The Usage of Malaysian Standard of

MS1553:2002 Code of Practice on Wind

Loading for Building Structure
ASSOC. PROF. DR TAKSIAH A. MAJID

25th June 2005 (Saturday)

IEM Penang
 Contents

Part 1 : Introduction - Wind Loads

Part 2 : MS1553; 2002, Code of

Practice on Wind Loading for
Building Structures + worked eg.

Part 3 : Examples
 PART : 1
Introduction
 Failure because of wind loading
g:
Ferrybridge Cooling Tower, UK (1965)

Design wind pressures at

the top of the tower were
19% lower than they should
have been.
Natural Disaster due to Wind
Storm
St
 According to International Disaster Database
(2004) wind storm are listed top 10 natural
(2004),
disaster affected Malaysia.
26 December 1996, Sabah - killed 270 people in.
12 February 1999,
1999 Kuala Lumpur- Several houses
and buildings structures has damaged and
destroyed by wind. Loses are estimated more
,
than RM 250,000.
16 August 2004, Bukit Mertajam, Seberang Perai-
Twenty vehicles damage because roof apartment
falling
g down
28 August, Penang- Windstorm caused serious
damaged to 25 houses but also injured people.
6 November 2004, wind storm has induced
40000 people affected in east cost of Peninsular
Malaysia
19 February y 2005,, Sungai
g Siput.
p Perak -38
numbers of house damaged due to windstorm
WIND DAMAGES IN MALAYSIA
Taman Murni 10 Ogos 2009
Strong Wind Events in Malaysia
 PERLIS

KEDAH
SABAH

PULAU LABUAN
KELANTAN
PINANG TERENGGANU
PERAK

SARAWAK
PAHANG

SELANGOR

Kuala Lumpur

NEGERI

SEMBILAN MALAYSIA
WIND MAP
MELAKA
JOHOR
 Matric
Name no. Site, State Date Time Wind Speed Station
Peninsular Malaysia
1 Alvin Leong Chee Wei 91846 Kuala Perlis , Perlis 8-Oct-08 8.00 pm. Chuping
2 Ang Jin Leong 91847 Sik, Kedah 28-Mar-09 Evening Alor Setar Station
3 Teh Boon Koon 91944 Alor Setar, Kedah 25-Mar-09 - 79.92km/hr Alor Setar Station
4 Ng Woei Seng 91914 Batu Lanchang, Penang 4-Apr-05 4.30 pm Bayan Lepas
5 Bong Sell Feng 91851 Sungai Dua, Penang 20-Jun-07 1.44 pm 79.636 km/hr Bayan Lepas
6 Chan Wei Chuang 91852 Taiping, Perak 14-Aug-09 5.00 pm. Hospital Taiping
7 Tou Yok San 91948 Putra Jaya , Selangor 4-Apr-08 3.30 pm. Subang
Kampung Malaysia Raya, Kuala
8 Chen Siew Siew 91855 Lumpur 28-Nov-09 4.15pm. 15.9 m/s Subang
9 Eugene
E Lim
Li 91866 S
Seremban,
b N Negerii S
Sembilan
bil 1 J 10
1-Jan-10 5 30 am.
5.30 H i l Seremban
Hospital S b
10 Gan Khai Sian 91870 Kota Melaka, Melaka 1-May-07 - Melaka
11 Saw Hooi Yee 91930 Parit Jawa, Muar , Johor 21-Oct-09 1.45 am 48.6km/hr Senai
12 Hew Ting Hui 91874 Johor Bahru, Johor 19-Jul-07 11.15 am. Mersing
13 Khor Wei Huat 91879 Rompin Pahang
Rompin, 28 Sep 09
28-Sep-09 4 00pm
4.00pm. Muadzam shah
14 Ng Lye Khong 91912 Kota Bharu, Kelantan 2-Oct-09 - Kota Bharu
15 Yeong Ngai Hung 91951 Kota Bharu, Kelantan 22-Nov-09 - Kota Bharu
16 Leong Chung Sum 91885 Kota Bharu, Kelantan 30-Sep-09 3.30 pm. Kota Bharu
Kuala Terengganu Airport
17 Seet Khing Liong 91931 Besut, Terengganu 24-Apr-09 5.00pm. 52.56km/hr Station
18 Kuan Kae Liang 91882 Kuala Terengganu , Terengganu 21-Nov-09 Noon Kuala Terengganu
East Malaysia
19 Tan Yik Ping 91942 Tawau, Sabah 24-Nov-07 - 50km/hr Tawau
20 Lee Jun Yuan 91883 Lahad Datu
Datu, Sabah 19 May 09
19-May-09 Night Tawau
21 Ong Yee Chien 91926 Papar, Labuan 28-Sep - 60km/hr Labuan
22 Teh Koon Teik 91945 Kapit, Sarawak 21-Jun-09 7.30 pm. Kuching
23 Lee Khoon Jeng 91884 Kuching, Sarawak 15-Aug-09 - 40.7km/hr Kuching
 Top 10 Natural Disasters in MALAYSIA

sorted by economic damage costs affected from 1979 to 2008

# of Events Killed Total Affected Damage US (000s)

D
Drought
ht Drought 1 - 5000 -

Epidemic Unspecified 12 98 225029 978,000 ( 1 )

Arbovirus 5 487 28254 -

Diarrhoeal/Enteric 1 - 607 -

Meningitis 1 17 - -

Respiratory 1 2 3 -

Unknown 2 4 988 -

Flood Flash Flood 3 19 130600 22,000

Flood 9 54 71118 1,000

Slides Landslide 4 152 285 -

Wave / Surge Tsunami 1 80 5063 500,000 ( 2 )

Wild Fires Forest 4 - 3000 302,000 ( 3 )

Wind Storm Storm 4 3 41655 -

Typhoon 2 272 6291 53,000 ( 4 )

Source: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database

 Top 10 Natural Disasters in INDONESIA

sorted by economic damage costs affected from 1979 to 2008

# of Events Killed Total Affected Damage US (000s)

Drought Drought 6 1266 1083000 89,000

Earthquake Earthquake 70 11071 5078535 4,476,276 ( 3 )

Epidemic
p Anthrax 1 1 267 -

Arbovirus 9 2076 136460 -

Diarrhoeal/Enteric 11 600 17641 -

Malaria 3 225 504000 -

Rabies 1 15 203 -

Respiratory 2 87 23 -

Unknown 1 672 - -

Flood Unspecified 39 1386 3013819 1,661,175

Flash Flood 13 1210 827209 159,500

Flood 55 2488 3030957 553,814

Slides Landslide 36 1570 384647 121,745

Volcano Explosive Eruption 9 35 122110 8 000

8,000

Volcano 26 586 517683 336,190

Wave / Surge Tidal wave 2 550 2023 -

Tsunami 2 166510 568441 4,506,600 ( 2 )

Wild Fires Forest 9 300 3034478 9,329,000 ( 1 )

Wind Storm Cyclone 3 2 2238 -

Storm 2 4 12400 -
Source: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THUNDERSTORM
TS Event at 17.30 on 11th April 2003

Wind Spe e d (m/s ) ve rs e s Time

25 Variab le
W IN D A
W IN D B

20
Wind Speed (m/ss)

15

10
W

0
Mi nute 00 30 00 30 0 0 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 0 0 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 0 0 3 0 00 30 00 30 00 30 0 0 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 30 00 3 0 00 30
Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Da y 11
 Loads

Static Dynamic

Forces Dead Loads Live Loads Continuous Impact

due to (fixed) (movable)
Settlements,
Th
Thermal l effects,
ff t
...
Earthquakes Wind

Self-Weight Fixed Occupancy Environmental

Of Building (snow, ...)
Structure Elements
 Loads

Two main types

dead loads - self-weight, fixed elements

live loads - occupancy, wind

 Loads ((cont.))

The building materials impose dead

loads ((fixed,, vertical))

The occupants and contents

i
impose live
li lloads
d (variable,
( i bl mostly
tl
vertical)
Wind and earthquake impose live
loads ((variable,, mostly
y horizontal))
 Wind loads
Both Pressure and Suction
Always important for tall
buildings
But also important for low
b ildi
buildings - bracing
b i
 Wind loads on Buildings
Pressure on the windward face
Suction on other faces
Suction on lowpitched roofs - <
300
Buildings need bracing and tying-
down
Wind can come from any direction

wind
Wind Loads on Buildings
(cont1 )
(cont1.)

may need to
weigh down roof
 Wind Loads on Buildings
(cont2 )
(cont2.)
Wind tends to overturn a tall building
Acts as a vertical cantilever

Pressure
Suction

Reaction
Resisting Moment
 Factors in Wind Speeds
p
General wind speed
p in the region
g ( 8 20 m/s)
/ )
(pressure varies with square of the speed)
Local topography affects wind patterns
Wind speed increases with altitude
Wind speed decreases with terrain roughness

Very exposed

More sheltered
Wind
 Factors in Wind Loads
(cont.)
(cont )
Shelter from anything permanent will reduce
loads
Shape of building affects loads
Boxy vs streamlined

Curved
shapes Sheltered
would need by buildings
special
analysis
Menara KOMTAR, Penang
 Wind Loads on Elements

Min wind
d pressure in MS1553 =
0.65kPa

Wind Force = Multiply by the area

exposed to wind
Wind Loads
dependent on the geographical location, the height, the type of the surrounding physical
environment,
i t the
th shape
h and
d size
i off the
th building
b ildi as wellll as many other
th factors.
f t Alth
Although
h exactt
prediction of the wind load magnitude on a building is not possible, various building codes
provide a very clear and conservative method for designing for wind loads. Wind and
earthquake loads are applied as lateral or horizontal forces on the building.

Gravity Load

Earthquake Loads
are highly
g unpredictable and their
Lateral
analysis is based on dynamic and
Load
probabilistic methods. However, most
Wind load building structures are designed
based on codes, which have
provisions for resisting moderate
Uniformlywithout
earthquakes structural
damage increasing
and resisting major
Loadwithout collapse.
earthquakes
Snow load

Lateral
Load
Seismic
load

4
 Structural Response

Deflection
All structures experience stress and undergo a limited amount of deflection when subjected to
loading. A structures deflection under the dead load is only in the vertical direction with
no lateral deflection at all.
all vertical deflection can be in the form of bending in the
horizontal spanning members such as beams and slabs and shortening of vertical load
bearing members such as columns and walls.

When the live load is added to the structure, the produced stresses and the resulted deflections
become much higher. The horizontal loads such as wind load and earthquake loads can
produce large lateral displacement of the overall structure, which in turn will result in
deformation of structural members locally.

Excessive deflections are undesirable in a building because they can result in damage of the
building components and create structural problems. Deflection limits imposed by various
building codes. These limits are based on the load types and the structural member.

Overall Structural Stability

If the
th structure
t t or its
it foundation
f d ti i nott properly
is l designed
d i d or constructed
t t d the
th overallll structural
t t l
system can lose balance and fail. This failure can result in sliding, overturning or torsion.
1. Sliding
2. Overturning
3. Torsion or Twisting
6
1. Sliding
Sliding is mostly due to the effect of lateral forces on
inadequately designed foundation systems. If a structures
foundation is not large enough to withstand lateral forces or if
the structure and its foundation do not interact sufficiently,
under extreme loads the overall structure will move as a
complete unit resulting in severe structural damage to the
building. To prevent sliding the foundation must be placed over
a wide area or pile foundations can be used.
2. Overturning
Overturning is also usually due to the effect of lateral forces, however
in some cases the gravity forces can set the structure out of balance and
create this type of failure
failure.. Overturning is a structural failure that is
normally associated with tall and slender buildings with relatively small
foundations.. In most cases a well
foundations well--designed, large and rigid foundation
can provide the required resistance for balancing the loads and assuring
safety against overturning.
overturning.

3. Torsion or Twisting
Like overturning, torsion or
ttwisting
i ti i mostt likely
is lik l induced
i d d by b
the action of lateral forces, like wind
and earthquake load, although
gravity load can be a problem if the
structure is not properly designed.
The lateral forces acting as couples
at the base of the structure create a
twisting motion, which is, called
torsion. The torsion failure is
significantly more of a problem for
non-symmetrical
y structures in which
the center of gravity of the structure
does not coincide with the center of
mass. In seismic regions uniform
distribution of structural elements
like floors, walls, and columns is
hi hl recommended.
highly d d

7
 LIMITATIONS OF CODES

Not consider tornadoes and typhoons

Covers only building +
+- 200m high
Structures with roof spans less than
100m
100
Not off-shore structures, bridges and
transmission towers

3
 Wind
d tu
tunnel
e
testing
Current technology is based on simulating
boundary--layer (synoptic) wind profiles
boundary

Modelled building + surrounding structures +

topography are geometrically similar to full
scale
Instrumentations
are consistent with the
required measurement

Less effect of terrain and topography

Wind tunnel testing - Monash 450kW wind tunnel

UBN Complex
Kuala Lumpur 1982
aeroelastic test
Wind tunnel testing - Monash 450kW wind tunnel

Menara MPPJ
Petaling Jaya 1983
aeroelastic test,
cladding pressure
Menara MPPJ
Wind tunnel testing - Monash 450kW wind tunnel

Menara Safuan
Kuala Lumpur 1984
aeroelastic test,
cladding pressure,
environmental wind study
Wind tunnel testing - Monash 1MW wind tunnel

Penang
P Stadium
S di
1997
1997--98
aeroelastic,
l ti
pressure study with
correlations (effective static
wind loads)
Wind tunnel testing - Monash 450kW wind tunnel

Batang Baram Bridge

Sarawak

1997

section model test

Wind tunnel testing - Monash 1MW wind tunnel

Batang Baram Bridge

Sarawak

1997

aeroelasticmodel of full
bridge and erection stages
Wind tunnel testing - Monash 450kW wind tunnel

Universiti Teknologi
P t
Petronas
Tronoh 1999
cladding pressure,
pressure
area
area--averaged pressures
Wind Tunnel testing
at NUS

Menara Taming
g Sari
Melaka, 2003
cladding pressure,
aeroelastic
World's Tallest Buildings Ranked
Buildings in shaded boxes are not completed or are no longer standing. For completed
Height
Chief
Building & Location Year Stories M. Ft. Architect
Burj Dubai ,
705- Skidmore, Owings &
Dubai, UAE 2009? 160 ?
950? Merrill
(under construction)
Tower of Russia, Moscow,
Skidmore, Owings &
Russia 2010? 134 648 2,129
Merrill
(proposed)
International Business
Center, Seoul,
Center Seoul S.
S Korea 2008? 130 580 1 903
1,903
(proposed)
Lotte World II
Stephan Huh, Parker
Busan S. Korea 2012? 107 512 1,680
Design International
(proposed)
Taipei 101 Tower
2004 101 509 1,670 C.Y. Lee & Partner
Taipei, Taiwan
Shanghai World Financial
Center, China 2008 101 492 1,614 Kohn Pedersen Fox
(under construction)
q
Union Square Phase 7,,
Hong Kong, China (under
construction) 2010 102 474 1,555 Kohn Pedersen Fox
Suyong Bay Tower,
Busan, S. Korea
(proposed) 2010 102 462 1,516 Kohn Pedersen Fox
Xujiahui Tower, Shanghai,
China John Portman &
(proposed) 2010 92 460 1,509 Associates
Petronas Towers 1 & 2,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 88 452 1,483 Cesar Pelli
 TAIPEI 101

Steel Frame Tower Superstructure ( 508 m)

 Tuned
T d Mass
M
Damper
 S
Summary
Not all extreme winds are boundary-layer
y y winds

Thunderstorm downburst winds are dominant

contributor to extreme winds in equatorial climates
near ground level
Synoptic winds may be dominant at greater
heights - tall buildings
Storm types must be separated in extreme value
analysis
Full-scale measurements of vertical and horizontal
profiles in downbursts are required
Potential for laboratory and numerical simulation of
flow over buildings, topography
 Introduction
MS 1553:2002
Malaysia has developed their code of practice MS
1553:2002 on wind loading for building structure .
MS:
MS: 1553:2002 has been base from Australia Standard
AS 1170.2 based on similarity of wind climate (Sundaraj,
2002).
The code was developed using 23 meteorological all over
Malaysia and the basic wind speed for Malaysia was
established.
established
In year 2002 under research grant of wind profile study,
three ultrasonic wind sensors were installed in Seberang
Jaya Telecommunication Tower
Ultrasonic Wind Sensor
C
l l
level A B C
Height (m) 45.72 75.28 97.23

UWS Position at
A
Seberang Jaya
Telecommunication
T
Tower
 Telecom Tower
Seberang Jaya
 Telecom Tower -Seberang Jaya
 MS 1553 : 2002 Overview
April 2002-Wind sensor were installed
1998 IRPA Grant
S b
Seberang JJaya T
Telecommunication
l i ti
Tower
1998 Wind Group
Committee start to build
Code of p
practice of wind Non Stationary and Analysis of Extreme
loading Stationary of data wind speed for short
period record
Kevin C.N. 2004

2002 - MS 1553 : 2002

Determine the coefficients
of exposure
p p
pressure and N.I Ramli, 2004
dynamic pressure to
Malaysia building
structure Wind Speed Vertical
Profile,
o e, Validation
V d o and d
S F Senin,
S.F. S i 2000
Determination of
Terrain Height
Wind Data Validation Multiplier
Determination of basic
NI R
N.I. Ramli,
li 2005
wind speed in Malaysia
G. Sundaraj,2002
- Provide basic wind speed MS 1553 : Code of Practice
for Malaysia area on wind loading in Malaysia
 Effect Of Wind Loading
B ildi
Building

Height BUILDING

Wind Speed
p (
(m/s)
) Loading
g((ESWL)
) Vibration&
Loading
(KN/area)
 What Will Happen

+ +

BUILDING SHEAR MOMENT DEFLECTION

 Wind Loads
The most common lateral load considered
in building design is wind load.
Wind load vary y in intensity
y depending
p g on
the building's geographic location,
elevation, degree of exposure, relationship
to nearby structures,
structures building height,
height size
and shape.
The dynamic effect of wind load is usually
analyzed as an equivalent static load in
most small and moderate-sized buildings g
 Wind Loads

Wind against a building may builds

up positive and negative pressures
on the windward and leeward sides
of the structure. Winds can apply
loads to structures from unexpected
directions.
Wind loads have become particularly
significant because of the increasing
number of high-rise
high rise buildings.
buildings
 PART : 2
D i
Design Wind
Wi d Load
L d
 Factors influenced Wind Load
Basically all codes and standards included
factor to calculate the wind pressure on
building.
The basic factor to calculate wind pressure to
building are depending on the building
building's
s
geographic location, elevation, degree of
exposure, relationship to nearby structures,
building height
height, size and shape.
shape
There are well known as:

1. Type of terrain 5. Height above

ground,
2. Wind direction factor 6. Hill shape factor
3. Shielding factor 7. Aerodynamic factor
4. Dynamic Response Factor
 An Overview of Design Codes
Design Wind Dynamic
Code Building Pressure/force
Speed Pressure
w=
ISO 4354 V q ref = 0.5 V2
(q ref)(Cexp)(Cfig)(Cdyn)
ENV 1991-
1991
Vref = CdirCtemCALTCref,o q ref = 0.5 v2 ref w = (q ref)(ce)(z)(cpe)
2-4
qz=
ASCE 7-2002 V p = q (GCp)
0 5 KzKztKdV2I
0.5
AIJ 1996 UH =UOETEER qH = 0.5U2H wf = qHCfGfA

AS 1170.2-1989 Vz = VMd(Mz.cat)MsMtMi qz = 0.5 V2 z PE = CpeKeKlKpqz

BS 6399:
Ve = VbSaSdSsSpSb qs = 0.5Ve2 Ps = qs CpeCa
Part 2
Vdes=
MS 1553:2002 qs = 0.5Vdes
d
2 Ps = qsCfig
fi Cdyn
d
Vs Md(Mz.cat)MsMhI
 REFERENCES
C S
1. Architectural Institute of Japan (1996) Recommendation for Loads on
Buildings, AIJ.
2. American Society of Civil Engineers (1998), Minimum Design Loads for
building and others structures. ASCE 7-98.
3. British Standard Institution. Loadings for building (1995) Code of practice for
wind loads
loads , BS 6399 Part 2.
2
4. C.E.N (European Committee for Standardization) Eurocode 1 (1994) Basis of
Design and Actions on Structures Part 2-4: Actions on Structures - Wind
Action ENV 1991-2-4.
5. I t
International
ti l St
Standards
d d O Organization
i ti (1997) Wind
Wi d Action
A ti on Structures,
St t ISO
4354.
6. Malaysia Standard (2002) Code of Practice On Wind Loading For Building
Structure, MS 1553:2002 Department of Standards Malaysia.
7. National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) (1996). Users Guide - Structural
Commentaries NBCC 1995 Part 4.
8. Standard Australia (1989) Minimum Design Load on Structure Part 2: Wind
Load AS 1170.2-98.
Load 1170.2 98.
 Modification on Factor
From modification factors that have
been highlighted before, there are
three major concern why the factor are
included

1. Wind climate
2. Topography Condition (e.g. Hill Slope)
3. Geometry/Shape of Building

Only factor deal with climate different

from one country to another country.
country
Other factor are almost same
 Terrain height multiplier
From the various codes of practice, the
modification factor that deal with climate is
terrain height multiplier.
multiplier
It is known and symbol as shown as below:
CODE SYMBOL FACTOR

ISO 4354 Cexp Exposure coefficient

ENV 1991
1991-2-4
24 CALT **

ASCE 7-2002 Kz Exposure terrain

coefficient
AIJ 1996 ET **
AS 1170.2-1989 Mz.cat Terrain Height
Multiplier
BS 6399: Part 2 Sb Terrain Buildingg Factor
Terrain Height
MS 1553:2002 Mz.cat Multiplier
 Basic Wind Speed (Vs)
Definition: Maximum wind speed will
occur one in a recurrent interval year
(XT)
X = wind speed , T =Year
Always T is taken as 50 year and 100
year
Vs is measured at 10 m height from
ground level
Vs is use as a reference wind that will be
consider in design load to structure
 Design Wind Pressure
According to MS 1553:2002

p = ((0.5
air) Vdes 2(C
( figg)(
)(Cdyn
y ) in Pa (2)
( )

where Vdes=Vsite x I
and Vsit = Vs(Md)(Mz,cat)(Ms)(Mh)
I = important factor (Table 3.2 pg 21)
Vs = Basic Wind Speed ( Table 3.1 pg 19 or map Fig 3.1 pg 20)
Md = Direction Multiplier (Md = 1)
Mz cat = Terrain Height Multiplier ( Table 4.1
Mz,cat 4 1 pg 23)

Ms = Shielding Multiplier (Table 4.3 pg 25)

Mh = Hill shape Multiplier ( Equations either a), b) or c) )
 Mz,cat = Terrain Height Multiplier
Definition = multiplier than giving wind speed at variation
of height base on wind speed at reference (Vs,10 m) for
different terrain category
Table 4.4, pg 23 MS1553

Category Description
1 Exposed open terrain with few or no obstruction
includingg water surface and sea surface
2 Open terrain, with few well scattered obstruction
having height from 1.5m 10 m
3 Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstruction
3.0m- 5.0m such as suburban areas
4 g , high
Terrain with numerous large, g (10m
( to 30m high)
g )
and closely spaced obstruction such as large city
centre and well developed industrial complexes
 Minimum
D i
Design Wind
Wi d
P
Pressure 0 65 kPa
0.65 kP
(Cl 2.4.2
2 4 2 pg 15)
PART : 3
E
Examples
l