Rectangle BNMK of Fig.3 = Area of SKRT square of Fig.4
22. Shaded areas of Fig.1 = Fig.2 = Fig.3 = Fig.4
Part-IV: Equating Circle Square to Algebra Formula
( a + b ) = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
2
23. Big square = KBCD

Side = KB = BC = CD = DK = S = 1
24. KR + RB = Side KB = S = 1
Area of the KBCD big square S x S = S2 = 1 x 1 = 1
25. Small square = Shaded square
2+ 2
Side = KR = RT = TS = SK = a =
4
4 2 + 2
Side = RB = TU = VC = CU = SD = VT = b =
4

2 + 2 4 2 + 2
KR + RB = + =1
4 4

( a + b ) = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab is a basic formula. The same concept can be

2
26.
extended to the circle square nexus also.

s 2 4 2
+ S = a + b + 2ab
2 2
4 4
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (4th Feb, 2017)

221
THE ACTUAL LIMIT PI FROM ONE POLYGON

The traditional value is 3.14159265358 It is also called as limit . It is

obtained from Exhaustion method of geometrical construction and also
obtained from infinite series. In the geometrical method thousands of sides of
polygon inscribed / circumscribed in and about a circle is taken in deriving
the number 3.14159265358
In this method one polygon is chosen i.e. hexagon and studied and a
value which is nearer to the Cosmic is observed.
Circle: Center = O, Diameter = AB = 1

1
Radius: AO = OB = OE =
2
1
OH = = 0.25
4
OH is divided into 25 equal parts.
Each part is equal to 0.01
1. AO = 0.5, OB = 0.5,
AO1 = 0.51, O1B = 0.49
to
AO25 = 0.75, O25B = 0.25
OD is perpendicular line on AB at O
222
1 1 1
OD = AO OB = = = 0.5 on applying altitude theorem
2 2 2
2. AO1 = 0.51, O1B = 0.49, 0.51 0.49 = 0.49989998999
3. 0.52 0.48 = 0.49959983987
4. 0.53 0.47 = 0.49909918853
5. 0.54 0.46 = 0.49839743177
6. 0.55 0.45 = 0.49749371855
7. 0.56 0.44 = 0.49638694583
8. 0.57 0.43 = 0.49507575177
9. 0.58 0.42 = 0.49355850717
10. 0.59 0.41 = 0.49183330509
11. 0.6 0.40 = 0.48989794855
12. 0.61 0.39 = 0.48774993593
13. 0.62 0.38 = 0.48538644398
14. 0.63 0.37 = 0.48280430818
15. 0.64 0.36 = 0.48
16. 0.65 0.35 = 0.4769696007
17. 0.66 0.34 = 0.47370877129
18. 0.67 0.33 = 0.47021271782
19. 0.68 0.32 = 0.46647615158
20. 0.69 0.31 = 0.46249324319
21. 0.70 0.30 = 0.45825756949
22. 0.71 0.29 = 0.45376205218
23. 0.72 0.28 = 0.44899888641
24. 0.73 0.27 = 0.4439594576
223
25. 0.74 0.26 = 0.43863424398
3
26. 0.75 0.25 = 0.43301270189 =
4
Using the above data the following approach is adopted
27. Circle : Diameter = AB = 1
1
28. Radius OB = = OD = OE
2
1
29. OH = = 0.25 = HB
4
30. Inscribe a hexagon in the circle
31. Draw a perpendicular line on AB at H which meets circumference at C.
3 1 3
32. HC = AH HB = = = 0.43301270189 on applying
4 4 4
Altitude theorem
14 2
33. Here is a new approach having cosmic = as guidance
4
34. In deriving 3.14159265358 thousands of sides of inscribed polygon is
studied.
35. In all the cases we have two lengths from the center of the circle: O to E
and O to J (variable)
1
OB = Radius = = 0.50 = OD = OE
2
3
OJ = HC = = 0.43301270189
4
OJ is called second length. It varies with the number of sides.
36. Perimeter of the hexagon = 3.
Perimeter the inscribedpolygon 3
= = = 3.0
Diameter of the circle 1.0
37. Perimeter of the inscribed polygon having 10,000 sides = 3.141592
Perimeter the inscribedpolygon 3.141592
= = = 3.141592
Diameter of the circle 1.0
224
38. In the above formula OJ length is ignored conveniently throughout
the process.
39. Here this OJ length is taken into consideration.
The length of OE (fixed) + OJ (variable) is taken for consideration and
is taken as the denominator of the above formula.
= OE (fixed) + OJ (hexagon)
1 3 2+ 3
= + = = 0.93301270189
2 4 4
40. When the sum of the two lengths: OJ + OE which are part and parcel of
the perimeter of the hexagon, it is being questioned, how can one takes
the diameter (AB) of the circle only ?
3 12
41. = = 3.21539030918
2+ 3 2+ 3
4
It is not the end of the process, because, diameter in the denominator of
Step 41 is not the low value but the perimeter of the hexagon (3) is a
2+ 3
low value. is the visible value of hexagon, and hence real. It has
4
to be taken into account.
42. Hence, we have to choose the right ratio between perimeter of the
inscribed polygon and OE + OJ lengths. The right ratio is very nearer
to the Cosmic = 3.1464466 On studying deeply the above data, we
can locate which is the right ratio.
43. The right denominator to be chosen is and available in the step 15 and
step 16.
Step 15 = 0.64 0.36 = 0.48
Step 16 = 0.65 0.35 = 0.4769696007

Step15 + Step 16 0.48 + 0.4769696007 0.9569696007
Average: = =
2 2 2
= 0.47848480035
225
44. AO + a length in between O and H
1
= + 0.47848480035 = 0.97848480035
2
Step. 41 is modified here
2+ 3
In the figure when perimeter of hexagon is 3.0, OB + OJ is equal to
4 .
Then, what would be the denominator to get the correct length of the
circumference (here Cosmic is the guiding factor).
2+ 3
______ 3.0
4
0.97848480035 (of Step 44) ______ ?
0.97848480035 3
45. =
2+ 3
4
4 3 0.97848480035
=
2+ 3
11.7418176042
= = 3.14621054472
3.73205080756
(we know very well that 2 + 3 = 3.14626436993)
46. Cosmic = 3.1464466
The above process has given = 3.14621054472
47. To conclude: The above study says that the real limit must be 3.146
and not 3.141 as we believe. Why the traditional is 3.141 then ? The
answer is, higher diameter value i.e. total diameter of the circle (1.0) is
taken in the denominator of
C Circumference Lower perimeter of inscribed polygon ( 3.14154 )
= =
d diameter Higher value of diameter of circle ( = 1.0 )
In this approach this deficiency is supplemented. Let us thank God.
In the Eudoxus Archimedean Exhaustion Method a polygon never becomes

a perfect circle even at Infinity. Infinity is an avoidable concept in
mathematics.

226
(Squared, Circle + Lune = Triangle + Hexagon)*****
THE UNEXPECTD DISCOVERY OF COSMIC Pi FROM

THE NEVER EXPECTED TRADITIONAL Pi
The traditional = 3.14159265358

1 22
Archimedean < 3 + = = 3.142857
7 7
1 1
Cosmic = 3 + = 3+
4+2 2 6.82842712474
14 2
= = 3.1464466
4
3 of traditional = 3.14159265358 3.0 = 0.14159265358
2 Radians = 3600
0.14159265358
Divide 3 with 360 =
360
0.14159265358 8000
And multiply the result with 8000 = = 3.14650341288
360
The above relation is an accidental observation only. No answers for
22
What ? Why ? and How ? Either or 3.14159265358 are values invented
7
by great mathematicians.
14 2
However, Cosmic = = 3.14644660941. is a discovered one.
4
It was / is / will be present everywhere either in the Geometry of Earth or in
the Cosmometry of Heavens.
*****
227
NEGLECTED ROOT 2 FOR 4 MILLENNIA KEPT THE

REAL Pi IN DARKNESS
Introduction
Since the Rhind Papyrus days (1800 BC) we have been using Pi
constant. The Biblical value is 3. The traditional is equal to
3.14159265358 As it is a limit , it can not be obtained using line segments of
the circle.
There are some geometrical methods by which arc length is obtained.

Unfortunately, these geometrical methods too have failed to equate even the
limit of 3.14159265358 Two examples are given below, which are nearer to
the limit value.
Example-1:
8h 2
Formula for Arc length = C +
3C
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica 1968, Vol.5, Page 783.
228
Example-2: Kochanskys approximate rectification of the circle (1685)
14 2
Example-3: Cosmic = = 3.14644660941
4
Semicircle
d
Diameter =AB = d, Radius = OA = OB = OC =
2
229
d 2d
Chord = BC = Radius x 2 = 2 =
2 2
Perimeter of circle = d
d
Arc = semicircle = ACB =
2
1
Formula for semicircle = (7 Diameters Chord)
4
1 2d 1 14 2
= ( 7AB BC ) = 7d = d
4 2 4 8
d 14 2
= d
2 8
14 2
=
4
The above formula is for the length of the semi circle only.
What is the difference between Example 1 and 3 ?
8h 2
In Example 1: C + , where h refers to height.
3C
In Example 3: BC refers to hypotenuse. It has to be represented always by 2 .
This difference has eluded us in seeing the true value of for 4000
years. What is the reason ? As long as was derived geometrically adopting
Exhaustion method of Eudoxus & Archimedes, 3 was used in deriving

limit 3.14159265358 From 1660 onwards, infinite series came and it totally
banned the use of 3 or 2.
Till March 1998, the day on which Cosmic was discovered by the
grace of God, 2 was not associated with the circle and its value.
230
We have discussed 3 examples. First two examples are based on /
guided by the traditional value 3.14159265358 Inspite of accepting the
traditional value as correct, the above two examples do not support
3.14159265358 The above two fail to give 3.14159265358
14 2
The third example fully supports Cosmic equal to . Hence,
4
the Cosmic is the true or real, exact and algebraic number.
The traditional value is a transcendental number, approximate value,

and limit value representing actually a polygon.
Further, the traditional says squaring a circle is an unsolved

geometrical problem. Some people, however had struggled for many
centuries but not succeeded. And they have been mocked at calling as circle
squarers.
The circle squarers were not laymen. They are mathematicians. This
author argues such people are true mathematicians, yes they are true
mathematicians, because they did not believe blindly the statement Squaring
a circle impossible.
Now, with the discovery of Cosmic , squaring a circle has become a

reality. It means, the circle squarers were right and the fault does not lie with
the people who tried to square a circle, but the fault lies in believing
3.14159265358 of polygon as value. It is unfortunately non-mathematical.
The limit 3.14159265358 remains either inside the circle in tight

contact or remains outside the circle again in tight contact. So, limit means a
final boundary of polygon in and about circle. A polygon inscribed and or
circumscribed will never become a perfect circle. In other words, the
polygon number 3.14159265358 will never never never represent a perfect
circle.
231
Even after 19 years, the Cosmic is not believed as real value. This
author is yet to reach his destination. He is in the middle of his journey on
Cosmic . Any research on a specific concept has no destination but only an
end-less-journey like a relay study and search struggling by many for its
perfection.
For example, here is one unsolved problem pertaining to Cosmic and

is : This author has been unsuccessful in deriving a general formula on the
8h 2
lines of first example C + to find the length of an arbitrary arc having two
3C
terminal ends. This author requests all to find an exact general formula for
arc length. (The circle is an endless-arc i.e. with no ends)

232
The Validity of Exhaustion method of Eudoxus and Archimedes
A opinion
At least Mr. Reddy can show you 60 different proofs based on root 2 on how
he arrived at Pi = 3.146644 (even though I dont understand how he got that
precise value, its not shareable nor teachable, but his enquiry was pure, and
has inspired others like myself to quest for the truth in the face of rusty,
fundamental errors thousands of years old).
Jain says: Nicolaus is very apt in pointing out that the polygonal method of
determining Pi is nonsense and illogical, and is the fundamental error in
western thinking. As I have been stating, the more we divide the circle into
greater quantities of polygons, the more there is still an area under the curve,
it just doesn't go away. To account for this area under the curves, the true
value of pi, it must be a fraction more than the limit of the polygons given as
3.1415... Reddivari of India also pointed this out in his book.
An extract from Prof. Jain's observation of Australia,

http://www.jainmathemagics.com/
233
Modern work has raised the upper bound for Pi constant of Archimedes
22/7 = 3.142 to 3.146. Here is the evidence from the following book
CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

by Edwards Jr and David Penney (1985)
2nd Edition, Pg No. 295
234
THE UNTHINKABLE IDEA: UNIT AREA OF CIRCLE

COSMIC Pi PROVED POSSIBLE
The traditional constant is equal to 3.14159265358 It is a

transcendental number. And hence this has been telling since 1660 squaring
a circle is impossible. A construction where a circle having unit area is
another impossible concept. Never anybody thought even of it.
14 2
However the Cosmic = = 3.14644660941 has
4
Squared a circle
Circled a square
Squared an Arbelos of Archimedes
Equated itself with a Golden Ratio
Equated to a rectangle
Equated to a triangle
Now, the same Cosmic constructs a circle whose area is equal to 1
(one).
Procedure
1. Square ABCD, side = AB = 1

2. Circle, Diameter PG = AB = 1
1
Radius OF = OG =
2
235
3. Triangle : FOG
1 2
= OF x 2= 2 =
2 2
4. EH = Parallel side
Side = Parallel side = Diameter = 1
5. DE = EF = GH = HC =
2
EH FG 21 2 2
= = 1 =
2 2 2 4
6. Side = BC, Midpoint of BC = L

1
CL = LB =
2

Part-1: Derivation of
4
7. Bifurcate HB twice
236
2 2
8. CH =
4
2 2 2+ 2
9. HB = Side BC CH = 1 =
4 4
2+ 2 2+ 2
10. On bifurcation of HB we get HB HJ + JB =
4 8
Second time bifurcation of JB
2+ 2 2+ 2
JB JK + KB =
8 16
2+ 2
11. So, KB =
16
2 + 2 14 2
12. CK = Side BC KB = 1 =
16 16
14 2
13. So, CK = =
4 16
14 2
Cosmic =
4
Part II: Squaring a Circle
14. We have to obtain a side of the square whose area is equal to the area
of the circle.
d2
Area of the circle =
4
When diameter = 1
1 1
Area would be = =
4 4
14 2
Cosmic =
4
14 2 1 14 2
= =
4 4 4 16
237
14 2
15. So, CK = =
16 4
It is proved
16. L = Mid point of BC
1
17. Draw a semicircle with center L and radius
2
18. Draw a perpendicular line on CB at K which meets semi circle at M.
4
19. CK = , KB = 1 =
4 4 4
20. KM perpendicular line = CK KB Altitude theorem
4 4 2
= =
4 4 16
4 2
KM =
16
21. Join MC
2
4
2 2
MC = CK + KM = +
2 2
Pythagorean theorem
4 16

Side = = Required side of the square
4
22. Required side of the square = MC
Area of the square = side x side
2

MC = =
4 4
Part III: Unit Area of Circle
23. Draw a perpendicular line on CB at its midpoint L which meets MC at

N.
24. To obtain the length of the CN, we apply the principle of similar
triangles.
238
M
C L K B
25. CB = 1, L = mid point of CB

1
26. So, CL = LB =
2

27. CK =
4

28. MC =
4
CN CL
29. =
MC CK
MC CL
CN =
CK
1

4 2 = 1
=

4
1
30. CN is the required radius =

31. Area of the circle = r 2
1
where r =

1 1
=1

32. Area of the circle = 1
14 2
The above entire process is possible because, the Cosmic =
4
which is part and parcel of the circle and also circle square composite
construction.
239
The unit area of the circle is thus no more an impossible and
unthinkable concept. Cosmic proved this phenomenon a reality. It
implies, that, circle, its dimensions and its , all are not
transcendental entities.
Section-II
Simple relation between Square and its inscribed circle in terms of Cosmic
33. Square : ABCD, Side = AB = 1

F = mid point of AB
1
AF = FB =
2
Center = O
Diameter, LK = Side = AB = 1
240
1
Radius = OH = OK =
2
35. Triangle = HOK
1 2
Hypotenuse = Radius x 2 = OH x 2= 2=
2 2
HJ + JK = Hypotenuse
2
HJ = JK =
4
2
36. EF = FG =
4
1 2 2 2
37. AE = GB = AF EF = =
2 4 4
38. Each side of the square consists of
AE + EF + FG + GB = Side = AB = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + =1
4 4 4 4
AE = x, EF = y
39. Perimeter of the square consists of 8x + 8y
= 8x + 8y = 4
2 2 2
= 8 + 8 ( )
= 2 2 2 +2 2 = 42 2 +2 2 = 4
4 4
40. Perimeter of the inscribed circle with the guidance of Cosmic
3 diameters + 3 = where diameter = 1
As diameter = side = 1
Let us bring Step 38 here
3 (2x + 2y) = 6x + 6y
41. 3 = x (Cosmic )
2 2
3=x=
4
241
42. Perimeter of the inscribed circle
3 diameters + x =
= 6x + 6y + x =
= 7x + 6y =
2 2 2
= 7 + 6 =
4 4
=
( 14 7 2 ) + 6 2
=
4
14 2
= =
4
43. So, 8x + 8y = Square perimeter = 4 where side = diameter = 1
14 2
7x + 6y = Circle perimeter =
4
2 2 2
8 + 8 =4
4 4
2 2 2 14 2
7 + 6 =
4 4 4

242
SQUARE & HEXAGON IDENTIFY THE PRESENCE OF

COSMIC Pi
The limit is equal to 3.1415926 It is obtained by polygonal method.

Of late, there is a criticism against it, because of the discovery of Cosmic in
March 1998 in India. At the same time two formulas were discovered which
calculated area and circumferences of circle even without . They are
7r 2r
Area = r
2 4
2r 2r
2
14 2
When they are equated to r2 and 2r, we get , = = 3.1464466
4
So, is now not necessary, if one feels essential it is not limit but March 1998
or Cosmic as some of Professors named it.
Except the true value, no other number qualifies and identifies itself
with the radius of the circle. In this respect every mathematician all these
2500 years since the days of Eudoxus (410 BC) of Cnidos, Greek to the latest
infinite series of 1996 have been unsuccessful in this required minimum
qualification. The Honourable Professors are requested, let the world is not
misguided with polygonal number 3.1415926 as of the circle, any more. If
delayed in seeing the truth of the real , this author is not the looser but the
243
14 2
whole world. This itself is a crucial proof that = 3.1464466 The
4
Cosmic is the true value.
Yet another method tells us how the Cosmic exists in Square-

Hexagon-Circle composite construction. It is made very brief without going
into other details of their origin and relational aspects of line segments.
Method
Draw a square ABCD with side 1. Inscribe a circle in the square and its
diameter is 1. Finally, inscribe a hexagon in the circle.
1
1. Equilateral triangle GOF, side =
2
3 3 1 3 2 3
ON = , NM = Radius = =
4 4 2 4 4
244
2. Circle has 6 sectors GOFM = Triangle GOF + Segment GNFM
3 2 3 1 1 3
3. Area of triangle = a = =
4 4 2 2 16
4. Area of segment GNFM =
2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3
NM =
24 12 3 4 24 12 3
1
5. Area of sector = GOFM = =
4 6 24
d2 1 1
where area of circle = = =
4 4 4
3 2 3 2 3 3
Triangle + segment = + =
16 4 24 12 3 24

where = Sector
24
6. The above equation says both the traditional 3.1415926 and the
14 2
Cosmic are correct.
4
Only one should be correct.
7. To distinguish which is the real, the area of the ABCD square (=1)
is calculated using the area of the circle.
3.1415926
8. Traditional gives = = Sector
24 24
3.1464466
Cosmic gives = = Sector
24 24
3.1415926
9. Area of circle calculated using traditional = 6 = 6
24 24
3.1415926
= = 0.78539814996
4
10. Area of circle calculated using Cosmic
3.1464466 3.1464466
= 6 = 6 = = 0.78661165
24 24 4
245
11. Let us multiply area of the circle with a constant derived, based on
the line segment of the construction.
16 Diameters of circle 16EF 16a 16
= = =
14 sides of square Diagonal 14AB BD 14a 2a 14 2
16
12. Multiply area of circle with
14 2
16
13. Circle area of Traditional (Step 9) = 0.78539814996 x
14 2
= 0.99845730431
14. Circles area of Cosmic (Step 10)
16
= 0.78661165 x = 0.999999997 = 1.0
14 2
15. So, SquareHexagon combined construction identifies that Cosmic
is the real .
R.D. Sarva Jagannadha Reddy (22nd Feb, 2017)

246
247
248
Author with President of India Prof. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
(March 19, 2009)
249

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S. No. Title Page No.

1. An Alternative to Pythagorean Theorem 1

2. Experiment based mathematical equation 3

3. Is Pi really a transcendental number ? 8

4. A break through : no more pi for circle 12

5. Calculation of S1 and S2 segmental areas from half of the 15

6. Better Explained : 119th Method 18

7. Calculation of S1 and S2 segmental areas from half of the 29

8. Origin of the original Pi value 32

9. A Litmus test to identify the real Pi 37

10. Demarcation of length of Circumference and Area of the 42

11. 124th Mathematical Truth on Pi 51

12. 126th Mathematical Truth on Pi 53

13. A Study to Show Equality Between Diagonal and 56

14. 127th Method 59

15. Cosmic Pi value 61

16. Derivation of Cosmic Pi Value from Corner Circle 66

17. Is Circle and its Pi, Algebraic or Transcendental ? 71

18. Touchstone method to identify real Pi 74

19. Analysis of Pi 3 length 81

20. Constructional unity of Geometry 86

21. Simplest formula to find length of semi circle from triangle 92

22. Unbelievable ! the existence of cosmic Pi in a triangle 97

23. To find an arc length applying Pythagorean Theorem, 101

24. Derivation of Cosmic Pi from 8 Radii 105

25. A study to relate circumference, diagonal and perimeter of 109

27. To find square area from corner circle area 116

28. Demarcation of perimeter and area of circle in the square 121

29. Pulse test to identify the real Pi value 130

30. Derivation of official Pi 3.141592 from Cosmic Pi 132

31. The circle finds area of the triangle 136

32. Octagon: an Embodiment of Cosmic Pi, Whole 139

33. Hippocratess Challenge to the transcendence of Pi of CLF 143

34. A good-for-pressurized-study to find Pi 3 arc in the 150

35. Area of circle having straight-line boundary 156

37. Theoretical identification of Pi 3 arc adopting only- 165

38. Number 1 has its roots in square root 2 171

39. Square-Circle composite construction rejects official Pi 178

40. Perimeter of circle and Pi from four corner lengths 181

41. Computation of arc length from the dimensions of Triangle 185

42. Arithmetic Definition of Diameter of the Circle 189

43. 3.14159265358 decides 3.14644660941 as the number 193

44. Association of Cosmic Pi and clear cut Divisional Units of 195

46. Altitude theorem, Squaring a Rectangle, Pythagorean 204

47. Eudoxus Archimedes Exhaustion Method (Limit Pi) 210

48. The subconscious analysis of cosmic Pi 216

49. Circle-square nexus is equated to an algebra formula 218

50. The actual limit pi from one polygon 222

51. The unexpected discovery of cosmic Pi from the never 227

54. Square & Hexagon identify the presence of cosmic Pi 243

Pythagorean theorem got life with the introduction of 2 for diagonal by

Here is an alternative to find the length of the

1. Square ABCD : Side = AB = a

14a 4a = diagonal length ( 2 a)

The alternative method tells us two things. They are circumference (d = a)

1) Review Report on IS PI REALLY A TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBER ?

Our high school education never ends without knowing mathematical

4 d + 2d = 14d where d = diameter of circle

1) Let us take a wheel or round cap of convenient size.

3) Superscribe a square on circle with the help of a set-square. Draw two

6) Fold a ribbon of paper of narrow width, just round the circumference of

of the wheel/ cap, 2d .