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Mirrors Lenses
Spherical mirrors Refraction
Ray tracing Converging rays
Convex mirrors Diverging rays
Image formation
Applications
Concave mirrors
Image formation
Applications
Reflection Review
Recall our ray tracing of a flat mirror
Recall that there are special rays that are
sufficient for locating the image
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Clicker Question
Which shows the correct location, orientation,
and size for the image?
A) B) C)
D) E)
Spherical Mirrors
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radius of curvature
F C
Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere the mirror is cut from
Center of Curvature (C): The center of the sphere the mirror is cut from
Focal Point (F): The point where rays from a distance appear to converge
For a spherical mirror, the focal point is halfway between the surface
and the center of curvature
Paraxial Ray: A ray coming on to the mirror parallel to the axis
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Convex Concave
Convex mirror
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axis
F C
Ray 1 Rule:
All rays incident parallel to the axis are reflected so that they appear
to be coming from the focal point, F.
= = 0
axis
F C
Ray 2 Rule:
All rays that (when extended) pass through C are reflected back on
themselves
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axis
F C
Ray 3 Rule:
All rays that (when extended) pass through F are reflected back
parallel to the axis.
axis
F C
Image properties:
virtual (behind the mirror)
right-side up
closer to the mirror than the object
smaller than the object.
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Image properties:
virtual (behind the mirror)
upside down
the same distance from the mirror
as the object
the same size as the object
Clicker Question
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Convex Mirrors
Because the image is smaller than the object,
convex mirrors reflect from wider angles than flat
mirrors.
Concave Mirrors
axis C F
Ray 1 Rule:
All rays incident parallel to the axis are reflected so that they pass
through the focal point, F.
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Concave Mirrors
= = 0
axis C F
Ray 2 Rule:
All rays that pass through C are reflected back on themselves
Concave Mirrors
axis C F
Ray 3 Rule:
All rays that pass through F are reflected back parallel to the axis.
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C F
Image properties:
real (in front of the mirror)
upside down
farther from the mirror than the object
larger than the object.
Concave Mirrors
Object location:
Between the surface and the focal point
C F
Image properties:
virtual (behind the mirror)
right-side up
farther from the mirror than the object
larger than the object.
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Concave Mirrors
Object location:
Past the center of curvature
C F
Is the image C F
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Clicker Question
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Spherical Lenses
What if we dont want to have to
look at a reflection to magnify or
reduce an image?
We can use refractive optics
instead (lenses)
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axis
F C
axis C F
The surface is converging for both air to glass rays and glass to air
rays
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axis C F
F C axis
Again, the surface is diverging for both air to glass rays and glass to
air rays
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