Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
by
Richard G. Allen
Utah State University
Logan, Utah, USA
Luis S. Pereira
Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Lisbon, Portugal
Dirk Raes
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven, Belgium
Martin Smith
Water Resources, Development and Management Service
FAO
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M-56
ISBN 92-5-104219-5
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FAO 1998
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Evapotranspiration process
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Units
Factors affecting evapotranspiration
Weather parameters
Crop factors
Management and environmental conditions
Evapotranspiration concepts
Determining evapotranspiration
ET measurement
ET computed from meteorological data
ET estimated from pan evaporation
Penman-Monteith equation
Aerodynamic resistance (ra)
(Bulk) surface resistance (rs)
Reference surface
FAO Penman-Monteith equation
Equation
Data
Missing climatic data
Solar radiation
Air temperature
Air humidity
Wind speed
Atmospheric parameters
Air temperature
Air humidity
Concepts
Measurement
Calculation procedures
Radiation
Concepts
Units
Measurement
Calculation procedures
Wind speed
Measurement
Wind profile relationship
Weather stations
Agroclimatic monthly databases
Penman-Monteith equation
Calculation procedure
ETo calculated with different time steps
Pan evaporation
Pan coefficient (Kp)
Direct calculation
Crop coefficient approach
Crop type
Climate
Soil evaporation
Crop growth stages
Tabulated Kc values
Crop coefficient for the initial stage (Kc ini)
Crop coefficient for the mid-season stage (Kc mid)
Crop coefficient for the end of the late season
stage (Kc end)
Annual crops
Kc curves for forage crops
Fruit trees
Calculating ETc
Graphical determination of Kc
Numerical determination of Kc
Calculation procedure
Upper limit Kc max
Soil evaporation reduction coefficient (Kr)
Exposed and wetted soil fraction (few)
Daily calculation of Ke
Calculating ETc
Part C - Crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions
Application
Calculation approach
Plastic mulches
Organic mulches
Intercropping
Contiguous vegetation
Overlapping vegetation
Border crops
Bare soil
Surface covered with dead vegetation
Surface covered with live vegetation
Frozen or snow covered surfaces
Annex 7. Background and computations for Kc for the initial stage for annual
crops
Bibliography